St.Xaviers Senior Secondary School

4,Raj Niwas Marg,Delhi-54

2009-2010

IndexIndex

Significance of HealthDiseasesCauses of diseaseMeans of spreadPrinciples of treatmentPrevention

CertificateCertificate

This is to certify that SURBHI BANGANI of class 9-E has has

successfully created this project based on the topic Why Do We Fall ill.

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

I am thankful to my parents for allowing me to use the internet and

for supporting me.I would like to thank my brother for helping me to complete this project.

Significance of HealthSignificance of Health

What does this word health What does this word health means?means?

We have heard the word “HEALTH” We have heard the word “HEALTH” used frequently all around us.used frequently all around us.

It implies the idea of being It implies the idea of being WELL.WELL. It is a state of being well enough to It is a state of being well enough to

function well PHYSICALLY,MENTALLY function well PHYSICALLY,MENTALLY AND SOCIALLY.AND SOCIALLY.

PersonalPersonal and Community and Community issuesissues

The health of all organisms depend The health of all organisms depend on their SURROUNDINGS or their on their SURROUNDINGS or their ENVIRONMENT.ENVIRONMENT.

The environment includes the The environment includes the physical environment.physical environment.

For eg:health is at risk in a cyclone in For eg:health is at risk in a cyclone in many ways.many ways.

Therefore public cleanliness is Therefore public cleanliness is important for individual health.important for individual health.

DiseaseDisease

A disease is an illness that affects the body (a A disease is an illness that affects the body (a single area or the whole system) and/or mind within single area or the whole system) and/or mind within a single organism (World Health Organization). a single organism (World Health Organization).

Basically when a person is in a diseased state, they Basically when a person is in a diseased state, they are no longer classified by modern and traditional are no longer classified by modern and traditional medical diagnosis as “healthy”. medical diagnosis as “healthy”.

Some examples of common diseases worldwide Some examples of common diseases worldwide are: Influenza A virus, Asthma, HIV/AIDS, HPV, are: Influenza A virus, Asthma, HIV/AIDS, HPV, Malaria, and Sickle Cell Anemia. Malaria, and Sickle Cell Anemia.

In addition, diseases are generally classified into In addition, diseases are generally classified into three categories, which include: Genetic, infectious, three categories, which include: Genetic, infectious, and non-infectious.and non-infectious.

Infectious diseasesInfectious diseases An An infectious diseaseinfectious disease is a clinically is a clinically

evident evident disease resulting from the resulting from the presence of presence of pathogenic microbial agents. agents.

It includes It includes pathogenic viruses, pathogenic , pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa and aberrant bacteria, fungi, protozoa and aberrant proteins known as prions.proteins known as prions.

These pathogens are able to cause disease These pathogens are able to cause disease in in

animals and plants.animals and plants. Infectious pathologies are usually qualified Infectious pathologies are usually qualified

as as contagious diseasescontagious diseases which is also which is also called communicable diseasescalled communicable diseases

Transmission of an infectious disease may Transmission of an infectious disease may occur through one or more of diverse occur through one or more of diverse pathways including physical contact with pathways including physical contact with infected individuals. infected individuals.

Non Infectious DiseasesNon Infectious Diseases In contrast to infectious, non infectious conditions

are neither contagious nor communicable. They arise from inside the body as a result of

hereditary conditions or other causes, such as dietary deficiencies.

The essay Disease classifies noninfectious diseases as follows: hereditary or genetic diseases.

For eg :glandular diseases, or conditions involving a group of cells that filters material from the blood (e.g., diabetes mellitus, also included in the present essay)

Causes of DiseasesCauses of Diseases

The disease is caused from two sources: - From outside with food, air, water,

medications, etc. -Produced in our body as a result of its own life processes and life

processes of bacteria living in it.

According to Chinese pathology, there are three principal causes of the disharmony that brings about disease: external factors, emotions, and irregularities in day-to-day living.

Means of spread.

Disease can be spread through:Disease can be spread through:

AIRAIRWATERWATER

SEXUAL ACTSEXUAL ACT

Through Air.Through Air.

This occurs through the little droplets This occurs through the little droplets thrown out by an infected person thrown out by an infected person who sneezes or coughs.who sneezes or coughs.

Someone standing close by can Someone standing close by can breathe in these droplets and the breathe in these droplets and the microbes get a chance to start a new microbes get a chance to start a new infection.infection.

For ex: common cold,pneumonia and For ex: common cold,pneumonia and tuberculosis.tuberculosis.

Through waterThrough water

This occurs if the This occurs if the excreta from excreta from someone suffering someone suffering from an infectious from an infectious gut disease get gut disease get mixed with the mixed with the drinking water drinking water used by people used by people leaving nearby.leaving nearby.

For eg: cholera.For eg: cholera.

Through sexual Act

This occurs through This occurs through physical contact physical contact between two people.between two people.

There are microbial There are microbial diseases that are diseases that are transmitted by transmitted by sexual contact from sexual contact from one partner to the one partner to the other.other.

For eg:AIDS, syphilis.For eg:AIDS, syphilis.

Principles of TreatmentPrinciples of Treatment

The initial cause of the diseased state may lie within the individual organism itself.

The disease is then said to be idiopathic, innate, primary, or “essential.”

It may result from a course of medical treatment, either as an unavoidable side effect or because the treatment itself was ill-advised; in either case the disease is classed as iatrogenic.

There are two ways to treat the diseases:There are two ways to treat the diseases:

-One would be to reduce the effects of the -One would be to reduce the effects of the diseases.diseases.

-Other can be to kill the cause of diseases.-Other can be to kill the cause of diseases. For the first, we can provide treatment that For the first, we can provide treatment that

will reduce the symptoms.will reduce the symptoms. For ex:medicines bring down fever,reduce For ex:medicines bring down fever,reduce

pain.pain. For the later,use of medicines to kill microbes.For the later,use of medicines to kill microbes. Microbes are bacteria, fungi,virus.Microbes are bacteria, fungi,virus.

Prevention of DiseasesPrevention of Diseases Disease prevention is the deferral or elimination of Disease prevention is the deferral or elimination of

specific illnesses and conditions by one or more specific illnesses and conditions by one or more interventions of proven efficacy.interventions of proven efficacy.

It is useful to distinguish among three levels of It is useful to distinguish among three levels of prevention—primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment.prevention—primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment.

Primary TreatmentPrimary Treatment "Primary prevention" refers to the prevention of diseases "Primary prevention" refers to the prevention of diseases

before their biological onset. before their biological onset. For example, pasteurizing milk essentially eliminates For example, pasteurizing milk essentially eliminates

bacterial pathogens that could cause illnesses, and bacterial pathogens that could cause illnesses, and measles immunization prevents clinical illness before it measles immunization prevents clinical illness before it can get started.can get started.

Secondary PreventionSecondary Prevention Secondary prevention" refers to the Secondary prevention" refers to the

prevention of clinical illness through the early prevention of clinical illness through the early and asymptomatic detection and remediation and asymptomatic detection and remediation of certain diseases and conditions that, if left of certain diseases and conditions that, if left undetected, would likely become clinically undetected, would likely become clinically apparent and harmful. apparent and harmful.

This is often referred to as "screening.“This is often referred to as "screening.“ There are many examples of secondary There are many examples of secondary

disease prevention, including routine disease prevention, including routine bacteriological culturing for sexually bacteriological culturing for sexually transmitted organisms in asymptomatic transmitted organisms in asymptomatic persons; routine serological testing for persons; routine serological testing for preclinical infections such as syphilispreclinical infections such as syphilis..

Tertiary PreventionTertiary Prevention

"Tertiary prevention" refers to the "Tertiary prevention" refers to the prevention of disease progression prevention of disease progression and additional disease complications and additional disease complications after overt clinical diseases are after overt clinical diseases are manifested. manifested.

For ex:lowering a high blood For ex:lowering a high blood cholesterol level after a heart attack cholesterol level after a heart attack can prevent the occurrence of further can prevent the occurrence of further heart attacks.heart attacks.

References

From Wikidepia, GoogleYahooBooks

MADE BYMADE BYSURBHI BANGANISURBHI BANGANI9 –E9 –E3838BIOLOGY PROJECTBIOLOGY PROJECTST. XAVIER SENIOR ST. XAVIER SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL ,DELHISECONDARY SCHOOL ,DELHI