Bell Quiz:Bell Quiz: PagesPages 569 – 577 569 – 577

1. 1. What did Hitler do to the U.S. What did Hitler do to the U.S. immediately following Pearl Harbor?immediately following Pearl Harbor?

2. What system did the U.S. employ 2. What system did the U.S. employ to successfully attack German U-to successfully attack German U-boats? boats?

3. Which country in the axis powers 3. Which country in the axis powers did Roosevelt and Churchill agree to did Roosevelt and Churchill agree to attack first?attack first?

4. Where did the Nazi army meet its 4. Where did the Nazi army meet its first defeat?first defeat?

5. Define unconditional surrender? 5. Define unconditional surrender?

AnswersAnswers1. 1. Declared war on the U.S; Declared war on the U.S; Ordered Ordered

attacks on U.S. ships on the east coast attacks on U.S. ships on the east coast

2. Convoy system. Escorted by ships with 2. Convoy system. Escorted by ships with sonar and planes with radar.sonar and planes with radar.

3. Germany. Believed Hitler was a bigger 3. Germany. Believed Hitler was a bigger threat than Japan.threat than Japan.

4. Stalingrad4. Stalingrad

5. The enemy would have to accept the5. The enemy would have to accept the

peace terms of the allied forcespeace terms of the allied forces

without negotiationswithout negotiations..

ObjectivesObjectives

Summarize the Allies’ plan for Summarize the Allies’ plan for winning the war.winning the war.

Identify major events and battles Identify major events and battles in the beginning of the war such in the beginning of the war such as the Battle of Stalingrad, as the Battle of Stalingrad, Operation Torch, the Italian Operation Torch, the Italian Campaign.Campaign.

Hitler’s EuropeHitler’s Europe

Use pages 569-573 to answer the Use pages 569-573 to answer the following questionsfollowing questions

1.1. Why was winning the Battle of the Why was winning the Battle of the Atlantic so crucial to the fortunes Atlantic so crucial to the fortunes of the Allies?of the Allies?

2.2. Why was the Battle of Stalingrad so Why was the Battle of Stalingrad so important?important?

3.3. Why did you think the U.S. started Why did you think the U.S. started with attacking the Germans in with attacking the Germans in North Africa?North Africa?

4.4. What happened to the Allied What happened to the Allied invasion of Italy?invasion of Italy?

Japan AttacksJapan Attacks Japan was led by Prime Minister Hideki Tojo and Emperor Japan was led by Prime Minister Hideki Tojo and Emperor

Hirohito. Hirohito. Goal was to unite East Asia under Japanese rule.Goal was to unite East Asia under Japanese rule. U.S. protested Japanese aggression by cutting off trade (oil U.S. protested Japanese aggression by cutting off trade (oil

embargo).embargo). December 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, the largest December 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, the largest

U.S. naval base in the Pacific.U.S. naval base in the Pacific. In less than 2 hours, the Japanese had killed 2,403 In less than 2 hours, the Japanese had killed 2,403

Americans and wounded 1,178.Americans and wounded 1,178. 21 ships had been sunk or damaged, nearly the whole U.S. 21 ships had been sunk or damaged, nearly the whole U.S.

Pacific fleet. Pacific fleet. 300 airplanes destroyed.300 airplanes destroyed. On December 8, 1941, the Japanese attack U.S. forces in On December 8, 1941, the Japanese attack U.S. forces in

the Philippines.the Philippines. Congress quickly approved Roosevelt’s request for a Congress quickly approved Roosevelt’s request for a

declaration of war against Japan.declaration of war against Japan. 3 days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United 3 days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United

States.States.

War PlansWar Plans Beginning December 22, 1941, Prime Beginning December 22, 1941, Prime

Minister Minister ChurchillChurchill spent three weeks spent three weeks at the White House working out war at the White House working out war plans with President plans with President RooseveltRoosevelt..

They believed that Germany and Italy They believed that Germany and Italy posed a greater threat than Japan.posed a greater threat than Japan.

Churchill and Roosevelt planned to Churchill and Roosevelt planned to strike against Hitler first. strike against Hitler first.

The plan was to gain the upper hand The plan was to gain the upper hand in Europe before focusing on the war in Europe before focusing on the war in the Pacific. in the Pacific.

Attack North Africa and the soft Attack North Africa and the soft under belly of Europe.under belly of Europe.

Battle of the AtlanticBattle of the Atlantic The German goal in the The German goal in the

Atlantic was to prevent Atlantic was to prevent food and war materials food and war materials from reaching Great from reaching Great Britain and the Soviet Britain and the Soviet Union.Union.

By August 1942, Germany By August 1942, Germany had sunk 681 Allied boats had sunk 681 Allied boats in the Atlantic.in the Atlantic.

Allies responded by Allies responded by organizing their cargo organizing their cargo ships into convoys.ships into convoys.

The convoys were The convoys were escorted by U.S. escorted by U.S. destroyers and airplanes.destroyers and airplanes.

By mid-1943 the tide of By mid-1943 the tide of the Battle of the Atlantic the Battle of the Atlantic had turned in the Allies had turned in the Allies favor.favor.

North AfricaNorth Africa November 1942, the November 1942, the

Allies launch Operation Allies launch Operation Torch: an invasion of Torch: an invasion of Axis-controlled North Axis-controlled North Africa. Africa.

Commanded by Commanded by American General American General Dwight D. Eisenhower.Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Germany was led in Germany was led in Africa by Erwin Africa by Erwin Rommel.Rommel.

May 1943, Rommel May 1943, Rommel surrendered.surrendered.

The Italian CampaignThe Italian Campaign Summer 1943, The Allied forces Summer 1943, The Allied forces

captured Sicily. captured Sicily. The Italian government forced Mussolini The Italian government forced Mussolini

(Il Duce) to resign.(Il Duce) to resign. On July 25, 1943 King Victor Emmanuel On July 25, 1943 King Victor Emmanuel

III stripped Mussolini of his power and III stripped Mussolini of his power and had him arrested.had him arrested.

Hitler and Germany refused to give up Hitler and Germany refused to give up Italy so easily and made their stand 40 Italy so easily and made their stand 40 miles outside of Rome.miles outside of Rome.

““Bloody Anzio” lasted 4 months until Bloody Anzio” lasted 4 months until the end of May 1944. 25,000 Allied the end of May 1944. 25,000 Allied soldiers died and 30,000 Germans diedsoldiers died and 30,000 Germans died

The Allied effort to free Italy did not The Allied effort to free Italy did not succeedsucceed until 1945. until 1945.

Stalingrad: Stalingrad: 7/17/42-2/2/437/17/42-2/2/43 The Battle of Stalingrad was the first major turning The Battle of Stalingrad was the first major turning

point of WWII and the bloodiest battle in modern point of WWII and the bloodiest battle in modern history.history.

Stalingrad was a major industrial center that Hitler Stalingrad was a major industrial center that Hitler wanted destroyed. wanted destroyed.

By the end of September 1942 Germany controlled By the end of September 1942 Germany controlled nine-tenths of the city by going house to house in nine-tenths of the city by going house to house in brutal hand-to-hand combat. brutal hand-to-hand combat.

When winter hit the Soviets army closed around the When winter hit the Soviets army closed around the city with fresh tanks and troops, cutting off city with fresh tanks and troops, cutting off supplies to German troops.supplies to German troops.

The German commander surrendered on 1/31/1943. The German commander surrendered on 1/31/1943. TheThe Soviet victory at Stalingrad marked a turning Soviet victory at Stalingrad marked a turning

point in the war. The soviet army began moving point in the war. The soviet army began moving westward.westward.

1.1 million soviets died. Germany lost 1.5 million1.1 million soviets died. Germany lost 1.5 million..

D-Day: June 7, 1944D-Day: June 7, 1944 The Allies agreed that the The Allies agreed that the

best approach to victory best approach to victory was a massive invasion of was a massive invasion of France across the English France across the English Channel (Operation Channel (Operation Overlord).Overlord).

Dwight D. Eisenhower was Dwight D. Eisenhower was given command of given command of Operation Overlord.Operation Overlord.

Eisenhower planed to Eisenhower planed to attack Normandy in attack Normandy in northern France with 3 northern France with 3 million Allied troops. million Allied troops.

On June 6, 1944, On June 6, 1944, Eisenhower ordered the Eisenhower ordered the invasion of France (D-invasion of France (D-day).day).

D-day was the largest D-day was the largest land-sea-air operation in land-sea-air operation in army history. army history.

D-DAYD-DAY

1200 fighting ships1200 fighting ships

4126 landing craft4126 landing craft

804 transport ships804 transport ships

10,000 airplanes10,000 airplanes

23,000 airborne troops23,000 airborne troops

132,500 soldiers transported 132,500 soldiers transported across the English Channel on Day across the English Channel on Day 1.1.

THE ATLANTIC WALLTHE ATLANTIC WALL Erwin Rommel spent several Erwin Rommel spent several

years fortifying the cliffs and years fortifying the cliffs and beaches on the European beaches on the European coast with concrete walls to coast with concrete walls to deter a possible allied deter a possible allied invasion.invasion.

6 million mines were placed 6 million mines were placed in Northern France and the in Northern France and the English Channel.English Channel.

Under water obstacles were Under water obstacles were constructed in the English constructed in the English Channel and anti-tank Channel and anti-tank obstacles built on the obstacles built on the beaches.beaches.

D-DAY INVASIOND-DAY INVASION Operation “Body Guard”: Operation “Body Guard”:

Phantom army built in Dover, Phantom army built in Dover, England was given message to England was given message to attack Calais, France-150 attack Calais, France-150 miles away-across the English miles away-across the English Channel.Channel.

Phantom army was Phantom army was commanded by General commanded by General Patton.Patton.

The Germans intercept the The Germans intercept the message and Hitler orders the message and Hitler orders the bulk of the German troops to bulk of the German troops to fortify Calais.fortify Calais.

Fake parachutist with guns Fake parachutist with guns that fire upon impact with the that fire upon impact with the ground.ground.

Operation Body GuardOperation Body Guard

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D-DAYD-DAY On June 6, 1944 3 allied divisions On June 6, 1944 3 allied divisions

parachuted down behind German parachuted down behind German lines shortly after midnight. lines shortly after midnight.

The job of the light infantry The job of the light infantry airborne units was to isolate and airborne units was to isolate and remove the German howitzers that remove the German howitzers that protected the English Channel and protected the English Channel and to block the Germans from getting to block the Germans from getting reinforcements to the beach cities.reinforcements to the beach cities.

D-DayD-Day At 6:30 AM on June 6, 1944 the Allied air planes At 6:30 AM on June 6, 1944 the Allied air planes

ineffectively bombed the beaches and pillboxes of ineffectively bombed the beaches and pillboxes of Normandy for 1 hour.Normandy for 1 hour.

At 7:30 AM the Allied forces began landing troops At 7:30 AM the Allied forces began landing troops on the beaches.on the beaches.

The U.S. took 2 beaches-Utah and Omaha. The U.S. took 2 beaches-Utah and Omaha. Britain and Canada took 3 beaches-Gold, Juno, Britain and Canada took 3 beaches-Gold, Juno, and Sword.and Sword.

The allies held an 80 mile strip of the beach after The allies held an 80 mile strip of the beach after 7 days, but within a month the allies had landed 1 7 days, but within a month the allies had landed 1 million troops.million troops.

By August 25, 1944 the allied forces had liberated By August 25, 1944 the allied forces had liberated Paris and Northern France from German Paris and Northern France from German occupation. occupation.

LUCK ON D-DAYLUCK ON D-DAY1)1) Weather. Would have had to wait until end Weather. Would have had to wait until end

of July if the weather wasn’t good enough of July if the weather wasn’t good enough on June 6 for the attack.on June 6 for the attack.

2)2) Operation Body Guard fooled the Germans. Operation Body Guard fooled the Germans. Largest German battalion stayed at Calais Largest German battalion stayed at Calais convinced the allies would attack there.convinced the allies would attack there.

3)3) Rommell left the front and went home to Rommell left the front and went home to celebrate his wife’s birthday.celebrate his wife’s birthday.

4)4) Hitler was asleep at the time of the attack Hitler was asleep at the time of the attack and no one was brave enough to wake him and no one was brave enough to wake him up.up.

ReviewReview

What was the Allies’ plan for winning What was the Allies’ plan for winning the war?the war?

What type of surrender did the allies What type of surrender did the allies demand from the axis powers?demand from the axis powers?

Where is Normandy and what is the Where is Normandy and what is the importance of the D-Day invasion?importance of the D-Day invasion?