anatomy & physiology lecture notes - ch. 1 introduction
DESCRIPTION
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Ch. 1 Warm-Up
1. How is anatomy different from physiology?
2. What are the levels of organization of the human body from smallest largest?
3. List the 11 organ systems of the body.
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Ch. 1 Warm-Up
1. List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life.
2. List the survival needs of the body.
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Ch. 1 Warm-Up
1. What is the anatomical position? Describe or draw it.
2. How are the following cuts or planes made?
a) Frontalb) Obliquec) Transversed) Sagittal
3. What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts?
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The Human Body: An OrientationChapter 1
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Objectives:
•Explain how structure complements function
•Name the levels of structural organization•List the functions necessary for life•List the survival needs of the body•Define homeostasis and explain its
significance•Use correct anatomical terms to describe
the body
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•Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
•Physiology: the function of the body parts
•Complementarity of Structure & Function▫What a structure can do depends on its
specific form▫“Structure dictates function”
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Subdivisions of Anatomy•Gross or Macroscopic
▫parts visible to naked eye▫eg. regional, surface, systemic
•Microscopic▫Cytology: study of cells▫Histology: study of tissues
•Developmentaleg. embryology – study changes that occur before birth
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Physiology
•Focuses on events at cellular or molecular level
•Chemical & physical principles
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Levels of Structural Organization•chemical cellular tissue organ
organ system organism
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Overview of Organ Systems
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Overview of Organ Systems
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Overview of Organ Systems
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Overview of Organ Systems
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Overview of Organ Systems
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Overview of Organ Systems
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Necessary Life Functions for Humans1. Maintaining boundaries (inside vs. outside)2. Movement (internal & external)3. Responsiveness: sense changes and respond4. Digestion: break down foods for absorption5. Metabolism: all chemical reactions in body6. Excretion: remove wastes7. Reproduction: cell division, whole organism8. Growth: increase in size/part
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Survival Needs
•Nutrients•Oxygen•Water•Normal Body Temperature (98.6F or
37C)•Atmospheric Pressure
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Homeostasis•Maintain relatively stable internal conditions•Receptor (input) control center effector
(response)•Negative (-) feedback: reduces effect of
stimulus▫Eg. body temp, breathing rate, blood sugar
levels•Positive (+) feedback: increases response
▫Eg. labor contractions, blood clotting•Diseases = homeostatic imbalance
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Anatomical Position•Body erect, feet slightly apart, palm face
forward, thumbs pointing out
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Terms you need to know:•Superior (cranial)• Inferior (caudal)•Ventral (anterior)•Dorsal (posterior)•Medial•Lateral• Intermediate•Proximal•Distal•Superficial
(external)•Deep (internal)
•Axial•Appendicular•Saggital plane
▫Midsaggital/median
▫Parasaggital•Frontal (coronal)
plane•Transverse
(horizontal) plane•Oblique section
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Directional Terms
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Directional Terms
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Directional Terms
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Regional Terms
•Axial: main part of body = head, neck, & trunk
•Appendicular: limbs attached to axis
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The body can be cut (sectioned) along flat surfaces called planes
• Sagittal planeSagittal plane: divides into right/left▫Median or midsagittal (exactly down middle)▫Parasaggital
• Frontal/coronal planeFrontal/coronal plane: divides into anterior/posterior
• Transverse/horizontal planeTransverse/horizontal plane: divides into superior/inferior
• ObliqueOblique: diagonal cuts between horizontal & vertical
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Which plane is shown below?
kidneys brain thigh
heart
head
chest(lungs + heart)
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Body Cavities
• Dorsal body cavityDorsal body cavity::▫Cranial cavity▫Vertebral/spinal cavity
• Ventral body cavityVentral body cavity▫Thoracic
lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus
▫Abdominopelvic digestive, reproductive, urinary
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MembranesSerosaSerosa: lines ventral
body cavity & outer surfaces of organs▫Parietal serosa Parietal serosa –
lines cavity wall▫Visceral serosa Visceral serosa –
folds in; covers organs in cavity
• Serous fluidSerous fluid: lubricates space between membranes
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Abdominopelvic Regions