anatomy & physiology lecture notes - ch. 3 cells - part 3
DESCRIPTION
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Which organelle is responsible for:1. Degrading worn-out organelles2. Synthesis of lipids and steroid molecules3. Packaging proteins for export, modifying
proteins for membranes, packing enzymes into lysosomes
4. Modifying proteins5. Containing enzymes that convert toxic
substances to hydrogen peroxide, then water6. Making proteins7. Cellular respiration8. Movement of cell parts, cell motility,
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Part 3: Cytoplasm & Nucleus
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Between plasma membrane & nucleus Three elements:
CytosolCytosol: fluid Eg. water, proteins, salts, sugars
OrganellesOrganelles: specific functions InclusionsInclusions: chemical substances that
vary depending on cell type Eg. glycogen (liver), lipid droplets (fat
cells), melanin (skin & hair)
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“little organs” Specialized compartments specific
functions Membranous = membrane-bound
Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus
Nonmembranous = no membranecytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes
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System of organelles that work to1. Produce, store, export biological
molecules2. Degrade harmful substances
Nuclear envelope, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes
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Control center contains DNA Most cells have only 1 nucleus
Multinucleate: many nuclei (muscle, some liver cells)
Anucleate: no nucleus (mature RBC) Three main structures:
1.Nuclear envelope2.Nucleoli3.Chromatin
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Multinucleated Muscle Cells
Multinucleated Liver Cells
Anucleated Red Blood Cells
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Double membrane barrier surrounds nucleusOuter part continuous with Rough ER
Nuclear pores: control entry/exit of molecules
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Dark-staining bodies in nucleus 1-2 per cell Site where ribosomes are made
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ChromatinChromatin = DNA + Proteins Nucleosome = DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins Histones allow for compact and orderly packing of
long DNA molecules
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During cell division, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes.
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Make identical copies of DNA before a cell divides
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Part of cell division Replicated DNA divided into 2 daughter cells Usually lasts about an hour Interphase prophase metaphase
anaphase telophase & cytokinesis
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Gene: segment of DNA that codes for 1 polypeptide
Exon: part of DNA that codes for polypeptides
Intron: part of DNA that is noncoding (not “junk”!)
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Transcription: RNA formed from DNAOccurs in nucleusTypes: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Translation: protein synthesispolypeptide formed from mRNAOccurs in cytoplasmBy ribosomes
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Any substances outside cells1. Body fluids (blood plasma, interstitial fluid)2. Cellular secretions (saliva, mucus, gastric
fluids)3. Extracellular matrix (ECM): “glue” that
holds cells together; jelly-like substance made of proteins (like collagen) and carbs