1)medieval ages

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IIIB.ARCH.,2NDYEAR B (2009-2014)

Asst.Professor, Periyar Maniammai

University.godwin


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UNIT 1ROMANESQUE

1.1 - THE MEDIEVAL AGES05.07.2010


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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

EARLY MIDDLE AGES

HIGH MIDDLE AGES

LATE MIDDLE AGES

The

Medieval


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The

Medieval INTRODUCTION

The Middle Ages(adjectival form: medieval) is a period of European History from the 5th century

to the 15th century.

The period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in A.D.476.,when Romulus Augustus,

the last Roman emperor in the West, resigned and stepped down from his Kingdom.

The Middle Agescan be subdivided into three intervals,

Early Middle Ages (476-1000),

High Middle Ages (10001300),

Late Middle Ages (1300

1453).

The Early Middle Ages saw the trends set in depopulation, deurbanization, and increased

barbarian invasion.

During the High Middle Ages (1000 1300 A.D.), Christian-oriented art and architecture

flourished The codes that were created, set rules for proper behavior, while the Scholastic

philosophers attempted to reconcile faith and reason.

The Late Middle Ages were a period initiated by calamities.


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The

Medieval EARLY MIDDLE AGES

EARLY MIDDLE AGES (476-1000)

Breakdown of Roman Society

As the Roman rulers became incapable of supporting the Civic infrastructure, Cities and

merchants lost the economic benefits of safe conditions for trade and manufacture.

Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new and powerful individuals filled the political void left by

Roman centralized government.

The Muslim conquested, the area of the Roman Empire ,in the 7th and 8th centuries .

By the end of the 8th century, the former Western Roman Empire was decentralized and

Rural.


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The



Church and monasticism

The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism

within the west.

The style of monasticism that focuses on community

experience of the spiritual life.

The Catholic Church was the major unifying cultural influence,

and a centralized administration through its network of

bishops. Due to the literacy they possessed, they often played

a significant role in governance.

Monks and monasteries had a deep effect upon the religious

and political life of the Early Middle Ages. They were the main

outposts of education and literacy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LincolnCathedralWest.jpg


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The

Medieval MEDIEVAL MONASTERIES

Medieval Monasteries

Medieval monasteries were the wealthiest land owners in Medieval England - more so than any

medieval king.

Medieval monasteries dominated the church in Medieval England as the monks who lived and

worked in them were considered to be extremely holy.

The local people worked on monastic land for free - to show their love of God.

Many monasteries performed important tasks within their community. Some monasteries

medieval hospitals attached to them. The medical treatment was done by the monks.

Some monasteries were renowned centres of learning and culture.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duomo_di_amalfi.jpg


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The



Art & Architecture

Between the 4th century, and the 8th century, theestablishment of Churches and Monasteries, and a

comparative political stability, caused the

development of a form of stone architecture loosely

based upon Roman forms and hence later namedRomanesque.

The features are massive stone walls, openings

topped by semi-circular arches & small windows.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aachener_dom_oktagon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duomo_di_amalfi.jpg


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The

Medieval HIGH MIDDLE AGES

HIGH MIDDLE AGES (1000-1300)

The High Middle Ages were characterized by the urbanization of Europe ,military expansion & the

conversion of Christianity.

The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. The Crusades, who were the

christian army power, have an undeniable religious aspect.

Monastic reform was similarly a religious movement effected by monks and elites.

Landed elites financed the construction of new parish churches in the European countryside,

which increased the Church's impact upon the daily lives of peasants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carcassonne-vignes.jpg


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The

Medieval LATE MIDDLE AGES

LATE MIDDLE AGES (1300-1453)

The Late Middle Ages were a period initiated by calamities. During this time, agriculture was

affected by a climate change , in the form of periodic famines, including the Great Famine of 1315-1317.

It was also a period when the Catholic Church was increasingly divided against itself. The

divisiveness of the Church undermined papal authority, and allowed the formation of national

churches. The Hundred Years' War was a conflict between France and England lasting 116 years, from

1337 to 1453. It was fought primarily over claims by the English kings to the French throne.


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UNIT 1ROMANESQUE

1.2 - THE ROMANESQUE

ARCHITECTURE05.07.2010


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CONTENTS

Romanesqu

e


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1050201.jpg


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Romanesqu

e CHARACTERISTICS

The general impression given by

Romanesque architecture, in both Religious

and secular buildings, is one of massivesolidity and strength.

The load bearing structural members are its

walls, or sections of walls called piers.

Walls The walls of Romanesque buildings are

often of massive thickness with few and

small openings. They are often double

shells, filled with rubble stones.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1050201.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mainzer_Dom_Wandaufriss.jpg


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Romanesqu

e CHARACTERISTICS

Piers

In Romanesque architecture, piers were often

employed to support arches. They were built of

masonry and square or rectangular in section,

generally having a horizontal moulding

representing a capital at the springing of the

arch, and may also have horizontal mouldings

at the level of base.

Although basically rectangular, piers can often

be of highly complex form, with half-segments

of large hollow-core columns on the inner

surface supporting the arch, or a clustered

group of smaller shafts leading into the

mouldings of the arch.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mainzer_Dom_Wandaufriss.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SantCompostela21.jpg


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Romanesqu

e CHARACTERISTICS

Columns

Columns are an important structural feature of

Romanesque architecture. They were primarily used

for Structure as well as decoration purposes.

Monolithic columns cut from a single piece of stone

were frequently used. They alternated between more

massive piers.

They do not bear massive weights of masonry, such

as cloisters, where they are sometimes paired.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SantCompostela21.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durham.2.jpg


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Romanesqu

e CHARACTERISTICS

Drum Columns

In most parts of Europe, Romanesque columns

were massive, as they supported thick upper walls

with small windows, and sometimes heavy vaults.

The most common method of construction was to

build them out of stone cylinders called drums.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durham.2.jpg


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Romanesqu

e CHARACTERISTICS

Capitals

The Corinthian capital is essentially round at the

bottom where it sits on a circular column and squareat the top, where it supports the wall or arch.

This form of capital was maintained in the general

proportions and outline of the Romanesque capital.

This was achieved most simply by cutting a

rectangular cube and taking the four lower corners

off at an angle so that the block was square at the

top, but octagonal at the bottom.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duraton_Iglesia_column_head1.jpg


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Romanesqu

e CHARACTERISTICS

Arches & Openings

Arches in Romanesque architecture are semicircular. It is believed that there is a direct

imitation of Islamic architecture.

While small windows might be surmounted by a solid stone lintel, larger windows are nearly

always arched. Doorways are also surmounted by a semi-circular arch.

Vaults & Roofs

The majority of buildings have wooden roofs, generally of a simple truss, tie beamor king post

form. In churches, typically the aisles are vaulted, but the nave is roofed with timber.

Vaults of stone or brick took on several different forms and showed marked development

during the period, evolving into the pointed ribbed arch which is characteristic of Gothic

architecture.


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Romanesqu

e CHARACTERISTICS

Barrel Vaults

The simplest type of vaulted roof is the barrel

vault in which a single arched surface extendsfrom wall to wall, the length of the space to be

vaulted, for example, the nave of a church.

However, the barrel vault generally required

the support of solid walls, or walls in which thewindows were very small.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CrypteBayeux_g%C3%83%C2%A9n%C3%83%C2%A9ral.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StEtienne_tour_lanterne.jpg


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Romanesqu

e CHARACTERISTICS

Groin Vaults

Groin vaults occur in early Romanesque

buildings. They were most frequently used for

the less visible and smaller vaults, particularly in

aisles.

A groin vault is almost always square in plan

and is constructed of two barrel vaults

intersecting at right angles. The entire arch is a

structural member.

Groin vaults are frequently separated by

transverse arched ribs, strongly projecting and

polychrome.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StEtienne_tour_lanterne.jpg


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Romanesqu

e CHARACTERISTICS

Buttresses

Because of the massive nature of Romanesque walls,

buttresses are not a highly significant feature, as they are inGothic architecture.

Romanesque buttresses are generally of flat square profile and

do not project a great deal beyond the wall. In the case of aisled

churches, barrel vaults, or half-barrel vaults over the aisleshelped to buttress the nave, if it was vaulted.

In the cases where half-barrel vaults were used, they effectively

became like flying buttresses. Often aisles extended through

two storeys, rather than the one usual in Gothic architecture, so

as to better support the weight of a vaulted nave.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norwich_Cathedral_I.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taull001.jpg


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Romanesqu

e CHARACTERISTICS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norwich_Cathedral_I.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taull001.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dom_Kuppel_Speyer.jpg


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Romanesqu

e CHARACTERISTICS

Towers

Towers were an important feature of Romanesque.They take a variety of forms, square,

circular and octagonal. The apses were sometimes framed with circular towers. Large paired

towers of square plan could also occur on the transept ends. In England, for large abbeys

and cathedral buildings, three towers were favoured, with the central tower being the tallest.

In Italy towers are almost always free standing and the position is often dictated by the

landform of the site, rather than aesthetics.

As a general rule, large Romanesque towers are square with corner buttresses of low

profile, rising without diminishing through the various stages.

Towers are usually marked into clearly defined stages by horizontal courses. As the towers

rise, the number and size of openings increases.This sort of arrangement is particularly

noticeable on the towers of Italian churches, which are usually built of brick and may have

no other ornament.

1)medieval ages

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