Chapter 16Chapter 16World War IIWorld War II

Honors World HistoryHonors World History

C. SimmonsC. Simmons

Chapter 16 Section 1Chapter 16 Section 1

Hitler’s Lightning WarHitler’s Lightning War

Germany Starts WarGermany Starts War• Nazi-Soviet Pact – secret agreement b/t Nazi-Soviet Pact – secret agreement b/t

Hitler and Stalin splitting PolandHitler and Stalin splitting Poland• Hitler attacked Poland wanting the Polish Hitler attacked Poland wanting the Polish

corridor returned to Germany corridor returned to Germany • Germany used strategic tactic – blitzkriegGermany used strategic tactic – blitzkrieg• Stalin sent Soviet troops to attack Poland Stalin sent Soviet troops to attack Poland

and Eastern European countries, Estonia, and Eastern European countries, Estonia, Lithuania, and LatviaLithuania, and Latvia

• September 3, 1939 Britain and France September 3, 1939 Britain and France declare wardeclare war

• British and France mobilize troops along British and France mobilize troops along Maginot Line – fortifications along German Maginot Line – fortifications along German borderborder

Fall of FranceFall of France• Hitler sent distraction troops into Belgium, Hitler sent distraction troops into Belgium,

Luxemburg, and Netherlands while Luxemburg, and Netherlands while sending even larger force toward Francesending even larger force toward France

• Allied troops trapped at Dunkirk where Allied troops trapped at Dunkirk where they were rescued they were rescued

• Rescue @ Dunkirk – British navy ships Rescue @ Dunkirk – British navy ships fishing trollers, and civilian crafts brought fishing trollers, and civilian crafts brought 338,000 troops to safety338,000 troops to safety

• June 14 Germany marches on Paris and June 14 Germany marches on Paris and France falls under German controlFrance falls under German control

• French government set up in exile in French government set up in exile in London by Charles de GaulleLondon by Charles de Gaulle

The Battle of BritainThe Battle of Britain• British Prime minister Winston Churchill British Prime minister Winston Churchill

roused the British people “We shall fight roused the British people “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the landing grounds, we shall fight in the streets, we shall never surrender.”streets, we shall never surrender.”

• German Luftwaffe began bombing London German Luftwaffe began bombing London in preparation of landing ground forces.in preparation of landing ground forces.

• Two advances helped Britain survive and Two advances helped Britain survive and fight back – radar and Enigmafight back – radar and Enigma

• The Battle of Britain became the largest The Battle of Britain became the largest aerial battle in historyaerial battle in history

• Lesson learned – Blitzkrieg could be Lesson learned – Blitzkrieg could be blocked blocked

Eastern FrontEastern Front• After Battle of Britain Hitler turned his focus on the After Battle of Britain Hitler turned his focus on the

Soviet UnionSoviet Union• Mussolini attacked Egypt for the control of the Mussolini attacked Egypt for the control of the

Suez CanalSuez Canal• Britain struck back and captured over 130,000 Britain struck back and captured over 130,000

Italians, then Hitler sent back up the Afrika Corps Italians, then Hitler sent back up the Afrika Corps headed by Rommel – he was very successful headed by Rommel – he was very successful nicknamed “Desert Fox”nicknamed “Desert Fox”

• Hitler planned to attack the Soviet Union by Hitler planned to attack the Soviet Union by conquering the Balkans and Greece, celebrated by conquering the Balkans and Greece, celebrated by raisin swastikas on the Acropolisraisin swastikas on the Acropolis

• Germany attacked the unprepared Soviet Troops Germany attacked the unprepared Soviet Troops and quickly pushed to Leningrad (scorched earth and quickly pushed to Leningrad (scorched earth policy)policy)

• Hitler refused to retreat and over 500,000 German Hitler refused to retreat and over 500,000 German soldiers lost their livessoldiers lost their lives

U.S. Aids AlliesU.S. Aids Allies

• Most Americans thought US should not Most Americans thought US should not get involved – Neutrality Actsget involved – Neutrality Acts

• Lend-Lease Act - FDR sold weapons to Lend-Lease Act - FDR sold weapons to Allies on cash and carry systemAllies on cash and carry system

• Atlantic Charter – secret agreement Atlantic Charter – secret agreement b/t Churchill and FDR to free trade and b/t Churchill and FDR to free trade and governmentgovernment

• Undeclared naval war b/t US and Undeclared naval war b/t US and GermanyGermany

Chapter 16 Section 2Chapter 16 Section 2

Japan’s Pacific CampaignJapan’s Pacific Campaign

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor• Japan threatened US controlled Philippines and Japan threatened US controlled Philippines and

US shut off oil supply to Japan - US cracked US shut off oil supply to Japan - US cracked Japanese secret codesJapanese secret codes

• Admiral Yamamoto called for attacks on Admiral Yamamoto called for attacks on European colonies in SE Asia and US fleet in European colonies in SE Asia and US fleet in HawaiiHawaii

• December 7, 1941 “Day that will live in December 7, 1941 “Day that will live in Infamy” Japanese achieved surprise attack in Infamy” Japanese achieved surprise attack in Pearl Harbor and US Pacific FleetPearl Harbor and US Pacific Fleet

• 2,300 American soldiers died, 1,500 wounded 2,300 American soldiers died, 1,500 wounded and 19 ships sunk or damaged including 8 and 19 ships sunk or damaged including 8 battleshipsbattleships

Japanese VictoriesJapanese Victories

• Philippines were in Japanese sight Philippines were in Japanese sight American forces held defensive American forces held defensive position on Bataan Peninsula – After position on Bataan Peninsula – After Japanese victories Bataan Death Japanese victories Bataan Death March, marched 70,000 POWs back March, marched 70,000 POWs back 50,000 returned50,000 returned

• Japan also conquers Indochina and Japan also conquers Indochina and Indonesia Indonesia

Allies Strike BackAllies Strike Back

• Japan was vulnerable to attackJapan was vulnerable to attack• Japanese resources spread to thin in PacficJapanese resources spread to thin in Pacfic• Battle of coral sea – new type of war, Battle of coral sea – new type of war,

aircraft carrier attacks stopped Japanese aircraft carrier attacks stopped Japanese southern progresssouthern progress

• Battle of Midway – lured Japanese in and Battle of Midway – lured Japanese in and attacked before Japanese planes could hit attacked before Japanese planes could hit the air 350 planes and 4 carriers the air 350 planes and 4 carriers destroyed, turning point in the Pacific Wardestroyed, turning point in the Pacific War

Allied OffensiveAllied Offensive

• Douglas MacArthur strategy in pacific Douglas MacArthur strategy in pacific was “island hopping” – to skip over was “island hopping” – to skip over Japanese strongholds and cutoff supply Japanese strongholds and cutoff supply from Asia and islands closer to Japanfrom Asia and islands closer to Japan

• Battle of Gaudalcanal – became known Battle of Gaudalcanal – became known as the island of death, as Japanese as the island of death, as Japanese forces were forced to abandon the forces were forced to abandon the islandisland

Chapter 16 Section 3Chapter 16 Section 3

The HolocaustThe Holocaust

Overview videoOverview video

Holocaust BeginsHolocaust Begins• Ideas of the Aryans “master race” led to Ideas of the Aryans “master race” led to

the Holocaust – systematic extermination the Holocaust – systematic extermination of inferior races and peoples (Jews)of inferior races and peoples (Jews)

• Growing dislike for Jews (Nuremburg Laws) Growing dislike for Jews (Nuremburg Laws) – stripped citizenship– stripped citizenship

• KristallnachtKristallnacht – destruction, violence – destruction, violence against Jewish establishmentsagainst Jewish establishments

• Jews started to flee to other countries, Jews started to flee to other countries, then others (US, Britain, France) closed then others (US, Britain, France) closed their doors to Jewstheir doors to Jews

• Nazi’s isolated Jews in ghettos – Jews Nazi’s isolated Jews in ghettos – Jews forced into overcrowded areas and forced forced into overcrowded areas and forced to wear ID’sto wear ID’s

The “Final Solution”The “Final Solution”• The Final solution was genocide – The Final solution was genocide –

extermination of an entire peopleextermination of an entire people• These people were called undesirables – Jews, These people were called undesirables – Jews,

gypsies, AA, Asians, Disabled, Homosexuals, gypsies, AA, Asians, Disabled, Homosexuals, etc.etc.

• SS Killing Squads gathered up Jews (fire SS Killing Squads gathered up Jews (fire squads) others sent to concentration camps – squads) others sent to concentration camps – slave/labor prisons, medical experimentsslave/labor prisons, medical experiments

• Extermination camps built in 1942, able to kill Extermination camps built in 1942, able to kill up to 6,000 people in one day (gas chambers)up to 6,000 people in one day (gas chambers)

• Auschwitz – killed close to 3 million, Auschwitz – killed close to 3 million, crematoriums had to be installed to keep up crematoriums had to be installed to keep up with the killingswith the killings

Chapter 16 Section 4Chapter 16 Section 4

The Allied VictoryThe Allied Victory

The Tide TurnsThe Tide Turns• Western Front in N. Africa and ItalyWestern Front in N. Africa and Italy• Operation Torch forced Rommel’s troops Operation Torch forced Rommel’s troops

back - Dwight D. Eisenhower led allied back - Dwight D. Eisenhower led allied forces of up to 150,000 into N. Africaforces of up to 150,000 into N. Africa

• In the East, The Battle of Stalingrad became In the East, The Battle of Stalingrad became the central focus – Stalin ordered his the central focus – Stalin ordered his commanders to defend the city to the commanders to defend the city to the death, Germany controlled 90% of city but death, Germany controlled 90% of city but winter set in and they got trapped – turning winter set in and they got trapped – turning point in the East, 90,000 Germans point in the East, 90,000 Germans surrendered, over 250,000 died, 1 million surrendered, over 250,000 died, 1 million Russian soldiers lost their livesRussian soldiers lost their lives

• Invasion of Italy – Mussolini lost power after Invasion of Italy – Mussolini lost power after early defeat in Sicily but regained control in early defeat in Sicily but regained control in north, fighting continued here until German north, fighting continued here until German surrender – Mussolini later suffered public surrender – Mussolini later suffered public hanginghanging

Allied Home FrontsAllied Home Fronts

• Most allied civilians suffered hardships Most allied civilians suffered hardships or even death, Americans only or even death, Americans only attacked in Hawaii and Allusion Islandsattacked in Hawaii and Allusion Islands

• Allies mobilizing for total war – Allies mobilizing for total war – rationing, war bonds, wartime rationing, war bonds, wartime productionproduction

• Negative effect of government Negative effect of government propaganda – FDR executive order = propaganda – FDR executive order = Japanese internment campsJapanese internment camps

Victory in EuropeVictory in Europe• D-Day invasion – 3 million troops, D-Day invasion – 3 million troops,

thousands of land vehicles invaded thousands of land vehicles invaded beaches of Normandy, France (dummy beaches of Normandy, France (dummy army used as decoy)army used as decoy)

• Operation Overlord – largest land based Operation Overlord – largest land based invasion in history, Germans dug in and invasion in history, Germans dug in and over 3,000 soldiers died on the beachesover 3,000 soldiers died on the beaches

• Third Army broke through led by George Third Army broke through led by George Patton and marched on Paris one month Patton and marched on Paris one month later then set sights on Germanylater then set sights on Germany

• Battle of the Bulge last German offensiveBattle of the Bulge last German offensive• Unconditional German surrender, May 7 Unconditional German surrender, May 7

1945 V-E Day, Hitler earlier committed 1945 V-E Day, Hitler earlier committed suicide with his wife Eva Braunsuicide with his wife Eva Braun

Victory in PacificVictory in Pacific• Japans last surge– Battle of Leyte Gulf, Japans last surge– Battle of Leyte Gulf,

largest naval battle in history most largest naval battle in history most Japanese fleet destroyedJapanese fleet destroyed

• Now only the kamikazes stood b/t the Now only the kamikazes stood b/t the allies and Japanallies and Japan

• Iwo Jima and Okinawa would some of the Iwo Jima and Okinawa would some of the bloodiest fighting of the war but Japan bloodiest fighting of the war but Japan retreated to their mainlandretreated to their mainland

• Decision time for Truman, A-bomb or risk Decision time for Truman, A-bomb or risk more allied livesmore allied lives

• Manhattan Project produced the A-bomb, Manhattan Project produced the A-bomb, August 6August 6thth “little boy” dropped, August 9 “little boy” dropped, August 9thth “fat man” Japan surrendered September 2, “fat man” Japan surrendered September 2, 1945 V-J Day1945 V-J Day

Chapter 16 Section 5 Chapter 16 Section 5

Europe and Japan in RuinsEurope and Japan in Ruins

Devastation in EuropeDevastation in Europe

• 60 million Europeans dead – 40 million 60 million Europeans dead – 40 million civilianscivilians

• Most cities destroyed and in ruins, Paris, Most cities destroyed and in ruins, Paris, Brussels, and Rome remain undamagedBrussels, and Rome remain undamaged

• People were left to wonder, thousands People were left to wonder, thousands died of famine and diseasedied of famine and disease

• 100 million were left homeless100 million were left homeless

Postwar GovernmentsPostwar Governments

• Most pre-war governments returned, Most pre-war governments returned, people of Germany and Italy upset and people of Germany and Italy upset and Communist idealism was a growing, until Communist idealism was a growing, until economies stated to recovereconomies stated to recover

• Nuremburg Trials – 22 Nazi leaders were Nuremburg Trials – 22 Nazi leaders were convicted of war crimes and crimes convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanityagainst humanity

• Most committed suicide before but 12 Most committed suicide before but 12 faced the charges and were executed faced the charges and were executed

Postwar JapanPostwar Japan

• 5 million dead Most cities were left in ruin 5 million dead Most cities were left in ruin due to bombing, Hiroshima and Nagasaki due to bombing, Hiroshima and Nagasaki left as wastelandleft as wasteland

• MacArthur was in control of occupied MacArthur was in control of occupied Japan and started process of Japan and started process of demilitarization, and democratization – demilitarization, and democratization – creating government elected by peoplecreating government elected by people

• War crime trials were carried out and War crime trials were carried out and former premier Hideki Tojo was executedformer premier Hideki Tojo was executed

Occupation Brings Deep Occupation Brings Deep ChangesChanges

• Constitution would change Japanese Constitution would change Japanese society away from absolutism to society away from absolutism to democracy democracy

• Emperor became more of a Emperor became more of a powerless symbolpowerless symbol

• Postwar agreements turned enemies Postwar agreements turned enemies into allies and vice-versainto allies and vice-versa

• The Soviet Union and the US came The Soviet Union and the US came out as the world’s clear superpowersout as the world’s clear superpowers