PRESENTATION

ON

Antibiotics

Presented by:

Devendra Kumar

(M.Sc. Biotechnology)

Enrollment No. 1386/14

Beginning of antibiotics

What is Antibiotics ?

Classification of Antibiotics

Antibiotic indications

Antibiotic Resistances and Cross Resistances

Antibiotics side effects

Unconsciousness of Patients

My Opinions

Key points :

The discovery of

penicillin has been

attributed to Scottish

scientist Alexander

Fleming in 1928 and

the development of

penicillin for use as a

medicine

The term antibiotic was

coined by “Selman

Waksman” in 1942.

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Beginning of Antibiotics

Antibiotics Development

Substances derived from a microorganism or produced synthetically, that destroys or inhibits the growth of a pathogenic organism and used in internal and external infection

some antibiotics are produced by microorganisms, most are now manufactured synthetically

Antibiotics

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Classification of antibiotics :

Antibiotics are classified several ways.

On the basis of mechanism of action

On the basis of spectrum of activity

On the basis of mode of action

On the basis of mechanism of action:

Cell Wall Synthesis inhibitors:

Penicillin

Cephalosporins

Vancomycin

Beta-lactamase Inhibitors

Polymycin

Bacitracin

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

Inhibit 30s Subunit

Aminoglycosides (gentamycin)

Tetracycline

Inhibit 50s Subunit

Macrolides

Chloramphenicol

Clindamycin

Streptogramins

DNA Synthesis Inhibitors

Fluor quinolones (ciprofloxacillin)

Metronidazole

RNA synthesis Inhibitors

Rifampin

Mycolic Acid synthesis inhibitors

Isoniazid

Folic Acid synthesis inhibitors

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

On the basis of spectrum activity :

Broad spectrum antibiotics :Amoxicillin

Tetracycline

cephalosporin

Chloramphenicol

Erythromycin

Short spectrum antibiotics:Penicillin –G

Cloxacillin

vancomycin

Bacitracin

Fluxacillin

On the basis of mode of action:

Bacteriostatic antibiotics Tetracycline

Chloramphenicol

Erythromycin

Lincomycin

Bactericidal antibiotics

Cephalosporin

Penicillin

Erythromycin

Aminoglycosides

Cotrimoxazole

Antibiotics indications:

Pneumonia

Sepsis

Meningitis

Osteomyelitis

Urogenital Infections

Gall Infections

Quinsy

Skin Infections

Mucous Membrane

Infections

Scarlet Fever

Diphtheria

Siberian Ulcer

Gynecologic Infections

Syphilis

Respiratory Infections

ENT Infections

Fungous Infections

Antibiotics resistance

If the concentration of drug requires to inhibit or kill the

microorganism is greater than normal use then the

microorganism is considered to be resistant to the drug.

The ability of a microorganism to produce a protein that

disables an antibiotic or prevents transport of the antibiotic

into the cell.

It is a contributing factor to the creation of multidrug-

resistant bacteria, informally called "super bugs" relatively

harmless bacteria

Cross-resistance

Cross-resistance to a particular antibiotic

that often results in resistance to other

antibiotics, usually from a similar chemical

class, to which the bacteria may not have

been exposed.

Cross-resistance can occur, for example, to

both colistin and polymyxin B or to both

clindamycin and lincomycin.

Methods of generating new antibiotics

From natural and derivatives compounds

e.g.- Fungi, bacteria, plants etc.

From synthetic compounds

e.g.

Chemical synthesis

Combinatorial chemistry

Recombinant DNA technology

Genomics

Combinations e.g.- Amoxycillin + Clavulanic acid

Causes of Antibiotic resistance

Antibiotic resistance comes mainly because of

inappropriate or improper use of antibiotics by

physicians

Many doctors prescribed antibiotics in viral

disease without test

Viral illness needs time to heal, antibiotic can

not help to cure this illness

The misuse or overuse of antibiotics, may

produce serious effect on health.

Antibiotics side effects:

The most common side effects of

antibiotics :

Diarrhea

Bloating and indigestion

Abdominal pain

Loss of appetite

Being sick

Feeling sick

Itchy skin rash

Coughing

life-threatening allergic reaction

Unconsciousness of Patient

Without proper direction

the patient take the drug.

They do not maintain the

dosage intervals and

complete the dose.

Patient stop the drug when

feel better.

My Opinion

The doctor must be concern about the disease whether

it viral or bacterial.

They should not prescribed the drug without test or

over sure .

The pharmacist should also more conscious about the

dose ,drug interaction, resistant and hypersensitivity

of the drug .

The patient should strictly maintain the suggestion of

the pharmacist.

Choose the Appropriate Antibiotic

Think before prescribing Are we using Right drug for the Right bug ?

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Thank you