axial skeleton vertebral column - mrs. taylorlwcmrstaylor.yolasite.com/resources/axial skeleton -...
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Axial Skeleton Vertebral Column
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Vertebral Column • Aka Spine or backbone
• Formed from 26 irregular bones
• Connected in a way that the flexible curved structure is formed
• Along with sternum and ribs, forms the trunk of the body
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Vertebral Column • Surrounds and protects the
spinal cord
• Provides attachment points for the ribs and back and neck muscles
• Transmits weight of the trunk to the lower limbs
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Divisions
• Cervical - 7 – Neck
• Thoracic - 12 – Ribs
• Lumbar - 5 – Lower back
• Sacrum - 5 – Articulates with pelvic bones
• Coccyx – 4 (3-5) – Tailbone
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Curvatures
• When viewed from the side, you see 4 slight bends or curvatures that give it an “S” shape.
• Increases the resilience and flexibility of the spine
• Helps to absorb shock during walking
• Protects the vertebrae from fracture
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• Cervical and Lumbar
– Concave (curve in)
• Thoracic and Sacral
– Convex (curve out)
Curvatures
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Kyphosis
• Hunchback
• Dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature
• Common in elderly because of osteoporosis
• May also result from tuberculosis of the spine, rickets, or osteomalacia
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Lordosis
• Swayback
• Accentuated lumbar curvature
• Common in those with an increase in abdominal weight – Men with potbellies
– Pregnant women
• An attempt to preserve the center of gravity they throw their shoulders back
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Scoliosis
• “twisted disease”
• Abnormal lateral curvature most often seen in thoracic region
• Most common in girls during late childhood
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Types of Vertebrae
• Handout and Notes for Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae
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Atlas
• 1st cervical Vertebrae - C1
• Supports the head
• Named for mythological Atlas who supported the world on his shoulders
• Ring of bone
• No body or spinous process
• Allows for “Yes” motion
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Axis
• 2nd cervical Vertebrae – C2
• Has body and spinous process
• Has a dens (odontoid process)
– Missing body of the atlas which fuses during development
• Dens is a pivot that the atlas can rotate around allowing for “No” motion
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Sacrum
• 5 fused bones
• Triangular
• Shapes the posterior wall of the pelvis
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Coccyx
• Tailbone
• 4 Fused bones (3-5)
• Slight support of pelvic organs
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Body (Centrum) • Disc-shape; weight bearing (anterior) region
Body
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Pedicle • “little feet”
• Short bony pillars
• Project posteriorly from body
• Forms sides of arch
Pedicle
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Lamina
• Flattened plates
• Join to form the posterior portion of the arch
Lamina
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Vertebral Arch
• Extends posteriorly from the body
• Made up of the pedicle and laminae
• Body and arch enclose the vertebral foramen
Vertebral Arch
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Vertebral Foramen
• Formed from the vertebral arch and body
• Contains the spinal cord
Vertebral foramen
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Spinous Process
• Median posterior projection
• Seen at the junction of the two laminae
• Points of muscle attachment
Spinous Process
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Transverse Process • Extends laterally from each side of the arch
• Points of muscle attachments
Transverse Process
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Transverse Foramen
• “holes” in the transverse process of cervical vertebrae.
• The vertebral arteries pass through to service the brain.
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Superior Articular Process • Seen on superior side of vertebra
• Articulate with the inferior articular process of the vertebra above it
Superior Articular Process
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Inferior Articular Process • Seen on the inferior side of the vertebra
• Articulate with the superior articular process of the vertebra below it
Inferior Articular Process
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Superior Articular Facet
• Smooth joint surfaces found on the articular process.
• Covered with hyaline cartilage.
• Join with the inferior articular facet of the vertebra above it.
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Inferior Articular Facet
• Smooth joint surfaces found on the articular process.
• Covered with hyaline cartilage.
• Join with the superior articular facet of the vertebra below it.
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Intervertebral Disc
• Cushion-like pad that acts as a shock absorber during activity
• Allows the spine to flex, extend, and bend laterally
• Thickest in the cervical and lumbar regions to allow for greater movement
• Flatten during the day so we are taller in the morning than in the evening
• No disc between first two cervical vertebrae
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Transverse Costal Facet
• Facets on thoracic transverse process
• Articulate with the tubercle of the rib
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Rib Articulations
Transverse costal facet Demifacet