A New Nation and State Grows

America and North Carolina

1790’s-1850

The Nation

1789• GEORGE WASHINGTON• BECOMES FIRST

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES – 1789-1796

• Whiskey Rebellion – 1791-1794

• First political parties• 1. Federalists – believed

in strong national government controlled by the wealthy elite

• 2. Democratic-Republicans – believed in a limited national government run by all men.

1789

• FRENCH REVOLUTION BEGINS

• NOBILITY IS DRIVEN FROM POWER AND MANY ARE EXECUTED

• Neutrality Proclamation – America will not get involved in European conflicts

1790

• WASHINGTON DC ESTABLISHED AS CAPITAL OF UNITED STATES, REPLACING NEW YORK

1791• FIRST BANK OF THE UNITED STATES ESTABLISHED

• Alexander Hamilton• Government could

deposit money and make loans to business

• National Mint – government could print money

1796• JOHN ADAMS ELECTED

2ND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

• XYZ Affair – 1798 – French wanted bribes to negotiate with America – led to undeclared war

• Alien and Sedition Acts – 1798 – allowed the President to deport foreign citizens and made it illegal to criticize government policies.

1800•Thomas Jefferson elected 3rd President of the US

•LOUISIANA PURCHASE - 1803

•US BUYS MIDDLE THIRD OF NORTH AMERICA FROM FRANCE FOR $15 MILLION

•Lewis and Clark Expedition – 1804-1806 –Meriwether Lewis/William Clark, Sacagawea

•Pike’s Expedition – 1806 – Zebulon Pike

Meriwether Lewis

William Clark

Sacagawea

1812-14

• WAR OF 1812 BETWEEN US AND ENGLAND

• FOUGHT OVER BORDER DISPUTES, TRADE PROBLEMS, AND IMPRESSMENT

• President – James Madison

• Andrew Jackson – best General for the US

• US WINS

1823• Florida added in 1819• Missouri Compromise –

1820 – Henry Clay

• MONROE DOCTRINE – James Monroe

• STATES THAT US WILL NOT PERMIT EUROPEAN NATIONS TO COLONIZE OR INTERFERE WITH THE AMERICAS

Missouri Compromise

1828

• ANDREW JACKSON BECOMES SEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

• Nullification Crisis

1820’s-1860’s – Westward Expansion

• Manifest Destiny• Oregon Trail• Santa Fe Trail• Immigrants moved

west following these trails to settle in California, Oregon and other western areas.

• Donner Party

1830

• INDIAN REMOVAL ACT

• AUTHORIZED THE REMOVAL OF ALL INDIANS EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI TO RESERVATIONS IN THE WEST

Texas Independence 1836

• Texas becomes an independent country, breaking away from Mexico – joins the US in 1845

• Battle of the Alamo

1838-39

• TRAIL OF TEARS• US ARMY MOVES

CHEROKEE INDIAN TRIBE TO OKLAHOMA

• 25% OF THE TRIBE DIES DURING THE JOURNEY

War with Mexico – 1846-1848

• United States defeats Mexico in war

• Gains all of the Southwest part of America – California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, parts of Texas

California Gold Rush - 1849

• Thousands of people head to California after gold is discovered in 1848

• California has tremendous population growth – leads to Compromise of 1850

THE SOUTH AND COTTON

• COTTON BECOMES THE MAJOR CASH CROP OF THE SOUTHERN STATES

• 1793 – COTTON GIN INVENTED BY ELI WHITNEY

• Scientific agriculture• COTTON BELT – SOUTH CAROLINA TO

EAST TEXAS• SLAVE TRADE HAD BEEN OUTLAWED

IN 1808

Cotton Gin

Triangle Trade1. Going to Europe – Raw materials2. Going to Africa – trade goods3. Going to America – Slaves(Middle Passage)Usually, one-third to one-half ofthe slaves would die on the voyage

Cotton Belt

COTTON CONTINUED

• MOST COTTON WAS SHIPPED TO EUROPE, ESPECIALLY ENGLAND

• Cotton production discouraged the growth of Southern industry

• ABOUT ONE THIRD OF SOUTHERN WHITES WERE SLAVEOWNERS. ONLY 25% OF THAT COUNTED AS PLANTERS(OWNERS OF MORE THAN 20 SLAVES)

• Yeomen - small farmers• 1860 – 4 MILLION BLACK SLAVES IN SOUTH• 250,000 free blacks in the South

Slavery Begins in America• 1517 – Atlantic Slave Trade begins –

Spain imports slaves from Africa to Central and South America (Native Americans were tried first)

• Between 1517 and 1808, over 20 million people are taken from West Africa. Half did not survive to reach America

• 1619 – First Africans arrive in Jamestown, Virginia – indentured servants

• Slaves were viewed as necessary for the South’s agricultural economy.

The Middle Passage

• Most slaves were kidnapped by African slavers or sold to slave traders by the tribal kings

• Most were sent to “Seasoning Camps” first• Triangle Trade – three-part voyage• 1. Europe to Africa – guns, textiles,

manufactured goods• 2. Africa to America – Middle Passage –

slaves to America - 6 to 8 weeks• 3. America to Europe – sugar, tobacco,

cotton etc.

The Middle Passage• Slave ships typically carried between 100

to 300 slaves, both men and women

• Most slaves were between the ages of 12 and 30

• Conditions on the trip were horrific. Anywhere from 10% to 50% of the slaves would not survive the trip

• Slave Auctions – slaves were sold anywhere between $200 and $2500 usually

Graph for Loading slavesAboard ship

SLAVERY

• SLAVES DID MANY DIFFERENT JOBS, BUT WERE MOST COMMONLY USED FOR AGRICULTURE

• HOUSE SLAVES

• FIELD SLAVES

• GANG LABOR

• OVERSEERS

• DRIVERS – SLAVE FOREMAN

SLAVERY CONTINUED

• SLAVES WERE PROPERTY, NOT PEOPLE

• SLAVES COULD NOT LEGALLY TRAVEL OR BE TAUGHT TO READ OR WRITE

• SLAVE FAMILIES WERE FREQUENTLY SPLIT UP

• PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT WAS COMMON

SLAVERY CONTINUED

• RELIGION WAS USED TO SUPPORT SLAVERY

• SLAVES TRIED TO KEEP THEIR CULTURE THROUGH FOLKTALES AND SPIRITUALS

• 1831 – NAT TURNER’S REBELLION

• Slave rebellions were the biggest fear for white southerners

Underground Railroad

• 1830’s – escape system set up by free Blacks, escaped slaves, white abolitionists, and religious groups (Quakers)

• Harriet Tubman, Harriet Jacobs

• 1810-1850 – 40,000 slaves escaped using the Underground Railroad

Frederick Douglass

• Escaped slave• Taught himself to

read and write• Became leading

abolitionist and speaker

Abolition

• Abolition – complete end to slavery

• Emancipation – to free from slavery

• Abolition groups – religious groups, Quakers, Transcendentalists

• Not all abolitionists agreed on what to do

• 1817 – American Colonization Society – group to send freed slaves to Liberia

• Robert Finley• Theodore Dwight Weld• David Walker• William Lloyd Garrison –

published the Liberator, founded the American Anti-slavery Society in 1833.

Abolition Leaders

William Lloyd GarrisonDavid Walker

Theodore DwightWeld

Angelina andSarah Grimke

Opposition to Abolition

• Most Northern whites were opposed to Abolition

• Many worried that freed slaves would take their jobs

• The U.S. government ignored the issue as much as possible

• Southern whites believed that slavery was vital for their economy

• Did not want outsiders interfering

• Believed that blacks were better off

• Drove most southern abolitionists out

NORTH VS. SOUTH

INDUSTRIES AND SOCIETY

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• TIME PERIOD BEGINNING IN MID 1700’S WHEN PEOPLE BEGAN TO FOCUS ON USE OF MACHINES TO HELP SPEED UP MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION

• BEGAN IN ENGLAND – TEXTILE INDUSTRY• TECHNOLOGY – TOOLS AND MACHINERY

USED TO PRODUCE GOODS

NEW METHODS

• MASS PRODUCTION• MAKING OF LARGE

NUMBERS OF IDENTICAL GOODS

• INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS

• SYSTEM IN WHICH EACH PARTICULAR PART OF A PRODUCT WOULD BE MADE EXACTLY THE SAME WAY

FACTORY WORKERS

• MANY WOMEN – Lowell System• SMALL CHILDREN – Rhode Island

System• MANY EMPLOYEES WORKED LONG

SHIFTS DOING DANGEROUS JOBS FOR LOW PAY AND BENEFITS

• LABOR UNIONS – WORKERS ORGANIZATIONS TO GET BETTER PAY AND CONDITIONS – strikes and law suits

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION

• PERIOD DURING THE EARLY 1800’S IN WHICH TRANSPORTATION IN THE US WAS RAPIDLY IMPROVED

• STEAM POWER – Robert Fulton

• BOATS AND LOCOMOTIVES

• 30,000 MILES OF RAILROAD IN US BY 1860

• 1st transcontinental line finished in 1861

COMMUNICATION

• 1832 – SAMUEL MORSE INVENTS TELEGRAPH

• ENABLED MESSAGES TO BE SENT INSTANTLY

• Morse Code• 1844 – 1st message

sent between two locations

AGRICULTURAL AND HOME IMPROVEMENTS

• STEEL PLOW – 1837 – JOHN DEERE

• MECHANICAL REAPER – CYRUS MCCORMICK – BEGAN TO BE MASS-PRODUCED IN 1850’S

• SEWING MACHINE – 1846 – ELIAS HOWE AND ISSAC SINGER

• ICEBOXES – 1830’S• IRON COOKSTOVES• CLOCKS• INDOOR PLUMBING

North Carolina

Eastern Prosperity

• Farmers in Eastern North Carolina did well during this time period

• Bright Leaf Tobacco

• Most political and economic power stayed in the East

• Most Western farmers struggled – subsistence farming

Rip Van Winkle State

• Few internal improvements

• Transportation system was poor – few roads and waterways

• Most North Carolinians did not want to pay taxes for public programs (education and transportation)

• Archibald Debow Murphey – early reformer

Slow Improvements

• Constitution of 1835 – spread power more evenly between east and west, removed land ownership from voting requirements

• 1830’s – 1840’s – improvement in transportation – plank roads and first railroads – helped western farmers and businesses move product more easily

• Public education system begun in the 1850’s – Calvin Wiley – first state education superintendent

Religious Revival

• 2nd Great Awakening• 1790’s-1830’s• Charles G. Finney• Believed that sin was

avoidable and each person was responsible for their own salvation

• Led to large growth in church membership

Transcendentalism

• Belief in spiritualism over money and belongings

• Each person should rely on themselves instead of outside authority

• Ralph Waldo Emerson – Self-Reliance – 1841

• Henry David Thoreau – Walden - 1854

Utopian Communities

• Some Transcendentalists tried to form perfect societies

• Brooks Farm• Shakers – did not

believe in private ownership, lived plain lifestyle

Romanticism

• Belief that all individuals brought unique, important views to the world

• Nathaniel Hawthorne – Scarlet Letter

• Edgar Allan Poe• Emily Dickinson

New Immigration

• 1840-1860 – 4 million new immigrants

• Mostly German and Irish – fleeing famine and harsh government

• Many native citizens resented them and feared that they would take their jobs - Nativists

• Know-Nothing Party – opposed to immigrants

• Major urban growth – jobs in factories

• Middle class• Poor people lived in

bad conditions - tenements

Prison and Mental Health Reform

• Many people wanted to improve society

• Dorothea Dix – mental health reformer

• Child Crime• Prison Conditions

Alcohol Abuse

• 1830’s – average person consumed 7 gallons of alcohol a year

• Temperance Movement – stop drinking

• Lyman Beecher

Education Reform

• 1800’s – poor public education

• Few resources, little money, untrained teachers, one-room schools

• Many children worked to support their families

• Common-school movement

• Horace Mann• Lengthened school

year, better salaries and training

Women and Minorities

• Few women went past grade school

• Catharine Beecher• Emma Willard• Led to increased

opportunities for women

• Oberlin College – 1837 – first co-ed college

• Free Blacks in the North had separate schools at first

• Few colleges would accept them – Oberlin in 1835 was first

• Southern Blacks had little to no Education

Seneca Falls Convention

• First women’s rights convention – July 1848 – New York

• Beginning of the Women’s Rights movement• Declaration of Rights and Sentiments• Lucretia Mott• Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Sojourner Truth• Susan B. Anthony

Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady StantonSojourner Truth

Susan B. Anthony