Chapter 11Chapter 11

The Nation Grows and The Nation Grows and ProspersProspers

Section ISection I

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Shift from Agriculture to Shift from Agriculture to IndustryIndustry• At the time of the American Revolution, At the time of the American Revolution,

the U.S. relied on an agricultural economythe U.S. relied on an agricultural economy

• New technology and inventions would New technology and inventions would make Thomas Jefferson’s dream of a make Thomas Jefferson’s dream of a simple agricultural society disappearsimple agricultural society disappear

• The eventual rise of industry would change The eventual rise of industry would change the course of American History foreverthe course of American History forever

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

• The rise of factories that used The rise of factories that used machines to produce goods caused machines to produce goods caused great changes in the United Statesgreat changes in the United States

• It affected:It affected:– How people livedHow people lived– How people earned moneyHow people earned money– What kinds of goods could be boughtWhat kinds of goods could be bought

The Revolution in BritainThe Revolution in Britain

• Began in the mid-1700sBegan in the mid-1700s

• Development of new sources of Development of new sources of power (water, steam, coal)power (water, steam, coal)

• Power-driven tools replace manualsPower-driven tools replace manuals

• Changes to textile (cloth) industry Changes to textile (cloth) industry came firstcame first

Textile Industry in BritainTextile Industry in Britain

• New machines made thread or yarn New machines made thread or yarn and wove it into clothand wove it into cloth– Prior, families would do this at homePrior, families would do this at home– Now factories sprung up and hired Now factories sprung up and hired

hundreds of workers to make textileshundreds of workers to make textiles– Efficiency became keyEfficiency became key– Factory system (using machinery and Factory system (using machinery and

workers together) produced large workers together) produced large quantities of goodsquantities of goods

British SecretsBritish Secrets

• British marketed their goods British marketed their goods throughout the world at low pricesthroughout the world at low prices– This helped investors make lots of moneyThis helped investors make lots of money– The British carefully safeguarded their The British carefully safeguarded their

inventionsinventions– British Parliament passed laws making it British Parliament passed laws making it

illegal for any machines, plans for illegal for any machines, plans for machines or skilled workers to leave machines or skilled workers to leave BritainBritain

Revolutionary InventionsRevolutionary Inventions

• 1764: James Hargreaves 1764: James Hargreaves & The Spinning Jenny& The Spinning Jenny

Revolutionary InventionsRevolutionary Inventions

• 1769:1769: Richard ArkwrightRichard Arkwright

Took the spinning jenny one Took the spinning jenny one

step further and modified it tostep further and modified it to

be water-poweredbe water-powered

Revolutionary InventionsRevolutionary Inventions

• 17861786– Edmund Cartwright develops a steam-Edmund Cartwright develops a steam-

powered loom for weaving cottonpowered loom for weaving cotton

• 17931793– American inventor invents the cotton gin American inventor invents the cotton gin

which can remove seeds from cotton… which can remove seeds from cotton… this machine did the work of 50 people. this machine did the work of 50 people. Who did this?Who did this?

Eli WhitneyEli Whitney

The First FactoriesThe First Factories

• Depended on the energy generated Depended on the energy generated by running waterby running water– Factories had to be built on or near Factories had to be built on or near

riversrivers

– 17961796•James WattJames Watt of Scotland improved steam of Scotland improved steam

engines and made their use practicalengines and made their use practical

Yet another REVOLUTION!Yet another REVOLUTION!

• Oliver EvansOliver Evans of Delaware of Delaware– In 1802, builds first high pressure steam In 1802, builds first high pressure steam

engine for powering machineryengine for powering machinery– As a result of this engine… factories no As a result of this engine… factories no

longer had to be built near streams or longer had to be built near streams or riversrivers

A Very Familiar ItemA Very Familiar Item

• The pencil would not have been The pencil would not have been possible without the Industrial possible without the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

• It was created in 1827 by It was created in 1827 by Joseph Joseph DixonDixon of Massachusetts of Massachusetts

• Today, 2 billion pencils come from Today, 2 billion pencils come from one of Dixon’s pencil factoriesone of Dixon’s pencil factories

Industry in the United Industry in the United StatesStates

• Did not make its way to the U.S. until Did not make its way to the U.S. until the early 1800sthe early 1800s

• Before that time, the U.S. mainly Before that time, the U.S. mainly produced raw materials such as produced raw materials such as cotton, lumber, iron and wheatcotton, lumber, iron and wheat

American Revolution DaysAmerican Revolution Days

• Blacksmiths, weavers and carpenters Blacksmiths, weavers and carpenters used hand tools to complete workused hand tools to complete work

• Americans depended on British Americans depended on British manufactured goodsmanufactured goods

• British discouraged the development British discouraged the development of Industrial technologyof Industrial technology

Industrial Frontier Opens for Industrial Frontier Opens for U.S.U.S.

• After independence, nothing stopped After independence, nothing stopped the U.S. from becoming industrialthe U.S. from becoming industrial

• Some states offered rewards to Some states offered rewards to British people for bringing secrets British people for bringing secrets and knowledge of British machinery and knowledge of British machinery to the U.S.to the U.S.

• The rewards offered drew some The rewards offered drew some clever and adventurous inventorsclever and adventurous inventors

Sharing the SecretsSharing the Secrets

• As a 21-year-old apprentice, Slater As a 21-year-old apprentice, Slater worked in Arkwright’s textile mill in worked in Arkwright’s textile mill in EnglandEngland

• He memorized the design of the He memorized the design of the machinery and traveled to the U.S. in machinery and traveled to the U.S. in disguise… why?disguise… why?

Sharing the SecretsSharing the Secrets

• After arriving in New York, Slater offered After arriving in New York, Slater offered his services to his services to Moses BrownMoses Brown

• BrownBrown was a wealthy Quaker who owned was a wealthy Quaker who owned an inefficient cotton mill in Pawtucket, an inefficient cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode IslandRhode Island

• Within a year, Slater re-created from Within a year, Slater re-created from memory Arkwright’s cotton millmemory Arkwright’s cotton mill

• Thanks to the region’s rivers, the Thanks to the region’s rivers, the Northeast became the industrial center of Northeast became the industrial center of the United Statesthe United States

Slater’s MillSlater’s MillBirthplace of the American Birthplace of the American Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

New Methods of WorkingNew Methods of Working

• 17981798– Eli Whitney has another idea!Eli Whitney has another idea!– He invents a machine that made it He invents a machine that made it

possible for workers to cut pieces of possible for workers to cut pieces of metal in exactly the same shape every metal in exactly the same shape every timetime

– This opens a new door to gun This opens a new door to gun manufacturingmanufacturing

Eli’s Interchangeable PartsEli’s Interchangeable Parts

• With such a device, each part of a gun With such a device, each part of a gun could be made in large numbers – all could be made in large numbers – all exactly alike. exactly alike. – While some workers cut metal with While some workers cut metal with

patterns, others put the gun parts patterns, others put the gun parts together. This dividing of jobs became together. This dividing of jobs became known as division of laborknown as division of labor

• As a result, it also became easy to As a result, it also became easy to replace broken partsreplace broken parts

A Much Better Way to A Much Better Way to ProduceProduce• Interchangeable parts, division of labor Interchangeable parts, division of labor

and other new manufacturing methods and other new manufacturing methods made made mass productionmass production of goods possible of goods possible

• Goods could be made in large quantities, Goods could be made in large quantities, in short time and at a low costin short time and at a low cost

• Before long, factories were mass Before long, factories were mass producing wagon wheels, stoves, axes and producing wagon wheels, stoves, axes and other toolsother tools

The Lowell LandmarkThe Lowell Landmark

• 18131813– Francis Cabot LowellFrancis Cabot Lowell builds the first builds the first

U.S. textile mill using power looms in U.S. textile mill using power looms in Waltham, MassachusettsWaltham, Massachusetts

– For the first time, the entire process of For the first time, the entire process of converting cotton into cloth took place converting cotton into cloth took place in one buildingin one building

Industrial Working Industrial Working ConditionsConditions• Many people left family farms and Many people left family farms and

shops to work in the new factoriesshops to work in the new factories• For some it was new opportunity, for For some it was new opportunity, for

others it was another miserable others it was another miserable situationsituation

• Women & children made up the Women & children made up the largest part of the factory work force largest part of the factory work force because they could be paid less than because they could be paid less than menmen

• Since the pay was low, some entire families Since the pay was low, some entire families had to work at a factory to keep food on had to work at a factory to keep food on the tablethe table

Factory Working ConditionsFactory Working Conditions

• Typical workday = 12 to 14 hoursTypical workday = 12 to 14 hours

• Typical workweek = 6 daysTypical workweek = 6 days

• Inside the factory:Inside the factory:– Poor lightingPoor lighting– Poor ventilationPoor ventilation– UnsafeUnsafe

Skilled Craftsmen Become Skilled Craftsmen Become ScarceScarce

• As hand tools and jobs were replaced As hand tools and jobs were replaced by machinesby machines

• Instead of making delicate crafty Instead of making delicate crafty works, people were performing the works, people were performing the same routine tasks over and over same routine tasks over and over and took little pride in their and took little pride in their completed productcompleted product

• In an effort to fix some problems, In an effort to fix some problems, workers began to form workers began to form labor unionslabor unions

Labor Unions

-Sought to improve working conditions

-Started by artisans, carpenters, shoemakers

-Later unskilled workers and females joined unions

Cities Begin to Grow

In 1810, 90% of Americans still lived on farms

New York City became the largest city in the United States

Population 1810 = 96,000

Population 1830 = 161,000

Population 2005 = 8,168,000

Cities Begin to GrowCities Begin to Grow

• Cities offered:Cities offered:– More job opportunitiesMore job opportunities– Better chance for educationBetter chance for education– EntertainmentEntertainment

•LibrariesLibraries

•TheatersTheaters

More People, More ProblemsMore People, More Problems

• Even in colonial times, cities had Even in colonial times, cities had problems with:problems with:– Clean waterClean water– Fire protectionFire protection– Public healthPublic health– CrimeCrime– OvercrowdingOvercrowding

Things only get worse!Things only get worse!

Hazards of Early American Hazards of Early American CitiesCities

• Dirt and gravel streets turned into Dirt and gravel streets turned into mudholesmudholes

• No sewersNo sewers

• People threw garbage in the streetsPeople threw garbage in the streets

• Disease spread EASILY!Disease spread EASILY!

Section IISection II

Americans Move WestwardAmericans Move Westward

The Move West BeginsThe Move West Begins

• Since the beginning of American Since the beginning of American history, the frontier continually history, the frontier continually moved westwardmoved westward

• As the Atlantic coast crowded, people As the Atlantic coast crowded, people packed up and moved westpacked up and moved west““Some came in wagons and light Some came in wagons and light

carriages, overland; some on horseback; carriages, overland; some on horseback; some in arks; some in skiffs; and some some in arks; some in skiffs; and some by steamboat, by New Orleans.”by steamboat, by New Orleans.”

Worthless Farming LandWorthless Farming Land

• Another reason for migration west Another reason for migration west was because the soil in the east had was because the soil in the east had been worn out due to overusebeen worn out due to overuse– Little was known about soil conservationLittle was known about soil conservation

The Commonwealth of The Commonwealth of KentuckyKentucky

• June 1, 1792June 1, 1792

• Capital: FrankfurtCapital: Frankfurt

• The Bluegrass StateThe Bluegrass State

• ““United we stand, United we stand, divided we fall.” divided we fall.”

The Great State of The Great State of TennesseeTennessee

• June 1, 1796June 1, 1796

• Capital: NashvilleCapital: Nashville

• Volunteer StateVolunteer State

• ““Agriculture and Agriculture and Commerce.” Commerce.”

The Great State of OhioThe Great State of Ohio

• March 1, 1803March 1, 1803

• Capital: ColumbusCapital: Columbus

• The Buckeye StateThe Buckeye State

• ““With God, all things With God, all things are possible.” are possible.”

État de Louisiane État de Louisiane

• April 30, 1812April 30, 1812

• Capital: Baton RougeCapital: Baton Rouge

• Bayou StateBayou State

• ““Union, justice andUnion, justice and confidence.” confidence.”

The Great State of IndianaThe Great State of Indiana

• December 11, 1816December 11, 1816

• Capital: IndianapolisCapital: Indianapolis

• The Hoosier StateThe Hoosier State

• ““The crossroads ofThe crossroads of America” America”

The Great State of The Great State of MississippiMississippi

• December 10, 1817December 10, 1817

• Capital: JacksonCapital: Jackson

• The Magnolia StateThe Magnolia State

• ““Virtute et armis”Virtute et armis”

The Great State of IllinoisThe Great State of Illinois

• December 3, 1818December 3, 1818

• Capital: SpringfieldCapital: Springfield

• Land of LincolnLand of Lincoln

• ““State sovereignty,State sovereignty, national union” national union”

The Great State of AlabamaThe Great State of Alabama

• December 14, 1819December 14, 1819

• Capital: MontgomeryCapital: Montgomery

• Heart of DixieHeart of Dixie

• AudemusAudemus jurajura nostra nostra defenderedefendere *We dare defend our rights*We dare defend our rights

Land!Land!

• Why did so many leave the east coast Why did so many leave the east coast and come from Europe to the frontier?and come from Europe to the frontier?– CHEAP LAND WITH GOOD SOIL!CHEAP LAND WITH GOOD SOIL!– People came from all sections of the People came from all sections of the

countrycountry•Cotton planters Cotton planters •Cattle ranchersCattle ranchers•MerchantsMerchants•ShopkeepersShopkeepers

Pathways to the WestPathways to the West• Daniel BooneDaniel Boone

– 1775 – led group of 30 from Virginia across the 1775 – led group of 30 from Virginia across the Cumberland Gap (a natural pass through the Cumberland Gap (a natural pass through the Appalachian Mountains).Appalachian Mountains).

– Boone’s party cleared a trail to central Boone’s party cleared a trail to central KentuckyKentucky• This became the main road to the westThis became the main road to the west

• By 1800, 20,000 settlers traveled this primitive trail By 1800, 20,000 settlers traveled this primitive trail which became known as which became known as Wilderness RoadWilderness Road

Transportation Systems Transportation Systems ImproveImprove

• Westward travel dramatically Westward travel dramatically increased in the early 1800sincreased in the early 1800s– Americans needed a reliable Americans needed a reliable

transportation systemtransportation system– People also wanted cheap, speedy People also wanted cheap, speedy

transportation for goods to markettransportation for goods to market

Primitive RoadsPrimitive Roads

• In New York and PennsylvaniaIn New York and Pennsylvania– Companies constructed private roads called Companies constructed private roads called

TurnpikesTurnpikes with the approval of state with the approval of state governmentsgovernments

– These roads had spiked poles (pikes) that These roads had spiked poles (pikes) that blocked the roads like gatesblocked the roads like gates

– Travelers were charged a toll (charge for using Travelers were charged a toll (charge for using the road)the road)• Toll keepers would take the toll then open the pikes Toll keepers would take the toll then open the pikes

to allow travelers throughto allow travelers through• Within a short time, turnpikes connected several Within a short time, turnpikes connected several

cities in the East and connected to rivers in the Westcities in the East and connected to rivers in the West

The National RoadThe National Road

• Many people wanted areas to develop Many people wanted areas to develop enough to gain statehoodenough to gain statehood

• 18061806– Congress approved government funds ($7 Congress approved government funds ($7

million) to construct the National Roadmillion) to construct the National Road– Construction began in 1811 Construction began in 1811 – The road was “paved with” crushed stone The road was “paved with” crushed stone

and stone bridgesand stone bridges

The National RoadThe National Road

• At first it connected Cumberland, MD At first it connected Cumberland, MD to Wheeling WVto Wheeling WV

• From the first day it opened:From the first day it opened:““We are seldom out of sight, as we travel We are seldom out of sight, as we travel

on this grand track towards Ohio, of on this grand track towards Ohio, of family groups, behind and before us.”family groups, behind and before us.”

The road moved west with the pioneersThe road moved west with the pioneers

National RoadNational Road

• 18301830– Congress voted to extend the road to Congress voted to extend the road to

Columbus, OH and later to IndianapolisColumbus, OH and later to Indianapolis– By 1852 the road stretched to Vandalia, By 1852 the road stretched to Vandalia,

IllinoisIllinois– The road made it possible for people to The road made it possible for people to

travel in all types of weathertravel in all types of weather•Crushed stone made water drain so that Crushed stone made water drain so that

wagon wheels would not get stuckwagon wheels would not get stuck• Inns developed along the roadInns developed along the road

The National Road TodayThe National Road Today

Depending on WaterwaysDepending on Waterways

• Water remained the main source of Water remained the main source of transportationtransportation

• Prior to the 1820s, travelers sailed, Prior to the 1820s, travelers sailed, floated or poled their way downriver floated or poled their way downriver on flatboats and rafts.on flatboats and rafts.– Getting back upstream was a challengeGetting back upstream was a challenge– Teams of horses pulled boats upstreamTeams of horses pulled boats upstream

Steam Replaces SailsSteam Replaces Sails

• John FitchJohn Fitch– Designed a steamboat in 1785, but Designed a steamboat in 1785, but

lacked financial backing to carry out lacked financial backing to carry out ideasideas

– In 1807, Robert Fulton incorporated In 1807, Robert Fulton incorporated some of Fitch’s design and built the some of Fitch’s design and built the ClermontClermont

                                         

                        

The The ClarmontClarmont

• Fulton launched the ship on the Fulton launched the ship on the Hudson RiverHudson River– Traveled 150 miles upriver from NYC to Traveled 150 miles upriver from NYC to

Albany in 32 hours (amazing for that time Albany in 32 hours (amazing for that time period)period)

– The return trip took only 30 hoursThe return trip took only 30 hours– It was an immediate successIt was an immediate success– Soon, steamboats carried people and Soon, steamboats carried people and

goods along the Mississippi and Great goods along the Mississippi and Great LakesLakes

Canal ConnectionsCanal Connections

• Moving heavy goods depended on Moving heavy goods depended on canalscanals

• Shipping was much more efficient… Shipping was much more efficient… why?why?

• It took 4 horses to haul a 1.5 ton load It took 4 horses to haul a 1.5 ton load on a good roadon a good road

• It took 2 horses to pull a canal boat It took 2 horses to pull a canal boat loaded with 50 tonsloaded with 50 tons

Canal ConnectionsCanal Connections

• While boats and barges were the efficient While boats and barges were the efficient way, rivers were not always conveniently way, rivers were not always conveniently locatedlocated

• Canal buildingCanal building was the answer was the answer• A A CanalCanal is a channel dug out and filled is a channel dug out and filled

with water to allow boats to pass through with water to allow boats to pass through areas of landareas of land

• Canals connected natural bodies of waterCanals connected natural bodies of water• By 1815, canals connected several bodies By 1815, canals connected several bodies

of waterof water

““Clinton’s Ditch”Clinton’s Ditch”

• De Witt ClintonDe Witt Clinton, governor of New , governor of New York along with other New Yorkers York along with other New Yorkers dreamed of a connection between dreamed of a connection between the Great Lakes and the the Great Lakes and the Hudson/Mohawk riversHudson/Mohawk rivers

• Clinton drew plans for what would Clinton drew plans for what would become the become the Erie CanalErie Canal connecting connecting these bodies of waterthese bodies of water

““Clinton’s Ditch”Clinton’s Ditch”

• Clinton asked the state legislature to Clinton asked the state legislature to to fund the building of the canalto fund the building of the canal

• In 1817, construction beganIn 1817, construction began– Many people laughed at the idea, calling Many people laughed at the idea, calling

it a big ditch. They said that a canal 363 it a big ditch. They said that a canal 363 miles long and 4 feet deep would be miles long and 4 feet deep would be uselessuseless

– John WilliamsJohn Williams, a Detroit merchant had , a Detroit merchant had faith in the plan and wrote of his faith in the plan and wrote of his thoughts:thoughts:

““The projected canal to connect the The projected canal to connect the waters of Lake Erie with those of the waters of Lake Erie with those of the Hudson River will no doubt greatly Hudson River will no doubt greatly accelerate the population and accelerate the population and prosperity of this country…”prosperity of this country…”

- John Williams- John Williams

The Canal OpensThe Canal Opens

The Canal OpensThe Canal Opens

• 18251825– Freight barge Freight barge Seneca ChiefSeneca Chief traveled the traveled the

Erie Canal from Erie Canal from BuffaloBuffalo to Albany then to Albany then down the down the Hudson RiverHudson River to NYC to NYC

– As celebration, Clinton proudly dumped As celebration, Clinton proudly dumped a keg of water from Lake Erie into the a keg of water from Lake Erie into the Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean

– By 1830, New York stood to make a By 1830, New York stood to make a huge profit from canal tollshuge profit from canal tolls

A Complete SuccessA Complete Success

• The canal lowered the cost of moving The canal lowered the cost of moving a ton of goods from .30 per mile a ton of goods from .30 per mile to .02 cents per mileto .02 cents per mile

• It opened a continuous water route It opened a continuous water route linking the Great Lakes to NYC harborlinking the Great Lakes to NYC harbor– As a result, NYC became the major As a result, NYC became the major

center for goods being shipped to Great center for goods being shipped to Great Lakes PortsLakes Ports

A Canal of InspirationA Canal of Inspiration

• Due to the canal’s successDue to the canal’s success– Pennsylvania opened its own system of Pennsylvania opened its own system of

waterways connecting Philadelphia with waterways connecting Philadelphia with other parts of the stateother parts of the state

– Ohio and Indiana created waterways to Ohio and Indiana created waterways to link the Great Lakes to the Ohio and link the Great Lakes to the Ohio and Mississippi riversMississippi rivers

– New Jersey created canals to connect New Jersey created canals to connect the Delaware and Raritan Riversthe Delaware and Raritan Rivers

Section IIISection III

Unity and DivisionUnity and Division

Celebration of 1815Celebration of 1815

• Americans celebrated the 4Americans celebrated the 4thth of July of July lively ringing bells and waving flags lively ringing bells and waving flags after the win of the War of 1812after the win of the War of 1812

• Lively crowds sang patriotic songs Lively crowds sang patriotic songs and listened to rousing speechesand listened to rousing speeches

National UnityNational Unity

• The War of 1812 stirred strong The War of 1812 stirred strong feelings of feelings of NationalismNationalism or feelings or feelings of pride and devotionof pride and devotion

• American’s thought more than ever American’s thought more than ever of the interests needs and goals of of the interests needs and goals of the country to be independent and the country to be independent and self-sufficientself-sufficient

The Era of Good FeelingsThe Era of Good Feelings

• 18161816– Citizens supported the Republican PartyCitizens supported the Republican Party– A Republican president and majority in A Republican president and majority in

congress placed power totally in their congress placed power totally in their handshands

– Former Federalists such as John Quincy Former Federalists such as John Quincy Adams (son of John Adams) turned Adams (son of John Adams) turned RepublicanRepublican

Election of 1816Election of 1816

James MonroeJames Monroe

Job Title: President of the United States (5)

Hometown: Westmoreland Co., V.A.

Term: March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1825

Election of 1816Election of 1816

• The U.S. was enjoying great The U.S. was enjoying great prosperity by 1817prosperity by 1817

• At the inauguration, Monroe spoke of At the inauguration, Monroe spoke of national unity and general national unity and general agreement on nation issues.. He agreement on nation issues.. He claimed that:claimed that:

“ “National Honor is National property National Honor is National property of the highest value.”of the highest value.”

Election of 1816Election of 1816

• For a brief time, political rivalry For a brief time, political rivalry seemed to fade awayseemed to fade away

• Nationalism and unity was stronger Nationalism and unity was stronger than political party loyaltiesthan political party loyalties

• By 1820, Federalist had vanished By 1820, Federalist had vanished from national politics and president from national politics and president Monroe was re-elected without Monroe was re-elected without oppositionopposition

Madison’s LegacyMadison’s Legacy

• Madison expressed concern for the Madison expressed concern for the direction of the country after the War of direction of the country after the War of 18121812

• Sounding like a Federalist, he insisted that Sounding like a Federalist, he insisted that limited government functioning could not limited government functioning could not meet the needs in time of national crisismeet the needs in time of national crisis

• Madison urged the federal government to Madison urged the federal government to guide the growth of trade and industryguide the growth of trade and industry

A Split into SectionsA Split into Sections

• Different regions of the country Different regions of the country maintained different interest and maintained different interest and priorities since the country was priorities since the country was createdcreated

• Three distinct areas develop in the Three distinct areas develop in the early 1800s:early 1800s:– The NorthThe North– The SouthThe South– The WestThe West

The SectionsThe Sections

• The NorthThe North– Northeast, New England, Middle Atlantic Northeast, New England, Middle Atlantic

StatesStates

• The SouthThe South– Modern-day SoutheastModern-day Southeast

• The WestThe West– Area between Appalachians and Area between Appalachians and

Mississippi RiverMississippi River

SectionalismSectionalism

• The divisions grew deeper with timeThe divisions grew deeper with time

• People wondered if the sectionalism People wondered if the sectionalism based on special interests would based on special interests would divide the nationdivide the nation

• Three young members of congress Three young members of congress emerge to play powerful roles in emerge to play powerful roles in national politics in the first half of the national politics in the first half of the 1800s1800s

• Henry ClayHenry Clay– Kentucky – representing Kentucky – representing

the Westthe West

• John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun– South Carolina – South Carolina –

representing the Southrepresenting the South

• Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster– Massachusetts – Massachusetts –

representing the Northrepresenting the North

Trade ProtectionTrade Protection

• Another problem was the flood of Another problem was the flood of goods out of Britain following the goods out of Britain following the War of 1812War of 1812– British factories usually turned out British factories usually turned out

higher quality goods at cheaper priceshigher quality goods at cheaper prices– This left American manufacturers trying This left American manufacturers trying

to competeto compete•They soon called for high tariffs on imports They soon called for high tariffs on imports

to protect their intereststo protect their interests

Trade ProtectionTrade Protection

• Back to Hamilton’s Federalist ideasBack to Hamilton’s Federalist ideas– 1816, congress passes a bill to impose a 1816, congress passes a bill to impose a

protective tariff designed to eliminate protective tariff designed to eliminate competition between U.S. competition between U.S. manufacturers and Britainmanufacturers and Britain

– The result was expensive British goodsThe result was expensive British goods– American’s now preferred the cheaper American’s now preferred the cheaper

American made goodsAmerican made goods

Sectional DisagreementsSectional Disagreements

• Congress passed the protective tariffs in Congress passed the protective tariffs in 1818 & 1824 that were higher than the 1818 & 1824 that were higher than the ones in 1816ones in 1816

• Southerners were angered thinking that the Southerners were angered thinking that the tariff protected Northern manufacturers at tariff protected Northern manufacturers at their expensetheir expense– Prior, southerners had been able to buy cheaper Prior, southerners had been able to buy cheaper

goods from Britaingoods from Britain– Now they had to buy from high priced northern Now they had to buy from high priced northern

manufacturersmanufacturers

Republicans ChangeRepublicans Change

• After Madison’s advisementAfter Madison’s advisement– The Republican Party made a change The Republican Party made a change

from favoring states rights to from favoring states rights to championing federal powerchampioning federal power

Henry ClayHenry Clayof Virginiaof Virginia

The American SystemThe American System

• Henry ClayHenry Clay, Republican Speaker of the , Republican Speaker of the House proposed a nationalist program to House proposed a nationalist program to improve the nation.improve the nation.

• His “American System” called for the His “American System” called for the economy of each section of the country to economy of each section of the country to increase the power of the federal government increase the power of the federal government including:including:– Higher tariffsHigher tariffs– Bank of the United StatesBank of the United States– Internal improvements (roads, bridges, canals)Internal improvements (roads, bridges, canals)

The American SystemThe American System

• Clay designed this system to halt the Clay designed this system to halt the growing sectionalism within the growing sectionalism within the countrycountry

• Some congressional areas were not Some congressional areas were not so impressed with Clay’s proposalsso impressed with Clay’s proposals

• Congress did not approve funds for Congress did not approve funds for internal improvements, but some internal improvements, but some parts of the system did make into parts of the system did make into lawlaw

Another National BankAnother National Bank

• Republicans bring back the idea of a Republicans bring back the idea of a national banknational bank

• Madison had criticized Hamilton’s Madison had criticized Hamilton’s earlier national banking system, earlier national banking system, however, before leaving office he however, before leaving office he signed into law another National Banksigned into law another National Bank– He personally saw the confusion that He personally saw the confusion that

resulted from the closing of the first resulted from the closing of the first national bank in 1811national bank in 1811

Second Bank of the United Second Bank of the United StatesStates

• Officials of state banks acted unwiselyOfficials of state banks acted unwisely– Making too many loans and allowed too much Making too many loans and allowed too much

money into circulationmoney into circulation– The result was inflation (rapid rises in the The result was inflation (rapid rises in the

prices of goods)prices of goods)• Prices rose faster than incomesPrices rose faster than incomes

• People could buy less and less with each dollarPeople could buy less and less with each dollar

• Also without a national bank, the federal government Also without a national bank, the federal government had nowhere safe to keep its fundshad nowhere safe to keep its funds

• The new bank stabilized the money supply and The new bank stabilized the money supply and helped American businesses growhelped American businesses grow

America’s Flag (1818)America’s Flag (1818)

Nationalism and the Supreme Nationalism and the Supreme CourtCourt

• Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck– Rules that acts of a state government Rules that acts of a state government

could be ruled void if they violated could be ruled void if they violated provisions of the constitutionprovisions of the constitution

• McCullough v. MarylandMcCullough v. Maryland– Ruled that the state of Maryland could Ruled that the state of Maryland could

not tax the local office of the Bank of the not tax the local office of the Bank of the United States because it was the property United States because it was the property of the national governmentof the national government

McCullough v. MarylandMcCullough v. Maryland

• Giving the ability of states to tax the Giving the ability of states to tax the federal government would give states the federal government would give states the power to destroy the national governmentpower to destroy the national government

• The court also ruled that the national bank The court also ruled that the national bank was constitutional even though it did not was constitutional even though it did not give the power to create one. It did give give the power to create one. It did give the power to issue money, borrow money the power to issue money, borrow money and collect taxes…and collect taxes…

McCullough v. MarylandMcCullough v. Maryland

• The conclusion was that the federal The conclusion was that the federal government could choose any government could choose any method “necessary and proper” to method “necessary and proper” to carry out such functionscarry out such functions

• The result was the bankThe result was the bank

Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden

• New York granted a monopoly to a New York granted a monopoly to a steamship operator running ships steamship operator running ships between New York and New Jersey. between New York and New Jersey.

• This meant no competition and no This meant no competition and no other ships could run on the routeother ships could run on the route

• The Supreme Court ruled that only The Supreme Court ruled that only congress had the power to make congress had the power to make laws governing laws governing interstate interstate commercecommerce (trade between states) (trade between states)

Section IVSection IV

New Nations in the AmericaNew Nations in the America

Canada Becomes a NationCanada Becomes a Nation

• The French first settled Canada, Britain The French first settled Canada, Britain then controlled it as a colony since then controlled it as a colony since 17631763

• In 1791, Britain divided the country in In 1791, Britain divided the country in halfhalf– Upper Canada – settled by mainly English-Upper Canada – settled by mainly English-

speaking peoplespeaking people– Southern Canada – settled mainly by Southern Canada – settled mainly by

French-speaking peopleFrench-speaking people

Canada Becomes a NationCanada Becomes a Nation

• In the 1800s, Canadians united to In the 1800s, Canadians united to rebel against British rulerebel against British rule

• Lord DurhamLord Durham, the governor of , the governor of Canada advised the Parliament to Canada advised the Parliament to unite Upper and Lower Canada and unite Upper and Lower Canada and allow Canadians to control local allow Canadians to control local affairs. Parliament agrees.affairs. Parliament agrees.

The Dominion of CanadaThe Dominion of Canada

The Dominion of CanadaThe Dominion of Canada

• 18671867– Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Provinces of Nova Scotia, New

Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec form Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec form CanadaCanada

– Other provinces soon followedOther provinces soon followed– Slowly, America’s northern neighbor Slowly, America’s northern neighbor

becomes a nationbecomes a nation

Revolution in Latin AmericaRevolution in Latin America

• 18101810– Eager for IndependenceEager for Independence– Many reasons to be unhappyMany reasons to be unhappy

•Little say in governmentLittle say in government

•Creoles – people born to Spanish parentsCreoles – people born to Spanish parents

Independence in Latin Independence in Latin AmericaAmerica• As of 1800, the U.S. was the only As of 1800, the U.S. was the only

independent country in the Americasindependent country in the Americas

• Mexican Rebellion 1810Mexican Rebellion 1810– Finally won its freedom from Spain in Finally won its freedom from Spain in

18211821– Other Latin American countries followed Other Latin American countries followed

and by 1825 Spain had lost all of its and by 1825 Spain had lost all of its colonies in Latin America except Cuba colonies in Latin America except Cuba and Puerto Ricoand Puerto Rico

Black SeminolesBlack Seminoles

• Since 1700s, Spanish officials protected Since 1700s, Spanish officials protected slaves who escaped from Southern U.S. slaves who escaped from Southern U.S. plantationsplantations

• The slaves adopted many Indian customsThe slaves adopted many Indian customs

• Negro FortNegro Fort– 1000 black Seminoles1000 black Seminoles– Jackson demanded it be destroyedJackson demanded it be destroyed

•When they refused he sent troops to invade itWhen they refused he sent troops to invade it

Agreement Over FloridaAgreement Over Florida

• Americans wanted Florida for yearsAmericans wanted Florida for years• In 1818, Troops invaded Florida In 1818, Troops invaded Florida

– Spain protested, but did little elseSpain protested, but did little else– It was too busy fighting rebels in Latin It was too busy fighting rebels in Latin

AmericaAmerica– It could not risk war with the U.S.It could not risk war with the U.S.– Spain agreed to peace talksSpain agreed to peace talks– Florida was given the U.S. for 5 Million dollarsFlorida was given the U.S. for 5 Million dollars– This exchange was called the Adams-Onis This exchange was called the Adams-Onis

TreatyTreaty

The Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine

• The U.S. quickly granted The U.S. quickly granted diplomatic diplomatic recognitionrecognition to the new nations of Latin to the new nations of Latin AmericaAmerica– Spain planned to recapture its colonies with Spain planned to recapture its colonies with

the help of European alliesthe help of European allies– 1822, Austria, Prussia, Russia and France 1822, Austria, Prussia, Russia and France

agreed to help Spain retake Latin Americaagreed to help Spain retake Latin America– U.S. leaders would not allow this to happenU.S. leaders would not allow this to happen

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

• 18231823– Secretary of State John Quincy Adams Secretary of State John Quincy Adams

advised the President to make clear to advised the President to make clear to the world the power of the United States the world the power of the United States in the Western Hemispherein the Western Hemisphere

– He wanted to warn European nations to He wanted to warn European nations to keep out of the affairs in the hemispherekeep out of the affairs in the hemisphere

– The British welcomed the U.S. standThe British welcomed the U.S. stand

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

In an address to Congress in 1823, In an address to Congress in 1823, he issued a bold address concerning he issued a bold address concerning the Monroe Doctrine the Monroe Doctrine He said the U.S. would not interfere in He said the U.S. would not interfere in

the internal concerns of any European the internal concerns of any European nations and also declared that:nations and also declared that:““The American continents… are henceforth The American continents… are henceforth

not to be considered as subjects for future not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”colonization by any European powers.”

Reactions to the Monroe Reactions to the Monroe DoctrineDoctrine• With the exception of Britain, this With the exception of Britain, this

statement startled the rest of Europestatement startled the rest of Europe– They were surprised and impressed at the They were surprised and impressed at the

boldness of the new nationboldness of the new nation– Americans felt proud of the Monroe Americans felt proud of the Monroe

Doctrine. It showed the political Doctrine. It showed the political independence and its growing nationalismindependence and its growing nationalism

– This doctrine will become extremely This doctrine will become extremely important when the U.S. becomes a major important when the U.S. becomes a major sea power.sea power.