behaviourist theory of learning

8/14/2019 Behaviourist Theory of Learning

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BEHAVIOURIST THEORY OF

LEARNING

MARIATUN NABILA NORDIN

NORAZLAILI MOKHTAR

NURUL SHUHADA MOHAMED

SHAFIQAH FAUZI

SITI ZALEHA JUSOH

SCIENCE 2 PISMP JANUARY INTAKE-SEM 1


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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

The expert in this part are :

Pavlov

Watson

The law of frequency

The law of recency


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IVAN PAVLOV


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PAVLOV Pavlov carried out his experiments on a dog.

He gave food to the dog,while ringing the bellat the same time.

He observed the dog respond by salivating,

not only the sight or smell of food,but also at

the sound the bell.

The dog was habituated to associate thesound of bell to the presence of food.


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Stimulus and Response Items of

Pavlov's Experiment

Food Unconditioned Stimulus

SalivationUnconditioned Response

(natural, not learned)

Bell Conditioned Stimulus

Salivation Conditioned Response (to bell)


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KEY CONCEPTS Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning

Unconditioned Response (UCR)Automatic response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)A neutral stimulus that when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)elicits a similar response

Conditioned Response (CR)A response that is learned by pairing the originally neutral conditionedstimulus (CS) with theunconditioned stimulus (UCS)


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WATSON Watson stated that when a stimulus ( S ) and response ( R ) take place at

the same time, the S-R association can be expressed through two laws.

Thelaw of frequency Thelaw of recency

The more frequency one respondsto a certain stimulus,the greater is

the possibility for one to produce

the same response to the said

stimulus unfer similiar situations in

the future.

The more recency one hasresponded to a certain

stimulus,the greater is the the

possibility for one to produce the

same response to the stimulus

under similiar situations in thefuture.


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OPPERANT CONDITIONING


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E.L. THORNDIKE

Associated between S and R can be

permanent in the human memory.

First psychologist to introduce the concept of

reward (reinforcement) in learning.

How a cat in a cage learned to pull a peg to

open the door of the cage to get some food,

its reward.


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First principleidentified was the law ofeffect - when arelationship is made between a situation and a satisfactory

condition, then an associated is formed.

The strength of the associated can be increased by usingreward or exteral motivation.

Second principleis the law ofexercise- the more an S-Rassociation is practiced, the stronger the associationbecomes.

If the S-R association is not practice, it grows weak.


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BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER


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BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER

A hungry rat was allowed to run in the box.

The rat happened to press on a lever, food was

dispensed and the rat ate it.

After unintentionally pressing on the lever andfinding food, the rat learned that the response

of pressing the lever (R) would produce a

stimulus to obtain food (S).


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The act of pressing the lever (R)- operant.

The operant produces a stimulus orconsequence (S) that causes the rat to pressthe lever again and again.

Conclude- the rat has been reinforced orfurther strengthened.

Probability of this type of behavior beingrepeated under the same condition in futurewill increase- operant conditioning.


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Skinner Box

1. A starved rat was

introduced into the box

2. When thelever was

pressed by the rat a small

pellet of food was

dropped onto a tray

3. The rat soon learned

that when he pressed the

lever hewould receive

some food

1. If pressing thelever is

reinforced (the rat gets

food) when alight is on

but not when it is off

2. Responses (pressing the

lever) continue to bemade

in thelight but seldom, ifat

all, in the dark

3. The rat has formed

discrimination between

light and dark

1 2

3

1. Rat pressed thelever,amildelectrics shock was delivered

(thegrid at the bottom)


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Classic conditioning- Operant conditioning-

a stimulus (S) isintroduced that will

produce a response (R)

in the subject.

the behavior (R)precedes the stimulus

(S).


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Difference between Classicaland Operant Conditioning


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TERMINOLOGY

Reinforcement- An environmental stimulus

that increases a behavior

Punishment- An environmental Stimulus that

decreases behavior

Extinction- Decreasing or eliminatinga

behavior by failing to reinforce it.


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REINFORCEMENT always

increases behaviors

PUNISHMENT and EXTINCTION

always decrease behaviors


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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT, NEGATIVEREINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT

There are two types of reinforcement :

POSITIVE

REINFORCEMENT

NEGATIVE

REINFORCEMENT

Both types of reinforcement will increase the frequency of the

response when the response is followed by the reinforcing stimulus.


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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

The frequency or strength of the response

increased by favourable stimuli when the

desired responses are performed.

The frequency or strenght of the response

increased by way of associating a particular

response with the extinction or removal of

undesirable stimulus.

Ex :Giving food to the rat as a reward (S)

When the rat presses on the lever (R)

So,

Encourages the rat to press on the lever more

frequently (positive reinforcement)

Ex :If the base of Skinners box contained an

electric circuit which can deliver a continuous

electric shock which is halted only when the rat

presses on the lever, the frequency of the rat

pressing on the lever will rise.

To avoid the electric shock (S)

The rat will increase the frequency of action

(behaviour) to press the lever (R)


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PUNISHMENT

Punishment is the administration of an unpleasant stimulus (S)

after an undesirable response is made (R).

Punis

hment

has t

he opposite effect to negative reinforcement.(because after punishment, the frequency of undesirable response

lessens until eventually stopped).

Ex :

If the rat is punished with an electric shock (S)

each time it presses on the lever, the frequency with which itpresses on the lever will lessen until the rat stops pressing on

on the lever altogether.

Because of the punishment, the undesirable response is expected

to be reduced. Negative reinforcement happens to avoid an undesirable stimulus (S)

from happening so that the desirable bahaviour is repeated or

strengthened.


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EXTINCTION

Extinction can tae place if the stimulus is not

followed by a learnt response.

In Skinners box, if food is not dispensed aftermany times pressing the lever, the action of

pressing on the lever will reduce until it stop

completely.


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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Desirable

response

Favourable

stimulus

Reinforcement:

response isrepeated and

strengthened

Rat presses on thelever

Rat gets food Rat presses on thelever repeatedly

Student gives thecorrect answer

Praise and prizesreceived by

student

Student studiesharder


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Negative ReinforcementDesirable

response

Unpleasant

stimulus thatcan be avoided

Reinforcement:

response isrepeated and

strengthened

Rat presses on thelever

Rat avoid electricshock

Rat repeatedlypresses on the

lever

Student gives the

wrong answer

Student feels

shameful becausehe/she cannot

answer correctly

Student studies

harder


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IMPLICATIONS ON TEACHING-

LEARNING

Drill activity

Use of

reinforcement

to shape behavior

Extinction of bad

habits


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~

Drill activity~

The conditioned response will be

strengthened with exercises.

So,more stimulus-responsewill be formed.

Example of drill activities :

~mathematical drills~behavioural drills~

mastery learning~ and programmed instruction~


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~Use of reinforcement to shape

behavior~Two types of reinforcement :

~positive reinforcement~ : Giving rewards (prize) @ social reinforcement(smile or

praise)

~negative reinforcement~ : Enables students to avoid undersirable

consequence(feel ashamed) Additional activities used as motivational

reinforcement


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~

Extinction of bad habits~

Habits ~ usually formed as result of

reinforcement. If the reinforcement for a bad habit is

neglected,the habit will not be formed.

For desired behaviour,reinforcement is maintainedso that extinction does not take place.

behaviourist theory of learning

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