Chapter 17Chapter 17Restructuring the Restructuring the

Postwar WorldPostwar World

Honors World HistoryHonors World History

C. SimmonsC. Simmons

Allies Become EnemiesAllies Become Enemies

Relationships b/t West and Soviet Relationships b/t West and Soviet Union were faltering b/f wars endUnion were faltering b/f wars end

Yalta Conference – agreed to split Yalta Conference – agreed to split Germany into controlled zonesGermany into controlled zones

United Nations – created to promote United Nations – created to promote peaceful resolutions to problemspeaceful resolutions to problems

Differences b/t Soviets and US Differences b/t Soviets and US (deaths – 1:4, economy, factories)(deaths – 1:4, economy, factories)

The Iron CurtainThe Iron Curtain

Soviets have come to fear invasion from Soviets have come to fear invasion from the west, so Stalin wants a buffer zonethe west, so Stalin wants a buffer zone

So he uses bloc states as buffer areaSo he uses bloc states as buffer area Potsdam conference b/t western leaders Potsdam conference b/t western leaders

on Stalin’s reluctance to allow free on Stalin’s reluctance to allow free electionselections

Churchill coins the term “iron curtain” as it Churchill coins the term “iron curtain” as it stretches across Eastern Europe stretches across Eastern Europe separating democracy and Communismseparating democracy and Communism

US wants to contain SovietsUS wants to contain Soviets Truman developed foreign policy of Truman developed foreign policy of

“containment” – forming alliances and “containment” – forming alliances and helping weaker countries financiallyhelping weaker countries financially

Truman Doctrine – support for countries Truman Doctrine – support for countries who rejected Communismwho rejected Communism

Marshall plan was approved to provide Marshall plan was approved to provide assistance to needy Western European assistance to needy Western European countriescountries

The Berlin Airlift – providing assistance to The Berlin Airlift – providing assistance to Soviet controlled areas of Germany, Soviet controlled areas of Germany, building of the Berlin Wallbuilding of the Berlin Wall

Cold War divides the WorldCold War divides the World Cold War – US and Soviets faced off using tactics Cold War – US and Soviets faced off using tactics

short of military action: spying, diplomacy, short of military action: spying, diplomacy, propaganda, and covert opspropaganda, and covert ops

NATO – Response to Soviet aggression in East NATO – Response to Soviet aggression in East Soviets formed own military alliance called the Soviets formed own military alliance called the

Warsaw Pact – not every communist country Warsaw Pact – not every communist country joined (China)joined (China)

Brinksmanship – threat of nuclear war, race to Brinksmanship – threat of nuclear war, race to develop thermonuclear weapon (H-Bomb) 1952 develop thermonuclear weapon (H-Bomb) 1952 first device was exploded in New Mexicofirst device was exploded in New Mexico

Space Race Starts– also science war going on Space Race Starts– also science war going on who could develop rocket technologywho could develop rocket technology

Communist ChinaCommunist China

Civil War resumes in China after WarCivil War resumes in China after War Mao Zedong – leader of Communist forcesMao Zedong – leader of Communist forces Jiang Jieshi – leader of Chinese Jiang Jieshi – leader of Chinese

nationalists, backed by financial support nationalists, backed by financial support from USfrom US

Chinas economy collapses during fighting Chinas economy collapses during fighting and deserters flock toward Communistsand deserters flock toward Communists

Communist gained total control of China in Communist gained total control of China in 1950, US feared Communist takeover of 1950, US feared Communist takeover of ChinaChina

Two Chinas affect Cold WarTwo Chinas affect Cold War

Taiwan becomes new Home for Taiwan becomes new Home for nationalistsnationalists

US continues to support spread of US continues to support spread of Communism (Korea)Communism (Korea)

China expands control over Tibet, China expands control over Tibet, Mongolia, parts of India, threatened Mongolia, parts of India, threatened power of the Dalai Lamapower of the Dalai Lama

Chinese resentment grew in regionChinese resentment grew in region

Communist transform ChinaCommunist transform China Mao brings Marxist socialism to China – took Mao brings Marxist socialism to China – took

control of land and distributed it evenly among control of land and distributed it evenly among farmers, brought industry under gov controlfarmers, brought industry under gov control

““Great Leap Forward” – created communes, Great Leap Forward” – created communes, collectives farms consisted of 25,000 families, no collectives farms consisted of 25,000 families, no private ownership, led to famine were 20 million private ownership, led to famine were 20 million dieddied

External problems also affected Mao’s plans, he External problems also affected Mao’s plans, he created the Red Guard to provide ordercreated the Red Guard to provide order

Cultural Revolution – establish society of peasants Cultural Revolution – establish society of peasants and workers were everyone was equal, promoted and workers were everyone was equal, promoted hard laborhard labor

Korean WarKorean War

After war Korea was spilt at the 38After war Korea was spilt at the 38thth parallel, Soviets in north, US in the Southparallel, Soviets in north, US in the South

Soviets supplied N Korea with an arsenal Soviets supplied N Korea with an arsenal to invade the South to invade the South

Truman reacted by supporting Truman reacted by supporting containment and sending troops into containment and sending troops into support S Korea, UN supported ideasupport S Korea, UN supported idea

MacArthur led UN troops into S KoreaMacArthur led UN troops into S Korea Suprise attack pushed N Koreans back Suprise attack pushed N Koreans back

across the 38thacross the 38th

Korean War (cont)Korean War (cont)

Chinese felt threatened by US troops off Chinese felt threatened by US troops off coast and so close to their border, sent coast and so close to their border, sent 300,000 troops into N Korea300,000 troops into N Korea

MacArthur stated, “We’re in an entirely MacArthur stated, “We’re in an entirely new war”, Truman and MacArthur clashed new war”, Truman and MacArthur clashed on policy decisions and Truman fired himon policy decisions and Truman fired him

1953 a cease-fire was signed and 1953 a cease-fire was signed and temporary border set at 38temporary border set at 38thth

North Korea remains the most isolated North Korea remains the most isolated country in the worldcountry in the world

Vietnam WarVietnam War

Ho Chi Minh turned to Communist for help Ho Chi Minh turned to Communist for help after years of control from the Frenchafter years of control from the French

Ho joins nationalists and forms the Ho joins nationalists and forms the Vietminh and fight the FrenchVietminh and fight the French

After Dien Bien Phu defeat the French After Dien Bien Phu defeat the French surrendered, the US had supported France surrendered, the US had supported France in war with covert opsin war with covert ops

President Eisenhower was threatened by President Eisenhower was threatened by what he called the domino theory – every what he called the domino theory – every country would begin to all to communismcountry would begin to all to communism

Vietnam War (cont)Vietnam War (cont) Geneva Meetings split Vietnam at 17Geneva Meetings split Vietnam at 17thth parallel, parallel,

Ho’s North and Ngo Dinh Diem leader of US Ho’s North and Ngo Dinh Diem leader of US supported Southsupported South

VietCong – communists guerillas in south began VietCong – communists guerillas in south began rebellion, Diem was assassinatedrebellion, Diem was assassinated

Gulf of Tonkin incident – led to US involvement Gulf of Tonkin incident – led to US involvement (conspiracy)(conspiracy)

By 1968 more than 500,000 troops on groundBy 1968 more than 500,000 troops on ground Two problems: guerilla warfare and unpopular Two problems: guerilla warfare and unpopular

gov they were defendinggov they were defending Massive bombing campaigns hurt relationsMassive bombing campaigns hurt relations Protest and public outrage - US started Protest and public outrage - US started

withdrawing troops in 1969, all in 1973, shortly withdrawing troops in 1969, all in 1973, shortly after N Vietnam conquered the Southafter N Vietnam conquered the South

58,000 Americans lost their lives58,000 Americans lost their lives

Post War SE AsiaPost War SE Asia

Cambodia in turmoil as Communist gain Cambodia in turmoil as Communist gain controlcontrol

Khmer Rouge set up brutal tactics under Khmer Rouge set up brutal tactics under order of Pol Pot, 2,000,000 killed in protestorder of Pol Pot, 2,000,000 killed in protest

Vietnamese set up less repressive gov and Vietnamese set up less repressive gov and pulled out in 1989, UN set up democracy pulled out in 1989, UN set up democracy in 1993in 1993

Vietnam struggled after war with millions Vietnam struggled after war with millions fleeing tyranny under Communist controlfleeing tyranny under Communist control

Fighting for Third WorldFighting for Third World

After WWII world split into three groups: 1After WWII world split into three groups: 1stst capitalist nations, 2capitalist nations, 2ndnd communist nations, communist nations, 33rdrd developing nations developing nations

Third world nations located in S America, Third world nations located in S America, Africa, and AsiaAfrica, and Asia

Cold War strategies – CIA & KGB covert Cold War strategies – CIA & KGB covert ops: spying, assassinations, school ops: spying, assassinations, school building, combat povertybuilding, combat poverty

Some nations stayed out of confrontation Some nations stayed out of confrontation (India, Indonesia)(India, Indonesia)

Confrontation in Latin AmericaConfrontation in Latin America Many countries needed assistanceMany countries needed assistance Cuban Revolution – Fidel Castro was supported by Cuban Revolution – Fidel Castro was supported by

populous at first, then became brutal dictatorpopulous at first, then became brutal dictator Eisenhower ordered Embargo after sugar Eisenhower ordered Embargo after sugar

refineries were taken overrefineries were taken over Castro takes Soviet assistanceCastro takes Soviet assistance Cuban Missile Crisis – Khrushchev built 42 missile Cuban Missile Crisis – Khrushchev built 42 missile

sites in Cuba, Bay of Pigs invasion failed, brought sites in Cuba, Bay of Pigs invasion failed, brought world to brink of nuclear warworld to brink of nuclear war

US removed missiles in Turkey, Soviets removed US removed missiles in Turkey, Soviets removed missiles in Cubamissiles in Cuba

Castro was know completely reliable on Soviet Castro was know completely reliable on Soviet supportsupport

Confrontation in the Middle EastConfrontation in the Middle East Religious and Secular values clash in Iran – oil Religious and Secular values clash in Iran – oil

wealth fueled tensions of materialist Westwealth fueled tensions of materialist West US supported role of the Shah and built up Tehran US supported role of the Shah and built up Tehran

as capital cityas capital city Ayatollahs resisted western influence while Ayatollahs resisted western influence while

millions lived in poverty, started riots and forced millions lived in poverty, started riots and forced Shah to leaveShah to leave

US and soviets face off in Afghanistan – 1979 US and soviets face off in Afghanistan – 1979 Soviets invade due to Communist Regime being Soviets invade due to Communist Regime being overrunoverrun

US arms rebels (mujahideen) to protect Mid-East US arms rebels (mujahideen) to protect Mid-East oil supplyoil supply

Soviets pullout in 1989, as Union was collapsingSoviets pullout in 1989, as Union was collapsing

Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and Chinaand China

Stalin dies in 1953, Nikita Khruschev takes Stalin dies in 1953, Nikita Khruschev takes power and begins deStalinization - power and begins deStalinization - purging memory of Stalin and purging memory of Stalin and starting“peaceful competition”starting“peaceful competition”

Satellite states didn’t gain much Satellite states didn’t gain much independence and begin to revoltindependence and begin to revolt

After Cuban Missile Crisis, Khruschev After Cuban Missile Crisis, Khruschev removed and Brezhnev brings back strict removed and Brezhnev brings back strict controlcontrol

Soviet-Czech revolt – attack on the Czechs Soviet-Czech revolt – attack on the Czechs after demanding independenceafter demanding independence

1960 Soviet/Chinese spilt over fear of each 1960 Soviet/Chinese spilt over fear of each otherother

Brinkmanship to DetenteBrinkmanship to Detente

Korean War, U-2 incident, Cuban Korean War, U-2 incident, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War all very Missile Crisis, Vietnam War all very closely brought world into nuclear closely brought world into nuclear warwar

Détente – was favored by Nixon, by Détente – was favored by Nixon, by lessening confrontation with Sovietslessening confrontation with Soviets

““Realpolitik” – real politicsRealpolitik” – real politics Nixon and Soviets talk (Helsinki Nixon and Soviets talk (Helsinki

Accords)Accords)

The Collapse of DetenteThe Collapse of Detente

Détente was successful until 1979 Détente was successful until 1979 when President Carter was worried when President Carter was worried about Soviet treatment of protestors about Soviet treatment of protestors and invasion of Afghanistanand invasion of Afghanistan

President Reagan takes on anti-President Reagan takes on anti-communists stand: (SDI) – Strategic communists stand: (SDI) – Strategic Defense Initiative built, 1985 Defense Initiative built, 1985 Gorbachev was elected and Cold War Gorbachev was elected and Cold War begins to thawbegins to thaw