bsc-07 climate change adaptation 1

BSC-07 Climate Change Adaptation 1

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Date: 21-09-21

Prof. Rajib Shaw, Keio University, Japan

Ms. Ambika Dabral

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Outline of the module


01

02 04

03 05

Introduction to

Climate Change

Impact of climate

change

CCA and adaptation

pathways

Regional initiatives/

strategies

06

07

Some good practicesEvolution of CCA

concept

Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this course do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part

of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Common issues of

DRR and CCA

3BSC-07 Climate Change Adaptation 1

Evolution of CCA Concept

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

Local Level Climate Change Adaptation

1972: UN Conference on Human Environment

1979: 1st Climate Change Conference

1988: Intergovernmental Panel on CC (IPCC)

UN Framework of Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

1992: 1st Earth Summit

1997: COP3: Kyoto Protocol

2005: COP11: Nairobi Work Program

2007: COP13: Bali Action Plan2009: Copenhagen COP 152015: Paris Agreement on Climate Change

Negotiations on Mitigation

Negotiations on Adaptation Fund


Three common issues of DRR and CCA

• Increasing focus on working in local level: from central government to local government and community

• Increasing focus on multi-disciplinary, multi-stakeholder approach

• Evolution from theory to practice: from technology to implementation

x

Introduction to Climate Change

• “Change in climate which is attributed

directly or indirectly to human activity

that alters the composition of the global

atmosphere and which is in addition to

natural climate variability observed

over comparable periods of time”

(UNFCCC, 1992).

• High climate vulnerability of the

MENA region has resulted in increase

in frequency and severity of extreme

events

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Fig. 1 Hazards likely to be more aggravated

by climate change


Floods Storm surges Tropical

cyclones Rockfalls Landslides

Avalanche Subsidence Dust storms

Heat waves Cold waves Droughts

Wildfires

Impacts of climate change in MENA region

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Fig 2. Climate

change: Processes,

characteristics and

threats (UNFCCC)


Temperature: Mean annual temperatures in East

Africa and the Maghreb states likely to exceed 2°

degrees Celsius (°C) with maximum projected

increases up to 6° C by the year 2100 (IPCC,2014)

Precipitation: up to 40% reduction in precipitation,,

likely over North Africa by 2100. Significant decline

in total precipitation and frequency of wet days across

North Africa (UNEP/ROWA, 2015)

Sea level rise: Projections- Egypt, Libya, Morocco and

Tunisia: most exposed African countries in terms of

total population to be affected by sea level rise (World

Bank, 2014). The Nile Delta- threatened by saltwater

intrusion and soil salinization (IPCC,2014)

Natural hazards: Projected to worsen with temperatures

rising to record high. While globally number of natural

hazards induced disasters has almost doubled since the

1980s, this has almost tripled in the MENA region (World

Bank, 2014)

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Fig 3: Projected

Impacts of

Climate Change

in MENA region

(World Bank,

2015)

x


Impact of climate change in MENA region (contd.)

Projected impacts and fragilities of climate change


Agriculture and food security

Reduced water availability>Increased need for

irrigation

Introduction of new insects and diseases

Changes in yield production

Increased variability in prices and income

Impact on livestock production

Water security

Changes in surface and ground water system

Drop in per capita freshwater availability

Affected water quality> higher incidence of

water-borne diseases

Increase in floods, droughts, glacier retreat

Water scarce region> fewer resources to support

domestic and industrial needs

Energy

Increased energy requirements for cooling

Changes in precipitation pattern, cloudy days in hilly train

can affect micro hydro power, solar power potential

Health

Heat stress

Increase in vector and water borne diseases

Food, water and nutritional security>malnutrition

Livelihood

Adverse impact on rural livelihoods>

displacement and forced migration

Coastal erosion, low-lying areas communities,

tourism

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Biodiversity

Puts species at risk, result in loss of habitats and reduced reproduction/ dispersal rates


Projected impacts and fragilities of climate change

Aquatic ecosystems affected,

favoring warm water species, and

altering community structure and

functioning

Freshwater & coastal ecosystems:

saline intrusion causing changes in

soil and subsequent impact on

freshwater species; habitat loss for

migrating birds

Wetland ecosystems: saline

intrusion, vulnerable to changes in

hydrology, nutrient inputs

Forest and grassland ecosystems:

prone to widespread wildfires,

colonization by invasive species, may

out-compete or predate on native

species.

Dryland ecosystems: prone to temporal

and spatial change in rainfall pattern,

challenge of land degradation, soil

erosion, loss of soil nutrients

Mountain ecosystems: prone

to erratic and unpredictable

weather conditions, melting

glaciers, reduced snowfall in

the mountainous regions

leading to increase in soil

temperature and microbial

biomass

Climate change adaptation


Climate change adaptation refers to the process of adjusting to current or

expected climate change and its effects (IPCC, 2014). It includes actions undertaken

to reduce the negative impact of climate change, while taking advantage of

potential opportunities.

Fig 4: Framework of adaptation pathways (Loginove,2019; adapted from Pelling 2011)

Key strategies/ actions towards CCA


Enhanced early warning systems

Integrate projected climate change trends

in risk assessment

Climate resilient infrastructure

Improved agriculturalpractices

Sustainable management of

natural resources

Integrate ecosystem-based adaptation into

sectoral planning

Integrate adaptation into short, medium

and long term strategies

Prioritize adaptation efforts in

marginalized communities

Prioritize the strengthening of

existing capacities

Strengtheninstitutional and

financial mechanisms

Creating knowledge products for

supporting awareness and practices

Leverage the opportunities during DRR, response and

recovery

Some regional initiatives/mechanism to build climatic

resilience


Arab Framework Action Plan on Climate Change (AFAP-CC, 2010-2020), revised in

2017

Strategic objectives: Preparedness through adaptation, voluntary contribution to mitigation,

protection of natural resources and livelihood, strengthen capacities of regional and

national institutions, creating enabling environment, pacing up SDG implementation

Arab Strategies for Sustainable

Development and Water Security

(2010-2030)

Arab Strategy for Disaster

Risk Reduction 2030

UNDP Arab Climate Resilience

Initiative

One UN Partnerships: SDG Climate

Nexus Facility

League of Arab States: Council for

Arab Ministers Responsible for

Environment (CAMRE)

International Financial

Institution Partnerships: UNDP

and Islamic Development Bank

Addis Ababa Action Agenda:

Financing sustainable development

SFDRR, Agenda 2030, Paris Agreement

Some good practices

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Fig. 5 Climate resistant species of

trees plantation (Barcelona, Spain)


Fig 6. Climate smart water management in mountainous regions

of Djibouti (Canal system feeding covered water reservoirs)

Fig 7. Salt tolerant rice

variety (Bangladesh)

Some good practices (contd.)

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Fig 8. Green roofs (Switzerland)


Fig 9. Green roofed public bus

stops Utrecht, Netherlands

Fig 10. Agro-pastoral shade

gardens linked with microfinance

provision (Djibouti)

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Thank you

bsc-07 climate change adaptation 1

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