the age of early european explorations & conquests 1400-1800

Earlier Explorations1. 1100’s Crusades-Islam &

Spice Trade India (Moluccas-cloves)

2. New player Europe1271-Marco Polo-IT.-ChinaExpansion becomes a business European Monarchs had authority & resources to explore

Admiral Zheng He

1371-1435

Asia/India/Africa-Floating cities!

Zheng He’s Voyages

Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

***Motives for European Exploration

1. Crusades by-pass intermediarie (middlemen) to get to Asia

2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples

3. Reformation refugees & missionaries/spread the word of God

4. Gold-New Resources & Revenue5. God-Christianize6. Glory-Fame & fortune for their

country

New Weapons Technology

New Maritime Technologies

Astrolabe (lat.)(1532)

Rough Maps [Portulan]

Sextant (angle-

Horizon)

Mariner’s Compass

Prince Henry, the Navigator

1419-School for Navigation,

Museum of Navigationin Lisbon

Portuguese Maritime Empire

1. Exploring north/west coast of Africa2. 1487-Bartolommeo Dias (Cape of Storms)3. 1498- Vasco Da Gama reached port of Calcutta, India!

4. Cabral-Brazil-Asia/India Spice Is-Indonesia

Christoforo Colombo [1451-1506]-Italian

Columbus’ Four Voyages-1492

Other Voyages of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan & the First

Circumnavigation of the World:

Early 16c-potuguese

Atlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando Cortez/conquist

ador

The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs

Montezuma II

vs.

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Francisco Pizarro

The First Spanish Conquests:

The Incas

Atahualpa

vs.

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs

Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping

Cough

Trinkets Liquor GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

1. Explorers Conquistadores

Miss

iona

ries

PermanentSettlers

5. OfficialEuropeanColony!

Treasuresfrom the Americas!

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the

coming of the Europeans2. Portuguese replaced European

slaves with Africans (slave from Slav)

Sugar cane & sugar plantationsFirst boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries

3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

Slave Ship

“Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African CaptivesThrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave ships!

European Empires in the Americas

The Colonial Class System

Peninsulares Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

Native Indians Black Slaves

Spanish Empire in the New World

1. Encomienda -natives used as forced labor

2. Council of the Indies

ViceroyNew Spain and Peru

3. Papal agreement

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic

Church

Guadalajara Cathedral

Our Lady of Guadalupe

Spanish Mission

1494-Treaty of Tordesillas Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Betw. Spain & port.

Father Bartolome de Las Casas

New Laws 1542

New Colonial Rivals1. Portugal lacked numbers &

wealth to dominate trade in Indian ocean

2. 1591-1st English expedition to the Indies drove out Portg. (India becomes British colony)

3. 1595-Dutch-Netherlands-Dutch East India Company –Kicked out Portg.-Monopolized trade -Spice Is. East Asia-(cloves)

New Colonial Rivals

***Negative Impact of European Exploration

------1. Native populations ravaged

by disease……….ex….2. Native pop. Enslaved-

Native Americas ………….3. Slave Trade –Caused a

Diaspora of African people/Middle passage/Sugar mills etc……….

Impact-----

Wars & power struggles betw. Europeans (for control of land in the new areas/control of & trade) ex; French Indian War between…….natives used in the wars etc….

Impact of Exploration----

• Natives-Indigenous people lost culture/religion /traditions forced to adapt European ways………..ex-Maya/Incas/Aztec and the conquers….

Positive Impact• Influx of gold, and silver, into Europe created wealth+++++

• New products +/_introduced across continents -“Columbian Exchange”+/-both positive and negative

+Impact of Age of Exploration

• Brought technology/created Industries-money system

• Created railroads/roads/• canals/….schools/hospitals……• Emergence of the modern

world…U.S -Reduced local warfare betw.

Tribes-tribes stopped fighting…

EXTENDED RESPONSES

• Essay• The Age of European Exploration

and conquest had both negative and positive consequences Explain the positive and negative effects of the age of ex/colonization

5. New Patterns of World Trade