bio investigatory project 12
DESCRIPTION
project on biotechnologyTRANSCRIPT
CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICITY
This is to certify that M ANIRUDH, a student of class XII has successfully completed the research project on the topic “Urinalysis” under the guidance of Ms. SHEEBA (Biology Teacher).
This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism of any kind. The references taken in making this project have been declared at the end of this report.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE (Subject Teacher) (Examiner)
SIGNATURE (Principal)
It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to my biology teacher Ms.SHEEBA for her guidance, support and encouragement throughout the duration of the project.
Without her motivation and help ,the successful completion of this project would not have been possible . Also, I heartily thank my school Principal Ms.Mini Verma madam for allowing us to use lab in full extent. Also , I thank my FATHER & MOTHER for their encouragement, guidance & support.
M Anirudh XII
INDEX
SERIAL
NUMBER
TOPIC PAGE
NUMBER
1 Certificate Of Authenticity
1
2 Acknowledgement 2
3 Introduction 3
4 Materials Required 7
5 Procedure 8
6 Result 13
7 Bibliography 19
INTRODUCTION
What is Urine ? :
Urine is a typically sterile liquid by-product of the body
secreted by the kidneys .
Major composition of urine is water (97%). Other
component of urine are organic & inorganic compounds
like urea, bilirubin, ammonium chloride and salts of
calcium & potassium .Also they excrete excess
hormones & vitamins
What is Urinalysis? :
It is the series of test done on urine. It is the one of the
most common method of medical diagnostic.
Why Urinalysis :
Most of the blood constituents are present in urine. Most of the body wastes are brought to kidney for filtration. Hence the body ailment can be located through this analysis.
Most of the bacteria and viruses are discharged from our body through urine.
This method is more convenient than blood test because:
Some might be scared of blood so this provides to
be an alternative for blood tests. It is easy to analyze most of the bacteria in water
medium than in blood.
Types of urine Specimens :
Specimen Uses : 1 day preserved specimen
For quantitative chemical analysis
2 Hours after lunch First morning Specimen Drug specimen
Diabetic Monitoring Diabetic Monitoring Drug testing
Preservation of Urine : 1. Physical Preservation: Urine is stored in the
refrigerator which doesn’t affect the constituent of urine. Required Volume : 30-45 ml taken within 4 minutes Temperature : 32.5ºC to 37.7ºC
2. Chemical preservation : This process is done under following reagents :-
Phenol: causes an odor change Toluene: not effective for bacteria and molds
Thymol crystals: preserves glucose and sediments well
Formalin: excellent sediment preservative Boric acid: preserves protein well
PROCEDURE
Physical Examination :
o Colour : Denotes the degree of concentration.
The color of non-pathological urine varies
widely from colorless to deep yellow; the more
concentrated the urine, the deeper the color.
The color of urine is usually described after
visual inspection with common color terms.
Examination : Observing the colour .
o PH: Denotes the presence of H+ ion
concentration in the content sample.
Examination : Using PH papers .
Urine sample
Benedict’s solution
Fehling’s solution – 1
Fehling’s solution – 2
Copper sulphate solution
Sodium hydroxide
Borsch’s reagent
Ethanol
Test tubes
RESULT
:
TEST RESULT
Colour Yellowish PH 7.0 (Light Green)
Blood Glucose 0.5% Amine group Amines are present
Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present Ketone Test Ketones are present
Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent
Protein test (Buriet Test) 15%(approx.)
FeCl3 Test No reaction
Phenol Absent
Summary :
The above urine sample is having all vital urine parameter NORMAL . The blood glucose level is Normal (1.0%). The person is HEALTHY .
:
TEST RESULT
Colour Yellowish PH 6.0 (Light Orange)
Blood Glucose 1.0% Amine group Amines are present Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present Ketone Test Ketones are present
Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent
Protein test (Buriet Test) 12%(approx.)
FeCl3 Test No reaction
Phenol Absent
Summary :
The given urine sample is bit acidic (PH = 6.0) . This PH
is not a case of concern . All the other values are corresponding to normal value . The person is HEALTHY .
:
TEST RESULT
Colour Clear PH 7.4 (Light Green)
Blood Glucose 1.0 % Amine group Amines are present Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present Ketone Test Ketones are present
Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent
Protein test (Buriet Test) 12%(approx.)
FeCl3 Test No reaction
Phenol Absent
Summary :
All the values are corresponding to normal value . The person is HEALTHY .
:
TEST RESULT
Colour Yellowish PH 7.0 (Light Green)
Blood Glucose 2.0% Amine group Amines are present Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present Ketone Test Ketones are present
Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent
Protein test (Buriet Test) 10%(approx.)
FeCl3 Test No reaction
Phenol Absent
Summary :
The person is having substantially higher blood sugar than normal . He might be affected by Diabetes . All other values are normal .
:
TEST RESULT
Colour Yellowish PH 8.0 (Dark Green)
Blood Glucose 2.0% Amine group Amines are present Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present Ketone Test Ketones are present
Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent
Protein test (Buriet Test) 23%(approx.)
FeCl3 Test No reaction
Phenol Absent
Summary :
In the given sample of urine specimen, the values of PH , Blood Glucose level and Protein are the serious one . Higher albumin (protein) & PH level in urine indicates serious trouble in Kidney. The person is also affected by Diabetes .
BIBLOGRAPY :
Class XI practical textbook .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagent
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/o
xidation.html
http://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/
ds_sub2.htm
http:/ /www.austincc.edu/mlt/ua/ua_links.html