psy285 chapter 4

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Developed by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D.Developed by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D.

Abnormal Psychology Ninth Edition 9/eAbnormal Psychology Ninth Edition 9/e

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McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2005. This McGraw-Hill multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.  The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission over any network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

A PowerPoint™ Slide Presentation forA PowerPoint™ Slide Presentation for

Lauren B. Alloy, Ph.D.John H. Riskind, Ph.D.Margaret B. Manos

Lauren B. Alloy, Ph.D.John H. Riskind, Ph.D.Margaret B. Manos

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Chapter 4Chapter 4

The Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sociocultural Perspectives

The Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sociocultural Perspectives

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Chapter Main PointsChapter Main Points

The Behavioral Perspective The Cognitive Perspective The Sociocultural Perspective

The Behavioral Perspective The Cognitive Perspective The Sociocultural Perspective

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Behavioral PerspectivesBehavioral Perspectives

Behavioral Perspective: Views behavior as the result of environmental

experience Learning:

The process whereby behavior changes in response to the environment

Behavioral Perspective: Views behavior as the result of environmental

experience Learning:

The process whereby behavior changes in response to the environment

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Background of BehaviorismBackground of Behaviorism

Pavlov: Conditioned Reflex If a neutral stimulus is paired with a non-neutral

stimulus, the organism will eventually respond to the neutral stimulus as it does to the non-neutral stimulus

Watson: Began the Foundation of American Behaviorism

Pavlov: Conditioned Reflex If a neutral stimulus is paired with a non-neutral

stimulus, the organism will eventually respond to the neutral stimulus as it does to the non-neutral stimulus

Watson: Began the Foundation of American Behaviorism

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Background of BehaviorismBackground of Behaviorism

E.L. Thorndike: Law of Effect Responses that lead to “satisfying” consequences

are more likely to be repeated than responses that lead to “unsatisfying” consequences

B.F. Skinner: Radical Behaviorism Everything a person does, says, and feels

constitutes behavior and can be subject to experimental analysis

E.L. Thorndike: Law of Effect Responses that lead to “satisfying” consequences

are more likely to be repeated than responses that lead to “unsatisfying” consequences

B.F. Skinner: Radical Behaviorism Everything a person does, says, and feels

constitutes behavior and can be subject to experimental analysis

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Assumptions of Behavioral Psychology

Assumptions of Behavioral Psychology

The task of psychology is the study of behavior

Behavior can and must be both observable and measurable

The goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior

The real causes of behavior may be found outside rather than inside the organism

The task of psychology is the study of behavior

Behavior can and must be both observable and measurable

The goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior

The real causes of behavior may be found outside rather than inside the organism

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Basic Mechanisms of LearningBasic Mechanisms of Learning

Respondent Conditioning (Classical Conditioning) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Unconditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)

Respondent Conditioning (Classical Conditioning) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Unconditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)

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Basic Mechanisms of LearningBasic Mechanisms of Learning

Operant Conditioning: The likelihood of a response is increased or

decreased by virtue of its consequences Contingency:

The association between action and consequences

Operant Conditioning: The likelihood of a response is increased or

decreased by virtue of its consequences Contingency:

The association between action and consequences

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Basic Mechanisms of LearningBasic Mechanisms of Learning

Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement:

The process by which events in the environment increase the probability of the behavior that precede it

Primary reinforcers Conditioned reinforcers

Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement:

The process by which events in the environment increase the probability of the behavior that precede it

Primary reinforcers Conditioned reinforcers

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Basic Mechanisms of LearningBasic Mechanisms of Learning

Operant conditioning Positive reinforcement

response followed by a consequence in the environment

Negative reinforcement avoidance or removal of an aversive stimulus

Punishment suppression of behavior by introduction of aversive

consequences

Operant conditioning Positive reinforcement

response followed by a consequence in the environment

Negative reinforcement avoidance or removal of an aversive stimulus

Punishment suppression of behavior by introduction of aversive

consequences

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Other Mechanisms Associated with Learning

Other Mechanisms Associated with Learning

Extinction: The elimination of a response by withdrawing

whatever reinforcer was maintaining it Generalization:

An organism responds to stimuli that are similar to a previously learned stimulus

Extinction: The elimination of a response by withdrawing

whatever reinforcer was maintaining it Generalization:

An organism responds to stimuli that are similar to a previously learned stimulus

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Other Mechanisms Associated with Learning

Other Mechanisms Associated with Learning

Discrimination Learning: Learning to distinguish among similar stimuli

and to respond only to the appropriate one Shaping:

The reinforcement of “successive approximations” of a desired response

Discrimination Learning: Learning to distinguish among similar stimuli

and to respond only to the appropriate one Shaping:

The reinforcement of “successive approximations” of a desired response

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Behavioral Approach to TherapyBehavioral Approach to Therapy

Respondent Conditioning and Extinction: Systematic Desensitization Exposure Therapy

Operant Conditioning: contingency management

Respondent Conditioning and Extinction: Systematic Desensitization Exposure Therapy

Operant Conditioning: contingency management

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Evaluating BehaviorismEvaluating Behaviorism

Criticisms of Behaviorism: Oversimplification Determinism The issue of “control”

Criticisms of Behaviorism: Oversimplification Determinism The issue of “control”

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The Cognitive PerspectiveThe Cognitive Perspective

Cognitive Perspective: Views abnormal behavior as the product of

mental functioning Cognition:

The mental processing of stimuli

Cognitive Perspective: Views abnormal behavior as the product of

mental functioning Cognition:

The mental processing of stimuli

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The Cognitive PerspectiveThe Cognitive Perspective

Cognitive-Behaviorism: Albert Ellis, Ph.D. - irrational belief’s Aaron T. Beck, M.D. - cognitive distortions

Cognitive Appraisal: Attributions

Cognitive-Behaviorism: Albert Ellis, Ph.D. - irrational belief’s Aaron T. Beck, M.D. - cognitive distortions

Cognitive Appraisal: Attributions

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The Cognitive PerspectiveThe Cognitive Perspective

Cognitive Variables Affecting Behavior: competence encoding strategies expectancies values plans and goals

Cognitive Variables Affecting Behavior: competence encoding strategies expectancies values plans and goals

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The Cognitive PerspectiveThe Cognitive Perspective

Self-reinforcement Information Processing

Attention Organizing Structures:

schemas beliefs

Self-reinforcement Information Processing

Attention Organizing Structures:

schemas beliefs

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The Cognitive Perspective: Approach to Therapy

The Cognitive Perspective: Approach to Therapy

Cognitive Restructuring Self-instructional Training

Rational-emotive therapy (RET) Strategies:

Hypothesis testing Reattribution training Decatastrophizing

Cognitive Restructuring Self-instructional Training

Rational-emotive therapy (RET) Strategies:

Hypothesis testing Reattribution training Decatastrophizing

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The Sociocultural PerspectiveThe Sociocultural Perspective

Sociocultural Perspective: Views abnormal behavior as the product of

broad social forces

Sociocultural Perspective: Views abnormal behavior as the product of

broad social forces

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The Sociocultural PerspectiveThe Sociocultural Perspective

Mental illness and social ills Mental illness and labeling Class, race, and diagnosis Prevention as a social issue

Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention

Mental illness and social ills Mental illness and labeling Class, race, and diagnosis Prevention as a social issue

Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention

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Recapping the Main PointsRecapping the Main Points

The Behavioral Perspective The Cognitive Perspective The Sociocultural Perspective

The Behavioral Perspective The Cognitive Perspective The Sociocultural Perspective

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End of Chapter 4End of Chapter 4

The Behavioral, Cognitive and Sociocultural Perspectives

The Behavioral, Cognitive and Sociocultural Perspectives