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Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reser e!

Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition

2C H A P T E R

IN ORMATIONSYSTEMB!ILDING

BLOC"S


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Cha#te$ T%o In&o$mation Sy'tem B(ildin) Blo*+'

• What are information systems, and who are the stakeholders in the informationsystems game?

• Describe the difference between data and information.• Define the product called an information system, and describe the role of

information technology in information systems.• Differentiate between front- and back-office information systems.

• Describe five classes of information system applications (transaction processing,management information, decision support, expert, and office automationsystems and how they interoperate.

• Describe the role of information systems architecture in system development.• !ame six groups of stakeholders in information system development.• !ame three focuses for information systems.• Describe four perspectives of the D"#" focus for an information system.• Describe four perspectives of the $%&' )) focus for an information system.• Describe four perspectives of the *!# %+"' focus for an information system.• Describe the role of a computer network as it relates to D"#", $%&' )) ),

and *!# %+"' ).


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Cha#te$ Ma#


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Data and In&o$mation

Data are raw facts about the organization and its business transactions. Most data items have littlemeaning and use by themselves.

*nformation is data that has been refined andorganized by processing and purposeful intelligence.The latter, purposeful intelligence, is crucial to thedefinition—People provide the purpose and theintelligence that produces true information.


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In&o$mation Sy'tem' , Te*hnolo)y

An information system !"# is an arrangement of people, data, processes, communications, andinformation technology that interact to support andimprove day$to$day operations in a business as well

as support the problem$solving and decision ma%ingneeds of management and users.

*nformation technology is a contemporary term thatdescribes the combination of computer technology

hardware and software# with telecommunicationstechnology data, image, and voice networ%s#.


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A ede$ation o& In&o$mation Sy'tem'


8/29Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reser e!


Cla''e' o& In&o$mation Sy'tem'

• Transaction processing systems• Management information systems• 'ecision support systems

• ()pert systems• *ffice automation systems

h lh d




T$an'a*tion P$o*e''in)

#ransaction processing systems are information systemapplications that capture and process data about businesstransactions.

– Includes data maintenan*e , which provides forcustodial updates to stored data

– B('ine'' #$o*e'' $ede'i)n !"#$% is the study,

analysis, and redesign of fundamental &usiness!transaction% processes to reduce costs and'orimprove value added to the &usiness

Whi B l DiSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5 h Edi i




Mana)ement In&o$mation Sy'tem'

A management information system M!"# is aninformation system application that provides formanagement$oriented reporting. These reports areusually generated on a predetermined schedule andappear in a prearranged format.

Whitt B tl DittSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Editi




De*i'ion S(##o$t Sy'tem'

A decision support system '""# is an information system

application that provides its users with decision$orientedinformation whenever a decision$ma%ing situation arises. +henapplied to e)ecutive managers, these systems are sometimescalled executive information systems (!"# .

– ( data %a$eho('e is a read)only, informational data&asethat is populated with detailed, summary, and e*ception dataand information generated &y other transaction andmanagement information systems +he data warehouse canthen &e accessed &y end)users and managers with SS

tools that generate a virtually limitless variety of informationin support of unstructured decisions

Whitt B tl DittSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Editi




E.#e$t Sy'tem'

An expert system is a programmed decision$ma%inginformation system that captures and reproduces the%nowledge and e)pertise of an e)pert problem solver ordecision ma%er and then simulates the thin%ing- or

actions- of that e)pert.

– -*pert systems are implemented with a$ti&i*ialintelli)en*e technology that captures, stores, and

provides access to the reasoning of the e*perts





O&&i*e A(tomation Sy'tem'

&ffice automation *A# systems support the wide rangeof business office activities that provide for improvedwor% flow and communications between wor%ers,regardless of whether or not those wor%ers are located inthe same office.

– Pe$'onal in&o$mation 'y'tem' are those designed tomeet the needs of a single user +hey are designed to

&oost an individual.s productivity – Wo$+ )$o(# in&o$mation 'y'tem' are those

designed to meet the needs of a work group +hey aredesigned to &oost the group.s productivity





In&o$mation Sy'tem' A##li*ation'





In&o$mation Sy'tem' A$*hite*t($e

*nformation systems architecture provides a unifyingframewor% into which various people with different

perspectives can organize and view the fundamental building bloc%s of information systems.





Pe$'#e*ti/e' o$ Sta+eholde$'

• )ystem owners pay for the system to be built and maintained.

• )ystem users use the system to perform or support the wor% to be completed.

• )ystem designers design the system to meet the usersre&uirements.

• )ystem builders construct, test, and deliver the system intooperation.

• )ystems analysts facilitate the development of informationsystems and computer applications by bridging the

communications gap that e)ists between nontechnical systemowners and users and technical system designers and builders.

• *# vendors and consultants sell hardware, software, andservices to businesses for incorporation into their informationsystems.





o*('e' &o$ In&o$mation Sy'tem'

• Data —the raw material used to createuseful information.

• Processes —the activities (includingmanagement) that carry out the mission of

the business.• Interfaces —how the system interfaces

with its users and other informationsystems.





In&o$mation Sy'tem B(ildin) Blo*+'





The DATA o*('





The DATA o*('

• "ystem owners perspective

– B('ine'' +no%led)e is the insight that is gained fromtimely, accurate, and relevant information !$ecall thatinformation is a product of raw data %

• "ystem users perspective

– Data $e0(i$ement' are a representation of users. datain terms of entities, attri&utes, relationships, and rulesata re/uirements should &e e*pressed in a format that

is independent of the technology that can or will &e usedto store the data

• "ystem designers perspective – Data1a'e '*hema

• "ystem builders perspective – Data1a'e mana)ement 'y'tem




W tte Be t ey D tt aS S S S S D D S G ODS 5t d t o

The PROCESS o*('




y

The PROCESS o*('


– B('ine'' &(n*tion' are ongoing activities thatsupport the &usiness Functions can &e decomposedinto other su&functions and eventually into processesthat do specific tasks

– ( *$o''-&(n*tional in&o$mation 'y'tem supportsrelevant &usiness processes from several &usinessfunctions without regard to traditional organi0ational&oundaries such as divisions, departments, centers,and offices

Continued




y

The PROCESS o*(' 2*ontin(ed3

• "ystem users perspectives

– B('ine'' #$o*e''e' are activities that respond to&usiness events "usiness processes are the 1workperformed &y the system

– P$o*e'' $e0(i$ement' are a representation of the

users. &usiness processes in terms of activities, dataflows, or work flow

– ( #oli*y is a set of rules that govern a &usinessprocess

– ( #$o*ed($e is a step)&y)step set of instructions andlogic for accomplishing a &usiness process

Continued




y

The PROCESS o*(' 2*ontin(ed3

• "ystem designers perspectives

– (n a##li*ation '*hema is a model that communicateshow selected &usiness processes are, or will &e,implemented using the software and hardware

– So&t%a$e '#e*i&i*ation' represent the technicaldesign of &usiness processes to &e automated or

supported &y computer programs to &e written &ysystem &uilders• "ystem builders perspectives

– A##li*ation #$o)$am' are language)&ased, machine)reada&le representations of what a software process issupposed to do, or how a software process issupposed to accomplish its task

– P$ototy#in) is a techni/ue for /uickly &uilding afunctioning, &ut incomplete model of the informationsystem using rapid application development tools




y

The INTER ACE o*('




The INTER ACE o*('


• "ystem users perspectives – Inte$&a*e $e0(i$ement' are a representation of the

users. inputs and outputs

• "ystem designers perspective – !'e$ dialo)(e' descri&e how the user moves from

window)to)window, interacting with the applicationprograms to perform useful work

• "ystem builders perspective – Middle%a$e is a layer of utility software that sits in

&etween application software and systems software totransparently integrate differing technologies so thatthey can interoperate




In&o$mation Sy'tem B(ildin) Blo*+'




The Role o& the Net%o$+ in IS



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A COMM!NICATIONS o*(' in IS

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