building materials & construction part 2

8/2/2019 Building Materials & Construction Part 2

1/90


2/90

Eikn hintt

Fngsendspco `q }kspaghfkicg hintt kgk n tspendc ke fkicg agngo niikxagh a kk dkki tikxiq' _bcpctsiagh ein) }npniici tspendct fagafazc

oatkpakg ngo ciafagnc bc gcco ekphpagoagh ngo }kiatbagh' Eikn hintt at bctsddcttkp k }inc hintt ngo nddksgt ekp

bc fnjkpaq ke ein&hintt }pkosdakg'


3/90

Tbcc

En`padnco `q opnxagh bc fkicghintt epkf n espgndc opnxg hintt!) kp `qekpfagh n dqiagocp) oauaoagh a icghbxatc)ngo eincgagh a dqiagocp hintt!' _bc eapc

}kiatbco tspendct npc gk }cpecdiq}npniici) pctsiagh ag tkfc oatkpakg keuatakg' _k fagafazc bat oatkpakg) hintt

tbksio `c hinzco xa bc xnuc oatkpakgpsggagh bkpazkgniiq'


4/90

Hintt xab gk oatkpakgt

n' Tbcc Hintt`' Eikn Hinttd' _cf}cpco Hintto' ]inc Hintt


5/90

_cf}cpco Nggcnico hintt bn atpcbcnco k jst `cikx bc tkecgagh}kag ngo bcg pn}aoiq dkkico k agosddkf}pcttauc tpcttct ag bc agcpakp'_cf}cpco hintt bnt bpcc k eauc afctbc pctatngdc ke nggcnico hintt kaf}nd ngo bcpfni tpcttct `s dnggk

`c nicpco necp en`padnakg' Xbcgepndspco) a `pcnlt agk pcinauciqbnpfictt }c``ic&tazco }npadict'


6/90

Nggcnico hintt at dkkico tikxiq kpciacuc agcpgni tpcttct

Bcn&tpcghb hintt at nggcnicohintt bn at }npaniiq cf}cpco `q n}pkdctt ke pcbcnagh ngo tsoocg

dkkiagh' Bcn&tpcghbcgco hintt bntn`ks xadc bc tpcghb ke nggcnicohintt ke bc tnfc badlgctt'


7/90

]inc hintt ekpfco `q pkiiaghfkicg hintt agk n }inc bn atts`tc~scgiq hpksgo ngo }kiatbco

necp dkkiagh' ]inc hintt }pkuaoctuapsniiq dicnp) sgoatkpco uatakg'


8/90

Xbn bn}}cgt xbcg tkfckgc pact k`pcnl n Infagnco hintt;

n' A xaii `pcnl agk tfniicp bnpfictt}npadict

`' A xaii `pcnl `s xaii gk t}iagcp ndpktt

bc pkkfd' A xaii gk `pcnlo' A xaii `pcnl agk inphc }acdct


9/90

_q}c ke Hintt stco ekp oat}inq xagokxt

n' Dicnp Hintt`' _agco Hinttd' _cf}cpco Hintto' Ikx&c Hintt


10/90

Xbn q}c ke hintt tbksio `c stco nt

n eikkpagh fncpani n bc tcdkgoeikkp ae bc kxgcp t}cdaeadniiqagtpsdco bc npdbacd bn bc

xngt n dicnp uacx ke bc hpksgoeikkp

n' _cf}cpco Hintt`' Dicnp Hinttd' Hintt @ikdlto' Infagnco Tnecq Hintt


11/90

Gkc: Xc gkadco bn fngq tsocgt "gkx

gcx npdbacdt! ngtxcpco hintt`ikdlt' Xc okg lgkx bkx bc]P@kN ngtxcpco bat `s bc dkppcdngtxcp at dniico InfagncoTpsdspni Hintt ag bcdkgtpsdakg ngo at bc tnfc kgc`cagh cf}ikqco ag tcucpni bahb&patc

uacxagh }inekpft ialc bc kgct agbc Tcnpt _kxcp Tlq Ocdl' NibkshbHintt @ikdlt dng `c stco kk) a xaii

gk hauc n dicnp uacx ke bc hpksgo


12/90

_q}c ke Hintt xbcpcag qks dng tcc bc}ck}ic agtaoc bc `saioagh ospaghgahb afc

n' _agco Hintt`' Pceicdco Hintt

d' _cf}cpco Hintto' Agtsinco Hintt


13/90

Tsoq agco hintt) at stct cd'

Xbn q}c ke hintt bnt bc xnuact endc;


14/90

Xbcg fsia}ic hintt}ngcit kp iact npcnttcfìco agk sgat)bcq npc dkffkgiqpcecppco k nt agtsincohintt) oksìc hinzagh)Oksìc Hinzco Sgat

"SL ngo Cspk}c! kpagtsinagh Hintt Sgat"AHS! "Gkpb Nfcpadnngo Nstpnian!'

Xbn at Agtsinco Hintt;


15/90

_bctc sgat stc bc bcpfni ngo

ndkstad agtsinagh }pk}cpact ke nhnt "kp undssf! dkgnagco ag bct}ndc ekpfco `q bc sga' _bcq dng}pkuaoc hkko agtsinakg xabkstndpaeadagh pngt}npcgdq "uatsnipngtfangdc) U_!' Taghic hinzcoagco ngo pceicdauc hinttct dng

}pkuaoc tafainp bcpfni agtsinakg)`s ekp bc tnfc agtsinakg}cpekpfngdc npc bnpocp k tcc

bpkshb ngo }pkuaoc iaic }pkcdakg


16/90

Fkt AHSt npc oks`ic hinzco) `sAHSt xab bpcc tbcct kp fkpc) a'c'pa}ic hinzagh npc `cdkfagh fkpcdkffkg osc k bahbcp cgcphq dktt'Agtsinco hinzagh fnq `c epnfco ag ntntb) epnfc kp ag n dspnag xnii'


17/90

Ekp `ccp Cgcphq dkgtcpunakg)xbadb fncpani at GK_ nouatn`ic ekpstc n bc Tksb }np ke n }pkjcd;

n' Bcnuq _agco Hintt ngo badldkgdpcc xnii

`' _pngt}npcg Hintt ngo Iahb Fcni

]ngcitd' _pngtisdcg Hintt ngo Iahb Fcni

]ngcit

o' Gkgc ke bc n`kuc


18/90

N bahb cgo pctaocgani at nojndcg k n`stq ngo bcnuq pneead fnag pkno'@cdnstc ke bc gsatngdc ke ucbadict)bc s}}cp eikkpt npc neecdco' Xbn

tbksio `c okgc k fagafazc bcgkatc ae }padc xksio `c n }pk`icf;

n' Oks`ic hinzagh xagokx`' Bcnuq opn}ctd' Ndkstadni }ngci `knpot

o' Chh dpnct kg xnii


19/90

Ae qks npc agtaoc n tpsdspc stagh

Pceicdauc Hintt) qks dng tcc`saioaght ag epkg ke qks ag bcfkpgagh' N gahb) xbcg qks npc

agtaoc) qks tcc [[[[[[['

n' Dnpt`' Qksptcied' _pccto' @apot


20/90

N q}c ke hintt stco ekp tlqiahbt

n' Infagnco Hintt`' Dkpg Hinttd' Xapco Hintto' Ikx&c Hintt


21/90

N q}c ke hintt stco ekp tlqiahbt

n' _cf}cpco`' Xapco

d' Eikno' Cdbco


22/90

N q}c ke hintt bn at pngtisdcg ag bc

fkpgagh `s ialc n fappkp n gahbxbcg uacxco epkf bc agtaoc ke n`saioagh

n' Eikn Hintt`' Dicnp Hinttd' Pceicdauc Hintto' _agco Hintt


23/90

N q}c ke hintt stco ekp Eapc Cra

n' Xapco Hintt`' Eikn Hintt

d' Infagnco Hintto' _cf}cpco Hintt


24/90

Xbn xagokx at bnpo k pcndb;

n' Dicpctkpq`' Dntcfcgd' Nxgagho' Jnikstac


25/90

Xbn q}c ke hintt at ost&epcc;

n' Eikn`' Hintt @ikdld' Jnikstaco' Infagnc


26/90

Xbn q}c ke hintt at aocni ekp Tlqiahbt;

n' _cf}cpco Hintt`' Eikn Hinttd' Infagnco Hintto' Xapco Hintt


27/90

Xbn xksio `c bc }pafc dkgtaocpnakg ekpbc agtniinakg ke Hintt @ikdlt;

A at bc octapco q}c ke xagokx ekp bahbpatc `saioagh'


28/90

Xbn xagokx at cntact k dicng;

n' Nxgagh

`' Dntcfcgd' Tiaoagho' Iksucpt


29/90

Xbadb xagokx q}c at bc cntact kdicng;

n' Dntcfcg`' Nxgaghd' Tiaoagh

o' Iksucpt


30/90

N pcinauciq gcx fncpani ag bcfnplc konq xbadb at ngcf`koafcg ke bc oadsf bc fkpc`cnsaesi) bc fkpc cr}cgtauc'

n' @pstbco }kxocp&dknco nisfagsfxagokx epnfct

`' ]UD xagokx epnfct }nagco k ikklialc xkko

d' Hpngac aict

o' ]cpekpnco ndkstad }ngci `knpo


31/90

Xbn q}c ke xagokx okct gk pc~sapcxcnbcp}pkke tcning;

n' Iksucp`' Nxgaghd' Tiaoagh

o' Dntcfcg


32/90

Xbn q}c ke xagokx at dkffkgiq stco agdkgokfagasft) xbcpc tnecq ngo

xncp}pkkeagh npc fnag dkgdcpgt;

n' _ai&ngo&spg`' Nxgagh

d' Dntcfcgo' Tiaoagh


33/90

Tc}t ag xagokx dkgtpsdakg+agtniinakg


34/90

Ag bc agtniinakg ke ngkoazcoxagokxt) xbn tbksio qks ok eapt;

n' Nndb eapt bc xagokx epnfct bcg

eagatb bc taoct`' Eagatb bc k}cgagh bcg agtnii bc

epnfct

d'o'


35/90

Xbcpc ok xc stc n hkgokin;A at n tst}cgoco nddctt c~sa}fcgstsniiq stco ag dicngagh

xagokxt+dspnag xniit ke bahb&patc`saioagh'


36/90

Xbn at }pkuaoco `cxccg hinzcoxagokxt;

n' Nap`' Taiadkgd' Tdpccgo' T}ndcp


37/90

Xbn xagokx at stco ag _%@ ct}cdaniiq ntbkxcp;

n' Dntcfcg`' Nxgaghd' Xnii Bsgh

o' Tiaoagh


38/90

_bat q}c ke xagokx }pkuaoct bc `ctgnspni ucgainakg'

n' Nxgagh`' Dntcfcgd' Jnikstac

o' Tiaoagh


39/90

Xbn at bc fnag pcntkg xbq jnikstac atxaociq nddc}co `q bc hcgcpni}s`iad;

n' Dkt`' >==# Ucgainakgd' Cntq k agtniio' Nctbcadt


40/90

Xbadb xagokx xksio tccfaghiq `cdbcn}cp `cdnstc ke at kpoagnpqbaghct;

n' Nisfagsf Nxgagh`' Nisfagsf Tiaoaghd' Xkko Dntcfcgo' Jnikstac


41/90

Xagokx dkffkgiq stco ag bkt}anit

n' Nxgagh`' Tcci Dntcfcgd' Jnikstaco' Tiaoagh


42/90

Xbn q}c ke xagokx at GK_

pcdkffcgoco k `c stco ag ng npcnxbcpc bc k}cgagh ke bc xagokx atag n bniixnq;

n' Dntcfcg Xagokx`' Tiaoagh Xagokxd' ]adspc Xagokx

o' Iksucp Xagokx


43/90

Xbq npc S]UD Xagokx Epnfctpcdkffcgoco k `c dkikpco xbac;

n' _k oataghsatb epkf Nisfagsf

`' Cr}cgtauc xbcg stagh ngkbcp dkikpd' Xaii enoc sgocp dkgtng Tsg

cr}ktspc

o' Gk n}}cniagh ag ngkbcp dkikp


44/90

Ag pk}adni dksgpact) xbn at bc `ct

q}c ke xagokx bn niikxt fnrafsfnapeikx;

n' Tiaoagh`' Dntcfcgd' Nxgagho' Iksucpco


45/90

Xagokxt bn okct gk pc~sapceagatbagh `cekpc agtniinakg

n' Dntcfcg

`' Iksucpd' Tiaoagho' Iksucpco


46/90

Xbq at bc epnfc ke n tiaoagh xagokxiafaco k >'5f;

n' Epnfc xaii `cgo

`' Ekp nctbcad dkgtaocpnakgd' Hintt xaii pcnlo' _k niikx t}ndc


47/90

Xbn at bc }pk}cp fcbko keagtniiagh n tcci xagokx epnfc;

n' Eagatb bc xagokx k}cgagh eapt

`cekpc agtniiagh bc epnfc`' Agtnii bc epnfc `cekpc eagatbagh bc

xagokx k}cgagh

d' Cabcp xnq at hkko) oc}cgot kg bcagtniicp

o' A okctg fncp


48/90

Xbn q}c ke xagokx at GK_

pcdkffcgoco ekp bahb patc`saioaght;

n' Bk}}cp`' ]aukcod' Dntcfcgo' Nxgagh


49/90

Xbn at bc fkt ceecdauc

fcdbngatf ekp n xagokx ag tkpfqxcnbcp;

n' Bkic ngo ]ch`' Fnhgcad Dndbd' Bkkl ngo Cqco' Epadakgni Pctatngdc


50/90

A at }indco kg kgc icne ke n oks`ic&icneco okkp k }pcucg tfklc) cd'epkf }cgcpnagh

n' Ntpnhni`' Fkiospnd' Dkpgadc

o' Tkicpnt


51/90

Xbn q}c ke Okkp at `ct ekpFnagcgngdc;

n' ]ngci

`' Bkiikx Dkpcd' Epcgdb Okkpo' Tiaoagh


52/90

Xbn q}c ke Okkp at stco ekp Eapc

Crat; Eapc ]pkke Okkp xab ]ngad@np

A at n fksioagh+tpa} stco nt nTk}}cp `cxccg 0 okkpt


53/90

Ng aiistpnakg ke n Okkp Txagh xnt

tbkxg' Ngniqzc'

Xbn at Lninfcag Okkp;

Oaeecpcg q}ct ke okkpt


54/90

Xbadb dksio `c stco ekp okkpt;

n' Hq}tsf`' Eadcf

d' ]iqxkkoo' ]intcp


55/90

Okkp Jnf` & at bc ucpadni }kpakg kebc epnfc kgk xbadb n okkp at tcdspco'_bc jnf` `cnpt bc xcahb ke bc okkpbpkshb at baghct) ngo fkt q}ct ke

okkp indbct ngo ocno`kit crcgo agkn pcdctt ag bc okkpjnf` xbcgcghnhco) fnlagh bc "psc" icuciagh!

ngo tpcghb ke bc okkpjnf`t uaniiqaf}kpng k bc kucpnii k}cpnakgniospn`aiaq ngo tcdspaq ke bc okkp'


56/90

OkkpJn


57/90

Okkp Diktcp & at n fcdbngadni ocuadcbn diktct n okkp) ag hcgcpni necptkfckgc k}cgt a) kp necp a xntnskfnadniiq k}cgco' Dbkktagh n okkpdiktcp dng agukiuc bc dkgtaocpnakg ke

n unpacq ke dpacpan' Ag nooaakg k bcdiktcp(t }cpekpfngdc ag eapc tasnakgt)kbcp dpacpan fnq agdisoc pctatngdc k

k}cgagh ekpdct ekp stc `q oatn`ico kpageapf! nt xcii nt bcnib) tnecq)ospn`aiaq) patl ke ungoniatf+iahnspc ngo

nctbcadt'


58/90

OkkpDikt

cp


59/90

Ae ng Npdbacd xngt n okkp k ikkl

ialc }np ke bc xkko }ngciagh kg bcxniit) xbn q}c ke baghc tbksio `ct}cdaeaco;

n' Aguata`ic Baghc`' ]angk Baghcd' ]auk Baghc

o' Baghc Jkag


60/90

Xbn q}c ke okkp hauct bc fkt

nfksg ke k}cgagh; "Tiaoagh xabtaoc xnii }kdlct!

Xbn tbksio qks ok xbcg bc okkpjnf` at kk inphc ekp bc okkp;


61/90

N `sai&s} epnfc ke bahb ~sniaq

dkgtpsdakg xnt agtniico ekp n okkpepnfc' S}kg agtniinakg) a xntgkadco bn bcpc at n hn} ke n`ks

>=ff' Bkx xksio qks pcfcoq bat;

n' Fkuc bc epnfc `q pcdkgtpsdakg kebc k}cgagh

`' Noo n tsan`ic tazco }inc kg bc hn}nndbco k kgc epnfc

d' Stc ng ntpnhni

o' Nii ke bctc

xkk cg xk& cn c ksucpc kkp tk `c agtniico ag bc okkpxnq ke n


62/90

k `c agtniico ag bc okkpxnq ke nsaiaq pkkf' Bkxcucp) xbcg bc okkptxcpc fcntspco a spgco ks bn bcokkpxnq xnt àhhcp ngo bn bcicnuct xksio gk fcc ag bc faooic'_bcpc at n }pkìcf ag agtniiagh bc

ikdl) `s bc xkplfngtba} ke bc okkpxnt n`kuc tngonpo' Xbn at bc `ct}kttaìc tkisakg ekp bat;

n' Agtnii n tkiao xkko tpa} kg bc okkpepnfct c~sni k bc hn}

`' Agtnii ng ntpnhni

d' Nojst bc jnf`t


63/90

N q}c ke Okkp lgk` dkffkgiq stco

ag Bkci pkkft bn dng `cikdlco+sgikdlco kg cabcp taoc'Dbkktc epkf bc haucg aiistpnakgt'

Xbn ok qks dnii bc `cnf kg k} kebc okkp;


64/90

^sctakgt n`ks Ikdlt) Lcqt) Lgk`t

ngo Ocno`kit stagh aiistpnakgtngo oaeecpcg tasnakgt'


65/90

Xbn at n Osdb Okkp;

N okkp oauaoco bkpazkgniiq ag tsdb nentbakg bn bc `kkf bnie fnq pcfnagtbs xbaic bc k} bnie k}cgt' _bc agaani

}sp}ktc ke bat okkp xnt k lcc}ngafnit ks ke enpfbkstct) xbaicniikxagh iahb ngo nap k eaicp bpkshb bc

k}cg k}' Incp fkoaeadnakgt agdisocookkpt xbcpc `kb bniuct dng `c diktcokp k}cgco khcbcp'


66/90

OsdbOkk


67/90

A at bc bkpazkgni oatngdc epkf bc

endc ke n ikdl kp indb k bc dcgcpke bc lcqbkic) lgk` kp `ikdldqiagocp'

n' Agtc`' @ndltcd' Kgtc


68/90

A at eksgo n`kuc okkpt ngo xagokxt

n' Hpnoc @cnf`' Iagci @cnf

d' Jnf` @cnfo' Xagokx @cnf


69/90

Dpa}}ic Tso N

q}c ke tso bn atstco n`kuc n okkpkp n`kuc kp`cgcnb n xagokx'_bcq npcg ucpqoaeecpcg epkf kbcptsot crdc} bn

bcq npc dstbkpcp tk bcpc atpkkf ekp bc

k}cgagh'


70/90

A at n Baghc stco ekp Epnfcictt

Hintt Okkpt

N q}c ke baghc xab pcfkun`ic }ag

Noungnhc ke ng Nisfagsf Okkpkucp n Xkkocg Okkp


71/90

_spgtaic & nitk dniico n `neeic hnc) at n

ekpf ke hnc xbadb niikxt kgc }cptkg k }nttn n afc' A dng nitk `c fnoc tk nt kcgekpdc kgc&xnq pneead ke }ck}ic) ngo agnooaakg) a dng pctpad }nttnhc kgiq k

}ck}ic xbk agtcp n dkag) n adlc) n }ntt) kptafainp' _bst n spgtaic dng `c stco ag bcdntc ke }nao nddctt tkfcafct dniico n enpchnc xbcg stco ekp bat }sp}ktc!) ekp

crnf}ic }s`iad pngt}kp nt n adlc `nppacp kpn }nq kaic) kp k pctpad nddctt k nsbkpazco}ck}ic) ekp crnf}ic ag bc ik``q ke ng keeadc`saioagh'


72/90

_spgtai

c


73/90

Xbadb at GK_ }np ke n ikdltc;

n' Lgk``' Ctdsdbckg

d' Tpalagh ]inco' Bnt}


74/90

@nppci @ki & N

pko&tbn}co `kiekp entcgagh nokkp kp bc ialc)

nndbco k kgctaoc ke bc okkpn bc cohc ngo

tiaoagh agk ntkdlc kg bcepnfc ke bck}cgagh'


75/90

]npt ke n Ikdl

Tc


76/90

Xbn at GK_ n }np ke n tiaoagh okkp;

n' Pkiicp`' Fkpatc Baghc

d' Bnghcpo' Jnf`


77/90

Xbn at nooco k bc jnf` ke n okkp

k niikx a k txagh KGC oapcdakgkgiq;

A at ng Kpgnfcgni kp ]pkcdauc]inc npksgo Lcqbkic


78/90

Xbcpc ok qks }indc n okkp tk}}cp

k }pcucg bc okkp epkf baagh bcxnii;

n' Okkp Jnf``' Eikkpd' Xniio' ]ngci


79/90

Xbn ok qks dnii n okkp tk}}cp;

n' Fsgag`' Fsiiakg

d' Ntpnhnio' Undanon


80/90

Xbn okkp at stco ag bkt}ani

k}cpnagh pkkft;

n' Oksìc okkp) oksìc txagh

`' Oksìc okkp) taghic txaghd' Taghic okkp) ks txagho' Taghic okkp) ag txagh


81/90

Aocgaeq bc eahspc

n' Ekioagh Okkp`' ]ntt&`q Okkp

d' ]ngci Okkpo' Nddkpoakg Okkp


82/90

Xbcg n tkiao xkkocg okkp at

agtniico xbcpc bc crcpakp taoc atdkio ngo bc agcpakp taoccf}cpnspc oaeecpcg) xbn xnt bc}pafc dkgtaocpnakg;

n' Tpcghb`' Oafcgtakgni Tn`aiaq

d' _bcpfni Agtsinakgo' Bcn N`tkp`cg


83/90

Xcnbcptpa}

at stco k }pcucg napicnlnhc n bc }nptke ng k}cpn`ic

xagokx bn fkuc'


84/90

Xbn ok qks stc xbcg bcpct n

oaeecpcgdc ag bc pkkf cicunakg ngobc dkppaokp;

n' _bpctbkio`' Xcnbcptpa}d' Hn}

o' @npkfccp


85/90

Xbn at stco `cxccg 0 oaeecpcg

fncpanit n bc okkp cgpq;

n' _bpctbkio

`' Xcnbcptba}d' Hn}o' Tc}


86/90

Haucg n tc ke okkp aiistpnakgt)

xbadb q}c okct gk gcco baghct;

n' Nddkpoakg Okkp

`' Txagh Okkpd' Tiaoagh Okkpo' @a&ekio Okkp


87/90

N q}c ke `ki xbadb dng `c nddcttco

n kgc taoc kgiq'

n' Ocno @ki

`' Eistb @kid' @nppci @kio' Ikdltc


88/90

Xbadb at GK_ n Bnpoxnpc bn

ts}}kpt n okkp;

n' ]auk Baghc

`' Jnf`d' Eikkp Einghco' Ikdltc


89/90

Xbn at stco ag n Bkt}ani Okkp;

n' Hpnuaq Baghc`' Oks`ic Ndakg Baghc

d' Ucpadni T}pagh Baghco' ]auk Baghc


90/90

Ag n bcnuq fcni }ngci okkp) xbn at

bc fkt n}}pk}panc k stc tk bnbc okkp xaii nskfnadniiq diktcxabks }stbagh kp }siiagh;

n' Hpnuaq Baghc`' Okkp Diktcp

d' Lcq K}cpnco Ikdlo' Nskfnco Okkp Dkgpkiicp

building materials & construction part 2

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