ceesp electrical energy project management 0 intro to wpp

7/29/2019 CEESP Electrical Energy Project Management 0 Intro to WPP

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Electrical EnergyConversion andPower Systems

Universidadde Oviedo

ELECTRICAL ENERGYPROJECT MANAGEMENT

Introduction to Wind Power Plants

Lecturer: Jos ngel Daz lvarez


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0. Introduction to Wind Power Plants

0.1 Introduction

0.2 Energy fundamentals

0.3 Wind turbines

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0.4 Balance of plant


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0.1 Introduction

A Wind Power Plant is a renewable energy power generationplant.

Other names you may see: Wind Park, Wind Farm

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It is formed by:

WIND TURBINE GENERATORS (WTG)

BALANCE OF PLANT (BOP)


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V1VWTG V2

V1Vturb

V2

x

Air pressure

2/3 V1 1/3 V1

0.2 Energy fundamentalsExtracting energy from wind. Betzs limit

421

2

3 xxx

DVP =

27

16

42

12

3

1max

RotorD

VP

=

Power in section X of the flow tube:

Betz (1919): Demostratedthe phisical limitof

extracting energy from wind.

The demostration isindependent of thetechnology used for energyconversion.

Maximum theorical energy extracted

is

16/27or 59% of the kinetic energy ofwind.

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0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

ciency

Rotor

Savonius

American

Multiblade

3 Blade WTG

2 Blade WTG

Maximum Theoretical Efficiency

0.2 Energy fundamentalsEfficiency of different devices

0,0

0,1

0,2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

E

ffi

Typical rotation speed

Traditional Dutch

Windmill

Rotor

Darrieus

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PowerOutput[kW]

Rated output

Power

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

#hou

rs/year

Power Curve Weibull distribution

0.2 Energy fundamentalsPower curve. Energy yield

Energy [kWh] produced

at 30m/s in a year

Wind speed [m/s]

Cut-in

windspeedCut-out

windspeed

0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Wind speed [m/s]

Power [kW] at 4m/s # of [hours] at 4m/s


at 5m/s in a year


at 4m/s in a year

Adding energy

for all wind

speeds


in a year

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30

40

50

60

30

40

50

60

Output[MW]

Output[MW]

Real Wind Farm ProductionEquivalent Wind Farm

Production

Nominal Power

0.2 Energy fundamentalsFull Load Equivalent Hours & Net Capacity Factor

0

10

20

0

10

20

Hours of a year Hours of a year

Pow

e

Pow

er

Energy Produced is equivalent

to the area behind the curve

[AEP]

Full Load Equivalent Hours

Full Load Equivalent Hours (FLEH) are defined as the hours needed to

produce the same energy [AEP] working at full capacity

Nom=

Net Capacity Factor (NCF) represents FLEH, but expressed as % of the total

hours of a year (8.760)

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Case Study

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We have a wind farm called Sierra Ventosa, located in Len.

Its constituted by 20 wind turbines of2 MW of nominal

power.

The annual yield is 106.000 MWh.

You have 10 minutes to answer the following questions:

Case Study

1. What is the Full Load Equivalent Hours (FLEH) of this

wind farm?

2. What is the Net Capacity Factor (NCF) of Sierra

Ventosa?

2650220

106000=

=

==

WTGWTGNomPN

AEP

P

AEPFLEH

%25,301008760

2650100

8760===

FLEHNCF

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CONVERSION

WIND TORQUE TORQUE ELECTRICITY

3 steps to convert kinetic energy from wind into electricity:

- This scheme fits to all wind turbines used to produce electricity-

0.2 Energy fundamentalsConcept of Energy Conversion in a Wind Turbine

CONVERSION CONVERSIONPLANT

Mechanical PlantAdapts the mechanical

energy to feed to the

electrical plant

Aerodynamic PlantConverts wind energy into

mechanical energy

Electrical PlantConverts mechanical

energy into electricity

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PLANT PLANT


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Nacelle: Comprises all the equipment to

generate electricity

Its where the mechanical

Rotor: Comprises blades and hub

Its where the aerodynamic

conversion takes place

Rotor: 80m & 20t

Nacelle: 50t

0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine

conversion takes place

Tower: Support the structure of nacelle

and rotor

Foundation: Its the foot of the turbine

Mission: avoid overturning of the

wind turbine

Tower: 80m & 130 t

Foundation: 15 m & ~

800 t reinforcedconcrete + 200 t

stabilizing ground

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Thrust

WIND

TORQUE

0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Rotor

Components

3 Blades (commonly): made of composite material fiberglass and carbon fiber The rotor is bolted onto the big main shaft Hub: steel sphere that connects the blades to the nacelle. Also contains mechanism to pitch blades

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Typical rotor diameter of a 2MW wind turbine is the same size as the largest

commercial aircraft in the world (A380).

0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Rotor

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Increasing rotor area

Rotor area is linked with the

nominal power of the wind

turbine Every time we double the

radius we fourfold the

energy captured

0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Rotor. Heigh and rotor evolution

443m 93m 102m70m51m

higher turbines andstronger structures to

support greater loads and

weight

New designs for offshore

wind turbines(commercially available

around 2015) are using

rotor diameter around

160m

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Static test

(Also fatigue test areconducted)

Laminates on a shell Mold closing for curing

0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Rotor: blades

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Main Shaft: Carries the energy from

rotor

Big diameter and weight

High speed shaft: Connects Gearbox to

generator

Short diameter

Generator: Converts rotating movement

into electricity Modern turbines use

electronic devices to

enhance the quality of

electric energy

0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Nacelle: power Train

Electricity

TorqueSpeed

Torque Speed

Gearbox: Adapts the rotational

speed of the mechanical

energy for generator

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0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Nacelle

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It is the support structure of nacelle and rotor

Commonly is comprised of steel tubes connected by bolts. In the past, lattice towers wereused (abandoned due to high environmental impact)

Contains electrical and control equipment, ladders and lift equipmentto climb up,

and the cables to transport down the electricity coming from the generator

0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Tower and Connection

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Usually towers are constitued by several tubular

sections, made ofsteel

Recently, reinforced concrete is being used in

new big wind turbines

0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Tower

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Foundation:

Mission to maintain vertical the wind turbine

Design mission is to compensate overturning

moment created by wind

Surface area of the foundation is calculated to

not exceed the bearing capacity of the soil

Usually gravity foundation if used. For soils

with low bearing capacity another foundation

Thrust

0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Foundation

Weight of WTG +

Foundation

+Stabilizing ground

OverturningMoment

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Gravity Foundation Pile Foundation

Gravity Forces

0.3 Wind turbinesMain components of a wind turbine. Foundation types

Friction Forces

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Blade profile can be compared to the wing profile ofan aircraft

Aerodynamic forces are responsible for converting

flow energy into torque By changing the angle of attack of profile we can

control (limit) the amount of power coming into thewind turbine Pitching blades

How does it work?

0.3 Wind turbinesHow a wind turbine works

Resulting

Pressure

drop

Pressure rise

Resulti

ng forceVertical

component

of liftResistenc

e ofprofile

Pressure

centre

Airflo

w

.

specific profiles for wind turbines have beendeveloped

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Wind strength

Wind strength

Wind strength

Mechanical

power

Transformation

of energy

0.3 Wind turbinesHow a wind turbine works

Electric power

Wind speed m/sTurbine start-up

Increase of wind

/constant power

Cut in speed: 3 m/s

Cut out speed: 21 m/sPowerKW

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Direct Drive Wind TurbineGeared Wind Turbine

0.3 Wind turbinesTypes of wind turbines

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An independent assessmentby a

third party declaring that specified

requirements pertaining to a product,

person, process or managementsystem have been met

Based on mutual recognition of

Certification SchemeWhat is certification?

0.3 Wind turbinesWind turbine certification

Customer

Cerfifying body

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Manufacturer


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Basic parameters for WTG classification

IEC 61400-1, 2005

I II III

50 42.5 37.5A Iref

B Iref

C Iref

0.16

0.14

0.12

WTG class

Vref (m/s)

WTG class I II III

0.3 Wind turbinesWind turbine certification

Basic parameters for WTG

IEC 61400-1, 1999

I II III IV

50 42.5 37.5 30

10 8.5 7.5 6I15 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

a 2 2 2 2

I15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16

a 3 3 3 3

B

WTG class

Vref (m/s)

Vave (m/s)A

WTG class I II III IV

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The main (as well as most obvious & visible) components of a Wind Power Plant

(wind farm) are the wind turbines

0.4 Balance of plantIntroduction

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but in addition to wind turbines, there are many civil and electrical works needed to build therequired infrastructure of the plant and these are out of the scope of the wind turbine supplier.That is the Balance of Plant (BoP).


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Context

Civil Infrastructure of a wind farm includes:

Turbine foundations

Permanent and temporary access roads

0.4 Balance of plantWTG foundations

Temporary crane walk paths

Erection crane pads

Public road improvements

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Why are they so important?

They are extremely relevant in terms ofrisk and cost

Structural components to support wind turbines

Steel reinforced concrete foundations, casted on site. Normally superficial, sometimes piled


Foundations

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Soil conditions

The specific foundation type is selected based on a number of factors:

Water level of the soil Type of bedrock Depth of bedrock

Soil and rock properties Economic factors


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Types of foundation

Ifpiles are needed this has a significantimpacton the project in terms of :

Higher cost

Gravity Foundation

Pile Foundation


Longer delivery times

More specialized contractors & machinery

Extreme case:

Romanian loess soil (Danube Delta alluvialdeposits in Dobrogea region) - collapsiblein contact with water.

Required piles up to 45 m deep.

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0.4 Balance of plantRoads and crane pads

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0 4 B l f l t


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Internal roads (private roads)

Wind farm access roads are permanentroads used during construction for thetransport of equipment & material, andthereafter for operation & maintenancevehicle access


Internal roads are designed in accordancewith transport requirements & soilcharacteristics

The road must be designed for the extremeloads & turning requirements of thetransporter trucks delivering materials &equipment to the site

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0 4 B l f l t


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Crane Pads are flat surfaces used to store components & install the cranes necessary for theassembly & erection of wind turbines

Crane walk paths are temporary routes for the main lift or erection crane. This crane musttravel from one turbine location to another for erection. Breaking down certain cranes &rebuilding them at another turbine location would be very expensive. Sometimes it is morecost-effective to construct an improved path for the fully erect crane for transportationbetween wind turbines

Pads and Paths


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0 4 Balance of plant


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Strong earthworks are needed inmountainous areas.

In flat terrains its much easier.


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0.4 Balance of plantMedium voltage collection system

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In a wind power plant, individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltagepower collection system & communications network. The medium voltage collectionsystem converges in the transformer substation.

Medium voltage switchgear is installed inside of the WTG as control and protectionsystem

Electrical collection system of the wind turbine generators: medium voltage undergroundelectrical cables, grouped in lines (circuits) from 12 to 20 MW each (in Europe) and 20 to

28 MW each in US

Context


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Medium voltage cables characteristicsare defined in the design phase, balancingall the relevant factors:

Conductor: Aluminium vs. Copper,depending on price, weight & dimensions,security


Cross section: depending on currentintensity, voltage drop & capacity towithstand short circuits

Insulation: XLPE (plastic) vs. EPR (rubber),depending on price, presence of water

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Power cables (Medium Voltage) & communications (fiber optics) laid in trenchesbetween individual wind turbines, and finally between wind turbines & the main

transformer substation.


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0.4 Balance of plantMain Transformer Substation

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Electrical Station where the voltage level of the generated energy is raised fromMedium Voltage to High Voltage, to be able to transmit it with the minimum possible

losses and to connect it to the grid, at Distribution or Transmission level.

pMain Transformer Substation

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It is mainly formed by:

Power transformers

MV and HV switchgear

Communication, measuring, control

and protection systems.

pMain Transformer Substation

It is the key centre of the windpower plant, & the interfacehub with the central systems

(Dispatch Centre, corporatenetwork, etc.).

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Overhead High Voltage Line

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Transmission line that connects the main transformer stationof the wind power plantwiththe grid, the connection point is typically a Transmission or Distribution utility substation.


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Normally composed of a three phase powerwiring system tied to concrete, wood or latticepylons by the means of insulator chains &clamps.

Additionally, it usually bears optical fibre groundwire (OPGW), used both for grounding &communication purposes.


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Global view example: La Brjula Wind Power Plant (Spain)

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In some cases, the owner takes the direct responsibility for the erection andinstallation of the wind turbines, removing it from the scope of the WTG supplier.

In this sense, the work can be divided in 4 stages:

1. Logistics Planning

WTG Installation

2. ns a a on xecu on on ro

3. Installation Quality Control

4. Commissioning & Start Up

0.4 Balance of plantWTG I ll i


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1. Logistics Planning:

Matching WTG transport with Contractors reception requierements on the site

Establishing an Installation sequence and Lifting & Rigging Plan

Dimensioning all necessary resources (technical and human)

WTG Installation

0.4 Balance of plantWTG I t ll ti


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2. Installation Execution & Control:

Reception & quality control of WTG equipment

WTG pre-assembly activities (on the ground)

WTG erection activities

WTG electrical finishing

Cranes operational control

Supervision of all the fronts of installationactivities

WTG Installation

0.4 Balance of plantWTG Installation


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3. Installation Quality Control:

An installation checkup is performedthrough an audit carried out jointly by allthe parties

4. Commissining & Start Up:A series of operations are checked and performed bythe WTG manufacturer technicians in order to safelyand correctly start the operation of the wind turbine.

WTG Installation

If the WTG is correctly installed, it becomesReady for Commissioning.

Questions & Answers


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Questions & Answers

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