The The behaviourist behaviourist

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Classical and Classical and operant operant

conditioningconditioning

HistoryHistory• WatsonWatson started the behaviourist movement in started the behaviourist movement in

1913 when he wrote an article which was called 1913 when he wrote an article which was called “Psychology as the behaviourist view”“Psychology as the behaviourist view”

• SkinnerSkinner (1904-1990) was also a very important (1904-1990) was also a very important theorist of the behaviourist learning. He theorist of the behaviourist learning. He experimented a lot on operant conditioning.experimented a lot on operant conditioning.

• The principles of operant conditioning were first The principles of operant conditioning were first investigated by investigated by ThorndikeThorndike (1898). (1898).

• PavlovPavlov was a physiologist interested on classical was a physiologist interested on classical conditioning (dog salivation).He was awarded the conditioning (dog salivation).He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904.Nobel Prize in 1904.

Classical and operant Classical and operant conditioningconditioning

• Classical conditioning is concerned with Classical conditioning is concerned with learning by association and refers to the learning by association and refers to the conditioning of reflexes – how to learn to conditioning of reflexes – how to learn to associate new stimuli with innate bodily associate new stimuli with innate bodily reflexes.reflexes.

• Operant conditioning involves learning Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavioural through the consequences of behavioural responses. The principles of operant responses. The principles of operant conditioning is trial and error learning, conditioning is trial and error learning, selective reinforcement and behaviour shapingselective reinforcement and behaviour shaping

Classical Conditioning Ivan Classical Conditioning Ivan PavlovPavlov

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI&feature=relatedv=hhqumfpxuzI&feature=related

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• Can you think of any more examples?Can you think of any more examples?

• School? Life? At home?School? Life? At home?

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning• Learning happens due to what follows. The important Learning happens due to what follows. The important

part is what happens part is what happens after after one has done something.one has done something.• Reinforcement and Punishment:Reinforcement and Punishment:Positive reinforcement: something positive will be addedPositive reinforcement: something positive will be addedNegativ reinforcement: something negative will be Negativ reinforcement: something negative will be

removedremovedPositive punishment: something negative will be addedPositive punishment: something negative will be addedNegativ punishment: something positive will be removedNegativ punishment: something positive will be removed• Can you think of any examples fromCan you think of any examples fromSchool?School?Your upbringing?Your upbringing?Sports?Sports?Other?Other?

SkinnersSkinners BoxBox

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Operant conditioning I.Operant conditioning I.

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Positive Positive reinforcementreinforcement

Food is Food is presentedpresented

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PunishmentPunishment Electric shock Electric shock is switched onis switched on

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Negative Negative reinforcementreinforcement

Electric shock Electric shock is switched offis switched off

Operant conditioning II.Operant conditioning II.Positive reinforcersPositive reinforcers Strengthen Strengthen

behaviours which behaviours which result in their result in their presentationpresentation

PunishersPunishers Weaken behaviours Weaken behaviours which result in their which result in their presentationpresentation

Negative reinforcersNegative reinforcers Strenghten Strenghten behaviours which behaviours which result in their result in their removalremoval

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euINCrDbbD4&feature=relatedv=euINCrDbbD4&feature=related