Chapter 2

Beginnings of European Exploration Dynamics for Expansion

Cultural○ Renaissance

Economic○ Desire to break from Italian

monopolies○ Mercantilism / capitalism

expandingChange

○ Catholic church diminishing

○ Creation of nation states○ Technological advances

CompassStern rudders

○ Desire for goods

African Peoples Changes in Africa

Productive Trans-Saharan trade established

West Africa wealthy○ Demand for Gold increasing○ More involvement from

Europeans

Leading Powers Mali

○ Salt / gold trade○ Timbuktu○ Muslim

Songhai○ Succeeded Mali Empire

West Africans Kinship

○ Strong extended families Farmers

○ Intensive cultivation Religion

○ Animistic spiritual truth Art

○ Moralistic tales○ Music, ritual dances

Why is it important??

Port

ugal and

th

e

Atl

anti

c 1440-1600

Leads the shift of power from Mediterranean

Establishes direct contact with resources (West Africa)

Prince Henry the Navigator (mid-1400s)○ Supported by merchants to

find a direct route○ Encouraged mapping of

African coast○ Leads to Dias/ Gama/ Cabral○ Create direct link between

West Africans and EuropeansSlavery

○ Pre-established in Africa Indebtedness within the

tribe/communityTraded through Middle

Eastern/ Saharan trade

Spain’s Exploration

Explorer’s Columbus

○ Initiates exploration of “new world”○ Results in Treaty of Tordesillas (1493)

between Spain and Portugal (demarcation line) Drawn by the Pope

○ Enslaves Hispaniola, creates encomiendas system First Spanish Settlement

Cortes○ Lands with Troops on Mexican coast,

Stunned by wealth and size of Tenochtitlan○ Aztecs peaceful, Cortes NOT○ Smallpox annihilates native population

Pizarro○ Same as Cortes but in South America/ Incas

Consequences Spain claims: Cuba, several Caribbean

islands, Mexico, SW America, South America (mainly West of Demarcation line)

Massive amounts of wealth from Gold/Silver Mercantilist policies

○ Natives have little or no power, mixing of racial groups, slave- labor (plantations)

Devastating Effect on natives, conversion to Catholicism)

Columbian Exchange

Consequences:1.Europe weeds change physical environment

-deprives natives of food source-settlers exhaust the soil

2. Mixing of peoples3. SUGAR

To America Disease Sheep, horse, cattle Swine, chickens Wheat, grains Coffee, sugarcane Fruits, garden vegetables Weeds, insects rodents From Africa: rice, yams

To Europe/Asia Corn, types of beans White/ Sweet potatoes Manioc, tomatoes Pumpkins, squash Peanuts Vanilla, cacao Avocados, pineapples Chilies, tobacco, turkeys

○ Not all were easily accepted

France’s Exploration

Pre-Occupied with conflict with England and issues with Protestant Huguenots

1524 Verrazano tries to find

Northwest Passage through new continent

Cartier continues mission 1534- 1542 Sails down St. Lawrence River

Claims Canada, Northern US, and

parts of Mississippi River

England’s Exploration Pre-Occupied with break

from Catholic church Henry VII ignores Treaty

of Tordesillas Sends John Cabot 1497 Reaches Newfoundland,

Canada Claims conflict with France

Part II

Settlements Interaction with

Natives

Spanish Explorations Explorers

Vasco Nunez de Balboa Isthmus of Panama

Ferdinand Magellan Circumnavigation of the

world Hernan Cortes

Mexico Francisco Pissarro

Peru Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

Flordia, Texas, New Mexico Alienated Natives

De Soto Mississippi River, SE

Coronado Grand Canyon California, SW

Settlements in North America Florida

1565, St. Augustine Ponce de Leon

New Mexico 1609, Santa Fe

Texas Early 1700s

California San Diego 1769 San Francisco 1776

Treatment of Native Americans Died due to enslavement and

disease Incorporated natives in highly

organized empire Rigid class system develops

Pure bloods = top of hierarchy

Other Claims French

Explorers Verrazano, 1524

East Coast of North America Cartier, 1534-1542

St. Lawrence River 1st attempt at colonizing unsuccessful

Champlain, 1608 Quebec, Canada Father of “New France”

Le Salle, 1682 Mississippi/Louisiana

Settlements Quebec, 1608

Fortified village

Treatment of Natives Maintained relatively good relations Partnership with Huron/ fur trade French posed little threat to natives

Few colonists, farms or towns

Dutch Explorers

Henry Hudson, 1609 Hudson River, NY

Ft. Nassau (Albany) 1614

Settlements New Amsterdam

NY Controlled by Dutch West

India Company 1926 Alliance w/ Iroquois

A. Battle of Lake Champlain

B. Beaver WarsA. Iroquois

Confederacy

B. Hurons

C. French Jesuits

English Claims Explorers

John Cabot, 1497 Newfoundland

Spanish/English Issues Exploration on hold

Issues with Henry VIII Spanish/Armada Sir Francis Drake/ Sea Dogs

Treatment on Natives Initially (Mass) tried to coexist

Shared ideas, crops Eventual warfare

No respect for Natives Called them “savages”

Took land to support growing population

Early English Settlements Humphrey Gilbert

Failed Newfoundland colony

Roanoke Sir Walter Raleigh, 1587 NC Coast Unsuccessful

“Croatan” Important Changes

Preparedness important Grown own food Self-financing

Joint-stock companies

Jamestown James Fort, 1607

James I chartered Virginia Company 1607

*of London In search of Gold and Northwest

Passage Fear of Spanish, failed attempt

Problems Arrival

Took extra month Bad location No freshwater

Survival Slackers, John Smith “hell on earth”- murder?- Cannibalism?- Starvation and disease High death rate -Fraud

Native Relations “they will work for trinkets, if not gunpowder

will force them” 13000 natives under Powhatan

prophecy Protection

Built fort in 19 days, 600 trees “Starving Time”

3rd year 7 out of 10 settlers die

Tobacco John Rolfe Financial prosperity

“Headright “system - 50 acres for each person who paid -Indentured servants

Leads to plantation/ need for labor = slave trade

Royal Colony Virginia Company bankrupt Charter revoked, now Virginia under James I

Military rule ends 1st legislative representative

Why is Jamestown Important?○ Marked beginning of England’s rise to a

Global sea power

Later English Settlements

Motivation Economic gain Religious freedom/ escape political

persecution Puritan Colonies

Two colonies Settled by Protestants influenced

by John Calvin Wanted to “purify” the church

Plymouth Colony Settled by Separatists

Pilgrims Virginia Company of London

Gives patent to Thomas Weston Mayflower, 1620

102 people Half separatists

Hardships Survival “1st Thanksgiving”

Squanto Massachusetts Bay Colony,

1629 More Puritans

Massachusetts Bay Company Led by John Winthrop Civil War in England (1630s) leads

to Great Migration Given royal charter

Early Political Institutions Plymouth

Mayflower Compact 1620 1st representative government in America Represented colonial self-government Early form of written constitution

Established powers and duties of government Jamestown

Representative government Same rights as in England House of Burgesses, 1619

1st representative legislature in America Burgess = is a person invested with all the privileges

of a citizen Required approval of Company of London

Massachusetts Representative Limited Democracy

All free-men, members of Puritan Church, could elect positions in Colonies

Elected governor, his assistants, and representative assembly

Women and landless had limited or no rights Colonial rulers autocratic (unlimited power)

Only had to answer to king

By 1614:

Spain, England, France, Netherlands all had territory or colonies established

Only possible due to ravaging of native population