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The Surgical PatientThe Surgical Patient

Chapter 3Chapter 3



Surgical PatientSurgical Patient

Each patient deserves the same levelEach patient deserves the same levelof careof care

Each patient deserves the same levelEach patient deserves the same levelof respect of respect

Each patient deserves the same levelEach patient deserves the same level

of cultural sensitivityof cultural sensitivity

Each patient is a unique individualEach patient is a unique individual



Surgical PatientSurgical Patient

Patients whether surgical or not all thePatients whether surgical or not all thesame basic needssame basic needs

PhysicalPhysical PsychologicalPsychological

SocialSocial

SpiritualSpiritual Each need has to be met for eachEach need has to be met for each

patient patient



Physical NeedsPhysical Needs

Physical needsPhysical needs any need or activityany need or activityrelated to genetics, physiology orrelated to genetics, physiology oranatomyanatomy

Basic physical needs that are requiredBasic physical needs that are requiredfor lifefor life

The physical needs have precedent The physical needs have precedent over other needs most of the timeover other needs most of the time



Psychological NeedsPsychological Needs

Psychological needsPsychological needs any need orany need oractivity related to the identificationactivity related to the identificationand understanding of oneself and understanding of oneself

Some say this need is as important asSome say this need is as important asphysical needphysical need

Each patient has different copingEach patient has different copingmethodsmethods



Social NeedsSocial Needs

Social needsSocial needs any need or activityany need or activityrelated to ones identification orrelated to ones identification or

interaction with another individual orinteraction with another individual orgroupgroup

Each patient has the need to beEach patient has the need to beaccepted by society as an individualaccepted by society as an individual

Isolation can be more harmful to theIsolation can be more harmful to thepatient in some situationspatient in some situations



Spiritual NeedsSpiritual Needs

Spiritual needsSpiritual needs any need or activity relatedany need or activity relatedto identification and understanding of onesto identification and understanding of ones

place in the universeplace in the universe TheologyTheology PhilosophyPhilosophy MythologyMythology

IntuitionIntuition

Spiritual needs are varied and do not Spiritual needs are varied and do not necessarily have to do with theology ornecessarily have to do with theology orreligionreligion



PatientsPatients

Not all patients are surgical patientsNot all patients are surgical patients Surgical patients are each unique withSurgical patients are each unique with

specific needs and also have a commonspecific needs and also have a commonneedneed require or want surgeryrequire or want surgery When all other options have beenWhen all other options have been

exhausted or the patient is unhappy withexhausted or the patient is unhappy withtheir appearance or limited functiontheir appearance or limited function

A cosmetic procedure may help the patient A cosmetic procedure may help the patient to meet a basic need to be complete orto meet a basic need to be complete orfulfilledfulfilled



Common Patient FactorsCommon Patient Factors

Genetic MalformationGenetic Malformation

TraumaTrauma

Malignant NeoplasmMalignant Neoplasm

Nonmalignant NeoplasmNonmalignant Neoplasm

DiseaseDisease ConditionCondition

Psychological statePsychological state



Patient to SurgicalPatient to Surgical

PatientPatient Because a disease, condition, or anBecause a disease, condition, or an

illness caused them to become aillness caused them to become a

patientsurgical intervention canpatientsurgical intervention canprovide a cure or correctionso theyprovide a cure or correctionso theybecome a surgical patient become a surgical patient



Understanding the SurgicalUnderstanding the Surgical

Patient as a Human BeingPatient as a Human Being Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsMaslows Hierarchy of Needs

Life Stage Development Life Stage Development

Cultural and Religious differencesCultural and Religious differences

Surgical Technologists must have aSurgical Technologists must have abasic understanding to be able tobasic understanding to be able tocommunicate with and understand thecommunicate with and understand theneeds of the surgical patient needs of the surgical patient



Maslows HierarchyMaslows Hierarchy

Humanistic model of humanHumanistic model of humandevelopment development

His theory of human development His theory of human development states that each level or stage of states that each level or stage of human development must be met tohuman development must be met to

achieve self achieve self--actualization or fulfillment actualization or fulfillment as a human beingas a human being



Maslows StagesMaslows Stages

Physiological needsPhysiological needs

Safety needsSafety needs

Love and belonging needsLove and belonging needs

Esteem needsEsteem needs

Self Self--Actualization Actualization



Physiological NeedsPhysiological Needs

The most basic biological needs likeThe most basic biological needs likewater, oxygen, food and temperaturewater, oxygen, food and temperature

regulationregulation

Obviously, if the most basic needs areObviously, if the most basic needs arenot met then the individual will not not met then the individual will not

advance to the next stageadvance to the next stage



Safety NeedsSafety Needs

The perception of the individual that The perception of the individual that his or her environment is safehis or her environment is safe

If an individual does not have anIf an individual does not have anenvironment that is safe and providesenvironment that is safe and providesprotectionprotection they cannot develop trust they cannot develop trust

Have to develop trust in order to beHave to develop trust in order to beable to love and have a feeling of able to love and have a feeling of belongingbelonging



Love and BelongingLove and Belonging

NeedsNeeds Basic social needs to be known andBasic social needs to be known and

cared for as an individual and to carecared for as an individual and to care

for anotherfor another

This need must be met in order toThis need must be met in order todevelop self develop self--esteemesteem



Esteem NeedsEsteem Needs

Positive self evaluation of oneself andPositive self evaluation of oneself andothers along with the need to beothers along with the need to be

respected and respect othersrespected and respect others

With a positive self With a positive self--image and respect image and respect for others, then able to reach the finalfor others, then able to reach the final

stage of development stage of development



SelfSelf--Actualization Actualization

When an individual has achieved theWhen an individual has achieved therequirements of physiological, safety,requirements of physiological, safety,

love and belonging, along with esteemlove and belonging, along with esteemneeds, then self needs, then self--actualization canactualization canoccuroccur

The individual is able to direct all theirThe individual is able to direct all theirenergy to achieving all they areenergy to achieving all they arecapable of capable of



Surgical Patient andSurgical Patient and

MaslowMaslow Needs of the surgical patient are met Needs of the surgical patient are met

in the same orderin the same order

Physiological needs are first priorityPhysiological needs are first priority

Safety needs are next and establishSafety needs are next and establishtrust to meet belonging and esteemtrust to meet belonging and esteem

Then self Then self--actualization needs can beactualization needs can beaddressedaddressed



TrustTrust

Patients that require surgery, place anPatients that require surgery, place anextraordinary amount of trust in theextraordinary amount of trust in the

hands of the surgical teamhands of the surgical team Patient is under anesthesia andPatient is under anesthesia and

expects dignity and individualism willexpects dignity and individualism willbe respected and honoredbe respected and honored

Patients expect to receive the standardPatients expect to receive the standardlevel of care or betterlevel of care or better



Life Stage DevelopmentLife Stage Development

InfancyInfancy birth to 1 yearbirth to 1 year ToddlerToddler 1 to 3 years1 to 3 years

PrePre--SchoolSchool 3 to 6 years3 to 6 years School AgeSchool Age 6 to 12 years6 to 12 years Adolescence Adolescence 12 to 18 years12 to 18 years Young Adult Young Adult 18 to 30 years18 to 30 years

Early Middle AgeEarly Middle Age 30 to 50 years30 to 50 years Late Middle AgeLate Middle Age 50 to 70 years50 to 70 years Late Adult Late Adult 70 years to death70 years to death



Life Stage DevelopmentLife Stage Development

Basic guidelinesBasic guidelines

Every individual is just that anEvery individual is just that anindividualindividual no two people are exactlyno two people are exactlyalikealike even identical twinseven identical twins



Life TasksLife Tasks

Social development is the focusSocial development is the focus relationship with self and othersrelationship with self and others

Each stage of development has aEach stage of development has agroup of life tasks that are attainedgroup of life tasks that are attained

When compared to basic human needsWhen compared to basic human needs

the theory of life tasks is achievedthe theory of life tasks is achieved



Surgical TechnologistsSurgical Technologists

and the Surgical Patientand the Surgical Patient Not all patients are given preNot all patients are given pre--opop

sedativessedatives

Always acknowledge the patient Always acknowledge the patient

Always speak clearly and in simple Always speak clearly and in simplefactual languagefactual language

Work quietly within the sterile fieldWork quietly within the sterile field

Maintain professionalism at all timesMaintain professionalism at all times



Non Sterile RoleNon Sterile Role

Always acknowledge the patient and Always acknowledge the patient andintroduce yourself introduce yourself

Answer Answer questions factually inquestions factually inlanguage the patient can understandlanguage the patient can understand

Be attentive to basic needsBe attentive to basic needs warmwarm

blanket blanket tissuetissue holding their handholding their hand

Support the patient and the processSupport the patient and the process



Cultural and ReligiousCultural and Religious

NeedsNeeds Religious groups continue to grow inReligious groups continue to grow in

number every daynumber every day

Some religions specify the diet andSome religions specify the diet andlifestyle of memberslifestyle of members

Some religions establish minimums orSome religions establish minimums or

establish criteria for social behaviorestablish criteria for social behavior



Religion and CulturalReligion and Cultural

NeedsNeeds Culture is closely related in someCulture is closely related in some

instances to the individuals religioninstances to the individuals religion

Cultural differences are sometimesCultural differences are sometimesdifficult to understand and accept difficult to understand and accept

Culture has to be considered whenCulture has to be considered when

providing care for the surgical patient providing care for the surgical patient



Meeting Religious andMeeting Religious and

Cultural NeedsCultural Needs Number oneNumber one respect the patient and theirrespect the patient and their

religion and/or culturereligion and/or culture

Provide alternative methods of treatment Provide alternative methods of treatment whenever reasonably possiblewhenever reasonably possible

Ensure the patient is properly educated onEnsure the patient is properly educated onthe complications or expected outcomesthe complications or expected outcomes

Ensure the patient knows it is all right toEnsure the patient knows it is all right tochange their mindchange their mind



StereotypesStereotypes

One of the most common lapses inOne of the most common lapses inhuman characterhuman character

Each individual is unique in theirEach individual is unique in theirneeds, beliefs, values, andneeds, beliefs, values, andexpectationsexpectations

Treat each patient the sameTreat each patient the same



CommunicationCommunication

Yes Yes MaamMaam and Yes Sir every timeand Yes Sir every time

Please and Thank You go a long wayPlease and Thank You go a long way

Respect for each patient as an individualRespect for each patient as an individual

Body language should match verbalBody language should match verbalmessagemessage

Listening is the most important part of theListening is the most important part of thecommunication process and focus on thecommunication process and focus on themessagemessage

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