Cartografic challenge

How to develop a map able to create a dialogue betweensocial actors coming from different cultural contexts?

? How can we translate the terms «participation» and «collaboration» in cartographic instruments for territorial governance

1. the cartographic interpreter: plurality of actors

? How can we integrate in a map different visions of the world

3. the graphic transfert: multiple ways of representation

2. the typology of data: not only statistical, other sources

Cartographic semiosis

U N I V E R S I T À D E G L I S T U D I D I B E R G A M O

Participatory mapping in a critical perspective:

from a topographic to a chorographic approach

Participatory Mapping

Author?Product/Object

Tool/instrument? Process?

F. Burini, Cartografia partecipativa. Mapping per la governance ambientale e urbana, Franco Angeli, Milano, 2016, ISBN: 978-88-917-4087-8

Map of the southern regions of Scioa made by an Abyssin (1886)Source: A. Cecchi (1886), Da Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa, vol.1-2-3, SGI, Roma, Loesher, tav. 4

Critical Cartography

Towards «cartographic ethics»

J. B. Harley • anti-democratic nature• different access to data• empowerment of institutions and control over excluded communities

Critics to GIS

Against the bith of a new «Empire Geography»John Pickles

i) Marginalisation/empowerment;ii) Difference between represented space and real spaceiii) Social implications of GIS

J. B. HARLEY, “Deconstructing the Map”, Cartographica, v. 26, n. 2, 1989, pp. 1-20

J. PICKLES (ed.), Ground Truth: The Social Implications of Geographic Information Systems, GuilfordPress, New York, 1994.

Participatory Cartographic Systems

Main goalRecover the role of local communities in the process of cartographic construction

3 typologies: i. Participatory maps; ii. Community Integrated GIS- CIGIS;iii. Public Participatory GIS – PPGIS;

Craig, Weiner, Harris

Big-Geo Data and Volunteered Geographic InformationGoodchild, Kitchin

Main goalRecover the role of the individual as «sensor» in the process of cartographicconstruction

William J. Craig,Trevor M. Harris,Daniel Weiner (eds.), Community Participation and Geographical Information Systems, Taylor and Francis, London and New York, 2002

M.GOODCHILD, “Citizens as Sensors: The World of Volunteered Geography”, GeoJournal,August 2007, Volume 69, Issue 4, pp 211–221.R. KITCHIN, “Big data, new epistemologies and paradigm shifts”, Big Data and Society, April–June 2014, pp. 1–12.

NO REFLECTION ABOUT MAPPING AS COMMUNICATIVE SYSTEM AND PROCESS

PARTICIPATORY MAPPING AS A COMMUNICATIVE SYSTEM AND CONSTRUCTIVE PROCESS

1. cartographer: a plurality of actors

3. graphic rendering: multiple solutions

2. data: coming from different sources and actors

4. space/time dimension: of the process

INTERPRETAZIONE DEI DATI: LA CARTOGRAFIA PER LA PIANIFICAZIONE

Strumento operativo per

la presa di decisione

ANALISI DATI STATISTICI E INDAGINE DI TERRENO: LA CARTOGRAFIA DI CONOSCENZA

Cartografia a plurime scale

Osservazione e inchieste partecipative

COMMUNENOM MÈRENOM Statut Phénomènes de déguerpissementY X N habitants N concessionsGROUPES Année fondationMigrations Activité Elements TrElements mod

Kandi Kandi Donwari vill.de nouv. Installation11.11861 2.85415 4300 358 Bariba,gando,haoussa, djerma,Immigrés agricoles (saisonniers ou définitifs) et commerçants du Niger et parfois du Burkina FasoAgriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs, haricot, igname,…); élevage (bovins, caprins, ovins, volaille), chasse collective à la battue vers les hameaux de DinninLieux sacrés:Konrantéya (=rivière; plus important lieu sacré du village), Sawaï (pierre), Kloulassidé (colline), Gbigangni (arbre, un caïlcédrat exactement), Womassou (Deux arbres, un karité et un néré), Yabobom (pierre)Coton, habitat moderne, projets et associations de type moderne: PADEAR, PAMR, APE, GJ, GC, GF

Kandi Donwari Boï ham.perm. 11.15295 2.84294 72 6 Bariba Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs), élevage (bovins, caprins, ovins, volaille)

Kandi Donwari Goukonnou ham.perm. 11.15153 2.83534 192 16 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho), petit élevage (volaille)

Kandi Donwari Goutinma ham.perm. 11.16484 2.83222 36 3 Bariba Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs,arachide)

Kandi Donwari/ Sinawongourou(les deux villages reclament ces terres)Gannou ham.perm. 11.15600 2.80927 180 15 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs, arachide), élevage

Kandi Donwari Gouwonké ham.perm. 11.15912 2.79844 120 10 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs, arachide), élevage

Kandi Donwari Bontéré ham.perm. 11.15247 2.79361 108 9 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (sorgho, coton, maïs, arachide), élevage (bovin, volaille)

Kandi Donwari Siansiangourouham.perm. 11,22193 2.78593 120 10 Bariba,Gando Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs,igname), élevage (bovin, volaille)

Kandi Donwari Gountia ham.perm. 11,26098 2.75095 96 8 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho), élevage (bovin et volaille)

Kandi Donwari Batabongouham.perm. 11,27597 2.79904 288 24 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (maïs, sorgho, coton, igname, riz, manioc, piment)

Kandi Donwari/ Sanrou (les deux villages reclament ces terres)Sémkassi (ou Djanwanka; son deuxième nom)ham.perm. 11,24616 2.82740 144 12 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (maïs, sorgho, coton, manioc, haricot, arachide)

Kandi Donwari Goubouko ham.perm. 11,19516 2.82225 240 20 Bariba,Gando Agriculture (sorgho, maïs, coton), petit élevage

Kandi Donwari Tiankorogourouham.perm. 11,16921 2.84243 120 10 Bariba Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs), élevage (bovin, volaille)

Kandi Donwari Yayarou/délégué gbarouham.perm. 11.15995 2.85054 60 5 Bariba, Gourmantché, Gando Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs,arachide), élevage (bovin, volaille)

Kandi Donwari/ SinawongourouGbéniki ham.perm. 11.11147 2.81162 84 7 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho)

Kandi Donwari Matchou soulé garoucamp peulh 11,20309 2,80411 348 29 Peul 1980 élevage, agriculture (coton sorgho)

Kandi Donwari El-hadji Gabso marégaroucamp peulh 11,21966 2,81590 276 23 Peulh, élevage, agriculture (sorghho, maïs, coton) habitat mod

Kandi Donwari Gousouanouham.perm. 11.01969 2.81210 120 10 Bariba Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs), petit élevage(bovin, volaille)

Kandi Donwari Kouhougouham.perm. 11.09274 2.82402 180 15 Bariba Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho), élevage (bovin et volaille)

Kandi Donwari Gbébakayèrèham.perm. 11.07984 2.85804 180 15 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho), élevage (bovin et volaille)

Kandi Donwari Goutinma camp.peul 11.15818 2.83534 96 8 Peul Elevage (bovin, ovin, volaille), agriculture (sorgho,coton)

Kandi Donwari Yompiri camp.peul 11.13304 2.83436 180 15 Peul, Gando Elevage (bovin, ovin, volaille), agriculture (sorgho,coton)

Kandi Donwari Wadagou camp.peul 11.13770 2.82740 84 7 Peul, Gando Elevage (bovin, ovin, volaille), agriculture (sorgho,coton, mil)

Kandi Donwari Goudokou/Momgogouroucamp.peul 11.13667 2.84762 60 5 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)

Kandi Donwari Kouhougoucamp.peul 11.09053 2.83399 120 10 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)

Kandi Donwari Siansiangouroucamp.peul 11.22358 2.77173 96 8 Peul (Borédjo du Niger) Elevage, agriculture (mil, sorgho)

Kandi Donwari Tiankorogouroucamp.peul 11.17492 2.84788 96 8 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)

Kandi Monko Tissarou (anciennement apppelé Djessou)Vill.par agrandissement 11.12741 2.87483 180 50 Bariba, Gando, Djerma, HaoussaImmigrés agricoles (saisonniers ou définitifs) et commerçants du Niger et parfois du Burkina FasoAgri (coton, sorgho, maïs, arachide, riz haricot, tomate, piment), élevage, poterieLieu sacré: Yassakarou (pierre), chef traditionnel: Bouko Yabi NgoïCoton, habitat moderne, projets et associations de type moderne: PAMR, APE, GJ, GC, GF

Kandi Tissarou Gannoun ham.perm. 11.10753 2.87544 144 12 Gando Agri (coton, sorgho, maïs, arachide, riz ), élevage (bovin, ovin et volaille surtout)

Kandi Tissarou Toégbarou ham.perm. 11.08776 2.88679 144 12 Bariba 1840 Agri (coton, maïs, sorgho, mil), élevage

Kandi Tissarou Wuro Hamancamp.peul 11.11847 2.87866 384 32 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)

Kandi Tissarou Wuro Gaanicamp.peul 11.10974 2.87731 156 13 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)

Kandi Tissarou Kécérou camp.peul 11.11149 2.88174 144 12 Peul Elevage, agri (coton, sorgho, mil, maïs)

Kandi Tissarou Gurè Baoudècamp.peul 11.10489 2.88565 156 13 Elevage, agri (coton, sorgho, maïs)

Kandi Sinanwongourou/Kommon(Kommon= deuxième nom)Sinanwongourou/KommonVill. mère 11.12244 2.77672 1200 80 Bariba, Gando, Djerma, HaoussaImmigrés agricoles (saisonniers ou définitifs) et commerçants venant du Niger ou du NigériaAgri (coton, maïs, sorgho, riz), maraîchage (tomate, piment), élevageLieux sacrés: Somborou (arbre), Dangoo (pierre), Dankpidou don (arbre), Boundérou (pierre), Kabayari bonyérou (colline), kpétahorou (pierre),chefferie traditionnelle forte ( bien respectée), coton, habitat moderne

Kandi Sinanwongourou/KommonBountéré ham.perm. 11.15144 2.77697 264 22 Bariba Agri (coton, sorgho, maïs), petit élevage

Modellizzazione dei dati

(criteri, indici, categorie)Identificazione

problematiche

ELABORAZIONE DI STRUMENTI DI GOVERNANCE: LA CARTOGRAFIA PER LA CONCERTAZIONE

Identificazione delle

dinamiche in atto e

delle criticità

Identificazione degli

attori e delle poste in

gioco

1° PHASE2° PHASE

3° PHASE 4° PHASE

PARTICIPATORY METHODOLOGY: the SIGAP Strategy created by the Diathesis Lab

CAPITALIZZAZIONE: LA CARTOGRAFIA INTERATTIVA E MULTIMEDIALE

THE SIGAP STRATEGY

1. KNOWLEDGE: observation, data collection, field research and interviews

2. PLANNING: data analysis, interpretation and GIS

3. NEGOTIATION: Focus Group, living labs and collaborative mapping

Modular methodology

4. CAPITALIZATION: sharing knowledge and experience

THE MAIN FEATURES OF COLLABORATIVE MAPPING FOLLOWING THE SIGAP STRATEGY

1) THE INTERPRETER OF THE MAP: A PLURALITY OF SOCIAL ACTORS

Environmental conservation is a colonial legacy which implies today a participatory

approach considering many social actors: national institutions, international

organisations, researchers, ONG and associations, local communities

The researcher as an intermediate actor facilitating the dialogue

2) DATA: LOCAL KNOWLEDGE RECOVERED BY FIELD RESEARCH

If a topographical map shows legal territorial organisation, following legal and

administrative criteria, participatory mapping shows local traditional organisation:

following historical and traditional criteria and also traditional knowledge

The importance of denomination: the need of a «de-codification» of the

meaning to recover local knowledge

3) GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION: MULTIPLE OPPORTUNITIES GIVEN BY

ICT

- 2D and 3D representations

- Participatory drawings and Community integrated GIS

Geographies for intercultural dialogue:

Subsaharan Africa

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

FROM FORTRESS CONSERVATION

Empty space

No human activity

Conservationism

The idea of «Closed areas»

TO COMMUNITY BASED CONSERVATION

Lively space

Different human activities

Local development

The new set of «Open areas»

COMMUNITY BASED CONSERVATION

Conservation

= an intelligent use of natural resources

Local development

SUSTAINABILITY

Protected areas

conservation

Landscape and

territorial planning

PROTECTED AREAS GOVERNANCE TODAY

FROM PASSIVE TO

ACTIVE

CONSERVATION

Passive participation

Aids for lost land and resources

New ways of business

buffer zones

Compensation

Tourism

(guide, ranger, game

ranching,…)

Handcraft

Environmental education

CO-MANAGEMENT OR CONTRACT

AGREEMENT between authorities and local communities

Negotiation of State resources

Local people participate in management

Full participation of local communities in management

Active participation

Land property and resources property

Equal distribution of revenew

Decentralisation of power (local institutions, local

communities, NGO)

www.multimap-parcw.org

Burkina Faso

Niger

Bénin

WAP COMPLEX(W, Arly and Pendjari)

www.multimap-parcw.org

2001-2005 W TBR and 2006-2009 ARLYPartners: Universities of Bergamo, Ouagadougou, Niamey, CotonouCooperation Project: Regional Programme Parc W/ECOPAS (Europen Development Fund)

NP Pendjari

Kondio

Bossia

http://multimap.unibg.it/

• identification of different social actors and analysis of the territorial organization

• creation of capitalization and decision-support systems

4 Universities, 15 researchers, many stakeholdersin local communities

• negotiation between local communities and environmental institutions

a) recover the territorial organization of local communities

b) build instruments of environmental management

c) promote local sustainable development

EU priorities

Burkina FasoNiger

Bénin

From 40 villages already known to about 1570 villages never mapped before

W UNESCO TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND REGIONAL PARK

«Knowledge Mapping»

0 50 km

W UNESCO TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND REGIONAL PARK

Collaborative mapping for decision making

Creating a dialogue between local communities and parks managers

«sketch collaborative mapping»

Sketch map of the association of fishers: the fishing places in Bossia

Tributary

gorouVillage

Boschia

Island gunguRiver issa

bangu

Rice camp

motarey

bangu

Tributary

gorou

Limit

Bossia/Birigambou

Participatory mapping of the foundation of the village of Kondio (Burkina Faso)

fauna

vegetation

hydrography

Cartographers: chief’s councellors and sacred places guides

villages

pedology

Symbolicknowledge on

natural resources:

Kingandi nakpambu

Goalmina kpambu

Tamboana kpambu

Tingwana kpambu

Farmers settlements

Jurisdictionalknowledge

Cartographers: the farmers association

fauna

vegetation

No symbolicknowledge

New jurisdiction

Reserves

Participatory mapping of the village showing the creation of the protected area

borders

Denial of symbolic values and new jurisdiction

Farmers settlements

PMTS tutor

Alketa Aliaj

alketa.aliaj@unibg.it

W UNESCO TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND REGIONAL PARK

Kindgandi nakpambu

Kindgandi

Tingoana kpambu

Goalmina kpambu

GoalmiTamboanaTamboana kpambu

TBR W

Kourtiagou Game Reserve

Seri

Natongou

Bosswanga

Palboa

Niamonga

Sangwakiali

Cimokiali

wudodanou

Insediamento agricolo

Concessione

Antico insediamento

dipendenzaCorso permanenteCorso temporaneo

pista

pozzo

forage

Area pastorale

luogo di raccolta

mercato

moschea

scuola

ColdjatiCombari

Wali

Yonli

Woba

Tankwano

Lompo

Altro

Swobu

timbwoanli

tintankiagui

tintanbimatingboanga

Lignaggi

sacrée

pedologia

Tingoana

vegetazione

Idrografia

Poste forestier

Hotel

Gbansangou

The digitalisation of sketch maps and the local scale

SYMBOLIC KNOWLEDGE: socially recognisable values such as history and myth (sacred sites,

places of foundation)

FUNCTIONAL KNOWLEDGE: aimed at intellectual knowledge and material practices for the

identification of locations in which productive activities take place (agricultural and pastoral areas, hunting and fishing grounds and areas which are harvested)

JURISDICTIONAL KNOWLEDGE: which give information regarding the social and territorial

organisation of the local community (village boundaries, position of land, political and religious authorities)

COLLABORATIVE MAPPING AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE TRANSFERRED INTO CARTOGRAPHIC ICONS

W UNESCO TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND REGIONAL PARK

http://multimap.unibg.it/

FROM TOPOS TO CHORA

The place wheresomeone/something is locatedor where something happens

TOPOGRAPHY: physicaldimension following euclidean

rules

The place someone/somethingbelongs to, with a value and a

meaning

CHOROGRAPHY: symbolic and narrative dimension following a

subjective approach

Augustin Berque, "‘Lieu’ 1.", EspacesTemps.net, Livres, 19.03.2003https://www.espacestemps.net/articles/lieu-def1/

Introducing alternatives to

topographic metrics

Including the subjective

perspective to spatial

representation

From objectivity to perceptionFrom geometric to topological space

Central role of the individual

CARTOGRAPHIC TURN

Actual research: reconstructing the rizhomes(the individual space of mobility) by using Social Media data

GEO BIG DATA produced by the individuals

public or private

Web server or otherdigital/non digital support

PRODUCTION

LOCALIZATION

STORAGEACCESSIBILITY

FORMATProduced by

individuals or by fixedor mobile instruments

Geo-referencedor not

texts, e-mails, tables, maps, photos, videos…

1. The potential of Big Data variety

«digital footprints» the relationship individual/space

Potential in urban studies for recovering social values: - Tracing the inhabitants mobiliy

- showing the relationship with urban spaces

ACTIVE ROLE:• The user reveals his/her localization• The user produces information

referred to places (knowledge, opinions, practices, needs, visions)

PASSIVE ROLE: • Trace geo-reference of the individual

through time • Register information about individual

practices in urban space

Mobile phones (CDRs), apps, service providers (related to personal

instruments or shared vehicles)

Social Networks, blogs, web sites, apps,collaborative mapping systems

2. Geo-Big Data produced by the individuals

SOURCES-TOOLS:

BIG GEO-DATA FOR THE ANALYSIS OF INHABITANTS MOVEMENT

DENOTATIVE LEVEL Geo-referentiation traceability

CONNOTATIVE LEVEL Showing social practices social sense of space and places

Source

Data production

Critical perspective offered by semiosis (Casti, 1998) interpreter; metrics; data; graphical choices Reflexive and chorographic approach (Casti, 2013) towards cybercartography

spatial: nodes, connections; time: lenghth of movement, presence in nodes

Social actions and practices:Non-volountary: data can reveal the typology of mobility(commuters, residents, tourists) or the nationality of the userVolountary: data produced by inhabitants and referred to places

complementary to statistics, surveys and field research

Information created by sensors or by inhabitants

Need of a critical approach to make this content come out:

REPRESENTATION OF BIG GEO-DATA

2) PROFILE and POINT OF VIEW OF INHABITANTS

1) SPACE-TIME DIMENSIONContent

2.207.607 Tweet collected from April 2015 to May 2017

Owrking group of UNIBG students:Nicola Cortesi, Kevin Gotti, Andrea Gargarone, Davide Capelli

TWEETMAP – URBAN NEXUS Airports

Air Mobility following the travellers’ digital traces

Aeroporto Linate

Area EXPO 2015

Aeroporto Malpensa

Aeroporto Orio al Serio «Il Caravaggio»

Milano

Bergamo

1 May - 31 October 2015

AREA EXPO MILANO

Aeroporto Orio al Serio

Orio Center

Città Alta

Bergamo area

Bergamo

Data attributes: es. twitted pictures from Instagram

Walking

Extra-urban mobility:

Public - Funicolare Public - Buses

Urban Mobility:

Air mobility Rail mobility

Means of transportation used by different users at different scales

Social Media AnalysisThe «Treets System»: tracking Tweets for 7 days

Nodes

Links

Texts/pictures/videos

Produced by a single

user during 7 days

A Spanish tourist: from network to rhizome

A Californian tourist

Conclusion:Suggestions for the exam

• Please study the slides of the lectures

• Keep in mind the main concepts and main topics in a geographical perspective

• Be able to make examples to show you understood the concepts

• General suggestion: keep in mind the main idea of each chapter of the books you have to study;

S. Lucia’ church – via xx settembre Bergamo

S. Lucia’ market

Sentierone - Bergamo

S. Lucia’ hut

Sentierone - Bergamo

S. Lucia’s journey …