The Mongol ConquestsThe Mongol Conquests

12.212.2

The Mongolian conquests forever The Mongolian conquests forever changed Asia and Europe. changed Asia and Europe.

While the Song dynasty prospered, While the Song dynasty prospered, Northern China also prospered. Northern China also prospered.

They were nomads in the ‘Asian They were nomads in the ‘Asian Steppe’.Steppe’.

Asian Steppes – Asian Steppes – Belt of dry grasslandBelt of dry grassland

Western SteppeWestern Steppe Central Asia to Central Asia to

EuropeEurope Home of the Hittites Home of the Hittites

and the Aryans.and the Aryans.

Eastern SteppeEastern Steppe Mongolia (Northern Mongolia (Northern

China)China) Home of the Huns, Home of the Huns,

Turks, and MongolsTurks, and Mongols

Asian SteppeAsian Steppe

Dry grasslandDry grassland

Very little rainfallVery little rainfall Dry, windyDry, windy Winter weather is -57 degrees and Winter weather is -57 degrees and

96 degrees during the summer96 degrees during the summer Tribes typically migrated westward Tribes typically migrated westward

and southward to have access to and southward to have access to better rainfall.better rainfall.

BoundariesBoundaries

Never any clear boundaries. Never any clear boundaries. The boundaries usually lay where the The boundaries usually lay where the

Chinese began cultivating fields.Chinese began cultivating fields. The Chinese kept pushing the The Chinese kept pushing the

boundaries northward to extend field boundaries northward to extend field cultivation. cultivation.

NomadsNomads

The people of the Eastern Steppe The people of the Eastern Steppe were pastoralists – they herded were pastoralists – they herded animals.animals.

They were constantly on the move, They were constantly on the move, searching for good pasture to feed searching for good pasture to feed their herds. their herds.

These nomads followed a seasonal These nomads followed a seasonal pattern and returned on a regular pattern and returned on a regular basis to the same campsites. basis to the same campsites.

Battles frequently rose between Battles frequently rose between nomadic groups over grassland and nomadic groups over grassland and water rights. water rights.

Since they were herders, they Since they were herders, they depended on the animals for food, depended on the animals for food, clothing, and housing. clothing, and housing. Clothing made of skins and woolClothing made of skins and wool Lived in portable tents called, yurts.Lived in portable tents called, yurts.

Their diet consisted of meat and milk. Their diet consisted of meat and milk.

Mongolian YurtsMongolian Yurts

They lived together as clans. They lived together as clans. Usually, everyone within the same Usually, everyone within the same

clan are related. clan are related. Sometimes different clans banded Sometimes different clans banded

together to attack or raid nearby together to attack or raid nearby campsites. campsites.

Over time, nearby settlements lived Over time, nearby settlements lived in constant danger of raids. in constant danger of raids.

The Chinese built and rebuilt the The Chinese built and rebuilt the ‘Great Wall’ to keep these nomadic ‘Great Wall’ to keep these nomadic tribes out. tribes out.

Genghis KhanGenghis Khan

Khan is the name for clan leader. Khan is the name for clan leader. Temujin wanted to unify the clans Temujin wanted to unify the clans

under his leadership. under his leadership. He defeated his rivals one by one. He defeated his rivals one by one. In the year 1201, he changed his In the year 1201, he changed his

name to Genghis Khan, which means name to Genghis Khan, which means “Universal Ruler” of the Mongol “Universal Ruler” of the Mongol clans. clans.

Genghis launched a campaign of Genghis launched a campaign of terror across Asia.terror across Asia.

Over the next 21 years, Genghis led Over the next 21 years, Genghis led the Mongols in conquering Asia. the Mongols in conquering Asia.

The Mongols destroyed one city after The Mongols destroyed one city after another and slaughtered many people. another and slaughtered many people.

By 1221, Central Asia was under By 1221, Central Asia was under Mongolian control. Mongolian control.

Genghis KhanGenghis Khan

Genghis QuoteGenghis Quote

““Man’s greatest good fortune is to Man’s greatest good fortune is to chase and defeat his enemy, seize chase and defeat his enemy, seize his total possessions, leave his his total possessions, leave his married women weeping and wailing, married women weeping and wailing, and ride his horse…”and ride his horse…”

Genghis the conquerorGenghis the conqueror

Extremely organizedExtremely organized Gifted military strategistGifted military strategist Used new technologyUsed new technology Extremely cruel Extremely cruel

OrganizerOrganizer

Grouped his warriors in armies of Grouped his warriors in armies of 10.000 men10.000 men The armies were organized into 1,000 The armies were organized into 1,000

man brigades.man brigades. These were organized into 100 man These were organized into 100 man

companies.companies. These were organized into 10 man platoons. These were organized into 10 man platoons.

StrategistStrategist

Sent in a small cavalry unit to attack, Sent in a small cavalry unit to attack, and then pretend to gallop away in and then pretend to gallop away in flight. flight.

The enemy usually chased the small The enemy usually chased the small cavalry unit. cavalry unit.

The cavalry unit would led them to the The cavalry unit would led them to the rest of the Mongolian army. rest of the Mongolian army.

The Mongolian army would slaughter The Mongolian army would slaughter the enemy forces. the enemy forces.

Another strategy was to make the Another strategy was to make the Mongol army seem bigger than it Mongol army seem bigger than it really was. really was.

He did this my dressing up prisoners He did this my dressing up prisoners or lifelike dummies as Mongol or lifelike dummies as Mongol warriors. warriors.

Genghis also used spies to find out Genghis also used spies to find out enemy weaknesses.enemy weaknesses.

WeaponsWeapons

Genghis adopted new weapons and Genghis adopted new weapons and technologies used by his enemies. technologies used by his enemies. Captured Chinese engineers to build Captured Chinese engineers to build

catapults and create gunpowder catapults and create gunpowder charges. charges.

Then he used those weapons to conquer Then he used those weapons to conquer Chinese cities. Chinese cities.

CrueltyCruelty

Genghis Khan used cruelty as a weapon. Genghis Khan used cruelty as a weapon. He believed in terrifying his enemy into He believed in terrifying his enemy into

surrender. surrender. If a city refused to open its gates to him, If a city refused to open its gates to him,

he might kill the entire population when he might kill the entire population when he finally captured the place. he finally captured the place.

The stories of their terror spread quickly The stories of their terror spread quickly so that many towns surrendered without so that many towns surrendered without a fight. a fight.

One historian wrote, One historian wrote, ““In the countries that have not yet been In the countries that have not yet been

overrun by them, everyone spends the overrun by them, everyone spends the night afraid that they may appear there night afraid that they may appear there too.”too.”

Genghis Khan died in 1227 from an Genghis Khan died in 1227 from an illness. illness. People suspect it was pneumonia, but no People suspect it was pneumonia, but no

one is certain. one is certain. His burial site is unknown. His burial site is unknown.

His successors continued to expand His successors continued to expand the empire. the empire.

In less than 50 years after his death, In less than 50 years after his death, the Mongols conquered territory from the Mongols conquered territory from China to Poland. China to Poland.

It became the largest, unified land It became the largest, unified land empire in history.empire in history.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Uhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UnHCM6Zw8E&feature=relatednHCM6Zw8E&feature=related

Mongolian EmpireMongolian Empire

Ogadai (Genghis’ son)Ogadai (Genghis’ son)

Led the Mongol empire after Genghis’ Led the Mongol empire after Genghis’ death. death.

Conquered Northern China and Korea. Conquered Northern China and Korea. Took the Russian city of Kiev, and Took the Russian city of Kiev, and

reached the banks of the Adriatic Sea. reached the banks of the Adriatic Sea. They almost took Venice and Vienna, They almost took Venice and Vienna,

but Ogadai died in 1241. but Ogadai died in 1241.

Empire divides into 4 KhanatesEmpire divides into 4 Khanates

Each khanate was ruled by a Each khanate was ruled by a descendant of Genghis Khan. descendant of Genghis Khan.

Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia and China)and China)

Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia)Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia) Ilkhanate (Persia)Ilkhanate (Persia) Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia) Kublai Khan, a grandson of Genghis, Kublai Khan, a grandson of Genghis,

named himself the Great Khan in 1260. named himself the Great Khan in 1260.

The 4 KhanatesThe 4 Khanates

Great Khanate

Chagatai

Golden Horde

Ilkhanate

Kublai KahnKublai Kahn

Mongols as rulersMongols as rulers

Many of the destroyed cities were Many of the destroyed cities were unable to rebuild due to the damage. unable to rebuild due to the damage.

The Mongols destroyed ancient The Mongols destroyed ancient irrigation systems in the Tigris and irrigation systems in the Tigris and Euphrates rive valleys. Euphrates rive valleys.

Over time, some Mongol rulers adopted Over time, some Mongol rulers adopted culture of the people they conquered. culture of the people they conquered. Some became MuslimSome became Muslim Some made use of the Chinese institutionsSome made use of the Chinese institutions

PeacePeace

From 1200-1300, the Mongols From 1200-1300, the Mongols imposed stability and law across imposed stability and law across Eurasia. Eurasia.

Guaranteed safe passage of trade Guaranteed safe passage of trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one empire to another. from one empire to another.

Trade FlourishedTrade Flourished

Ideas and inventions traveled along Ideas and inventions traveled along with trade goods. with trade goods.

Gunpowder reached EuropeGunpowder reached Europe Disease spread – some historians Disease spread – some historians

argue that the bubonic plague argue that the bubonic plague spread during this time. (also known spread during this time. (also known as the Black Death)as the Black Death)

_____ _____ 1. 1. Historically, peoples have tended to move west and south across the steppe Historically, peoples have tended to move west and south across the steppe mainly mainly

for reasons having to do withfor reasons having to do with terrainterrain climateclimate waterwayswaterways technologytechnology _______ 2. A pastoralist makes a living by_______ 2. A pastoralist makes a living by fightingfighting growing foodgrowing food trading goodstrading goods herding animalsherding animals ______ 3. Membership in a Mongol clan was determined by the members’ claim of a ______ 3. Membership in a Mongol clan was determined by the members’ claim of a

common common khanatekhanate religionreligion ancestorancestor way of lifeway of life ______ 4. Immediately following the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was______ 4. Immediately following the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was weakened by foreign invasionsweakened by foreign invasions peacefully divided into four khanatespeacefully divided into four khanates fragmented by conflict among rival khansfragmented by conflict among rival khans expanded into other areas of Asia by his son, Ogadaiexpanded into other areas of Asia by his son, Ogadai ______ 5. All of the following modern-day states were once part of the Mongol Empire ______ 5. All of the following modern-day states were once part of the Mongol Empire EXCEPTEXCEPT IndiaIndia RussiaRussia South KoreaSouth Korea North KoreaNorth Korea

AssignmentAssignment

On the bottom of your note sheet, create On the bottom of your note sheet, create an obituary for Genghis Kahn- include his an obituary for Genghis Kahn- include his accomplishments, and what you think he accomplishments, and what you think he will most remembered for. will most remembered for.

Use your book for information about Use your book for information about Genghis Kahn.Genghis Kahn.

An obituary is what the newspaper An obituary is what the newspaper publishes about a person when they pass publishes about a person when they pass away- a general description of their life away- a general description of their life and successes.and successes.