changes in the medieval ages
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Changes in the Medieval Ages. Ch. 14, Sec. 2 Pgs. 387-392. What do we get from this time?. Guilds aka Unions Banks Insurance Exchange systems CREDIT!. Growing food supply. Warmer climate = more places to farm = more ppl - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Growing food supply
• Warmer climate = more places to farm = more ppl
• Better harness 4 horse = Switch to horses instead of oxen = more farming
• 3 field system: used 2/3rds of land instead of 1/2 – Food production increased– Well-fed ppl: children resist disease & lived longer– European pop. GREW!
Guilds (NC)
• Who: skilled craftsmen• What:organization of individuals in the same
business or occupation working to improve the economic & social conditions of its members
• Where: Europe• When: 1100s• Why: these set standards for quality of work,
wages, & working conditions; provided security-- these were the first Workers’ Unions
Commercial Revolution
• Who:
• What: more trade goods & new ways of doing business led to a time of expansion of trade & business
• Where: Europe
• When:
• Why: (next slide)
Why is the C.R. imp?
1) Self-sufficient manor = Local markets now
2) More trade = trade routes across Europe & to Asia
- Foreign goods became popular
3) Bills of exchange = exchange coin systems
4) Letters of Credit = Credit cards?
5) Banking
6) Towns = Cities
7) Serfs = city workers
Move to the cities!
• Population grew = trade boomed
• = Move from villages to cities!!
• BUT:
• No sewer
• Never bathed, lacked fresh air/ clean H2O
• Serfs ran away to work in cities
Revival of Learning
• Crusades = contact w. Byzantine & Muslims (who’ve been learning all this time)
• = Europeans wanna learn now!
• = superior technology (ships, navigation, weapons) from Muslims!
• = Universities!! = Literature!! … such as…
Masterpieces that are still read today:
• The Divine Comedy
• The Canterbury Tales
• The Book of the City of Ladies
Thomas Aquinas
• Who: Catholic scholar and philosopher• What: a scholar that argued the most
basic religious truths can be proved by logical argument.
• Where: Europe• When: mid-1200s• Why: wrote “Summa Theologicae”
about religious truths;
First off- you need to know the meaning of:
• Central Gov’t: a guy at the top of the gov’t in charge, has more power than those below him in the bureaucracy– Ex.: What we’re going to start talking about until
NOW.. The USA is an example..
• De-centralized gov’t: local leaders have more power.. This would be like if the governor of Florida had more power than the President..– Ex.: Feudalism- all the local Nobles had power, the
Kings were weak
Background..
• Before: Weak central gov’t, Feudalism, no trade, backwardness
• Now: Stronger central gov’ts, Feudalism going away, BOOMING trade, forwardness– 1st strong central gov’ts: England & France
England
• Many Ppl invaded trying to take over• One last invasion: • William the Conqueror, The Duke of Normandy
(from Normans) [NC]• Battle of Hastings - SUPER IMPORTANT!!! :
William won, took over, declared England his personal property
• = unified control of England & LAID FOUNDATIONS FOR CENTRAL GOV’T!!
After William…
• Henry II gained a lot of land in France for England = more power
• He strengthened the courts of Justice:– Collected taxes– Settled lawsuits– Punished crimes– STARTED the Jury! 12 people/neighbours
who judged crimes
• So… In England they start laying the foundations for a central gov’t- (one guy at the top and everyone else below him).. The next few things are how they do it…
1. Common Law (NC)
• Who: English• What: unified body of law created in England
to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, & punished crimes.
• Where: England• When: started in 1100s• Why: the principles of English Common Law
are the basis for law in many English-speaking countries - aka US!
2. The Magna Carta (NC)• Who: King John & his nobles• What: King John overtaxed his nobles, they got
upset & revolted forcing him to sign this• When: 1215• Where: England• Why: the most celebrated document of English
History - limits power of the king & guarantees basic political rights: no taxation w.o representation, & jury trial ; one of the cornerstones of democratic gov’t; the guaranteed rights are part of modern liberties & justice
3. Parliament (NC)• Who: King Edward I created it; English• What: legislative group that consists of 2
groups: nobles (House of Lords) & commoners (House of Commons) that help to make decisions for the country
• Where: England• When: 1295 -present• Why: laid the groundwork for the gov’t
today, put a check on the Royal power- so it didn’t get too powerful/abusive
Capetian Dynasty
• Hugh Capet- Duke, started dynasty after Carolingians died out– Hugh and his successors- WEAK!
• BUT… gradually gained more and more land = eventually POWERFUL!!
• … and this is how…
Philip II
• Goal: Weaken the English Kings
1) Took Normandy from England- TRIPLED the French lands!!! = POWERFUL!
2) Strengthened Central gov’t:
- Est. Royal officials to go around to the districts/areas of France to preside over the courts & get taxes for the King
French Gov’t…
• Louis IX (9th): gov’t became STRONGER!
• Created a French Appeals court- could overturn decisions of local courts!
• = Monarchy/king more powerful• = Feudal lords weaker!! • … their example of Rights for the
People… ---> (next slide)
Estates-General (NC)
• Who: Philip IV started it, French people• What: group that met to help the French King
approve policies: 1st Estate(group) - Clergy; 2nd Estate: Nobles; 3rd Estate- Commoners
• Where: France• When: 1302- • Why: like Parliament in England- increased
royal power agsnt. Nobles, didn’t limit Royal power like Parliament did tho; KEY role in starting the French Revolution later on in the 1700s