Appendix: Manifestos Issued by the Padua Commission, May-November 1918

This appendix lists all the leaflets written by the Padua Commission during its seven­month existence which have been discovered in archives in Vienna, Budapest, Zagreb, Prague and London. Those marked with an asterisk(*) have been located only in Antoni Szuber's work. Manifestos with more than one language in the same leaflet are indicated thus: C/Cz; otherwise the leaflets were issued separately in different languages (with some occasionally issued on the obverse and reverse of a single sheet). The spelling of the titles has been left as in the original.

Language Key: c Croat p Polish Cz Czech R Romanian G German s Serb [Cyrillic] I Italian Sl Slovene M Magyar u Ukrainian

1. Hrvati, Srbi i Slovenci! 2. Polacy! 3. Unlocated 4. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! 5. Unlocated 6. Mandre catane Romane! 7. Vojaci Rakousko-Uherska! 8. [Title unknown]* 9. Drazi bratfi Cechoslovaci!

10. Polacy! 11. Krajane Cechoslovaci! 12. LegioniSci polscy! 13. Unlocated 14. Unlocated 15. Vojini Cechoslovaci, Polaci ... 16. Hrvati, Srbi i Slovenci! 17. Jugosloveni! Draga braco Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! 18. Bitka na zapadnom frontu! 19. fugoslavija (no. 1)

c p

c

R Cz C GM P R CzCGMPR Cz p

Cz p

CzCPR c c c c

20. Soldaten der deutschen und magyarischen Nazionalitat G

21. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 1) Cz 22. Neamul Romanesc (no. 1) R 23. Polak (no. 1) p 24. Unlocated

445

446 Appendix

25. Polacy! p 26. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 27. Bratri Cechoslovaci! Cz 28. Po lacy! p 29. Hrvati, Srbi i Slovenci! c 30. Cechove a Slovaci! Cz 31. Po lacy! p 32. Soldati romani! R 33. Jugoslavija (no. 2) c 34. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 2) Cz 35. Polak (no. 2) p 36. Neamul Romilnesc (no. 2) R 37. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! CIP 38. Gospodarska vaznost jugoslovanske deklaracije Sl 39. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 40. Zolnierzu Polaku! p

41. Magyar Katonak! M 42. LegioniSci polscy! p

43. Zolnierze - Polacy, Legioniki! p

44. Polak (no. 3) p

45. Jugoslavija (no. 3) c 46. Neamul Romiinesc (no. 3) R 47. Unlocated 48. Bratfi! Cesi! Slovaci! Cz 49. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 3) Cz so. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 51. Po lacy! p

52. Bratfi Cesi a Slovaci! Cz 53. Po lacy! p

54. Mandre catane romane! R 55. Osterreichische Soldaten! G 56. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 57. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 58. Po lacy! p

59. Po lacy! p

60. Polacy! p

61. Po lacy! p

62. Bracia iolnierze! p

63. Unlocated 64. Unlocated 65. Po lacy! p

66. Narodni Listy rakouskou vladou zastaveny Cz 67. z 13. cisla Ceskoslovenske Samostatnosti Cz 68. Osterreichischer Begriff von Hochverrat G 69. Unlocated 70. Osterreichische Soldaten! G [71-3 Unlocated] 74. Jugoslavija (no. 4) c 75. Neamul Romiinesc (no. 4) R

Appendix 447

76. Polak (no. 4) p

77. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 4) Cz 78. Prehlidka ceskoslovenskeho vojska J.V. knilem Czl 79. Az olaszok elsiilyesztettek ket nagy ... hadihajot GM 80. Ceskoslovenske vojsko uznano anglickou vladou Cz 81. Unutrasnje prilike u Austriji c 82. Polacy z pod zaboru austyackiego w opozycyi p

83. Representantii Societtilor ungure~ti din America R 84. Opozycya Polak6w zaostrza przesilenie wewnetrzne p

85. Jugoslovenski pokret c 86. Politia militar nemteasc din Romania R 87. Ceskoslovenske vojsko na pochodu do Vladivostoku Cz 88. Ukrai:n'ci:! u 89. Magyar Katonak! Miert harcoltok ti? M 90. Srbi, Hrvati, Slovenci! C Sl 91. Polacy! Za kogo walczycie? PU 92. Cechove a Slovaci, polozili jste si otazku Cz 93. Mandri osta~i romani! R 94. Osta~i romani! R 95. Mndri osta~i romani! R 96. Derek magyar katonak! ... M 97. Klamstwa niemieckiej prasy p

98. Talijanski demokrate iredentiste C/Cz/I/Sl 99. Srbi, Hrvati, Slovenci! CCzGIMPR U

100. Nic jim neverte! Cz 101. Njegovoj ekselenciji madalu Svetozaru Borojevicu c [102-7 Unlocated] 108. Cesi a Slovaci! CzGIMP RSl 109. Itt nyugszik Magyarorszag M 110. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 111. Zatim co na fronte cesti ... Cz 112. Polak (no. 5) p

113. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 5) Cz 114. Neamul Romiinesc (no. 5) R 115. Jugoslavija (no. 5) c 116. Derek Magyar Katonak! M 117. Magyar honfiak-Katonak! M 118. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 119. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 120. Unlocated 121. Soldaten! G 122. Unlocated 123. Unlocated 124. Cesko-slovacki bataljon u bitci kod Fossette C/Cz/PIR 125. Nachrichten tiber den Hunger in Oesterreich-Ungarn CCz GIP R 126. Magyar Katonak! M 127. Unlocated 128. Wiener! G 129. Es ist nicht wahr G

448 Appendix

130. In questo mattino d'agusto ... I 131. Necht' Vas posfli na velkeho mucednika M.Jana Husa! Cz 132. Unlocated 133. A magyar kepviselohiz iilese M 134. Polak (no. 6) p

135. Jugoslavija (no. 6) C/S/Sl 136. Neamul Romfmesc (no. 6) R 137. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 6) Cz 138. Po lacy! p

139. Cesi a Slovaci! C/Cz 140. Po lacy! p

141. Polacy! I Ukrai"n'ci:! P/U 142. Bezumne optuzbe austriske o rdjavom postupanju C/Cz/PIR 143. Gl6d w Austryi PR 144. Unlocated 145. Magyar katomik! M 146. Magyar katonak! M 147. Soldati Romani! R 148. Die erste Millionen amerikanischer Soldaten G 149. Prvi mil jon amerikanskih vojakov Sl 150. Uria~ele pregtiri de rzboi ale Americii R 151. Milion zolnierzy amerykanskich p

152. Po lacy! p

153. Ukrai"n'ci:! u 154. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 155. Soldaten! Die Folgen des neuen Biindnisses ... G 156. Neamul Romanesc (no. 7) R 157. Polak (no. 7) p

158. Jugoslavija (no. 7) c 159. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 7) Cz 160. Po lacy! p

161. Magyar katonak! M 162. Soldati romani! R 163. Jugosloveni! CCz 164. Ohromne valecne pi'ipravy v-fkony Cz 165. Magyar katonak! M 166. Magyar katonak! M 167. Polacy! p

168. Jugosloveni! c 169. Kosovo! s 170. Soldaten! Zehntausende von euren Briidem ... G 171. Magyar halcil az olasz front6n M 172. Magyar katonak! M 173. Jaky dojem v Rakousku vyvolalo pl'iznani Cz 174. Oriasi hadikesziilOdes Amerikaban M 175. Soldati romani! R 176. Neamul Romanesc (no. 8) R 177. Polak (no. 8) p

178. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 8) Cz

Appendix 449

179. Jugoslavija (no. 8) c 180. Interpellaci6 az olasz offenzivar6l ... M 181. Soldati romani! R 182. ? Soldati romani! R 183. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 184. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 185. Unlocated 186. Po lacy! p

187. Polacy! Prezydent miasta Krakowa ... p

188. Unlocated 189. Zolnierze! p

190. Sonderfriedensgeriichte und Sonderfriedenstatsachen G 191. Soldati romani! R 192. Soldati romani! R 193. Jak Niemcy przesladuj;,tlud polski p

194. Polacy! Wiecie, ze wasi bracia z Brazylji ... * p

195. Po lacy! p

196. Unlocated 197. Vaika a Hlad CzMPR 198. Po lacy! p

199. Uslovi mira Sila Sporazuma CCzGIMPR U 200. Polacy! p

201. Po lacy! p

202. Denkt iiber folgende drei tatsachen nach ... G 203. Jugoslavija C/Sl 204. Po lacy! p

205. Po lacy! p

206. Soldati Romani! R 207. Polak (no. 9) p

208. Jugoslavija (no. 9) C/Sl 209. Neamul Romiinesc (no. 9) R 210. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 9) Cz 211. Polacy! p

212. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 213. Soldati romani! R 214. Cesi a Slovaci! Cz 215. Magyar Katonak! M 216. Magyar Katonak! M 217. Po lacy! p

218. Bracia Polacy z Galicyi! p

219. Soldaten! Der deutsche Staatssekretar ... G 220. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 221. Po lacy! p

222. Po lacy! p

223. Slovenci, Hrvati in Srbi! Sl 224. Krajane, bratn! Cz 225. Jugosloveni! c 226. Soldati romani! R 227. Soldati Romani! R

450 Appendix

228. wer ist diese hassliche und schmutzige Hexe G 229. Bratfi Cesi a Slovaci! Cz 230. Unlocated 231. Zolnierze Polacy! p

232. Bezumne optuzbe austriske o rdjavom postupanju C/Cz/P!R 233. Unlocated 234. Magyar Katonak! GM 235. Jugoslavija (no. 10) C/Sl 236. Polak (no. 10) p

237. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 10) Cz 238. Neamul Romfinesc (no. 10) R 239. Zhovni:ri-Ukrai:n'skii Narode! u 240. Po lacy! p

241. Gr6f Tiszar6l van sz6! M 242. Magyar Katonak! M 243. Bratfi! Brati'i! Cz 244. iolnierze - Ludu Polski! p

245. iolnierze- Polacy! Powiedzcie, dlaczego? p

246. Po lacy! p

247. Soldati Romani! R 248. [Serb leaflet]* s 249. Magyar Katonak! M 250. Szegeny lelkivaksaggal megvert magyarok! M 251. Ojciec Swiety dla Polski p

252. Soldaten, die ihr fiir Deutschland ... kampft GMR 253. Unlocated 254. Magyar Katonak! M 255. Magyar katonak! M 256. Unlocated 257. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 11) Cz 258. Jugoslavija (no. 11) C/Sl 259. Polak (no. 11) p

260. Neamul Romfinesc (no. 11) R 261. Magyar Katonak! M 262. Po lacy! p

263. Magyar Katonak! M 264. Magyar Katonak! M 265. Modlitwa ucisnionych synow Polski p

266. Unlocated 267. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 268. Unlocated 269. Was alles Am erika beitragt GIPU 270. Magyar Katonak! M 271. Unlocated 272. Po lacy! p

273. Polak (no. 12) p

274. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 12) Cz 275. Jugoslavija (no. 12) C/Sl 276. Neamul Romfinesc (no. 12) R

Appendix 451

277. Soldati romani! R 278. Austria-Magyarorsag Katoncii! M 279. Polacy* p 280. Co czyni Ameryka dla p 281. Po lacy! p 282. Magyar Katonak! M 283. Po lacy! p 284. Unlocated 285. 'Delenda Austria!' CzGIMP U 286. 6sterreichisch-ungarische Soldaten! G CzMP R Sl 287. Soldati romani! R 288. Magyar Katonak! M 289. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 13) Cz 290. Neamul Romanesc (no. 13) R 291. Jugoslavija (no. 13) CIS I 292. Polak (no. 13) p 293. Po lacy! p 294. Po lacy! p 295. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 296. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 297. VaJecne die rakouskych Nemcu Cz 298. Unlocated 299. Unlocated 300. Vzesly jiz dnove odplaty strasne ... Cz 301. ? Magyar Katonak! M 302. Magyar Katonak! M 303. Magyar Katonak! M 304. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 305. Soldati Romani! R 306. Unlocated 307. Zo:lnierze Polacy! p 308. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 309. Jugoslavija (no. 14) CIS I 310. Polak (no. 14) p 311. Neamul Romanesc (no. 14) R 312. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 14) Cz 313. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 314. Slovenci, Hrvati in Srbi! Sl 315. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! CGIMR 316. Unlocated 317. Soldaten! Das Lied klingt aus G 318. Slovenci, Hrvati in Srbi! Sl 319. Zo:lnierze-Polacy! PU 320. Magyar Katonak! M 321. Unlocated 322. Zolnierze-Polacy! p 323. Glad CCz 324. Cesi a Slovaci! Cz 325. ? fugoslavija (no. 15) C/Sl

452 Appendix

326. ? Polak (no. 15) p 327. ? Ceskoslovenskii Samostatnost (no. 15) Cz 328. ? Neamul Romiinesc (no. 15) R 329. Unlocated 330. Graphischer Aufriss der grossen Entent-Offensive CGM 331. Vojnici Austro-Ugarske CGMP 332. Miliardy, Miliardy ... * p [333-5 Unlocated] 336. Zapadni front. Pregledna karta bitke u Flandriji CCzR 337. Unlocated 338. Po lacy! p 339. [Czech leaflet]* Cz 340. Unlocated 341. Cechove a Sloviici! CziPR 342. ? Jugoslavija (no. 16) C!Sl 343. ? Polak (no. 16) p

344. ? Ceskoslovenskii Samostatnost (no. 16) Cz 345. ? Neamul Romiinesc (no. 16) R [346-51 Unlocated] 352. Magyarok! M 353. Ludendorff und Wilson G 354. Vojaci rakousko-uhersti! Cz [355-9 Unlocated] 360. Vitezstvi Spojenai u Saint Mihiel CzG 361. 4 Millionen Amerikaner GP 362. Jugoslavija (no. 17) C/Sl 363. Polak (no. 17) p

364. Ceskoslovenskii Samostatnost (no. 17) Cz 365. Neamul Romiinesc (no. 17) R 366. Magyar Katonak! M 367. Po lacy!* p

368. Lloyd George o rykonech ceskoslovenskeho vojska* Cz 369. Unlocated 370. Austria-Magiarorszag hciboru-adossagai M [371-4 Unlocated] 375. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci c 376. Take Japonsko uznava samostatnost Cz [377-9 Unlocated] 380. Polacy! Wame oswiadczenia w sprawie polskiej* p

381. ? Jugoslavija (no. 18) C!Sl 382. ? Polak (no. 18) p

383. ? Ceskoslovenskii Samostatnost (no. 18) Cz 384. ? Neamul Romiinesc (no. 18) R 385. Hodina miru dosud neudefila Cz 386. Po lacy* p

[387-9 Unlocated] 390a. Soldati Romani! R 390b. Soldati Romani! R 391a. Slovenci, Hrvati in Srbi! Sl

Appendix 453

391b. Slovenci, Hrvati in Srbi! Sl [392-5 Unlocated] 396. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci CSSl 397. Unlocated 398. Unlocated 399. Bugarska kapitulacija c 400. Soldati Romani! R 401. Turecka fronta v Palestyne Cz 402. Nove ponizky nemecke ve Francii Cz 403. Mieknie i rozsypuje sie w drazgi centralny blok* p

404. Bulharsko pfijalo podminky Dohody Cz 405. Magyar Katonak! M 406. Soldati Romani! R 407. Unlocated 408. Polak (no. 19) p

409. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 19) Cz 410. Neamul Romilnesc (no. 19) R 411. Jugoslavija (no. 19) C!S/Sl [412-7 Unlocated] 418. Soldaten! G 419. Unlocated 420. Poselstvi prof. Masaryka ceskoslovenskemu vojsku Cz 421. Unlocated 422. Az Antant gyozelmei Szakadatlanul folytatod ... M 423. Deutsches Volk! Die zwolfte Stunde schUigt! G 424. Magyar Katonak! M 425. Jugoslavija (no. 20) C/Sl 426. Polak (no. 20) p

427. Ceskoslovenskri Samostatnost (no. 20) Cz 428. Neamul Romilnesc (no. 20) R 429. Unlocated 430. Unlocated 431. KRIEG ODER FRIEDEN? CzGR 432. Unlocated 433. Unlocated 434. 'Den Besiegten muss man nur die Augen lassen .. .' G 435. Unlocated 436. Osterreichisch-ungarische Soldaten! G [437-8 Unlocated] 439. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci!* s [440--53 Unlocated] 454. Magyar Katonak! M 455. Soldaten! GR [456-85 Unlocated] 486. Trpeti a umirati! Proc? Cz 487. Osterreichisch-ungarische Soldaten! G [488-91 Unlocated] 492. Das Ende! G

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Index

AH = Austria-Hungary PC = Padua Commission For propaganda campaigns, see under fronts: Balkan Front, Eastern Front, Italian Front, etc.

Abano, 102,149,160,161,190,205 Adriatic Sea, 10, 82, 113, 153, 212, 300 air warfare, 1, 101-2, 370-1 Albania,62,81,91, 115,371,372,416,423 Albertini, Clemente, 124 Albertini, Luigi, 177, 180, 188, 227, 441

and front propaganda, 149, 159-61, 183, 189,333,334,335

and nationality principle, 118, 119-20, 141, 158, 162, 163, 178, 180-1, 182, 330,331,332,339-40

urged to become 'Italian Northcliffe', 160

Aleksandar, Regent of Serbia, 63 Alessi, Rino, 92-3, 108, 160 Allenby, General Edmund, 422 Ambroz, Emanuel, 377 Amendola, Giovanni, 158, 160, 172, 180,

195,331,339,340 American army, 89, 183, 220, 344, 422-3 Ancona, 106, 404 Arbeiterwille, 286 Arbeiter-Zeitung, 25, 29, 91, 285, 286

used in AH prop., 52 used in Italian prop., 343, 344, 366, 425-6

Area, Francesco, 204, 248 L'Arena, 100 Armeeoberkommando (AOK: Austrian

High Command), 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 30-1, 32, 33, 34-5, 258, 279, 281,303, 344

attention to morale and discipline, 268ff, 277, 371, 414

attitude to AH press, 284-6, 371, 373 and prop. against Italy, 79, 82, 86, 93, 96,

103,104,285,306,308,406,419 and prop. against Russia, 40, 42, 44ff,

60-2,405,436 Arz von Straussenburg, General Arthur,

31,42,63-4,139,274,406

and army morale, 33, 267-8, 269, 271, 284-5,286

and enemy subversion, 8-9, 257-8, 272-3,423

and prop. against Italy, 91 and prop. against Russia, 46, 47, 48, 49,

54, 69, 79 Asiago, 82, 142, 202, 233, 256, 276, 283,

289ff, 302, 304, 320, 382 Asolone, Monte, 82, 3 78 Assa, Val d', 386 Astico, river, 82, 94 Austria

'civilian prop. centre' created, 414 constitutional regime introduced,

29-30, 34-5, 284, 286 'German course' adopted in, 350, 360 Germans in, see German-Austrians Ministry of Interior, 28, 284-5, 287, 414 parliament, see Reichsrat wartime emergency legislation in, 18, 21 wartime regime of 1914-17 described,

18-22 Austria-Hungary (AH),

AH prop. in Switzerland, 42 atmosphere in at start of war, 16, 18 Austrian High Command, see

Armeeoberkommando authorities' alarm at enemy prop., 7, 41,

51, 60, 104, 152, 203, 257-68, 272-3,299,321,369,370-3,387, 435

disintegration, 25, 30, 286, 320, 352, 414-15,424-6,443

military Intelligence, see AH military Intelligence

final peace offers, 412, 417-19 food crisis, 29, 33, 91, 213, 257, 268,

278-83,345,355,359,406 Foreign Ministry, see Ballhausplatz

466

front prop. against Italy, see Italian Front front prop. against Russia, see Eastern

Front national councils created in, 325, 352,

353,424 official history of the war see

Osterreich-Ungams letzter Krieg patriotism in, see patriotism postwar myth about Entente prop., 8-9,

14,257,263,444 propaganda coordination in, 42, 413-14 propaganda smuggled into via

Switzerland, 175-6, 205, 260, 262, 285,365,367

role of prop. in collapse of AH, 6, 8, 12, 421, 442-4

and separate peace with West, 119, 183, 217,220-1,222

strikes in, 91, 154, 257, 365, 366 subordination to Germany, 31, 217, 222,

279-80,344,349,351,362-3,367 War Ministry, 19, 27, 273, 284, 371, 410 war weariness in, 28, 60, 268, 413 warzonesin, 18-19,23

AH airforce and inferiority in air warfare, 86, 101-2,

150,289-90,372,406 and resistance to spreading prop., 85-6,

107,209 AH army, 30-5, 305-6, 405-6

Regiments: BHIR 1, 131, 134; BHIR2, 428; BHIRS, 381-2; SchR9, 145; SchR12, 147; FAR13, 383; IR21, 230; IR25, 64-5; HIR25, 290ft; HIR26, 290ft; IR28, 32, 378; HIR28, 294; HIR33, 297; IR36, 32; IR50, 236; IR56, 230; IR75, 52, 376; IR88, 402; IR113, 376-7; IR116, 316

Divisions: lst, 344; 6th, 410; 6KD, 378; 10th,280-1,329; 12th,230,329-30; 12thSch, 410; 18th, 131, 134, 283; 19th,52;22ndSch,95;26thSch, 145, 147, 233-5, 255, 290; 35th, 344, 423, 431; 36th, 295, 402; 42HID, see Croats; 48th, 278; 54thSch, 272

Corps: I, 95, 264; II, 276; VII, 406-7; XIV, 94; XV, 406; XX, 85, 407; XXIV, 413

Armies: 2nd army, 46, 51; 6th army, 82, 93, 109,281,307,308,409; lOth army, 82, 85, 93-4, 264, 281-2, 372, 384, 386, 416, 422; 11th army, 82, 95-6, 282-3, 289ft, 308, 406, 408,

Index 467

416, 422; Isonzo army (KISA), 82, 85,93,97,280-1,307,308,376, 412,416

'civilians in arms', 31, 35, 274 desertions, see desertions discipline, 34, 37, 268-9, 275, 281, 378,

402,407,409 disintegration of, 405-6, 408-9, 412-13,

421,426 losses, 31, 105, 288, 297-8, 343,

363,406 manpower problems, 31, 65, 84, 277,

286,288,296-7,406 material conditions, 31, 33, 35, 145, 278,

280-3,289-90,295,313,406-7,412 morale in, see morale patriotic instruction in, see

Feindespropaganda-Abwehrstelle reorganization (1917), 35, 192 revolts in, 262, 265, 270, 276, 287,

298-9,305,311,406,409,426 stereotyping of nationalities, 32-5,

133,428 on Western Front, 193, 344, 423

AH military Intelligence, 6, 9, 66, 92, 122,205

and Allied prop., 258-62, 263-4, 267 defence against Bolshevism, 60, 269 on Eastern Front, 44, 53, 55, 62, 417 organization, 60, 72 takes over prop. against Italy, 417 see also Ronge

AHnavy, 153,252,257,276,367,372 spreads AH prop., 81, 106

Avallah, 65 Az Est, 363

Babec, Florijan, 304 Baden (base of AOK), 30 Badia Polesine, 238, 239 Badinka, Martin, 404 Badoglio, General Pietro, 99, 104, 127, 149,

155,160,209,320,421 enthusiasm for prop. against AH, 190,

197,202,227,228,237,238,239, 303,372,381

Baernreither, Josef, 20 Bahr, Hermann, 26, 28 Bainsizza plateau, 76, 126-7, 137, 151 Baker, Bernard Granville (British delegate

to PC), 186, 188, 197, 198, 201, 202-3, 208,211,220,225-6,227,240,322,

468 Index

Baker, Bernard Granville -continued 324,325,332-5,336,343,362,367, 402, 420

Balfour, Arthur, 183, 221, 224, 323, 324, 325-6,333,346

Balfour, Michael, 6 Ballhausplatz (AH Foreign Ministry), 49,

62,86,162,371,410 propaganda section in, 42

Balkan Front, 31, 40, 411-12, 420 AH propaganda against Greece, 73 AH propaganda against Serbia, 62-6,

438; arguments used, 63-5; Croat propaganda troops, 63-5; guidelines, 64; organization, 63-4; results, 65-6, 159

Serbian propaganda against AH, 65, 73,420

as theme in PC prop., 411-12, 420 Banciu, Aristotele, 357 'Bandino' (Austrian agent), 80 Barac, Franjo, 243 Baradello, Francesco, 165 Barek, Anton, 255 Barzilai, Salvatore, 180, 195 Basl, Antonio, 377 Battisti, Cesare, 113-14, 125, 233 Bauer, Captain, 406 Beaverbrook, Lord [Max Aitken], 182, 201,

260, 261, 263, 413 Belgrade, 2, 276 Belosevic, Mirko, 256, 290-4, 375 Below, General Otto von, 75, 343 Benedict XV, Pope 56, 76, 358, 426 Benes, Edvard, 116-17, 120-1, 143, 157, 187,

195,199,221,247,323,325-6,424 Beogradski Novine, 65 Berne,80, 124,164,204-5 Bethlen, Count Istvan, 35 7 Bibbiena (prison camp), 114, 126, 127 Bissolati, Leonida, 99, 113-14, 117, 121,

126,157,158,162,177,206,214,223, 226,228,326,327,328,329,330, 331-2,340-1

blockade, 29, 91, 268 Bohemia, 19, 21, 37, 41, 116, 199, 205,

218,267 Bohm-Ermolli, Heeresgruppe, 51 Bolshevik propaganda,

against AH, 59-60, 257-8, 269-70, 272, 274,435

in Russian trenches, 51, 55-9

Bolzano [Bozen], 124, 134, 427 Bongiovanni, General Luigi, 372 Borgese, Giuseppe Antonio, 118, 120, 141,

160,180,184,185,195,227,336-9, 340,341,441

and Berne press bureau, 119,204-5, 263, 285,333,423

mission to Switzerland (1917), 119, 164, 180,204

Borgo, 134 Boroevic, Field Marshal Svetozar, 82,

97,152,178,243,281,303,342, 348-9, 373

Borovica, Captain Pantelija, 44, 46, 51, 55 Boselli, Paolo, 76, 99, 113, 114 Bosnia-Hercegovina, 19-20, 25, 179, 211,

264,277,345 Bosnian Moslems, 134, 138, 211, 238,

250,330 Bosnian Serbs, 19-20, 115, 133, 134, 140,

144,240,317,381-2,383 Brancaccio, Nicola, 116, 120, 128,

130, 131 Brankovic, Vuk, 349 Bratianu, Ion, 35 7 Bratislava, 267 Brazda, Oskar, 116, 126, 163 Breganze, 144 Brenner Pass, 113 Brenta, river, 82, 93, 95, 145, 304 Brescia, 123, 125 Brest-Litovsk, peace (1918), 59-60, 90, 218,

257,269,369,417 British army in Italy, 82, 93, 100-2, 144,

184,187,192,193,202,233,371, 386-7,421

Broccardi, Francesco, 100 Bruntz, George, xii, 11 Brusilov offensive (1916), 31, 128 Buchan,John, 176, 182, 184 Bucharest, 53 Bucharest, peace of (1918), 216, 357,

358,369 Budapest, 16, 27, 154, 257, 258, 273,

365,371 Budisavljevic, Srdjan, 23 Bukovina, 19, 52 Bulgarian army, 63-5, 73, 129, 201, 407,

412,420,421,422 BuzadZic, Mile, 290 Burian, Count Istvan, 14, 263, 371,

417-18

Caburi, Franco, 227, 329 Cacic, Sime, 134, 139 Cadorna, General Luigi, 74-5, 77, 86, 87,

99, 137, 140, 162, 163, 172 Calamento, Val di, 134 Capek, Jan, 117 Capello, General Luigi, 77, 127 Caporetto, battle (1917), 74-82, 99, 101,

102, 113, 120, 133, 140, 142, 151, 162, 178

and 'defeatist propaganda', 75, 76, 105, 182, 188, 437

official investigation into, 74, 76, 77, 78-9

Carinthia, 21 Carniola, 267 Carpathian campaign (1915), 31, 288 Carzano, 131-40, 427

Austrian inquiry into, 133, 138 Carzand trained in Italy, 142ff plot, 133-9 repercussions of, 133, 140ff, 148, 149,

156, 162 Cas, 25 Casoni, Gaetano, 100 Castellare, 139 Castelli, Arturo, 123 Castello Tesino, 290-1, 293 Catanzaro mutiny, 77 Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 360 Cattaro naval mutiny (1918), 153, 257,

265, 372 Cavan, General Lord Frederick, 77, 101,

103,187,188,192,202,302,320-1, 421,437

Cavazuccherina, 230 Cecil, Robert, 221, 222-3, 323 censorship, 4, 22, 27-9, 113, 205, 413

of AH press, 18, 19, 24-7, 35, 211, 219, 283-6,351,352,357,371,373

and AOK press 'index', 286, 314, 373 postal, 92, 100, 282, 295

Cenzato, Gaetano, 100 Chaix, Commandant, 336 Charles, see Karl Chiese, river, 85 Chlumecky, Leopold von, 414 Chytil, Bohumir, 116 Cima Tre Pezzi, 378, 386 Cimone, Monte, 94 Cis, Damiano, 123 Cittaducale (prison camp), 236

Index 469

Cizek, Karel, 233 Clam-Martinic, Count Heinrich, 30 Clemenceau, Georges, 11, 89, 187, 200,

222,260,424 Cockerill, General George, 5, 6, 11, 175 Cocking, Dorothy, 201 Colpi, Giuseppe, 123 Comando Supremo (CS: Italian High

Command), 75, 76, 77, 99, 101, 137, 140,187,210,225,340

and Czech and Yugoslav volunteers, 144, 156-7,159,228,237,238,239,332, 380-1, 385

and military Intelligence, 75, 122-3, 124, 164,202

view of AH in final months, 320, 387, 420-1

view of front propaganda, 98, 112, 127, 128, 144, 149, 155, 159, 160, 161, 162,188,190,195,202,209,235, 242,248,303,306,321,342,369, 421,427,436

see also Badoglio, Cadorna, Diaz Comandini, Ubaldo, 117, 121, 170 Committee on Public Information (CPI),

335-6 Concei, Val dei, 233, 381, 384 Conegliano, 150,374 Congress of Oppressed Nationalities (1918)

expectations after, 200, 211, 218, 220, 221,261

origins of, 180-1, 184, 185 takes place, 191, 195-7, 199, 203, 207,

215, 216, 227 Conrad von Hotzendorf, Field Marshal

Franz, 82,103,139,281,307,435 and army morale, 33-5, 203-4 criticizes AH hinterland, 19, 32, 33-5,

268, 282 dismissed by Emperor, 29, 30, 303, 364 view of enemy prop., 8, 97, 203

Consulta, see Italian Foreign Ministry; Sonnino

Coppola, Francesco, 329-30 Corfu, 63, 115, 194 Corfu Declaration (1917), 118, 136,

177, 178, 179, 181, 188, 212, 227, 332,345

Cormons, 127 Como, Monte, 233 Corriere della Sera, 81, 97, 118, 158, 178,

179,180,206,369,436

470 Index

Carriere della Sera - continued campaigns for prop. against AH, 159-60,

162, 172 campaign against Sonnino, 330, 332,

339-40, 411, 420 Corvara, 134 Co~bu, Gheorghe, 355 Cotru~, A. (Romanian delegate to PC), 206,

207,216,218,334,358,362 Courland,47,49,68 Cremona, 114 Crewe House, see Department of

Propaganda in Enemy Countries; Northcliffe; Steed

Crinis, Walter de, 95 Croatia, 23, 279, 288, 291, 296-7, 316, 413

Diet (Sabor), 23, 350, 351 Croat propaganda

issued by Italy pre-1918, 130 issued by PC, 211-13, 264, 289, 292,

345-52,376,423 Croats, 21, 383

'dual allegiance', 23, 243, 289, 295-6

42HID,276-7,287-99,315,330 in AH army, 31, 33, 35, 113, 144, 177,

192,238,240,241,276-7,304 used in propaganda against Serbia,

63-5 culture, popular in AH, 27-9 Curie, Ante, 381-2 Czechoslovakia, 116, 120, 129, 176,

213-14,293,353,426 and myth of common wartime sacrifice,

9,14,355,382,444 Czechoslovak Legion in Italy, 77, 121, 126,

131, 149, 155-6, 159, 195, 207, 254, 278,301,385,440

AH disinformation against D.R.U.P., 321,384-6,404,416

and combat at front, 374-5, 377-8, 424 established, 157-8, 220 expansion of, 228-9, 240, 383 theme in PC prop., 214, 353, 375, 424

Czechoslovak National Council, 114, 116-17,120-1,205,213,221,228, 240,323,325-6,340,376

Czech propaganda issued by PC, 207, 210, 213-14, 218-19,

221,225,264,353-6,424 issued by Russians, 41, 51-2 in Italy, 116-17, 127, 155-9

on Italian Front pre-May 1918, 116, 128-31,147,154,166,193,194,268

unit on Eastern Front, 41, 51-2 Czech prop. patrols on Italian Front, 112,

142, 144, 145-8, 155, 159, 228-35, 373-9, 381-2

AH response to, 233, 264, 371, 374, 376, 378,382,384,411,429

and dangers of patrol work, 147-8, 231, 235,374,375

effectiveness of, 147-8, 229, 230, 233, 235,299,300,301-2,375-6,378, 384, 442

singing, 142, 145, 148, 177,229,233,376 Czechs, 30, 33

as agents behind enemy lines, 304-5, 379, 383-4, 386-7

in AH army, 21, 32, 33, 34, 75, 125, 127, 133, 134, 136, 138, 145, 147, 177,230,233-5,271,278,290,378, 410, 428

in Bohemia-Moravia, 16, 21, 29, 30, 136, 213,218,285-6,325,353,355

community in Switzerland, 124, 205, 219 memoirs about war, 9, 321

Czernin, Count Ottokar, 46, 48, 49, 54, 59, 68, 69,86,90, 106,193,213,257,360

Czestochowa, 210

D~browski, Henryk, 215, 216 Dalmatia, 21, 112, 114, 118, 119, 163, 179,

203,208,209,264-5,291,372 Daniel, Ute, 3 D'Annunzio, Gabriele, 87, 172, 321,

369-70, 371, 373 Dante Alighieri, 117 Daszyil.ski, Ignacy, 360 Davy, Robert, 414 Deak, Istvan, 31 declaration movement (Yugoslav), 212-13,

265 De Giulli, Ivo, 179, 200, 220, 223, 325 De Laszlo, Philip, 259 Delme-Radcliffe, Brigadier-General

Charles, 75, 78, 99, 101, 102-3, 105, 109,111,192,221,245-6,305,327

character, 188-9 role in Italy's propaganda campaign,

188,190,191,197,198,201,220, 222,225,227-8,332,348,436

De Luca, Benedetto (Romanian delegate to PC),206-7,216,236

De Marchi, Nikola, 240, 241, 256, 380 De Martino, Giacomo, 117 Deneke, 175,205 Department of Propaganda in Enemy

Countries (British EPD), 220-2, 224, 322,326,328,367,420

AH view of, 174, 259-63, 285, 287, 426 and Allied propaganda conferences,

184-5,261,323,335-9,340,365,367 attitude to PC, 227, 332-3, 335, 339 dissolved, 426-7 established, 159-60, 182-3, 434 mythical reputation, 6-9, 11, 174,

200-1, 305 organization, 200-1 and propaganda against Bulgaria, 201 and propaganda against Germany,

200-1, 248, 321 and propaganda against Turkey, 201 tries to sharpen Italy's policy on AH, 322,

326-8, 337-9 see also Steed

desertions Czechs,32,34, 75,125-6,127,129,145,

147,165,229,230,231,268,305, 376, 378, 381, 408

from AH army, 34-S, 75, 125, 142, 143, 153,270,276,278,290-6,299-302, 305,314,367,376,381,405,406, 408-9

'green cadres' (in AH), 296-7, 408 from Italian army, 76, 80, 92, 93, 145,

168, 307 from Romanian army, 54, 70 from Russian army, 41, SO, 54 from Serbian army, 63, 65, 73

De Viti De Marco, Antonio, 117, 195 Diaz, General Armando, 104, 160, 187,

188,189,320,421 appointed Italian chief of staff, 99 and prop. against AH, 149, 161, 162,

198,202,203,237,303,342,369, 370,420

scepticism over Czech Legion, 155, 156, 158., 172, 374

Di Cesaro, Colonna, 116, 180, 195 Dimitrijevic, Dragutin ('Apis'), 72 Dinale, Ottavio, 380 Djuric, Cvijo, 134 Dmowski, Roman, 195 DOHL see German High Command

(DOHL)

Dolezel, 165 Donald, Robert, 260, 263 Donati, Giuseppe, 208, 420 Donauland, 28 Dosso Alto, 378, 424

Index 471

Dragomirov, General A.M., 48, SO Drobac, Ante, 377 Druiina (Czech unit on Eastern Front), 41 Dukhonin, General N.N., 58 Dupont, Major, 127, 145, 229, 241,

374, 377 Diirich, Josef, 129, 166

Eastern Front, 5, 28, 31, 32, 279, 361 Central Powers' propaganda against

Russia, 40-62; AH military qualms about, 45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 59, 435; arguments used in, 41, 42ff, 49, SO, 52, 56-7, 58, 67; armistice offer made, 47-8, 49, 69; campaign launched (1917), 4-5, 11, 42-3; conflict between Germany and AH, 44, 47, 49-50, 54, 62; dangers of propaganda work, 54, 61, 72; distribution, 41, 42, 51, 52; Entente attacked in, 44, SO, 51, 52, 53, 56-7, 58, 61, 62; Germany's initiative, 41-2, 44, 45; guidelines issued, 43-4, 49, 52,56-7,59, 68, 69, ?!;ignored in historiography, 6, 9, 10, 11, 40; interacts with Bolshevik propaganda, 51, 56, 57-9, 439; interacts with Russian hinterland, 49, 53,56-8,61, 62,86, 159,405, 437; myth of, 41, 60-2, 142, 145, 159,182,222,292, 433-4; newspapers used in, 43, 44, 46, 52-7, 62; oral propaganda, 43, 44, 45, SO, 52, 54, 56, 57, 62, 71,437-8; organization, 44-6; pictorial imagery in, 44, 56, 438; pre-1917, 41; results, 'success' of, 10, 40, 45, 48-9,50,54,57, 60-2,63,68,434; against Romanian army, 51, 53-4, 64; subversion in Russian interior, 42-3, 47, 61, 67; against Ukrainians, 51, 70; by wireless, SO, 58, 59

fraternization on, 5, 43, 45, 48, 54, 58, 59-60,272,290

Russian propaganda against Central Powers, 41, 43, 48, SO, Slff, 67, 70, 272; use of Czechs, 41, 45, 51-2;

472 Index

Eastern Front - continued pre-1917, 4, 41; see also Bolshevik

propaganda in Second World War, 2 as theme in Italian prop., 193, 345,

361,423 Echele, Cold', 145, 234 Edgell, G.H. (American delegate to PC),

335,419 education in AH, 32 Edwards, Middleton, 175, 205 Eichhorn, General Hermann von, 345 Eisner-Bubna, Colonel Wilhelm, 27, 42,

311, 414-15 Emanuel, Guglielmo, 159, 178, 185, 188,

197, 337 EPD see Department of Propaganda in

Enemy Countries (British EPD) Epiphany Declaration (1918), 154, 213 Epoca, 329 Ertl, 138 Erveso, Elvezia, 150 espionage, 55, 123-5, 138, 165, 167, 304,

321,373,383-4,386-7 Esterhcizy, Count Moritz, 366 Etna, General, 137, 140 Eugen, Archduke, 280

Fascio della Difesa Nazionale, 158, 180, 195, 196

fascism, in Italy, 10, 140, 441 Feindespropaganda-Abwehrstelle [FAst:

Enemy Propaganda Defence Agency], 32,100,369,370,434-5

arguments in instruction, 274-6, 279, 283,349,410-12

complains at lack of civil action, 413-14 created, 271-4 dissolved, 426 final efforts, 409-14 training courses and network, 273,

275-7,312,409,428 weaknesses of, 271, 273, 274-5, 277-8,

286-7,298,407,409,411-14,440 Fayolle, General Emil, 101 Fedel, Martin, 381-2 Felger, Friedrich, 14 Felix, Jindnch, 377 Feltre, 150 Fenyes, Laszlo, 363, 373 Ferdinand, King of Romania, 53, 357 Ferrari, General, 233-4

Fiala, Peter, 303 film as propaganda, 27, 311 Finzi, Major Cesare Pettorelli Lalatta, 10,

123,126,153,154,161,165,188,240 background, 125 becomes 6th army Intelligence head, 144 and Carzano plot, 133, 135-9, 167, 427 and Pivko's unit in Italy, 140-3, 147-8,

149,155,238,241,302,375,377 and use of prop. against AH, 130, 144,

149,156,160,162,190-2,205, 218,228,233,292,304,373,385, 436, 439

view of AH, 125, 191-2, 320, 387 view of Yugoslavs, 136, 139, 141,

208, 380 Fleischmann, Captain Moritz, 45, 49 Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 343, 423 Fontana Secca, Monte, 95, 319 Fossalta di Piave, 230 Fournol, Etienne, 195, 220, 325 Fourteen Points (Wilson's), 179, 182, 258,

412,418,419 France,24,118-19,120, 121,180,191,193,

195,220,223,224,328,331,338,421 foreign ministry, 116, 220 military Intelligence, 11, 123 and policy on AH, 199, 323-5, 424 prop. activity, 11, 184-5, 187, 195, 201,

249,260,263,335-6 see also French army

Franchet d'Esperay, General Louis, 422 Frankfurter Zeitung, 217 Franklin-Bouillon, Henri, 156, 184, 187,

195,196,200,220,260-1,325 Frankopan, Krsto, 211, 289, 293 Franz joseph, Emperor-King, 21, 29, 186 Frederick II, King of Prussia, 360 French army, 65, 82, 93, 100-1, 102, 144,

147,192,193,197,202,233,290,320 Frenzella, Val, 145, 234, 255 Friedl, 64 front propaganda, 3, 433-44

emerges during First World War, 1-2, 4ff. interwar historiography of, 7-11 recent historiography of, xii, 6-7, 11-12,

174-5 history of, 2 and letter-traffic, 41, 45, 53, 63-5, 84, 92,

93, 95, 151 as 'modern weapon of warfare', 41, 45,

62, 79, 96, 97,160,202,418,436

in war of movement, 5, 52, 55, 422 seen as 'unchivalrous', 8, 10, 40, 55, 61,

96,192,202,260,435 see also under individual fronts,

countries Frydman, Captain (11AK prop.officer),

95-7,436 Funder, Friedrich, 259 Fyfe, Hamilton, 201

Gablenz, Major Richard, 278 Galantai, }6zsef, 12 Galicia, 19, 20, 21, 41, 52, 54, 130, 195,

207,215,257,262,276,285,345, 359-60,409

Gallenga Stuart, Romeo, 160, 178, 184, 189,197-8,204,205,208,225,236, 245,261,331-2,336,340,413,423

Garda, Lake, 79, 85,124,381,383-4 Garruccio, Colonel, 119, 120, 131, 164 gas, 74, 79 Gay, Nelson, 195 Gazzari, }ulije, 119, 164, 202, 237 Gazzetta del Veneto, 92, 150-1 Gazette des Ardennes, 4 Geneva, 119, 175 Genoa, 358 George V, King, 44 German-Austrian propaganda

issued by Italy in early 1918, 152 issued by PC, 209, 217-18, 367-71,

435-6 issued by Russians, 43

German-Austrians, 16, 18, 21, 28, 33, 212, 350,412,426

in AH army, 33, 34-5, 84, 107, 235, 271, 283

German army, 63, 75, 82, 89, 186, 193 German Foreign Ministry, 42-3, 67, 68 German High Command (DOHL), 42, 45,

47,49,55,63-4,90,406 annexationist aims in East, 46-7, 49, 54,

56-7,58,62, 90,112,441 German military Intelligence, 42, 46, 58 Germany, 24, 31, 86, 200-1, 279, 320, 411,

417,419 and patriotic instruction, 272-3,

409, 434 and postwar myth about Allied prop., 8,

10, 14 and prop. abroad, 42, 244 prop. smuggled into via Holland, 175

Index 473

Giardino, General Gaetano, 121, 187, 302 Gibbs, Philip, 108 Giornale d'Italia, 81, 227, 261, 340, 372 Giovannazzi, Giovanni, 124 Giulian front, see Isonzo Gl<)binski, Stanislaw, 360 Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund von, 9, 37, 174,

257,274,275 Glas Slobode, 25 Glas Slovenaca Hrvata i Srba, 285, 286 Gobec, 136 Goiginger, FML Ludwig, 413 Goito, 238 GOmbOs, Gyula, 275 Goog, Roderich, 274, 275 Gorizia, 74, 126, 128, 177 Grac, Josef, 377 Grandi, Luigi, 124 Granello, Luigi, 124, 204, 205, 219, 248 Grappa, Monte, 229, 378 Graz, 267 Graziani, General Andrea, 77, 214, 228,

231,232,234,375-6,385 Great Britain, 24-5, 411

Foreign Office, 182, 183-4, 221-2, 323,328

military Intelligence, 65, 123, 125, 175-6,192,201,217,306

Ministry of Information, 27, 182, 201, 326,413

myth about primacy in wartime prop., 6-9, 10-11, 433

and policy on AH, 179, 183-4, 190, 193, 199,220-3,224,323-6

prop. against AH pre-1918, 175-6 prop. on Western Front, 5, 6, 11, 201,

209,242,248,321 recognizes Czechoslovaks as allies, 326,

337,339,353 role in coordinating prop. against AH,

159, 163, 174-5, 182, 184-95, 197-9,200,204,339

War Office, 5, 175, 186, 188, 189, 201,221

see also British army in Italy; Department of Propaganda in Enemy Countries

Greece, 63, 73 Grossi, Colonel, 197, 198 Grunwald, battle (1410), 215 Gruss, Major (French delegate to PC), 197,

202-3,208,225,420 Gubec, Matija, 211, 351

474 Index

Guest, S.A., 175-6, 200, 242, 336, 365 Guglievic, 3 77 Gulf War (1991), 2

Habsburg dynasty, 28, 217, 263, 275 Habsburg Empire, see Austria-Hungary Hackl, Ernst, 315 Hadifeliigyeleti Bizottsag (HFB:

Hungarian War Surveillance Commission), 25, 27

Hadik, Count Janos, 279 Haften, Colonel Hans von, 42, 43 Hague Convention (1907), 115, 121 Haguenin, Emil, 249, 336 Hajsman, Jan, 25 Haller, GeneralJ6zef, 216, 359 Hanzal, Vojtech, 9, 230, 232, 301, 377,

382,384 Hasek, Jaroslav, 270 Hasse (German Intelligence officer), 67, 70 Heard, Captain W.B., 201 Hertz, Friedrich, 275, 367 Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von, 57,

344,363 Hitler, Adolf, 2, 8, 10, 444 Hlavacek, Frantisek, 9, 149, 163, 170, 207,

214,232,247 deserts, 126 as head of Czech office in Italy, 121, 141,

143, 155-9, 178, 195 Intelligence work for Italians, 126-7,

130-1 Hoberth, Major Eugen von, 409,428 Hocevar, Major Franz, 312 Hoen, GM Max von, 27 Hoffmann, General Max, 43, 218 Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 26 Holland,5, 175,260 homecomers (from Russia), 60, 258, 262,

269-70, 276 Hristic, Major Filip, 195, 202, 419-20 Hungary,28,54, 154,216,274,426

electoral reform, 357, 365-6 emergency legislation in, 18, 22, 23 and food crisis, 22, 279, 282, 365, 406 parliament, 18, 22, 303, 357, 363, 432 Party of Independence (Karolyi), 22,

29,218 Social Democratic Party, 22, 26, 366 wartime regime described, 22-4

Hungarians, see Magyars Hus, Jan, 210, 355, 356, 375

Hussarek, Max von, 398, 424 Hviezdoslav, Pavel, 218

Illuschak, Georg, 404 Illustrowany Kurjer Codzienny, 314, 359 Innsbruck, 27, 102, 124, 165, 187,

267,370 Intelligence (military) see under

Austro-Hungarian, French, Italian, etc. and links to propaganda, 5, 122, 126,

127,162,205,240,436 Ionescu, Take, 355, 357 Ippen, 169 Isonzo, Isonzo front, 74-5, 126-7

lOth battle of (1917), 48 11th battle of (1917), 55, 137 12th battle of (1917), see Caporetto

!stria, 112, 114, 208, 226, 280, 351 Italian army,

Regiments: 141st, 94 Divisions: 14th, 375 Corps: XX, 233-4 Armies: lst army, 77; 2nd, 75, 77, 105,

158; 3rd, 158, 161, 231, 301-2, 374; 4th, 301; 6th, 137, 144, 192, 194, 228; 7th,232;8th, 158

discipline in, 77, 80, 99 High Command, see Comando Supremo losses, 76, 80, 86, lOS material conditions, 77, 99, 289, 307 officers in, 78, 80, 93, 100 morale in, see morale in Italian army propaganda to boost morale, 77-8,

98-100,110,224,307 regeneration after Caporetto, 99-103,

272,434 suspicion of Slavs, 139, 141, 143, 148,

155,165,209,231,234,239,321, 374, 384-6, 435

Italian Foreign Ministry, 113, 114, 117, 120,189,204,329

see also Sonnino Italian Front, 5, 10, 12, 33-5, 40, 45, 74-8,

320-1 AH propaganda against Italy, 78-104,

405-6; aerial prop., 81, 85-6, 98, 102, 106, 415; AH confidence about, 97-8,103,104, 152,292,307,415; aims and arguments of, 78, 80, 81, 86-92,151,233,275,344,375, 416-17,418-19,429,438-9;on Albanian front, 81; avoids

'treasonable' messages, 81, 92, 127, 416; campaign launched, 82, 103; campaign scaled down, 308; at Caporetto, 78-82, 145; dangers of, 79, 94-6, 104; distribution problems, 85-6, 95-6, 307, 415-16, 438; D.R.U.P. disinformation, 321, 384-6, 404, 416; 'duel' with Italian campaign, 97-104, 145, 147, 149, 151,230,234-5,290,306,371,378, 386, 406, 418, 419, 438; effects, 79, 92-8, 103, 145, 147, 159, 181, 417; England attacked in, 80, 88-9, 90, 94, 100, 104, 151, 416, 419; Entente view of, 102-3, 182, 188; exploits enemy press, 89, 210; extent of, 93, 95, 109, 307, 308, 416; failure of, 82, 299, 306-8, 419, 435, 437; final efforts, 415-19, 427; guidelines issued, 80, 82, 84, 88, 91, 306-7, 415, 418-19; ignored in historiography, 6, 10, 11; interaction with Italian hinterland, 80, 81, 86, 93, 159, 415, 437; Italian response to, 97, 104, 159-60, 234, 272, 290, 307-8, 333, 417, 419; oral propaganda, 79,82,85-6,93-5,306, 419, 438; organization, 79, 82, 84, 96, 417; pictorial imagery in, 87, 88, 418; pre-1917, 78, 128; resistance of AH officers to, 95-6, 306, 435; Russian campaign used as model for, 80-1,84,86,93,98, 101,103-4,415, 434, 437-8; via Switzerland, 81, 86; and Venetia, 92

Italian propaganda against AH, 33, 112; acts as catalyst, 267, 287, 298, 300, 377, 387, 442; AH distorted information about, 258-68; and air superiority, 101-2, 104, 150, 209, 438; Allied coordination of, 184-95, 197-9; and Czech emigres, 128-30; attacks Germany, 128, 151, 152, 217-18,343-4,348-9,350,359-60, 367, 424; begins to exploit nationality principle, 128, 152-5, 193-4; calls for coordination of, 159-60, 161; content of prop., 128, 151, 321, 342-3, 353, 439-40, 442-3; and see under nationality: Croat propaganda, etc.; distribution of, 2, 145, 149, 190, 191, 208-9,

Index 475

371-2, 419; distributed over AH cities, 111, 209, 265-6, 267, 303, 321,369-72,413, 414,437,442; early efforts (pre-1918), 35, 127-31, 133, 151, 165-6, 190, 434; exploits AH press, 153, 204, 210, 212, 218, 219, 285, 286, 345, 350ff, 359, 363, 365, 368-9, 372-3, 424; exploits AH parliamentary speeches, 153, 159, 353-4, 357, 360, 363, 424; extent of, 2,209, 210,249,264,342,345,358, 360,362,367, 371-2,416,422; historiography of campaign, 6-7, 9, 11-12, 174-5; impact in AH trenches, 128, 145, 148, 195, 235, 277,293,299-302,303-4,306,342, 362,367,376-7,408,422,438,440, 442-3; impact on AH interior, 159, 209, 264-8, 437; intensified, 149, 161, 264, 421-2; manifestos in early 1918, 149-55; Padua Commission's work, see Padua Commission; pictorial imagery in, 170, 251, 300, 353, 354, 355, 356, 368, 393, 431, 443; press bureau in Berne, 204-5, 219, 285, 344-5, 350, 351, 359, 439; printing of material for, 161, 190, 193,203,208, 345;propaganda patrols, see Czech, Yugoslav, Polish, Romanian propaganda; resistance in Italian armed forces to, 209, 371-2, 420; as response to Austrian campaign, 11, 97, 111, 149, 159-60, 162, 434; role of national emigres in, 160,161,196,198,206,208,210, 225-6,227-8,240,332-5, 420,422; stresses AH weakness, 210, 345; stresses Allied strength, 128, 210, 344, 367, 422; view of AH commanders of, 152, 203, 264, 295, 308,349,360,363,370-1,372-3, 415; see also Ojetti

Italian military Intelligence, 5, 75, 101, 119, 122-31, 187, 189-90, 192, 198, 202,204,205,421

absence in historiography, 122 in Italian 1st army, 100, 123-6, 128, 130,

131, 142, 229, 231, 232-3, 238-9, 378-9,380,386

2nd army, 126, 127 3rd army, 126, 161, 229-31, 240, 330,

380,381,382,386

476 Index

Italian military Intelligence - continued 4th army, 123, 229, 236, 239--40, 374,

378,380,381 6th army, 231, 232, 233-5, 238, 239,

240, 292, 302, 375-6, 380, 382 7th army, 232, 239, 380, 382 8th army, 229, 240, 241, 374, 380 employs Slav deserters, 125-7, 304 and Czechoslovak Legion, 131, 149,

155-6, 228 early prop. manifestos, 40, 116, 127-8,

130-1, 133, 151-S, 160 espionage work, 123-S, 140, 167, 304,

383--4,386--7 interrogation techniques, 125-6, 143, 145 and irredentism, 123-S and manifestos from April 1918, 190,

193,203,219,292,304,342,361 organization of, 122-3 and prop. patrols, 133, 140-1, 142ff, 149,

155,159,215,228-35,236,239-40, 301-2,321,373-9,427

role in boosting Italian morale, 100 see also Dupont, Finzi, Marchetti,

Smaniotto, Vecchiarelli, Vigevano Italian navy, 118, 153, 209, 372 Italian prisoner of war Commission

(Ministry of War), 121, 157 Italian propaganda (in Italian language, for

'enemy' territory) issued by Austrians, see Italian Front: AH

propaganda against Italy issued by Italians 150-1, 361, 369, 370,

372,427 Italians, 218, 275

in AH army, 20, 107, 361 in Tyrol, 20, 123-S, 126

Italy, 33 attitude to Czechs, 116--17, 120-1,

155-9,214,223,231-2 attitude to Yugoslavs, 10, 112-16, 117,

119-20,155,177-81, 195-7,223-S, 226--7,237,241,322,327-32, 337--42, 379, 420, 423, 440-1

efforts to boost domestic morale, 7 6, 170 enters war, 19, 20, 76, 90, 112 and historiography on front prop., 10,

174-5,421 interwar attitude to front prop., 10 and nationality principle, 112-22,

141, 148, 149, 158, 162, 180, 199, 326--7, 341

parliament, 87, 113, 114, 116, 158, 180, 327,430

its prop. organization, 160, 170, 184--S, 189,197-8,204,331,431

war against Turkey (1911-12), 1

Jagiello, Wladyslaw, 215, 216 Jambrisak, Milivoj (Croat delegate to PC),

206,207,208,211,222,226,227-8, 238,240-1,265-6,299,303,310,330, 332,334,335,336,348,379-81,390, 420,441

Japan, 71, 424 Jelacic, Ban Josip, 349 Jelinek, Josef, 378 Jemric, Ljubomir, 276 Jerabek, Leopold, 383 Jerkowitz, 109 Jerusalem, 151 Jews,8,290,315,345,359 Jirasek, Alois, 218 Jirsa, FrantiSek, 136, 377 Joseph, Archduke, 39, 44, 56, 57, 61, 82,

373,408 journalism, see press Judenburg revolt, 262 Jugovic, Majka, 293 ]ung, Ladislav, 381-2

Kafka, Franz, 16 Karl, Emperor-King, 44, 46, SO, 61, 75, 91,

92, 138-9, 183, 212, 217, 222, 257, 263,269,278,303,352,435-6

grants amnesty, 34 introduces constitutional regime to

Austria, 29-30, 284 and manifesto of October 1918, 424 in PC prop., 265, 344, 349, 351, 363, 366,

400,426 Karlovac, 291 Karolyi, Mihaly, 22, 26, 29, 218, 426 Keeley, James, 335-6 Keil, Ernst, 273 Kent, C.S., 15 Kerekovic, Luka, 293-S Kerensky, Alexander, SO, 55, 56, 61 'Kerensky offensive' (1917}, 50-2, 61, 436 KISA, see AH army: Isonzo army Kiszling, Rudolf, 303 Klein, GM, 148 Klima, Auditor, 138 Klimek, Eduard, 234--S

Klobukowski, A., 263, 336 Knott, Lt, 138, 139 Kobylinskij, Moses, 231, 254 Kohoutek, Josef, 134, 136, 142, 232 Kokoschka, Oskar, 16 Kolozsvar, 267, 357 Komilov, Lt-General L.G., 55-6 Korosec, Anton, 212, 227, 265, 267,

286,352 Kosovo,

battle of (1389), 293, 346-7, 349, 394 war (1999), 2, 12

Kossuth, Lajos, 153, 218, 363, 365 Kostrenac, Luka, 290,291-2,294,295,315 Kouba, Lt, 231 Kovacic, Oton, 239, 377, 380 Kragujevac revolt, 276 Kraljevic, Marko, 293 Krak6w,215,257,267,276,359 Kramar, Karel, 21-2, 34, 166, 218, 219 Kraus, Karl, 26, 273 Krauss, General Alfred, 45, 437 Kreuz, Franz, 79, 81, 145, 168 Kriegsarchiv (KA: Austrian War Archives),

28, 32, 273, 413 Kriegspressequartier (KPQ: Austrian War

Press Office), 26-8, 32, 42, 66, 81, 86, 92,150,270,271,272,273,274,276, 277, 284, 410, 413

Kriegsiiberwachungsamt (KUA: Austrian War Surveillance Office), 19, 21, 22, 25,27,66,284

Krobatin, Field Marshal Alexander, 82, 281,382,407-8

Kuhlmann, Richard von, 90 Kujund.Zic, Bogoljub (Serb delegate to PC),

188,206,207-8,210,211,215,222-3, 224,227,241,265-6,324,332,345, 379-80,381,430

Kurjer Lwowski, 286, 359 Kvatemik, Eugen, 293 Kyhos, Vaclav, 378

Lahvicka, Alojz, 138 Lakom, Major, 137 land issue, land reform, 51, 55-6, 57, 58,

59,104,212,276,357,366 Landwehr, General Ottokar, 278-80 Lansing, Robert, 221, 224, 324, 337, 346 Lasic, Stojan (Slovene delegate to PC), 206,

208,210,276,345,367,430 Lasswell, Harold D., xii, 7, 174

Lazar, Prince, 347 Lazzarini, Giuseppe, 126 Legion, Czechoslovak

in France, 120, 141, 156, 323

Index 477

in Italy, see Czechoslovak Legion in Italy in Russia, 52, 120, 130, 220, 353

Legion, Polish, 130, 131, 215, 216, 236, 359,360

Legion, Romanian, 236, 255-6, 358 Legion, Yugoslav, 114, 207, 237-8, 241,

322,340,348,379,382,420 Lemberg, see L'viv Lenin, V.I., 43, 57-60, 345 Leopold, Prince of Bavaria, 48 Levico,96, 135,138,304 Lidove Noviny, 286 Lika region, 193 Likovic, Stjepan, 317 Liptovsky Svaty Mikulas, 355 literacy, 300, 307, 438, 443 Lithuania, 47, 49, 68 Ljubljana, 213, 291, 352

prop. raid over, 209, 265-6, 303, 321, 369,442

Lloyd George, David, 6, 88-9, 90, 152, 158, 179,180,182,427

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 346 London, Treaty of (1915), 90, 112-15,

118, 136, 158, 177, 178-80, 181, 188, 196,224,226-7,320,330,337-8,341, 423,441

Lublin,267 Ludendorff, General Erich von, 8, 10, 44,

47-8,54, 58,61, 64, 67, 68,69 Lukacs, Karl, 410 Liitzow, Heinrich, 116-17 L'viv (Lemberg) 20, 359, 361

Macdonagh, General C.M.W., 186 Mackensen, Heeresgruppe, 51, 53 Mafie (Czech underground organization),

116, 175, 205 Magyar propaganda

issued by Italy in early 1918, 152, 153-4, 194-5

issued by PC, 209, 216, 218, 321, 358, 362-7,376,422,424-5

Magyars, in AH army, 33, 34-5, 39, 96, 137, 194,

271,273,283,349-50,362,426,432 Maljak, Martin, 316 Mangra, Metropolitan of Nagyszeben, 35 7

478 Index

Mantua, 101 M<hamarossziget (trial), 360 Marchetti, Odoardo, 105, 157 Marchetti, Colonel Tullio, 125, 136, 143,

149,239,421 Intelligence network, 123-4, 140, 165,

175,187,204,302 irredentist background, 123 andprop.againstAH,130,131,144,155,

156-7, 158, 162, 188, 190-1, 198, 205,219,228,231-2,233,236,238, 304,320,371,373,377,378,383-4, 386,436

and prop. in Italian army, 100 Marghiloman, Alexandru, 355 Maribor, 21, 133-4 Marie, Queen of Romania, 357 Markovic, BoZidar, 205 Marquet, Captain Alfred von, 407 Masaryk, Tomas, 129, 166, 176, 177, 193,

195, 213, 424 Maso, river, 137, 139-40 Mastalka, Jifi, 136, 167 May Declaration (1917), 30, 136, 267 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 119, 225, 327,

330,339 Mengoni, Mario, 124 MiCic, Mice, 388 Mickiewicz, Adam, 215, 424 Mihaljevic, GM Michael, 288-9 Mihaljovic, Ljubomir, 394 Mikulik, Josef, 381-2, 384 Milan,80, 123,158,164,180,223 'Milan' (Austrian agent), 205 Milosevic, Slobodan, 2 Mindrescu, Simeon, 216, 236, 255, 358 Mirabella, 233, 382 Mirbach, Count Wilhelm von, 345 Mironescu, Gheorghe, 216, 236 Mitchell, C.H., 124-5, 192 Mlejnek, Karel, 134, 135, 138, 139, 142,

167,304,375 mobilization, 2, 4, 6, 76, 436, 439

in AH, 16, 18, 25, 20, 32, 268, 286, 351, 413

Mogliano, 161, 188, 229 Mola, General Armando, 178-9, 180, 243 Moldavia, 53, 55, 262 Montello, 93, 101, 302, 303, 374 Montenegro, 33, 64, 134, 296 Montuori, General, 148, 169 morale in AH army, 31-5, 277, 287ff, 406ff

AOK efforts to improve, 32, 270-1; and see Feindespropaganda-Abwehrstelle

and discipline, 269 and domestic press, 26, 278, 284-6, 410,

412 and effect of enemy prop., 35, 257, 282,

295,299-301,305-6,372-3,377, 408, 442-3

and effect of hinterland, 25, 31-5, 278, 295-6,298,405,407-8,409,411, 412, 442

and food crisis, 33, 35, 278, 280-3, 301, 406,408,411,412,442

andleave,31,35,283,294,295 war-weariness, 33, 34, 301, 406-7

morale in Italian army, 75-8, 92-3, 99-103,195,307-8

British and French stimulus to, 100-2 Italian efforts to improve, 77-8, 272

Moravia, 19, 257 Moreau, Lt, 187, 188 Moslems, 41; see also Bosnian Moslems Mostar revolt, 265 Moysset, Henri, 185 Muskete, Die, 273, 368-9 Mussolini, Benito, 10, 111, 120, 159,

188, 339 Musulin, Alexander Freiherr, 164

Nadasdy, Obstlt, 296-7 Naprz6d, 359 Narodn£ Listy, 219, 286 Naud, Captain, 187, 188, 191, 209, 226 Nedelia, 44, 46, 52 Nedved, Jaroslav, 377 Nepszava,26, 286,366 Netherlands, see Holland Neue Freie Presse, 26, 217, 286, 309, 324, 371 Neue Ziiricher Zeitung, 352 New Europe, The, 177, 328 Nicholas, Grand Duke, 41, 128 Nicholas II, Tsar, 44, 67, 128 Nikolic, Mate, 126, 139, 143, 145, 168, 233,

238,240,315,382 NiS Declaration (1914), 113 Nitti, Francesco, 99, 189, 340, 388 Nivelle offensive (1917), 48, 166 Nocera Umbra Bagni (prison camp), 237,

240,241,346,379,381,382-3 Northcliffe, Lord, 41, 176, 183, 184, 185-6,

187, 188, 190, 197, 323, 326, 332-3, 335,336-7,339,427

Northcliffe, Lord - continued AH view of, 258, 259-62, 263, 272-3,

309,414 appointed to head EPD, 6, 7, 159, 160,

174, 182 mythical reputation, 7, 8, 11, 200, 259,

269, 414 Novy, 139, 165 Nyugat, 26

Oberost (Eastern Command), 43-4, 46, 49 Obilic, Milos, 293 Obzor, 53 O'Donovan, Gerald, 328, 335 Ojetti, Ugo (Italian delegate to PC), 118,

172,195,202,328,433 and control over PC, 203, 205-10, 215,

216,218,265,300,342-3,345,348, 358,362,367,369,371-2,417,419, 420-2,424,425-6,427

asked to coordinate Italian campaign, 160-2, 185, 189

enthusiasm for prop., 161, 299, 303, 321 view of his role, 162-3, 185, 189, 197-8,

203,225,227,240,322,332-S and Yugoslav question, 207, 225-7, 324,

329-31,332,339,340,341,379, 380-1,420,441

Ora, 134-S Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 113, 119, 157,

194,214,255,421 and front prop., 148, 149, 160-1, 185,

188,189,197-8,206,209,227,370, 379,420

and nationality principle, 149, 158, 162, 179-80,181,190,196,199,223, 224, 320, 326-9, 330-2, 339-41, 346,420,423,430,441

becomes Prime Minister, 99 Osterreich-Ungams letzter Krieg (Austrian

official history of the war), 9, 10, 31, 45,48, 70,283,303,375

Osusky, Stefan, 205

Padua, 99,. 101, 160, 189, 197, 224 Padua Commission (PC), 202-20, 222-8,

240,303,326,433 content of manifestos analysed, 209-19,

342-70,417-18,419,422-6,427 dissolved, 427 final efforts of, 417-18, 419, 421-6 first meeting, 202-3

Index 479

Italian dominance of, 203, 208, 225, 419-20

membership of, 197, 206-8, 419-20 planning of, 190-1, 196-7, 198, 208 and sources of information for, 204-6,

219,240,322,424,439 tensions in, 203, 220, 225-8, 322, 331,

332-5,380,390,420,440 Padula prison camp (Salerno), 117, 157,

158,171,228,234 Pajger, Karel, 134, 255, 375 Pajk, BoZidar, 233, 238 Palestine, 215, 422 Pan, Vaclav, 126 Pantano, General, 375 Papafava, Contessa, 225 Papirnik, Antonin, 195 Papric, Stanko, 290, 291 Paprskar, Rudolf, 229, 302, 303, 317 parachutes, 1, 387 Paris, 89, 114, 179, 180, 184, 185-7, 199 Paris Congress (1918), 197, 200, 220, 325,

331,334 Paris Peace Conference (1919), 10,423, 441 Pasic, Nikola, 114-16, 179, 194 Passchendaele, 182 Paterno, Gaetano, 119 patriotism, AH authorities' attempts to

promote, 24ff, 32, 284-7, 371, 413 in education, 32 by film, 27 by literature, 28-9 war artists, 27 war bonds, 28, 37, 413 see also morale in AH army;

Feindespropaganda-Abwehrstelle Pecori-Giraldi, General Guglielmo, 77 Peerz, Rudolf, 275, 287 Pennella, General Giuseppe, 380 Pertica, Monte, 229, 278 Pester Lloyd, 259 Petar Karadjordjevic, King of Serbia, 238,

241,379 Petofi, Sandor, 153, 363, 365, 424, 425 Petr, Rudolf, 386 Petrograd, 42, 47, 55, 57, 115 Petrograd Soviet, 43, SO Petrovic, Dusan, 272, 273, 275, 428 Pflanzer-Baltin, General Karl von, 416 Piave, battle of (1918), 97, 229, 283,

297-8, 308, 320, 342-3, 363-4, 374-6, 406, 437

480 Index

Piave, battle of (1918)- continued 'betrayal of', 293, 294, 301-3 myth of postponement due to prop.,

187-8,194,199,202,299,303,337 Piave, river, 81, 82, 92, 93, 95, 149, 230,

307,421 Pichon, Stephen, 184, 323-4, 325, 346 Pilch, Jeno, 9 Pilsudksi, J6zef, 130, 131 Pivko, Ljudevit, 9, 155, 177, 228, 240-1,

287,304,377,385 background and beliefs, 133-4, 135, 141 and Finzi, 135-42, 168, 191 makes first links to Italy, 134 flees to Italy, 140 links to Slav emigres, 142, 143 prepares Carzano plot, 136-8 recruits volunteers in Italy, 143-4,

168,232,238-9,290,292,294, 380-3,441

reputation, 140, 143 trains unit in Italy, 142-5 work of his unit at front, 140-1, 145-8,

191,194,208,228,231-2,233-5, 290,302,375-6

his writings, 133 Pivkova, Ljudmila, 136 Plesinger-BoZinov, Miroslav, 117 Plhak, Hugo, 256, 377 Plumer, General Herbert, 101, 102, 435 Plzen, 355 Poincare, Raymond, 323, 357 Poles, Poland, 153, 217, 218, 224, 323, 426

in AH army, 20, 35, 216, 224, 282, 305, 376,428

in Galicia, 20, 30, 257 postwar writing about front prop., xii, 9 in Russian army, 51

Polish National Committee, 195, 236, 359,397

Polish propaganda, 267 German threat as theme in, 215,

359-60,424 issued by Austrians on E.Front, 41, 47, 51 issued by Italy pre-1918, 130, 131 issued by PC, 207, 210, 214-16, 224, 264,

358-61,376,424 patrols on Italian Front, 215, 235-6,

240,359 Pop, ~tefan Cicio, 357 Popadic, Bogoljub, 377, 381-2, 384 Popolo d'Italia, II, 111, 159, 339

Popovic, Dejan, 290, 293-5, 296 Popovic, Milica, 291, 293 Posina, Val, 167 Posledniia Izvestiia, 53 Prague, 2, 16, 26, 27, 33, 126, 134, 285,

352,355,378,413,424,426 Prejda, Alexandr, 377, 378 press

in AH, 18, 19, 24, 25, 37, 124, 211, 261, 271,284-6,363

in Italy, 152, 159, 329-30, 339-40 war correspondents, 26 see also under individual newspapers;

censorship; Kriegspressequartier Pribicevic, Svetozar, 23 Pribicevic, Valerijan, 23 Price-Davies, Major-General L.A.E., 199 prison camps,

discussed in front prop., 4, 78, 91, 347-8,359

prisoners of war, 63, 115, 125-6, 130, 197,201

Czechoslovak (in Italy), 117, 120-1, 156-8,203,207,228,385

Italian (in AH), 84, 91, 101, 103, 115, 307 Polish (in Italy), 236, 360, 397 Romanian (in AH), 53 Romanian (in Italy), 197, 216, 236-7 Russian (in AH), 44, 52, 54, 67, 128, 134,

167,398 Serbian (in AH), 64 Yugoslav (in Italy), 114-16, 212, 237-41,

303-4,320,332,348,375,379-80 see also homecomers

propaganda, definition of, 2-4 see also front propaganda; morale;

patriotism Prussia, threat of, used in prop. against AH,

128,151,153,155,215,218,343,344, 363,369,424

psychological warfare, see front propaganda

Pula, 106,111,262,372,427

Radetsky, Field Marshal joseph, 125, 289 Rakoczi, Ferenc, 218, 363 Ramponi, Artemio, 124 Rauchensteiner, Manfried, 12, 31, 321 Ravenna, 106 Rawlinson, General Henry, 187 Ray, Marcel, 367

Reading, Lord, 258 Redlich, Joseph, 19, 28 Reggio Emilia, 208, 209 Reich, Colonel, 273, 274 Reichspost, 414 Reichsrat (Austrian Parliament), 7, 18, 113,

136,153,154,207,213,216,259,284, 303,345,350,353-4,360,424

recalled (1917}, 18, 30 religion, as theme of propaganda, 43, 128,

151-2,210,211,215,346-7,355-6, 358--9

Resnica, 265 Resto del Carlino, II, 329-30, 389 Ridley, Lt Erwin, 267 Riga, 55 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 28 Rimini, 106 Riva, 383 Rodd,Rennell, lOS Rodier, Captain Erich, 104 Roller, Margarete, 275 Romania, kingdom of, 24, 33, 53-4, 88, 90,

102,279,355,357,406 army of, 24, 48, 53-4, 55, 57

Romanian propaganda, 275 issued by Austrians on Eastern Front, 51,

53-4, 64 issued by Italy pre-1918, 130 issued by PC, 207, 210,216-17, 219, 225,

264,355,357-8,422,424 patrols on Italian Front, 236-7, 358

Romanians, in AH army, 34, 74, 167, 192, 217, 236,

255,303,357 emigre organization, 195, 196, 207, 216,

217,358,424 Romanian National Party, 24 in Transylvania, 22, 23-4, 54, 195,

216-17, 357, 426 Romanul, 24 Rome, 114, 116, 195-7, 211, 214, 218--19,

223,358 Ronge, GM Max, 9, 10, 44, 51, 60, 65, 72,

79,82,258,260,261,263,268,270, 302,311,349,414,417,418,419,436

Roosevelt, Theodor, 416 Rosa (Bassano), 143 Rosso, Col del, 82, 101, 147-8, 234,

235,376 Royal Flying Corps (British), 101-2,

371, 401

Rozsypal, Franz, 404 Russia, 33, 90

Index 481

Bolshevik Revolution (1917}, 57-8, 61 February Revolution (1917}, 30,

42-3,434 Provisional Government, 43-4, SO, 55,

57, 58, 61 Russian army, 21, 41-62

Corps: XI, 58; XXIV, 56; XL, 54; XLV, 54 Armies: Sth, 48; 8th, 58; 9th, 58 disintegration, 51, 54-S, 57-9, 61-2, 75,

76,270,275,412-13 Bolshevik propaganda in, 51, SS-9 soldiers' committees, 43, 44, 56, 61

Russian propaganda, see Eastern Front: Russian propaganda against Central Powers

Russki Vestnik, 52, 67 Ruthene propaganda, 154

issued by PC, 195, 360-1, 376, 398 issued by Ukrainians on Eastern Front, 66

Ruthenes (Ukrainians), 30, 195, 252 in AH army, 20, 32, 34, 51, 255, 428 in Galicia, 19, 20 in Hungary, 23

Ruziak, Andrej, 386 Ryant, Jan, 165 Rybka, Josef (Czech delegate to PC), 206,

207, 213, 215 Rygier, Maria, 236, 358

Sabor, see Croatia, Diet (Sabor) sabotage behind enemy lines, 304-S, 373,

383-4,386,432 Sacchi, Filippo, 205 St POlten, 267 Salonika, 63, 115, 141

and see Balkan Front Salvemini, Gaetano, 113, 116, 117, 118,

119, 120, 158, 161, 162, 180, 195, 208,224,226,244,248,328,329, 330,331

Sanders, Michael, xii, 3, 7 San Francesco, 234-S Santa Maria Capua Vetere (prison camp),

117,236,397 Sarkotic, General Stjepan, 20, 264-S,

277,280 Sarrail, General Maurice, 63 Scarpa, Gino, 117 Scheuchenstuel, GO Count Viktor, 82,

88,282

482 Index

Schlosser, Lt Oskar, 370 Schneller, Karl, 37 Schnitzler, Arthur, 28, 38 Scholtz, General Friedrich von, 63-4 Scialoja, Vittorio, 76 Schwarz, Captain Geza, 406-7 Scorluzzo, Monte, 85 Seba,Jan, 195,254,374 Sebenico, 106 Secolo, 159, 160 Secrets of Crewe House (by Stuart), 7, 15,

174, 201 Seidler, Baron Ernst von, 30, 212, 259, 350,

354,360,398 Serbia, 16, 31, 33, 426

emigres in Switzerland, 119, 124, 205,248

government (in exile), 113-16, 177, 179,325

occupied territory, 62-5, 115, 276, 278, 296,422

parliament (Skupstina), 194, 195 and Yugoslav prisoners, 115-16

Serbian army, 2, 23, 62-5, 73, 115, 212, 237,238-9,379

Serbian propaganda issued by Austrians, see Balkan Front issued by PC, 211, 346-7, 422, 423

Serbian Society of Great Britain, 176-7

Serbs, 238-9, 242, 383 in AH army, 20, 21, 32, 34, 288 in Bosnia, see Bosnian Serbs in Croatia, 23

Seton-Watson, R.W., 21, 176-7, 178, 183, 185-6, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 204-5,227,322,323-4,328,335, 336,337

Siciliani, Colonel Domenico (official head of PC), 197, 198, 202-3, 227, 228, 331, 333,334,336,420

Sief, Monte, 134 Silvio a Prato, Baron, 124 Sinigallia, 106 Sisemol, Monte, 290 Sixtus Affair, 217, 351, 400 Skerlecz, Ivan, 23 Slovaks, 386, 404

in AH army, 157, 262 in Hungary, 22, 23-4 in PC propaganda, 213, 353, 355

Slovenec, 212, 267, 286, 314

Slovene propaganda issued by Italian Intelligence, 154-5 issued by PC, 208, 210, 212-13, 265, 345,

352,422,423 Slovenes, 195, 383

in AH, 20-1, 29, 30, 212, 218, 285-6, 352 in AH army, 33, 35, 107, 113, 136, 140,

144,177,192,238,239,240,242, 283,410

memoirs about war, 9, 321 see also Pivko

Smaniotto, Colonel Ercole, 155, 160, 161, 188,191,229-30,231,240,377

Smarda, Jan, 383-4, 385 Smodlaka, Josip, 21 Sobotka, Josef, 382 socialism, socialist propaganda, 42, 56, 75,

76,80,86,89, 199,232,258,261,269, 270,274,275,285-6,294,352,359, 365-6,367

Sokols, 133, 143, 144, 353 Solarolo, Monte, 109 Sonnino, Sidney, 87, 99, 119, 193, 204

under attack in press, 328, 339-41 and Czechs, 120-1, 156, 157, 158,

172, 214 insistence on Treaty of London, 112-13,

118, 181, 185-6 and Italy's prop. campaign, 189, 193,

194,196,209,390,420 policy towards AH, 113, 199, 223, 224,

305,323,326,330-2,341 and Yugoslav prisoners, 114-16, 237-8

Soretic, FML, 295, 297, 298 Spa (German GHQ), 217, 349, 363 Spingardi, General Paolo, 121, 157, 171, 238 Split, 21 ~razzi di Luce (KISA newspaper), 93 Srob;h, Vavro, 355 Stacu, Juraj, 252 Stampa, La, 329 Stanek, Frantisek, 354, 424 Steed, Henry Wickham, 7, 9, 10, 174,207,

227,258,331,333,335,441 acknowledges Italy's work with front

prop., 189-90 and belief in prop. weapon, 177-8,

192-3,199,267,346,387,427 dominates EPD, 182-3 exploits myths about prop., 187-8, 193,

194,199,222,299,300,303,304-5, 337,443

and Italian-Yugoslav agreement, 159, 177-9,180-1,185,243,244

and mission to Italy, 185-99, 200, 202, 206,209,226,229

view of AH, 176, 199 works to change Allied policy on AH,

183-4,190-1,199-200,201,221-2, 322-7,328,337-8,341,431

Stefanik, Milan, 116-17, 155, 157, 158, 195,207,214,220,376

spreads manifestos over Italian front, 128-30, 166, 177

Stetina, Viteslav, 290-1, 293, 294 Stinny, Karel, 230, 301-2, 303 Stipetic, Major Wilhelm, 63-5 Stoccareddo, 145-8, 191, 194 Stockholm, 47 Stager-Steiner von Steinstatten, GO

Rudolf, 258, 270, 274, 371 Stone, Senator, 258 Storch, Alois, 383-4, 410 Stransky, Adolf, 353, 373 Stransky, Antonin, 136 Suaia,285,350, 410 Strossmayer, Josip, 211 Stuart, Campbell, 7, 9, 10, 174, 200,

201,336 Stiirgkh, Count Karl, 18-19, 21, 29, 32 Styria, 21 Sugana, Val, 82, 131, 134-7, 140, 304 Supilo, Frano, 21, 176 Susnjak, Juraj, 276-7 Sustersic, Ivan, 21, 265, 267 Svacic, Petar, 293 Svetec, Franjo, 293, 294-5 Switzerland, 3, 5, 42, 81, 117, 119, 123,

175,201,204-5,260,262,367 Szuber, Antoni (Polish delegate to PC), xii,

9,206,207,236,334,358,360-1,430

Tagliamento, river, 74, 81 Tarnopol, 54, 207 Tavcar, Ivan, 21, 267, 310 Taylor, Philip M., xii, 3, 7 Telve, 137, 138, 140 Terlecki, Captain, 46 Tertii (Polish MP), 360 Teschen, 30-1 Tezze, 304 Thaon di Revel, Admiral Paolo, 209,

227,372 Thimme, Hans, xii, 11

Index 483

Thomas, Albert, 195, 199-200, 220, 358 Times, The, 7, 159, 176, 182, 222,

258, 341 Tione, 123 Tisza, Count Istvan, 16, 22, 24, 29, 153,

154,366,426,432 Tobek, Frantisek, 383 Toggenburg, Count Friedrich,

284-5, 286 Tomba, Monte, 101 Tonale pass, 85, 232, 239, 302 Torre, Andrea, 180-1, 195, 196, 197, 227,

331,346 Torretta, Marchese della, 121 Tosi, Luciano, xii, 12 Tosti, Amedeo, 100 Trampa, 138 Transylvania, 24, 54, 195, 262, 267, 357 trench newspapers, 100, 271, 311, 442 Trentino offensive (1916), 74, 123, 124,

125, 127 Trento,6,92, 112,134,136,137,223,338,

369,386,427 Tresic-Pavicic, Ante, 21, 172, 193, 294 Treves, Frederick, 188 Trieste, 86, 92, 106, 112, 124, 223, 257,

280,338,351,369,427 Trinajstic, Dinko, 202, 209, 226, 237, 381 Trotsky, Leon, 59, 90 Trumbic, Ante, 21, 114, 176, 196, 197, 198,

200, 220, 223, 227, 326, 336 and Allied recognition of Yugoslavs, 325,

327,332,379,423,431 and Corfu Declaration, 177 efforts to create Yugoslav Legion, 114,

237,335,379,380 makes informal agreement with Italy,

178-81,226 role in Italian prop. campaign, 202-3,

207-8,209,211,212,223,240, 265-7, 327, 342, 348-9, 380-1, 423,441

Tugurio camp, 144, 148, 193, 234, 238, 239, 240, 403

Turin, 76, 208 Turkey, 1, 41,129,201,211,215,422 Turold, Dr, 138 Tyrell, William, 182 Tyrol, 20, 75, 82, 123-6, 187

Dbersberger, Hans, 275 U-boat war, 80, 90, 108, 154, 434

484 Index

Udine, 122 Ukraine, 55, 90, 149, 151, 215, 257,

279-80,345,360-1,369,406 Ukrainians in AH, see Ruthenes Ukrainians in Russia, 51 L'Unita, 113, 117, 328 United States of America, 7, 118, 128, 179,

182, 195, 220-1, 258, 260, 275, 324, 335-6,340,418

theme in PC prop., 210, 221, 324, 344, 388,419,423,424

Urban, 138 Urmanczy, Nandor, 363 Uskub [Skoplje], 64

Vacha, Bohumil, 375, 384 Val Bella, Monte di, 101, 234, 293-4, 316,

353,375-6 Valcamonica, 165 Valiani, Leo, 12, 120 Varazdin, 351 Vecchiarelli, Major, 155, 232, 377 Venetia,82,90,93, 101

life in occupied Venetia, 150, 169, 280-1,307

target of prop. by AH and Italy, 92, 103, 108,150-1,361,386-7

Venice, 102, 111, 161, 190, 208 Venkov, 286 Vemcesi, Emesto, 205 Verona, 123, 125, 140, 141, 143, 167,

231-2,239 Versailles, 99, 199 Versailles Declaration (1918), 214-15,

220,223,224-5,228,305,322,323-4, 328,359

Veselko-Sedlecky, Ludvik, 142, 316 Vesely, Karel, 116-17, 120, 127 Vicenza, 75, 135 Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, 88,

188,376 Vidale, GM Julius, 283 Vidmar, Stane, 143, 144, 193, 232, 237,

238,240,241,377,380,381,382 Vienna, 2, 16, 18, 27, 29, 257, 259, 273,

350, 413 prop. raid over, 267, 321, 369-71, 414

Vigevano, Colonel Attilio, 123, 145, 155, 156,229,239,377

vuag, 314, 363, 365 Villari, Luigi, 10 Visconti Venosta, 99

Vittorio, 150 Vittorio Veneto, battle of (1918), 10, 419,

421,426 Volja Naroda, 351 Vojvodina, 25, 115 Vondracek, ]aromir, 126 Vopcilensky, Vaclav, 386 Voska, Emanuel, 404 Vozniak, Franz, 377 Vuia, Traian, 217 Vuletic, Delimir, 377 Vycital, Rudolf, 377, 383

Waldstatten, Colonel Alfred von, 49, 307 Waldstatten, Egan Freiherr von, 273-5,

277,278,283,409,412,414,426 Wallachia, 53-4 Wanderscheck, Hermann, 10 war aims of belligerents, 4, 114, 116,

117, 131, 154, 177, 179, 182, 214-15,221,223,224,322,324, 360,423,434

Weber, Max, 275 Weiskirchner, Richard, 16, 345 Weil, Lt Franz, 95 Wekerle, Sandor, 366 Wellington House, 28-9, 175 Wells, H.G., 201 Werkmann, Karl, 275 Western Front, 5, 48, 55, 86, 89, 101, 103,

128,129,182,187,193,195,202,320, 406, 411, 421

British (and French) propaganda against Germany, 5, 8, 11, 40, 187, 201, 209,321

German propaganda against Allies, 4, 40, 175

as theme in ltalian/PC prop., 193, 210, 343,350,393,422-3

White Mountain, battle (1620), 214 Whittal, Hugh, 175 Wicht!, Friedrich, 350-1, 373 Wiegele, Zdravko, 256 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 46, 50, 128, 217, 222,

259,343,345,349,351,363 Wilson, Woodrow, 4, 116, 128, 152, 158,

174,179,180,210,221,258,344,411, 412,418-19,426

Windischgratz, Prince Ludwig, 279 Witold, 215 women,85, 150,194,275,297 Wurm, GO Wenzel, 82

Yugoslavs, Yugoslavia, 30, 129, 131, 176, 212,224,293,323-4,426

myth of common wartime sacrifice, 9 potential for front prop. amongst, 177,

225, 289, 295-6, 305, 320 presence in AH army of, 290-2, 293-5,

305, 329-30; see also Pivko Yugoslav agitation in AH, 21, 30, 193,

212-13,218,227,265,285-6, 290-1,296,315,351-2

Yugoslav 'ideal' discussed, 136, 194, 211, 238-9,241-2,341-2,383,441

Yugoslav Committee, 324-5 discussed in Italy's manifestos, 203, 209,

211-12,223,265,327,341,346,348 founded (1915), 114 relations with Italy, 113-14, 119-20,

141,178-81,196-7,202-3,211-12, 223-4,226-8,327,390,441

relations with Serbian government, 114, 118, 136, 177, 179

and Yugoslav volunteer troops, 237-8, 240-1, 335, 379-81, 382

see also Trumbic Yugoslav propaganda,

issued by Italian Intelligence, 154-5, 193,194,203

issued by PC, 207-8, 209, 210, 211-13, 217,225,265,324,342,345-52, 372,423,442

patrols on Italian Front, 112, 140-1, 144, 237-41,290,375,380-3

Ypres, 55

Index 485

Zagreb,27, 211,290,349-50,424,426 prop. raid over, 209, 265-6, 321,

369,442 Zahradnik, Isidor, 153 Zak, Artur, 304 Zamorski, Jan (Polish delegate to PC),

206,207,215-16,224,228, 236,334,358-9,360

Zanon, Mansueto, 124, 187, 302 Zanotti-Bianco, Umberto, 117, 208,

420,430 Zborov, battle of (1917), 52,

112, 120 Zbruch, river, 55 Zebio, Monte, 142 Zeidler, Franz, 276 Zeller, 64 Zeman, Antonin, 377 Zendron, Ludwig, 315 Zeni, Luisa, 124 Zernetz, 124 Zincone, Brigadier Attilio, 137,

139-40 Zita, Empress-Queen, 263, 351 Zivin, 42-3, 67 Zoglauer, Lt-Colonel Arthur von,

271,273 Zopff, Colonel, 187 Zrinjski, Nikola, 211, 289,

293,351 Zurich, 124, 175 Zvonarevic, Bozidar, 290, 293, 294 Zweig, Stefan, 28