Bellringer March 1, 2012•Take out something to write with

•Take out homework

•Remove everything else off of your desk

Chapter 13, Section 1: The Rise of African CivilizationsMarch 1, 2012

Objectives Today we will be learning how

trade and geography influenced the developments

in Africa.

Africa’s Geography• *The Sahara is in N

Africa and is the world’s largest desert.

• *A has 4 Climate Zones: Mediterranean, Desert, Savanna, & Rain Forest

• *The Equator slices through the middle of A.

A = Africa

Africa’s Geography

Africa’s Geography• * Great Rift Valley -

earliest human fossils found

• *The desert in SW Africa is the Kalahari.

• *Almost all of A rests on a plateau. Rivers spill off into waterfalls & cutoff inland water routes.

West African Empires• *Berbers are the first

known ppl to settle in North A.

• They crossed the Sahara w/tales of gold!

• The Berbers traded across the Sahara starting about 400 BC.

• *Camels, “ships of the desert,” were used to travel through the desert, b/c of wide feet & ability to travel w/o water for days.

West African Empires• *Trade items

▫ *North A *Salt & Cloth

▫ *Western A *Gold & Ivory

• *Ghana, NW A, rose to power in AD 400s. Traders had to cross through Ghana to meet.

West African Empires•Ghana• *1st empire (400s)• *“Crossroads of Trade” –

trade routes came together

• *Grew wealthy from taxes▫ *Iron weapons

Conquered neighbors using these Controlled the ppl who

had the gold mines *Built a huge army *People wanted to trade

salt & gold

Africa’s Geography

West African Empires• *Ghana’s decline

▫ *Discovery of gold outside of Ghana’s reach reduced taxes

▫ *Fighting Muslims

• *Griots - storytellers• *Sundiata Keita –

ruled: 1230-1255 ▫ *“Lion Prince” ▫ *Seized Ghana in 1240

• *Gold – put Mali in control of trade

Africa’s Geography

West African Empires• Songhai

▫ *Mali’s decline *Death of Mansa Musa *Berber’s attacked

▫ *Sunni Ali -1468, used his location near the Niger to take over Berber salt mines

▫ *War canoes seize river

▫ *Created the largest empire in W. A

▫ *Songhai declines *Moroccan soldiers

were better equipped.

Africa’s Geography

West African Empires• Salt = Gold

▫ *Salt needed for

*health – sweat a lot in Africa

*Preserving food

*Flavor food

Kingdoms of the Rain Forest• *Benin arose in Niger

delta.• *King Ewuare – founded

the empire of Benin

• *Kongo founded in Congo River Basin.

• *Farmers had farmable soil & a warm, wet climate.

• *They produced a surplus, extra, of foods like bananas, yams, or rice.

Africa’s Geography

East Africa• *Queen of Sheba – Queen

Makeda

• *King Solomon – ruler of the Israelites

• *Abbyssinia - aka Ethiopia

• *Axum – great location – Red Sea

• *King Ezana – defeated Kush

East Africa• *Dhows –sailboats

• *Trading post – Muslim traders settled in East African city-states

• Mogadishu, Zimbabwe, Kilwa, Mombasa – major links in Indian Ocean trade network

East Africa• *Zimbabwe – supplied

gold, copper, and ivory to the west coast.

• *Great Zimbabwe – empire’s capital

Africa’s Geography

East Africa

Review

Homework