Ancient GreeksAncient Greeks

– Greece arose through migrations of many people Greece arose through migrations of many people many surrounding civilizationsmany surrounding civilizations

– Two major tribes arise…Two major tribes arise…

1.1. MycenaensMycenaens

2.2. DoriansDorians

From these two tribes two great states will appearFrom these two tribes two great states will appear

1.1. SpartaSparta

2.2. .Athens.Athens

What does Hellenic Mean?What does Hellenic Mean?

Through cultural diffusion of people traveling Through cultural diffusion of people traveling from Egypt, and Mesopotamiafrom Egypt, and Mesopotamia

a rich mixture of culture arose and formed a rich mixture of culture arose and formed early Greek or HELLENIC Culture.early Greek or HELLENIC Culture.

Greeks called their religion HellasGreeks called their religion Hellas

1200s B.C.1200s B.C.

Rise of the PolisRise of the Polis

– Polis means “City State”Polis means “City State”

– City States---City States--- independent independent citiescities

Have their own Have their own governments andgovernments and

culturescultures

Built in the same area Built in the same area but but

independent of one independent of one another.another.

Life in Ancient Greece

Religion Greeks were Polytheistic

Worshipped major

Deities in the Pantheon

Greeks believed different Gods

controlled different aspects of life

The PantheonThe Pantheon

ZeusZeus King of GodsKing of Gods

God of Sky, lightningGod of Sky, lightning

rain; rain;

HeraHera Goddess of MarriageGoddess of Marriage

virtue, women, virtue, women,

childbirthchildbirth

AthenaAthena Patron Goddess of Patron Goddess of

Athens, WarAthens, War

HermesHermes Protector of Flocks Protector of Flocks andand

Shepherds, Shepherds, travelers;travelers;

AphroditeAphrodite Goddess of Love Goddess of Love and and

BeautyBeauty

ApolloApollo God of Prophecy,God of Prophecy,

Medicine, archery, Medicine, archery,

courage and wisdomcourage and wisdom

ArtemisArtemis Goddess of the huntGoddess of the hunt

protectress of youth protectress of youth

beautybeauty

PoseidonPoseidon Producer of thunderProducer of thunder

shaker of the earthshaker of the earth

God of the SeaGod of the Sea

Various Festivals took place in honor of Various Festivals took place in honor of certain gods and goddesses.certain gods and goddesses.

DelphiDelphi Location of the TempleLocation of the Temple

built in honor of Apallobuilt in honor of Apallo

Became a religious and Became a religious and

commercial center.commercial center.

OracleOracle Religious counselorReligious counselor

Persian Wars

546 B.C. Cyrus the Great

of Persia conquers

Ionia. (Western Turkey)

499 b.c. Ionia revolts

Darius I Persian King. Puts down

revolt.

Ionians were aided by

Athenians

490 B.C.490 B.C. Darius tries to punishDarius tries to punish

Athens for helpingAthens for helping

IoniaIonia

AthensAthens Defeats Darius’ armyDefeats Darius’ army

at the battle of at the battle of

Marathon.Marathon.

XerxesXerxes Darius’ sonDarius’ son

XerxesXerxes Attacked AthensAttacked Athens

480 b.c.480 b.c.

Sparta aided AthensSparta aided Athens

Defeated Persians at Defeated Persians at

the Battle of Salamisthe Battle of Salamis

After PersianAfter Persian

WarsWars Athens formed Athens formed thethe

Delian LeagueDelian League

Delian LeagueDelian League Alliance of manyAlliance of manyGreek City StatesGreek City States

Athens came toAthens came tocontrol the leaguecontrol the league

SpartaSparta Refused to joinRefused to joinSet up their ownSet up their ownalliance known asalliance known as

Peloponnesian LeaguePeloponnesian League

Athens and SpartaAthens and Sparta

Athens and Sparta were the two greatest Athens and Sparta were the two greatest City States of Ancient Greece.City States of Ancient Greece.

1200s-800s B.C.1200s-800s B.C.

Life during these times was Chaotic.Life during these times was Chaotic.Homer’s Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyIliad and Odyssey were written were written

during this timeduring this time

SpartaSpartaLocation:Location: Peloponnesus PeloponnesusFoundersFounders: Dorians: DoriansEconomyEconomy:: Agriculture AgricultureLabor:Labor: Helots Helots

(slaves)(slaves)

Social OrderSocial Order: Military : Military SocietySocietyMilitary Training begins atMilitary Training begins at

Age 7.Age 7.Ages 20-30 Men did militaryAges 20-30 Men did military

field servicefield serviceAges 30-60 Men married Ages 30-60 Men married

andandlived in lived in

barracksbarracks

Athens

Location: Attica Penin

Founders: Mycenaeans

Economy: Seafaring

traders

Labor: Commoners

Social Order: Private Educ

males 7-18

Math, literature, music, and

Rhetoric.

Military Service 18-20

Age of Pericles

Pericles 461-429 B.C.

Golden Ages of Greece

New Interest in The Arts Parthenon and Acropolis

both built during this time

Greek Philosophy

Philosophers Scholars who analyze the

process of reason.

These men refused to believe that the world was controlled

by the Gods

Democritis Studied Composition of matter

and the AtomHippocrates Studied and applied philosophy

to physics, biology, and chem

Pythagoras applied Philosophy to geometry

music theory and astronomy Sophists

Sophists Philosophers who turned their

away from science and philosophy

and studied politics, law and rhetoric.

Many philosophers rejected sophist

ideas. Said they were narrow minded

and materialistic.Anti-Sophists Focused their studies on truth, justice

ethics and beauty

Socrates

Plato

Aristototle Three Famous Anti-Sophist PhilosophersSocrates Socratic Method

Socratic Method Teaching through

questioning. Never giving

answers.Socrates Put to Death For corrupting the youth of Athens

Plato Student of Socrates

Wrote “Platos Republic”

Described the perfect ruler as

a philosopher monarch

The Academy Platos school.

Science, Math, Ethics, Logic

RhetoricTeacher of Aristotle

Aristotle 384-322 B.C.

Focused his teachings on

logic.Excellence is an art won by training and habituation. We do not act rightly because we have virtue or excellence, but we rather have those because we have acted rightly. We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.

Studied in the Academy

for over 20 years

King Philip Macedonia Invited Aristotle to tutor his

son AlexanderAlexander the Great Became a great student of

Aristotle

335 B.C. Established the Lyceum

Alexander the Great Son of Philip II of Macedonia

356-323 B.C.

Became Ruler of Macedonia

after his father was assassinated in

336. Alexander was only 20

Alexander became a very accomplished military general and conquered one of the largest empire of the time.

After Alexanders death in 323

his empire was broken up into Macedonian, Asian, and Egyptian

dynasties.

Other Types of Philosophy 1. Cynicism

2. Stoicism

3. Epicurianism

Cynicism Happiness is achieved by

cultivating virtue and self-control

Stoicism Happiness is achieved by

controlling emotion and having

a reasonable outlook on lifeEpicurianism Knowledge is based

on your senses

Spread of Hellenistic Civilization

Hellenistic Refers to the blend

of culture after the

power of the city-state

faded and Alexander

took over much of the

territory.

Hellenistic Scholars 1. Euclid

2. Aristarchus

3. Archimedes

Euclid Geometry

Aristarchus Earth Orbits the Sun

Archimedes Simple Machines

water displacement

ROME

Latin Tribe Founded Rome in

753 B.C.7th to 1st Cent B.C. Military Generals conquered the

entire Italian Peninsula, Sicily,

and Carthage.Government during this time, government went from

monarchy to republic to

dictatorship

Etruscan Kings Overthrown 509 B.C. Overthrown by the

Senate.

Birth of the

Roman RepublicBy 200s B.C. Rome had conquered most of Northern Africa, Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean Region.

Romans adopted many parts of Greek Culture

Architecture Built the Circus Maximus and Colosseum

Circus Maximus could hold up to 250,000 people.

Roman Government

Patricians Wealthy Romans who controlled the Senate

Created the Laws

Consuls Two were elected annually

Military Generals served

as the Executive Branch

Plebians Second class common citizens

paid taxes, did military service

but no voice in government

By 400s B.C. Plebians demanding a say in

government. Demanding

laws be written down and

made public450 B.C. Laws of the twelve Tables

Created.Laws of Twelve Tables Laws of Rome, written and placed in the forum

Became the basis of the Roman

legal system

Plebians Granted the right to have

and assembly.

their assembly was known as the Assembly of TribesTribunes elected reps of the A of T who could address their concerns in the senate

366 B.C. Tribunes could be elected

as consuls287 B.C. Assembly of Tribes granted the right to make the laws in the Senate

Punic Wars 264-146B.C. Between Rome and Carthage

for territory.

Second Punic War

Most Famous Hannibal---General of Carthage

Scipio---General of RomeHannibal Tries a sneak attack on Rome

Marched thousands of men and forty elephants over the Alps, to attack Rome from the North.

most of the elephants died

attack failed

Third Punic War 149-146 B.C. Rome destroys

Carthage, sells people into slavery

End of Roman Republic 1st Century--- Much warfare and high taxes. Wealthy Landowners were the only ones making money on their

LatifundiasLatifundias Large Roman Estates

Political Unrest Gaius Marius and Lucius Sulla

Marius 104-100 B.C. Created Professional Army

Sulla Overthrew Marius and took over in

88 B.C.

Sulla Got rid of all plebians from leadership.

70 B.C. Gnaeus Pompey, Marcus Crassus and Julius Caesar Form the FIRST TRIUMVIRATE

Restored Stability to Rome.

Crassus Dies in Battle. 53 B.C.

Caesar Conqueres Northern Europe

Pompey Feared Caesars Power Afraid he would overthrow the

government. Pompey and the Senate ordered Caesar to leave his army and return to Rome

Caesar Battles Pompey 49-45 Civil War

Chases Pompey through Egypt and

through Northern Africa, and back to

Europe into Spain. Conquers

Pompey

While in Egypt he makes Cleopatra

His Mistress and Queen.

44 B.C. Senate makes Caesar Dictator for

LifeReforms of Caesar Changed Tax Structure

Redistributed Land

Expanded Citizenship

Reformed the Calendar

Fear of Caesar Senate feared his power and popularity.

44 B.C. Caesar is assassinated by members of the Senate

Civil War Again Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, and Octavian were supporters of Caesar

2nd Triumvirate These men defeated Caesars enemies

Octavian Caesars Nephew

Removed Lepidus from Power and Began Civil war with Marc Antony

Octavian Chased Antony down to Egypt. Marc Antony had take Cleopatra as his Mistress

Battle of Actium 31 B.C. Marc Antony and Cleopatra defeated by Octavian

Roman Republic Comes to an End 27 B.C. Octavian Takes on Title

Caesar Augustus (Exalted Emperor)

Continued Caesars Reforms Oversaw the Golden Age

Otherwise known as the Pax

Romana. 200 Years of Roman

PeaceSecured the Borders

Created Road Network

Postal System

Encouraged Roman Art and Architecture