ascomycota (continued) mikroskopik yeast, ragi, khamir… dll kuliah 7
TRANSCRIPT
Ascomycota (continued)
MIKROSKOPIK
YEAST, RAGI, KHAMIR… DLL
KULIAH 7
PEMBAGIAN ASCOMYCOTA
Class 1: Laboulbeniomycetes
parasitic attachments to arthropods.
Class 2: Protoascomycetes
lack of ascogenous hyphae and ascomata.
Class 3: Euascomycetes
most of the fungi which form ascomata. The orders are separated on the structure of the ascus and the manner of ascus opening.
From Spatafora et al. 2006. A five-gene phylogeny of Pezizomycotina. Mycologia 98: 1018-1028
Filamentous ascomycetes
Sacccharomycetales
Archiascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Characterized by DNA sequence analysis
Ascocarps; ascogenous hyphae; specialized ascus tip; conidia; Woronin bodies
Absence of ascogenous hyphae and ascocarps; most asci without specialized tips
Classification from Alexopoulos et al. 1996
RAGI
Ascomycetous yeastsCharacterized by absence of ascogenous hyphae and ascocarpsAsci mostly prototunicateOccur in slime fluxes, nectar, fresh or decaying fruit—able to grow in high osmotic conditions (high sugar content)Others occur in soil, dung, water, digestive tracts of animalsMany species are symbiotic with insects
Schizosaccharomyces
Saccharaomyces
Somatic structures
Yeast A single-celled fungus
that reproduces by budding (or fission)
Pseudomycelium Series of cells
adhering after budding
Budding
Bipolar Multilateral
Asexual reproduction
Conidia
Arthrospores
plasmogamy
copulation
karyogamy
budding
2n somatic cells
meiosis
Mature ascus
1n somatic cells
Identification
Microscopic appearance Unicellular or budding Size & shape of yeast cells Multilateral or bipolar budding Form, structure and mode of ascus formation Ascospore shape
Identification
Physiological tests—91 different tests Ferment different sugars Assimilation tests (carbon and nitrogen
source) Vitamin requirements Growth at 37C Growth in cyclohexamide Hydrolyse urea Form acid
Importance
Brewing
Baking
Food production
Industrial applications
Model systems (S. cerevisiae)
Probiotics
Animal pathogens
MICROSCOPIC
(NON-YEAST)
From Hanlin, 1998. Illustrated Genera of Ascomycetes Vol II
Ascospore by D. Geiser
•Aspergillus anamorph
•Cleistothecia yellow to orange-red
•Wall composed of single layer of flattened cells
• Ascospores flattened, usually with equatorial groove.
Eurotium
Aspergillus anamorph
Cleistothecial wall surrounded by hülle cells
Ascospores small, colored, lens-shaped with flange
From Hanlin, 1998. Illustrated Genera of Ascomycetes Vol II
Emericella
Emericella
Hülle cells, D. Geiser
Anamorphs--Aspergillus
SEM by Charles Mims
Penicillium anamorph
Cleisothecia hard, white becoming colored (yellow, orange, brown)
Ascospores small, hyaline or yellowish, lens-shaped
From Hanlin, 1998. Illustrated Genera of Ascomycetes Vol II
Eupenicillium
Image by David Geiser
Anamorphs--Penicillium
phialides
Branches (metulae)
From Hanlin, 1998. Illustrated Genera of Ascomycetes Vol II
Talaromyces
Paecilomyces or Penicillium anamorphCleistothecium whitish to bright yellowWall composed of interwoven hyphaeAscospores ellipsoidal, with spiny walls
Anamorphs--Paecilomyces
Divergent phialides with swollen base and long, tapering neck
Colonies may be pink, purple, yellow, brown or white, but never green as in Penicillium spp.
The good and the bad
Penicillium spp.—antibiotic production
Penicillium roqueforti—blue cheese
Penicillium spp.—blue and green molds on bread, cheese, fruits, vegetables
Aspergillus flavus—aflatoxins (moldy peanuts)
A. flavus/A. niger--aspergillosis
Penicillin
Penicillium notatum growing in Alexander Fleming’s Petri dish of Staphylococcus in 1928 led to the discovery of penicillinHoward Florey & Ernest Chain (1939) began work on purification and trials1941—work moved to US (NRRL in Peoria, IL) to escape bombing in London (WWII)
Fermentation vessels and corn steep liquor Mary Hunt (“Moldy Mary”) brought in P. chyrogenum
on a melon1945—Fleming, Florey & Chain received Noble Prize
Penicillium notatum
Penicillin prevents cross-linking of small peptide chains in peptidoglycan, the main wall polymer in bacteria. Newly formed cells are abnormal in shape and susceptible to osmotic lysis.
Fungal taxon/group Est. # species # known metabolites
Aspergillus, Eurotium, Emericella 200 525
Penicillium, Talaromyces, Eupenicillium 200 380
Trichoderma, Hypocrea 20 54
Cephalosporium-like hyphomycetes 140 116
Mucor, Rhizopus, Phycomyces 70 26
Oomycetes, Chytridiomycota 450 3
Yeasts 600 50
Basidiomycetes 30,000 300
POWDERY MILDEW
Biotrophs of vascular plants Biotroph: an obligate parasite growing on another
living organism
21 genera, 437 species infecting > 40,000 species of plants (mostly dicots)
Most species are host specific, a few are omnivorous, infecting hundreds of host species
Powdery Mildew Symptoms
Photo by Claudia Nitschwitz
Characteristics
Mycelium is mostly superficial Anchored to host epidermis by appressoria
Nutrients obtained via haustoria Haustoria are intracellular structures
Overwinter as mycelium in infected buds or as ascomataAsexual reproduction via conidiaSexual reproduction via ascospores formed in cleistothecia
Asexual reproduction
Erect, hyaline conidiophores are usually formed on superficial mycelium;
One-celled, hyaline thin-walled conidia are produced holoblastically in basipetal chains
One colony can produce > 30,000 conidia
Conidia
Wind-dispersedGermination can occur at low relative humidityGermination involves germ tube, appressorium and penetration peg formationApex of penetration peg enlarges to form haustorium
From APSnet.org
Plant cell wallPlasma membrane
Host cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
haustorium
appressorium
Penetration peg
fungus
Microsphaera alni anamorph on Vaccinium
Sexual reproduction
Cleistothecia formed on superficial mycelium in late summer/early fall
Asci Formed in basal layer Globose to pyriform Discharge of spore by rupture of ascus tip
Asci/Ascospores
One to numerous asci/cleistothecium
Ascospores hyaline, one-celled, ovoid
1-8 ascospores/ascus
Number of asci/cleistothecium is important character in identification
From APSnet.org
Identification
Anamorph type
Number of asci/ascocarp
Cleistothecial appendages Mycelioid Rigid
Spear-like with inflated base
With curled tips
With dichotomously branched tips
Microsphaera alni cleistothecia
Sawadaea bicornis cleistothecia
Sawadaea bicornis cleistothecial appendages
Mycelioid Appendages
Several asci/ascocarp: Eryisiphe (100 spp)
Oidium anamorph
One ascus/ascocarp: Sphaerotheca (50 spp.)
Appendages with curled tipsOidium anamorph
Dichotomously branched appendage tips
One ascus/ascocarp: Podosphaera (12 spp.)
Oidium anamorph
Several asci/ascocarp:
Sawadaea (6 spp.)Oidium anamorph
Spear-like appendages--Phyllactinia
Ovulariopsis and Streptopodium anamorphs
Appendages with curled tips
Uncinula (81 spp) Oidium anamorph Several asci/ascocarp