the skeletal system7-3 the axial skeleton •the axial skeleton consists of 80 bones in three...

52
7-1 The Skeletal System

Upload: others

Post on 25-Jan-2021

11 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 7-1

    The Skeletal System

  • 7-2

    Figure 7.1b The Axial Skeleton

    Figure 7.1b

  • 7-3

    THE AXIAL SKELETON

    • The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones in

    three regions:

    – The skull

    – The vertebral column

    – The bony thorax

    • The axial skeleton supports the head and

    trunk and protects important organs.

    – Brain

    – Heart

    – Lungs

  • 7-4

    THE SKULL

    • The skull is the most complex skeletal

    structure consisting of 22 bones.

    – The cranium protects the brain

    – The facial bones:

    • Form the facial features

    • Place for special sense organs

    • Passages for air and food

    • Secure the teeth

    • Attachment sites for facial muscles

    • With the exception of the mandible, all skull

    bones are connected to each other thru

    sutures.

  • 7-5

    • Consists of the cranium and the bones of the face

    – The cranium encloses cranial cavity

    – Facial bones surround and protect the entrances to the

    respiratory and digestive tracts

    • Superficial landmarks include the sutures

    – Lambdoid

    – Coronal

    – Sagittal

    – Squamous

    The skull

  • 7-6

    Figure 7.2 Cranial and Facial

    Subdivisions of the Skull

  • 7-7

    Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull

    Figure 7.3a, b

  • 7-8

    Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull

    Figure 7.3c

  • 7-9

    Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull

    Figure 7.3d

    ****Only

    movable joint

    on skull bone

    is attachment

    between

    mandible and

    cranium.

  • 7-10

    • one occipital bone

    – foramen magnum

    • two parietal bones

    • one frontal bone

    – frontal sinuses

    Focus: The Individual Bones of the

    Skull Cranial Bones

    • two temporal bones

    – auditory ossicles

    • one sphenoid

    • one ethmoid

  • 7-11

    Infant Skull

    • Contains cartilaginous soft spots called

    fontanelles.

    • What function do fontanelles serve?

  • 7-12

    The Hyoid Bone

    • The hyoid bone is the

    “adam’s apple”

    • It serves as a point of

    attachment for

    muscles that perform

    the act of swallowing,

    or deglutition.

  • 7-13

    The Vertebral Column

  • 7-14

    The Rib Cage

  • 7-15

    Appendicular Skeleton

    • Girdles

    – Pectoral or shoulder

    – Pelvic

    • Upper Limbs

    – Arm (brachial)

    – Forearm (_antebrachium_)

    – Wrist (carpal)

    – Hand (manual)

    • Lower Limbs

    – Thigh (femoral)

    – Leg (__crural_)

    – Foot (pedal)Fig. 7.1

  • 7-16

    THE PECTORAL GIRDLE

    • The pectoral girdle is formed by the clavicle

    and the scapula.

    • Only the clavicle actually attaches to the

    thorax.

    • The scapula “floats” on the back of the ribs.

    • The humerus attaches loosely to the sockets

    formed by the scapula and clavicle.

    – This is good for freedom of movement.

    – This is not as good for stability.

  • 7-17

    VIEW OF THE PECTORAL

    GIRDLE

  • 7-18

    Pectoral Girdle• Scapula (2)

    – Acromion process

    • Forms protective cover

    • Attachment for clavicle

    • Attachment for muscles

    – Coracoid process

    • Attachment for muscles

    – ____Clavicle___

    • Articulates with humerus

    • Clavicle (2)

    Fig. 7.29

  • 7-19

    THE UPPER LIMB

    • The upper limb consists of the:

    – Arm

    – Forearm

    – Hand

    • The upper limb contains 30 bones.

  • 7-20

    VIEW OF THE UPPER LIMB

  • 7-21

    Arm• Humerus

    – Head

    – Tubercles

    • Greater and lesser

    – Intertubercular groove

    – Capitulum

    – Trochlea

    – Epicondyles

    • Attachment of forearm

    muscles

    Fig. 7.30

  • 7-22

    Forearm

    • Radius

    – Thumb side

    – ___radial tuberosity_____ (biceps brachii muscle)

    • Ulna

    – Little finger side

    – Trochlear notch

    – Olecranon process

    – Radial notchFig. 7.31

  • 7-23

    Wrist and Hand

    • Wrist

    – 8 carpal bones

    • Metacarpals: hand

    bones

    • Phalanges: finger

    bones

    Fig. 7.32

  • 7-24

    THE PELVIC GIRDLE

    • The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to

    the axial skeleton.

    • The attachment of the pelvis to the sacrum

    is an incredibly stable and strong

    attachment, unlike the pectoral girdle.

    • The socket for the femur (acetabulum) is

    deep & holds the femur extremely well.

    – Less mobile ball & socket joint than the

    shoulder.

    • Each wing of the pelvic girdle is formed

    from a bone called the coxal bone.

  • 7-25

    Pelvis

    • Coxae: Right and Left

    – Ilium- larger

    – Ischium- smaller

    – Pubis

    • _pubic arch or pubic

    symphisis______

    • Acetabulum

    • Obturator foramen

    • Sacrum

    Fig. 7.35

  • 7-26

    Coxa

    Fig. 7.36

  • 7-27

    FEMALE VS. MALE PELVIS

  • 7-28

    Female vs. Male Pelvic Girdle

    • What purpose do the differences between

    the female and male pelvic girdles serve?

  • 7-29

    THE LOWER LIMB

    • The bones of the lower limb must support

    the weight of the entire body, thus, these are

    the largest and heaviest of the bones.

    • The lower limb consists of:

    – The thigh

    – The leg

    – The foot

    • The lower limb is formed by 30 bones.

    – 1 patella

    – -1 tarsal vs carpal

  • 7-30

    Thigh

    • Femur

    – Head

    – Neck

    – Trochanters

    • Greater and lesser

    – Condyles

    • Medial and lateral

    – Epicondyles

    • Medial and lateral

    • _____Patella_____ or kneecap

    Fig. 7.39

  • 7-31

    Leg

    • Tibia

    – Larger and supports

    most of weight

    – Tibial tuberosity

    – Medial malleolus

    • Fibula

    – Articulates with tibia

    not femur

    – Lateral malleolus

    Fig. 7.41

  • 7-32

    Foot

    • Tarsals (7)

    – _Talus___

    (ankle bone)

    – _Calcaneus__

    (heel)

    • Metatarsals:

    foot bones

    • Phalanges: toe

    bones

    Fig. 7.43

  • 7-33

    Points to Remember

    • Appendicular skeleton includes bones of upper and lower limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles

    • Pectoral girdle and upper limb held in place largely by muscles

    • Pelvic girdle has strong articulation with sacrum to help support weight of body

  • 7-34

    Practice Question 1

    Each of the following bones contributes to

    forming the orbit except the

    A. ethmoid bone.

    B. nasal bone.

    C. lacrimal bone.

    D. sphenoid bone.

    E. frontal bone.

    ******

  • 7-35

    Practice Question 2

    Each of the following bones is part of the

    pelvic girdle except the

    A. femur.

    B. ischium.

    C. pubis.

    D. ilium.

    E. coxa.

    *****

  • 7-36

    Practice Question 3

    In the true female pelvis, as compared to the true male pelvis,

    A. the bones are heavier and thicker with prominent markings.

    B. the distance between the anterior superior iliac spines is greater.

    C. the ischium, ilium, and pubis remain unfused in adulthood.

    D. the angle formed at the junction of the pubic bones is narrow.

    E. the dimensions of the pelvic outlets are smaller.

    *****

  • 7-37

    Practice Question 4

    The eleventh and twelfth ribs are called floating ribs

    because they lack

    A. a posterior attachment to thoracic vertebrae.

    B. an anterior attachment to lumbar vertebrae.

    C. an vertebral attachment anteriorly.

    D. an anterior attachment to the sternum.

    E. an vertebral attachment posteriorly.

    *****

  • 7-38

    Practice Question 5

    The bones of the forearm include the

    A. humerus.

    B. fibula.

    C. radius.

    D. tibia.

    E. femur.

    *****

  • 7-39

    Practice Question 6

    The medial bulge at your ankle is a projection

    from the

    A. femur.

    B. fibula.

    C. calcaneus.

    D. talus.

    E. tibia. *****

  • 7-40

    Practice Question 7

    Which of the following is not a part of the

    axial division of the skeletal system?

    A. Vertebral column

    B. Hyoid bone

    C. Skull

    D. Auditory ossicles

    E. Pectoral girdle *****

  • 7-41

    Practice Question 8

    At its distal end the femur articulates with

    the

    A. fibia

    B. tibia.

    C. acetabulum.

    D. tibia and fibula.

    *****

  • 7-42

    Practice Question 9

    A common injury in the winter are falls in which someone hits the back of their head on the ice. What bone is most likely to be involved in this type of fall?

    A. Zygomatic

    B. Frontal

    C. Temporal

    D. Occipital *****

  • 7-43

    Practice Question 10

    • As you proceed from the head down the

    vertebral column, the vertebrae become

    larger and heavier.

    True

    False

    *****

  • 7-44

    Practice Question 11

    • Damage to the temporal bone would most

    likely affect the sense of hearing.

    True

    False

    *****

  • 7-45

    Practice Question 12

    • Differences in the skeleton of males and

    females can best be seen in the

    characteristics of the pelvis.

    True

    False

    *****

  • 7-46

    Practice Question 13

    • Ribs that have no connection to the sternum

    are called the false ribs.

    True

    False *****

  • 7-47

    Practice Question 14

    • The axial skeleton includes the bones of the

    upper and lower extremities and the

    girdles.

    True

    False *****

  • 7-48

    Practice Question 15

    • The bones of the forearm are also called

    antebrachium.

    True

    False*****

  • 7-49

    Practice Question 16

    • The sacrum is composed of 5 fused

    vertebrae.

    True

    False*****

  • 7-50

    Practice Question 17

    • At its proximal end the humerus articulates

    with the ulna and radius.

    True

    False *****

  • 7-51

    Practice Question 18

    • An injury to the lateral side of your ankle

    would involve the tibia.

    True

    False *****

  • 7-52

    Practice Question 19

    The clavicle is part of the axial skeleton.

    True

    False *****