APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

By : Sarmed Adnan

THE NEED FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY

Allows the placement of small structures placed with precision, simplicity and low cost

Leads to economic growth

Enhances national security

Improves the quality of life

Leads to job creation

Nanoscale Approaches and Fabrication

Top-down Approaches Bottom-up Approaches

In top down approach nano objects

and materials are created by larger

entities without bouncing its atomic

reactions usually top down approach

is practiced less as compared to the

bottom up approach.

In the bottom up approach different

materials and devices are constructed

from molecular components of their own.

They chemically assemble themselves by

recognizing the molecules of their own

breed.

Tools and Techniques

1. Carbon Nanotube.

2. Nano rods(quantum dots).

3. Nanobots.

• Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical

nanostructure.

• They have length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1.

• Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family. Their

name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls

formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called graphene.

1. Carbon Nanotube.

Properties of Carbon Nanotube

• Highest strength to weight ratio, helps

in creating light weight space crafts.

• Easily penetrate membranes such as

cell walls. Helps in cancer treatment.

• Electrical resistance changes significantly when other molecules

attach themselves to the carbon atoms. Helps in developing

sensors that can detect chemical vapors.

Nanotubes Application

Replacing transistors from the silicon

chips as they are small and emits less

heat.

In electric cables and wires

In solar cells

In fabrics

USES :-

2. Nano rods(quantum dots)

• Nano rods are one morphology of nanoscale objects.

• Dimensions range from 1–100 nm.

• They may be synthesized from metals or semiconducting materials.

• In display technologies, because the reflectivity of the rods can be

changed by changing their orientation with an applied electric field.

• In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).

• In cancer therapeutics.

3. Nanobots Close to the scale of 10-9.

Nanobots of 1.5 nanometers across, capable

of counting specific molecules in a chemical sample.

Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size, it

would probably be necessary for very large numbers of

them to work together to perform microscopic and

macroscopic tasks.

Capable of replication using environmental resources .

Application :-

Detection of toxic components in environment.

In drug delivery.

Biomedical instrumentation.

Applications Of Nanotechnology

Electronics

Energy

Materials

Other applications

Medicine

Application of Nanotechnology in Medicine►Diagnostic

► Therapeutic

Imaging.

Quantum dots.

Diagnostic applications :-

Therapeutic applications :-

Delivering medication to the exact location.

Killing of bacteria, viruses & cancer cells.

biological process.

detection of virus.

cleaning of mouth.

Delivering medication to the exact location

Therapeutic applications

Provide new options for drug

delivery and drug therapies.

Enable drugs to be delivered to

precisely the right location in the

body and release drug doses on

a predetermined schedule for

optimal treatment

• Release Nanobots in the bloodstream

• They become localized at the disease site,

i.e. cancer tumor.

• Then they release medicine that kills the

tumor.

• Current treatment is through radiotherapy or

chemotherapy.

Therapeutic applications

Killing of bacteria, viruses & cancer cells

Mechanical drilling of a small tumor mass by a nanorobot

biological process

Therapeutic applications

• Repair of damaged tissues.

- Growth of bone cells.

- Broken bones would heal much faster.

• Creating an artificial red blood cell.

• To cure skin diseases, a cream containing nanorobots may be used it

may:

- Remove the right amount of dead skin

- Remove excess oils

- Add missing oils

- Apply the right amounts of natural moisturizing compounds

cleaning of mouth

Therapeutic applications

Four remote-controlled nanorobotsexamine and clean the sub occlusalsurfaces of a patient's teeth, nearthe gum line.

A mouthwash full of smart

nanomachines could

identify and destroy

pathogenic bacteria while

allowing the harmless flora

of the mouth to flourish in a

healthy ecosystem

detection of virus

Therapeutic applications

Medical nanodevices

could improves the

immune system by

finding and disabling

unwanted bacteria

and viruses.

Application Of Nanotechnology In Electronics and Computers

» Smaller Transistors» Smaller Memory» Smaller Circuitry

Instead of making transistor components and assembling them on a

board, nanoscale transistors are grown together on a silicon wafer.

They look much different from the traditional transistors.

Because of nanotechnology, the speed of computers has increased

while the price of computing has decreased

Transistors

Transistors Nano Transistors

Memory and Storage

This is a 2 gigabyte hard drive. It weighs about 70 pounds. It was first used

in the 1980s. Its cost at that time ranged from $80,000 to $140,000.

2 GB in 1980s

$80,000

2 GB in 1990s

$200

2 GB in 2010

$5

Current research

shows that by using

nanotechnology

,1000GB of memory

can fit on the head of

this pin. 1000 GB is

1 Terabyte.

Hewett Packard is developing a memory device that uses nanowires coated

with titanium dioxide.

One group of these nanowires is deposited parallel to another group.

When a perpendicular nanowire is laid over a group of parallel wires, at each

intersection a device called a memristor is formed.

A memristor can be used as a single-component memory cell in an integrated

circuit.

By reducing the diameter of the nanowires, researchers believe memristor

memory chips can achieve higher memory density than flash memory chips.

Displays Nanotubes are small enough that they cannot be seen, so they

can be great conductors to be used as transparent contacts.

These layers contain transparent electrodes

Carbon nanotubes on a glass or plastic sheet allow

manufacturers to make clear conductive panels for displays

that are extremely thin

• Morph, a nanotechnology concept device developed by Nokia Research

Center (NRC) and the University of Cambridge (UK).

• The Morph will be super hydrophobic making it extremely dirt repellent.

• It will be able to charge itself from available light sources using photovoltaic

nanowire grass covering it's surface.

• Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching. Nokia envisage that a

nanoscale mesh of fibers will allow our mobile devices to be bent,

stretched and folded into any number of conceivable shapes

Nanotechnology in Mobile

Nanotechnology In EnergySolar PV cells

• Solar cells are photovoltaic device.

• It converts light energy into electrical energy.

• Majority of solar cells are fabricated by

semiconductors like silicon or GE.

DEMERITS OF SOLAR CELLS

• Less efficient and high manufacturing cost.

• Extra energy is wasted in heat form.

• Nanostructured thin films(silicon films) are used in solar cells of 150nm.

• Thin films offers more Absorption of photons.

• electrons holes travel short path to reach conduction band.

Solar PV cell with Nanotechnology

Nano boosts cells performance

• Solar cells coated with thin film of silicon of 1 nanometer are

most efficient.

• Thin films boost performance by 60% of UV rays are absorbed.

Nanotechnology use Quantum dots(QD) to increase efficiency of

solar cells.

Conventional materials in one photon generates just one electron.

Quantum Dots have potential to generates multiple electrons.

Use of dots increase the electrons to move from Valance band to

conduction band very easily.

Advantage of Nanotechnology In PV Cell

• Higher lighter Absorption.

• Increase the photo current at higher temperatures.

• Improved radiation hardiness than conventional one.

• Nanotechnology reduces installation cost.

• Power solar sheets helps to reduces cost of solar cells

• reducing production cost from $3 a watt to 30 cents only.

Nanotechnology Application in Materials

Concrete

Steel

Glass

Coatings

Nanosensors

Plastics

Bulk Insulating Materials

Plastic Solar Cell

Nanotechnology in Fire Protection

• Concrete is one of the most common and widely used construction

materials. Nanotechnology is widely used in studying its properties like

hydration reaction, alkali silicate reaction (ASR) and fly ash reactivity.

• With the addition of nano-SiO2 part of the cement is replaced but the

density and strength of the fly-ash concrete improves particularly in

the early stages.

Concrete

Application in Materials

CoatingThe coatings incorporating certain Nano particles or Nano layers have been developed for

certain purpose including:

• protective or anti-corrosion coatings for components.

• self-cleaning.

• thermal control.

• energy saving.

• anti-reflection coatings for glass/windows.

• antibacterial coatings for work surfaces.

• anti-graffiti coating for buildings and structures.

Nano sensor

Application in Materials

Nano sensor ranges from 10-9m to 10-5 m which could be

embedded into the structure during the construction

process.

Nano and Micro electrical mechanical systems (NEMS &

MEMS) sensors have been developed and used in

construction to monitor and/or control the environmentconditions (e.g. temperature, moisture, smoke, noise,

etc.) and the materials/structure performance (e.g.

stress, strain, vibration, cracking, corrosion, etc.) during

the structure’s life.

The properties of familiar materials are being changed by manufacturers

who are adding nano-sized components to conventional materials to

improve performance.

For example, some clothing manufacturers are making water and stain

repellent clothing using nano-sized whiskers in the fabric that cause water to

bead up on the surface.

In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.

Nanotechnology in Fabrics

It should be noted that the particles of 'nano' UV filters are small enough to render effective UV

protection and yet large enough not to penetrate into the skin;

Nanotechnology in sunscreen

Thanks for your Patience

The End