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illocutionary purpose or point.. These elements, along with other less important units are enough to understand what sense of his intention puts the speaker into its words.
The theory of speech acts has its theoretical and practical development. On theoretical level it was reinterpreted by German sociologist Habermass as most important constituent of his his Theory of communicative action. On the practical level, elements of speech acts were included in analytical PR technologies of Russian PR companies. Our aim is to use all stated language instruments for analyzing political texts in such a way that separate the objective meaning of written words from the main intention that their author have to had..
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socialur mecnierebaTa seria
politikuri
Teoria da
analizis praqtika
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze
intensiuri seminari
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis
mamuka biWaSvili
Tbilisi
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa
centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 5 - 0
surroundings, listener’s ability of understanding an etc. Intralinguistic context determines a sense of sentence buy its former content as well as buy a content of intended statements.
Survey of problems of pragmatics may be considered as a preparation for discussing more fundamental speech act theory, that was elaborated in the beginning by Austin and then developed by American philosopher, Searle.
Austin’s structure of speech acts contains such elements as (a) act of locution; (b) act of illocution and (c) the act of perlocution.. The first of them, act of locution, means normal speech activity. It in itself is divided into phonetical, phatical and rethical elements. The second one means that non-linguistic activity we are carrying out by use of words. For example, the plea of excuses, announcement of war, verdict of grand jury are forms of illocutionary acts. The third element of speech acts are so call perlocutionary act and it means an effect, that speaker makes on hearer.
Above mentioned elements of Austin’s theory developed from his former ideas about specificity of so call performative utterances. In contrast to constative utterances, performatives have no descriptive functions. They are not descriptive sentences, but words of action. Use the performative utterances means not only speaking, but also acting in the definite way.
Austin’s theory was developed by John Searle in his work “Speech Acts. An Essay in the Philosophy of Language”. Searle used the hypothesis of language as the rule-governed intentional behavior to explain the possibility of linguistic characterizations. The form that this hypothesis will take is that speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such making statements, giving commands, asking questions, making promises and so on. Searl’s specific approach to speech acts means, that the production of a sentence token under certain conditions is a speech act and speech acts are basic or minimal units of linguistic communication. When man takes a nise or a mark on a piece of paper to be an instance of linguistic communication, as a message, one of the things man must assume is that the noise or mark was produced by a being or beings more or less like him and produced with certain kinds of intentions. If we regard the noise or mark as a natural phenomenon like the wind in the trees or a stain on the paper, we exclude it from he class of linguistic communication, even tough the noise or mark may be indistinguishable from spoken or written words.
Searle’s approach is simply a study of, in Saussurisn terms, “parole”, rather than “langue”, but he believes, that an adequate study of speech acts is a study of langue. The communication necessarily involves speech acts and it is an analytical truth about language that whatever can be meant can be said. A theory of language is part of a theory of action, simply because speaking is a rule-governed form of behavior. The speech act or acts performed in the utterance of a sentence are in general a function of the meaning of the sentence. The meaning of a sentence does not in all cases uniquely determine what speech act is performed in a given utterance of that sentence, for a speaker may mean more than what he actually says, but it is always the principle possible for him to say exactly what he means.
Searle changed Austin’s structure of speech acts and gave them following form: (a) locution act, or broadly speech act; (b) prepositionary act and third element, (c)illocutionary act. Illocutionary act undoubtedly is most interesting phenomenon in linguistic theory of Searle. In broader characterization illocutionary acts based on definitions of prepositional and locutionary acts. Correlative with the notion of propositionary acts are certain kinds of expressions uttered in their performance: the characteristic grammatical form of the prepositional acts are parts of sentences: grammatical predicates for the act of predication and proper names, pronouns for reference. Propositional acts can not occur alone; that is, one can not just refer and predicate without making an assertion or asking a question or ferforming some other illocutionary acts. The linguistic correlate of this point is that sentences, not words are used to say things. This is also, what Frege meant when he said that only in the context of a sentence do words have reference. The same thing is asserting by Searle: one only refers as part of the performance of an illocutionary act and the grammatical clothing of an illocutionary act is the complete sentence. An utterance of a referring expression only counts as referring if one says something. Its analysis uncovered following elements of speaker’s intention – the direction of fit, psychological mode,
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each of them independently. Last part of the logic is the theory of conclusion. Definition of conclusion we gave is
simple. The conclusion is the judgment that is derived from two previous judgments. In context of theory of conclusion we are discussing two kinds of conclusions, namely, deduction and induction. We point out, that Aristotle’s own theory was based on deduction, but later, under needs of empirical sciences inductive theory of conclusion, saying it broadly, inductive logic was developed.
The theme of second theoretical seminar is semiotics. Charles William Morris’ well known article “The Foundation of Theory of Signs” is considered as starting point of scientific study of signs. Semiotics is understood as science about signs and semiosis as a theory about use of signs. Semiotics divides into three main parts – semantics, syntax and pragmatics. The problems of semantics were analyzed earlier, problems of syntax a bit later, but the pragmatics was elaborated only in first part of XX century, under influence of works of Ludwig Wittgenstein.
First we take the semantics. We take a sign and try to analyze it under semantic structures. In this regard, we separate denoting phrases, designate and meaning of a sign. Let’s consider them one after another. We define a denoting phrase as a material or physical covering of each language sign. It always denotes something, something that is an object of our though. Denoting phrase always must be expressed physical, in a written or spelling form. It is a necessary form of communication. Designate from another hand, is to what refers denoting phrase. Sometimes it is a real object, sometimes our idea. The relationship between denotation and designated is not symmetric. We may have two or more denotative phrases and only one designated thing. For example, three phrases – “Morning star”, “Evening star” and “ “Venera” refers to one and same object. A meaning, in the end, may be defined as a mode of how denoting phrase refers to designate. The meaning belongs to words and definite phrases, but not to sentences. Sentences need beside of semantic qualities, also syntactic dimension. Different semantic conceptions have different structure.
Syntax can be defined as a science about word order. Syntax studies the rules that are regulating connection among different words and expressions. Only on the syntactic level we have a contact with the sense of sentences. There are two preconditions that determine the legitimacy of sentence’s sense. The first precondition requires, that all signs included in sentence have to have their own meanings. The requirement of second precondition is the maintenance of syntactic rules. If we need our sentence to have a sense, we have to keep the rules of the given language word order.
Pragmatics defined as a science that studies the use of signs. Classical language theory points at three main functions of language, that are function of expression, function of designation and function of communication. After the works of Wittgenstein number of functions increased up to infinity. Wittgenstein wrote about multiplicity, what he calls “language- games”. How many kinds of sentence are there? - asked and answered he, that there are countless different kinds of use of what we call “symbols”, “words”, “sentences”:
Giving order and obeying them – Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements – Constructing an object from description (drawing) – Reporting an event – Speculating about an event – Forming and testing a hypothesis – Presenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagrams – Making up a story and reading it and so on. All such kinds of activities Wittgenstein calls language –games and he believed that they
reflect different functions of language. This multiplicity is not something fixed, given once for all; but new types of language, new language-games. He thought, that commanding, questioning, recounting, chatting are as much a part of our natural history as walking, eating, drinking, playing.
One of the fundamental concept of pragmatics is the concept of context. Only thanks to contextual determination we understand the sense of sentences. There are two kind of contextual determination – extralinguistic and inrtalinguistic. Extralinguistic context determines such kind of events in speech activity as social status of speaker, speaker’s
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s a r C e v i
seminaris gegema ........................................................................................................ 4
1. zogadi Tvalsazrisi logikis bunebisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb .......... 5
1. 1. cneba................................................................................................................. 6
1. 2. msjeloba........................................................................................................ 9
1. 3. analizis meTodi........................................................................................ 12
1. 4. daskvna........................................................................................................... 14
2.semiotikis elementebi ...................................................................................... 15
2. 1. termini "niSani" ....................................................................................... 16
2. 2. semantika ...................................................................................................... 20
2. 3. sintaqsi ........................................................................................................ 23
2. 4. pragmatika.................................................................................................... 25
3.molaparakis ganzraxva da
molaparakis sityvebis sazrisi metyvelebaSi....................................... 26
3. 1. sametyvelo moqmedeba da misi elementebi ...................................... 27
3. 2. subieqturi mniSvneloba........................................................................ 29
3.3. metyvelebis intencionaluri mxare. ganzraxva da ilokucia .........30
reziume. sametyvelo moqmedeba da analizis praqtika............................. 31
Political Theory and Practice of Analysis .........................................................33
3
seminaris gegema
seminaris saxelwodeba: politikuri Teoria da analizis praqtika.
seminaris daxasiaTeba: seminaris idea wamoiWra studentebTan wina wlebSi
gaweuli samuSaos safuZvelze. studentebs micemuli hqondaT ama Tu im avtoris
sakiTxavi masala, romelic asaxavda avtoris cnobil pozicias konkretul poli-
tikur sakiTxze. rogori paradoqsulic ar unda iyos studentebis umravlesobam
ver moaxerxa teqstebidan im daskvnebis gamotana, ris sailustraciodac iyo
SeTavazebuli teqsti. am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganzraxulia studentebs
SevTavazoT im teqstebis analizis praqtikuli samuSao, romelTa Sesaxebac isini
ismenen leqciebs politikur TeoriaSi.
seminaris Tanmimdevroba da dro:
a) Teoriuli nawili da misi Tematika (I kvira) —
• zogadi warmodgena logikis bunebisa da funqciebisSesaxeb;
• semiotikis elementebi (mniSvneloba, sazrisi, konteqsti).
• msjelobis saxeebi. winadadebebis formebi. sazrisi da WeSmariteba;
• intencionalobis Teoria. klasikuri da araklasikuri variantebi. iloku-
ciuri Zala da mosaubris (mwerlis ganzraxva).
b) studentTa individualuri samuSao (II kvira) —
• studentebs Semdegi kviris ganmavlobaSi miecemaT winaswarmomzadebuli
SedarebiT farTe moculobis teqstebi, romlebSiac gamoxatulia avtoris
damokidebuleba konkretuli sakiTxis mimarT. studentma unda zustad
SearCios fragmenti, romelSiac asaxulia es damokidebuleba;
• seminarze studenti warmoadgens ara mxolod saWiro fragments, aramed
moiyvans sakuTar argumentacias, Tu ratom fiqrobs, rom fragmentSi
asaxulia esa da es mosazreba. TiToeul maTgans gamosvlaze oponirebas
gauweven seminaris danaCeni monawileebi.
g) da bolos, Tu gaweuli samuSao Tavad studentebis mier Sefasdeba maTTvis
sasargeblod, maT SevTavazebT jgufur samuSaos, romlis drosac (III kvira) -
• SerCeuli jgufis wevrebi erToblivad moamzadeben konkretuli poli-
tikuri doqtrinis gamomxatvel pasaJs maTTvis cnobili teqstebidan,
romelTa oponirebas gaswevs studentTa meore jgufi, aseve winaswar-
momzadebuli pasaJidan.
4
Political Theory and Practice of Analysis
Summary
The idea of workshop comes from the former seminars, when students came into collision with their reading materials. Students did not understand not main idea of texts, not intention of authors. Come from such experience, we decide to give them some information about logic and semiotic and prepare them for clear analysis of political texts. Our seminar is divided into two, theoretical and practical parts. We meet once in a week during eight week. Three meeting deals with theory of linguistic analysis and the rest five meeting deals with the practical activity. Below we deliver summary content of theoretical part of our workshop.
First of all, we give some information about function and elements of logic. Aristotle considered as a founder of logic. He established new science, because of needs of discussion practice. The science of logic from the age of Aristotle did not developed during of centuries and was considered as a ideal of perfect science. Emmanuel Kant in his “Critic of Pure Reason” call all other sciences to look like logic. Fast development of logic began from XIX century, when George Bool combined classical logic with mathematics and linguistic. Although, contemporary mathematical logic is very successful science, in lectures we restrict ourselves to discuss only classical logic. We define logic as a formal science that produces rules of right thinking. Its formal character gives negative guarantee: in the case of not obeying its rules we’ll make s mistake, but the logic never guarantees that the obedience of its rules automatic gives us the truth. The reason of such its character is the formality of logic mean while, the truth of our judgment is depend not only on its form, but on its content and the logic never deals with content of our thinking. Classical, Aristotlian logic, contains three main theories: theory of concept, theory of judgment and the theory of conclusion. We take up them separately.
The theory of concept is most important part of logic. The content of concept ascertained by definition. The definition of concept says, that the concept is such content of our thought, where a thing or the group of things are represented by its essential feature. For example, Aristotle defined a human being as a political animal. In this definition, quality of political considered so specific, that it is absolutely enough for single out a man from all other things of the world. Every concept has its own intention and extension. These qualifications of concept are depended on each other. If the intension, or content of concept is poor, its extension is wide and vice versa, full content always refers to a concrete object. In context of the theory of concept we discuss three theories that deals with the problem of ontology of mental objects. these theories are Logicism, Formalism and Intuicionism.
Next part of logic is the theory of judgment. We define judgment as an idea about state of affair, where, at the same time, something is ascribe or deny to this state of affair. In contrast to concept, the judgment is always true or false. It represents complete sentence. The structure of judgment in all cases is same. It contains three main parts: the subject of judgment – it is to what something is ascribed; the predicate – what is ascribed to something and in the end, so call copula, a term that provides connection between the subject and predicate. There are different kinds of judgments. We concentrate attention to difference between analytic and synthetic judgments. Definitions: The judgment is analytic when the predicate is included into subject and derives from it with necessity and contrary, the judgment is synthetic when the predicate is not included in subject and prescribed to it from outside. It is clear, that because of such character, synthetic judgments are always accidental. From division of analytical and synthetic judgments we derive the classification of science. Those disciplines, where analytical judgments are dominant, such as in mathematics or logic, we call analytical sciences. Disciplines, where synthetic judgments are basic, we call empirical or synthetic sciences. Later, we separate in class of empirical sciences those disciplines that are concentrated on human being. These are so call humanitarian sciences. They have in use specific method – hermeneutic, the method, the first example of which was invented by German philosopher, Dilthey. Acquaintance with different kinds of judgments gives us a possibility to introduce a definition of “analysis”. Analysis as a practice implies a division of whole thing into separate constituents and study
33
Mamuka Bichashvili
mkvlevrebs saSualeba misca met-naklebi sizustiT warmoedginaT politikuri
gamosvlis miznebi, am miznebis gamosaxatavad gamoyenebuli saSualebebis
adekvaturoba da is intensivoba anu saTqmelis gadmocemis Tanmxlebi emociuri
muxtis xarisxi, romliTac politikosi cdilobs damajerebeli gaxados Tavisi
pozicia. amgvari analizis praqtika didi xania aiTvisa rusulma PR kampaniebma,
romelTac oriode wlis win mowinave adgili ekavaT msoflio masStabiT.
samwuxarod CemTvis ucnobia msgavsi teqnologiebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi,
xarsrisxi da done saqarTveloSi, Tumca, cxadia ver gamovricxav maT arsebobas.
intentanalizis praqtika TavisTavad Zalze sainteresoa, magram mas sxva iseTi
daniSnuleba aqvs, romelic scildeba Cvens miznebs.
sametyvelo moqmedebis Teoriis da logika/semiotikis elementebis gacnobam
imedia dagvarwmuna, rom Cven axla vflobT mniSvnelovani saxis instrumentariebs
imisaTvis, rom vawarmooT ara mxolod intentanalizi, aramed Cveulebrivi
teqstualuri analizisaTvis. Cevns Semdgom Sexvedrebs unda hqondes praqtikuli
samuSao xasiaTi, sadac vecdebodiT cal-calke segmentebad gamogveyo sxvadasxva
politikuri teqstebidan roorc wminda propoziciuli Sinaarsebi, agreTve
ilokuciuri Zalis iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa molaparakis ganzraxva,
fsiqologiuri modusi da sityvis saganTan Sesatyvisobis mimarTulobis
realoba. minda gamovTqva rwmena, rom amgvari analizi gacilebiT metis momcemia
teqsSi gadmocemuli Sinaarsis gasacnobad, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans. aqve
msurs gavakeTo ori gamafrTxilebeli gancxadeba. upirveles yovlisa, es exeba
wamowyebis siaxles CvenSi. me ar vici sxva SemTxveva, rodesac am tipis
analitikuri instrumentariebi analogiuri miznebiT gamoeyenebinos vinmes
saqarTveloSi (da Tu gulwrfeli viqnebi arc sxvagan sadme). Tumca, siZnele
mxolod pionerobaSi rodia, ufro arsebiTi siZnele axlavs imas, rom sametyvelo
moqmedebis Teoriis instrumetariebi Cveulebriv gamiznulia zepiri
metyvelebisaTvis, romelic yovelTvis ar emTxveva nawers (SesaZloa es iyos erT-
erTi mizezi imisa, ratomac Tavs ikaveben am tipis instrumentariebiT naweris
analizisagan) saWiroa Zalze didi samwerlo ostatoba imisaTvis, rom werilma
SeiZinos zepiri metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dinamika da daemsgavsos mas.
magram esec rom ar iyos, nawers Tavisi specifika aqvs da zepirmetyvelebas
Tavisi. amisda miuxedavad, iseT analizi, rogoric Cven gvaqvs ganzraxuli,
gamouvali siZneleebis winaSe ar unda dadges. miT ufro rom zemoT aRniSnuli PR teqnologiebis rusuli skola, marTalia sxva miznebisaTvis, magram mainc msgavs
instrumentariebs iyenebs sagazeTo da zepiri gamosvlebis Canawerebis
analizisaTvis.
literatura:
1. kote baqraZe — logika. ix. k.baqraZe, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebebi t.II,
gamomc. “mecniereba” Tbilisi, 1981
2.mamuka biWaSvili — sametyvelo moqmedebis analitikuri Teoria. gamomc. “goni”,
Tbilisi 1994.
3.ludvig vitgenStaini — filosofiuri gamokvlevebi. gamomc. logospresi”,
Tbilisi 2004.
4.Ludwig Wittgenstein – Philosophical Investigations. Oxford 1968.
5..John Searle – Speech Acts. An Essey in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge, 1969
6..Ludwig Wittgenstein – Tratcactus Logico-philosophicus.
7. Лудвиг Витгенштеин – Логико-философский трактат. Издю Иностр. литературы, Москва 1958.
8.Дж. Остин – Слово как действие. В кн. Новое в зарубежной лингвистике, выпуск Х111.
32
Teoriuli nawili
Tema 1: zogadi Tvalsazrisi logikis bunebisa da funqciebis
Sesaxeb
logikis mamamTavrad aristotele iTvleba. logikis mecnierebis mokle
daxasiaTebamde, albaT, saintereso iqneboda im pirobebisa da viTarebis
gaxseneba, romlebmac ganapiroba logikis saWiroeba. Zalze zogadi
gansazRvrebiT, logika aris mecniereba azrovnebis swori formebis Sesaxeb.
Tumca, logikis Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba ara azrovnebis funqciebis ufro
Rrmad Seswavlis saWiroebas, aramed misgan iseT daSorebul movlenas, rogoricaa
politika. aq ki, orma “kastam” iTamaSa mniSvnelovani roli _ demagogebma da
sofistebma.
aristoteles axalgzrdobis wlebi, periodi vidre is platonis akademiaSi
swavlobda, daemTxva saberZneTis erT-erTi kulturuli centris, aTenis
demokratiul mmarTvelobas. demokratiuli cxovrebis pirobebSi, politikuri
cxovrebis mTavar adgilad iqca ara warCinebulTa sasaxleebi, aramed agora, anu
aTenis is nawili, sadac qalaqis xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebi ikribebodnen
umniSvnelovanesi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. gadawyvetilebebis
miRebas, cxadia, win uZRoda debatebi saWirboroto problemis irgvliv da
swored aseT debatebSi gamovlinda pirvelad logikis saWiroeba. gamoCndnen
mopolitikoso pirTa gansakuTrebuli tipebi, demagogebi, anu demosis, xalxis
Tavis Wkuaze matarebeli adamianebi, romlebic ama Tu im politikuri
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad imdenad WeSmaritebis dadgeniT ki ar iyvnen
dainteresebuli, ramdenadac imiT, rom sxvadasxva enobrivi xerxebiT
dayoliebinaT Tanamoqalaqeebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom demagogebsa da sofistebs
Soris ar arsebobda pirdapiri da aucilebeli kavSiri, faqtia, rom demagogebis
umetesobas, ufro Teoriul planSi sofisturi moZraobis sxvadasxva
warmomadgenlebi Seadgendnen. sofistika, epistemologiur planSi, xels uwyobda
da afuZnebda demagogiis marTlzomierebas, radgan amtkicebda, rom WeSmariteba
raRac relatiuria da damokidebulia ara imdenad obieqtur viTarebebze,
ramdenadac yoveli individualuri adamianis Sexedulebebze. Tu, vTqvaT,
sokrate moaxerxebda msmenelTa darwmunebas ama Tu im mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi,
maSin WeSmaritad unda CaTvliliyo es mosazreba. Tu sxva dagviyoliebda igives
sapirispiro mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi, maSin upiratesoba am ukanasknels
eniWeboda.
arsebobs Tavbrudamxvevi frazebis da CaxlarTuli winadadebebis uamravi
nairsaxeoba. jer platoni da Semdeg aristotele cdilobdnen maT winaaRmdeg
brZolas, risTvisac saWiro iyo am gamonaTqvamebis jer klasifikacia da Semdeg
maTi bunebis analizi. warmodgena rom gvqondes, Tu ra tipis winadadebebze
saubari, neba momeciT moviyvano aseTi magaliTi: davuSvaT vinme amtkicebs
Semdegi xaiaTis debulebas _ “me vamtkiceb, rom Cemi mtkiceba yalbia”. vikiTxoT
axla, sinamdvileSi yalbia Tu ara es mtkiceba?
iqmneba paradoqsuli situacia, radgan am debulebis WeSmaritebis mtkiceba
mis siyalbes moaswavebs, xolo daSveba, rom is yalbia, misi WeSmaritebis garantias
iZleva. me axla modificirebuli saxiT moviyvane cnobili “crus antinomia”,
romelic, ra Tqma unda, ar aris erTaderTi. arsebobs antinomiebis mTeli rigi,
romelic dResac aqtiurad ganixileba da Seiswavleba. ase magaliTad, moyvanili
antinomiis amoxsna Cvens droSi scada amerikelma logikosma tarskim, romelic
amtkicebs, rom “crus antinomiis” srulyofili analizisaTvis aucilebelia
gavmijnoT metaena da enaobieqti, anu ena romliTac vlaparakobT da ena
romelzedac vlaparakobT.
aristotelem, Tavis droze dawera specialuri naSromi “sofistur yalb
mtkicebulebaTa Sesaxeb”, sadac Seecada moexdina sxvadasxva saxis paradoqsebis
klasifikacia. Tavis mxriv, logikac Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc mecniereba
azrovnebis wminda formebis Sesaxeb, im formebis Sesaxeb, romelTa dacva
5
agvacilebda Secdomebs. logika Tavidanve Camoyalibda rogorc formaluri
mecniereba, romelic negatiur garantiebs iZleva. kerZod, logika garantias
gvaZlevs, rom misi wesebis daucveloba aucileblad Secdomamde migviyvans,
logika ver iZleva magram imis garantias, rom Tu mis wesebs davicavT,
aucileblad mivalT WeSmaritebamde. mizezi amgvari negatiuri garantiebisa isaa,
rom logika formaluri mecnierebaa, xolo Cveni msjelobebi ki formis garda
Sinaarsobriv mxaresac Seicavs, romlebzedac logikis kompetencia veRar
vrceldeba. cxadia, SeiZleba savsebiT swori formiT yalbi Sinaarsebi gadmovceT,
vTqvaT, vilaparakoT “safrangeTis Tanamedrove mefis” an “mrgvali kvadratis “
Sesaxeb da ra- sakvirvelia Sesabamisi msjelobebi yalbi iqneba. Zalze zogadad,
logikas SegviZlia SevxedoT rogorc garkveul instruments, romelic
saSualebas gvaZlevs misi kompenetciis farglebSi Tavidan aviciloT Secdomebi.
Tumca, rogorc ukve iTqva, gadaWarbebuli imedebis damyareba logikaze, ar
SeiZleba.
ras warmoadgens, an iqneb ukeTesia vikiTxoT, rogorc arsebobs logikis
obieqtebi? arian isini raRac bunebaSi, konkretulad adamianis azrovnebaSi
arsebuli regularobebi, Tu, gramatikis msgavsad, isini mxolod formelur
wesebia, romlebic unda davicvaT Secdomebis Tavidan asacileblad? am da msgavs
kiTxvebze ar arsebobs martivi pasuxi. sxvadasxva mimarTuleba, sxvadasxva skola
gansxvevebulad iZleoda logikis arsis gagebas. Tavad aristotele Cans, iqeT
ixreboda rom logikac arsebulis Sesaxeb moZRvrebad gamoecxadebina. is
fiqrobda, rom winaaRmdegobis kanoni unda davicvaT ara mxolod imitom, rom
adamianis goneba isea mowyobili, rom muSaobs mis Sesabamisad, aramed imitomac
rom Tavad samayaroa am principis mixedviT dalagebuli. aqedan gamomdinareobs,
rom logikis wesebi deskripciuli wesebia da Cven mxolod aRmovaCenT mas. meore,
gansxvavebuli midgoma logikis principebisa da obieqtebis mimarT
Camoyalibebuli aqvs XIX saukunis cnobil germanel mkvlevars, edmund huserls..
huserlis mixedviT, logika aris ara arsebulis aRmweri, aramed normetiuli
mecniereba, romelic gviyalibebs savaldebulo wesebs. am wesebis dacvaze uaris
Tqma, ra Tqma unda,, ar niSnavs, rom Cven veRar viazrovnebT. magram niSnavs,
mudmivi riskis qveS yofnas, rom davuSvebT Secdomas.
logikas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da mas Semdeg, rac is Camoayaliba
aristotelem, igi mniSvnelovnad aRar Secvlila. marTalia zogierTi avtori
logikis saxelmZRvanelos gamocemisas sakuTriv logikur nakveTebs umatebda
calkeul Tavebs fsiqologiidan an pedagogikidan, magram es ufro masalis ukeT
aTvisebisaTvis. rac Seexeba logikis mecnierebis Senobas is mecxramete saukunis
meore naxevramde ucvleli rCeboda. ufro metic, cnobili germaneli
filosofosi, kanti “wminda gonebis kritikaSi” logikas am ucvleli xasiaTis
gamo, mecnierebis idealad miiCnevda da mouwodebda sxva mecnierebis
warmomadgenlebs logika gaexadaT mecnierulobis paradigmad. aseTi viTareba
mkveTrad Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac moxda logikisa da maTematikis daaxloeba.
gaCnda e.w. maTematikuri logika an logistika, romelic Semdgom Tavad daiSala
mraval disciplinad. dRes laparakoben droiT logikaze, modalur logikaze da
a.S. am disciplinebis umravlesobas Zalze saintereso sakvlevi Tematika gaaCnia
da dRes damoukidebeli interesebi amoZravebs. Cven maT metad aRar SevexebiT,
radgan Cveulebrivi msjelobebi da diskusiuli gansja savsebiT eteva
aristoteles mier Camoyalibebuli silogistikis farglebSi.
Tu Zalze zogadad vityviT, logika am Tavisi pirvandeli formiT Sedgeba sami
nawilisagan. erTi maTgania cnebis Teoria, meore msjelobis Teoria, xolo
mesame ki daskvnis Teoria. SevexoT Zalze mokled TiToeul maTgans.
1. 1. cneba
cneba logikis pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementia. cneba
SemuSavdeba gansazRvrebis saSualebiT. qarTulenovan literaturaSi
6
pasuxisaTvis SegviZlia mivmarToT serlis statias “ilokuciuri aqtebis
klasifikacia”. aq avtori ilokuciur Zalas ramdenime parametrisagan Semdgar
fenomenad warmogvidgens. gavecnoT am parametrebs:
(a) ilokuciuri aqtis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi elementi ilokuciuri
mizania. yoveli sametyvelo moqmedeba garkveuli mznis Sesabamisad
xorcieldeba. mtkicebis mizania sagnis an sganTa jgufis garkveuli
mdgomareobis gadmocema. Sepirebisa ki valdebulebis aReba. es ar niSnavs
simetriul mimarTebas miznebsa da aqtebs Soris. arseboben ilokuciuri
miznebi, romlebsac erTi da igive miznebi amoZravebT. ase magaliTad,
Txovnisa da brZanebis mizani erTi da igivea — gavakeTebinoT vinmes
raRac. Tu or ilokuciur aqts erTi da igive miznebi amoZravebT, maSin
isini sxva rameebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan;
(b) miznis fenomeni sakmaod axlos dgas ganzraxvisagan. ganzraxva ki
intencionaluri fenomenia da rogorc aseTs garkveuli mimarTuleba
aqvs. aqedan, ilokuciuri Zalis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani fenomeni
swored mimarTulobaa. analitikosebi laparakoben Sesatyvisobis
mimarTulobaze (direction of fit), romelic sul ori saxisaa: an samyaro unda
Seesatyvisebodes Cvens gamoTqmebs, an piriqiT, Cveni gamoTqmebi unda
eguebodes samyaros. ase magaliTad, mtkicecebs aqvT enis samayarosadmi
Sesatyvisobis mimarTuloba, xolo Txovnas ki piriqiT, samyaros enis
moTxovnebisadmi Sesatyvisobisa;
(c) Semdegi mniSvnelovani ganzomileba fsiqologiuri modusia. misi saSua-
lebiT molaparake gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas aqtisadmi. ase maga-
liTad, mtkicebis, konstataciis, axsnis an gancxadebisas, subieqti gamo-
xatavs Tavis rwmenas, rom ase da asea saqmis viTareba. zogadad iloku-
ciuri aqtis ganxorcielebis fsiqologiuri modusi Seesatyviseba
gulwrfelobis wess;
(d) ilokuciuri mizani sxvadasxvagvarad aris warmodgenili, mas
SemoTavazebis sxvadasxva xarisxi aqvs. es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs
gansxvavebas raimes gakeTebis Txovnasa da moTxovnas Soris.
SeiZleba kidev 12 sxva elementis gamoyofa, romlebic kinkretul saxes da
garkveulobas sZenen ilokuciur aqtebs. maTi simravlidan mainc gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba avtorebTan eniWeba sams: ilokuciur mizans (illocutionary purpose or point), Sesatyvisobis mimarTulobas (direction of fit) da fsiqologiur moduss
(psichological mode). Tavis mxriv, ilokuciuri mizani am samidanac SiZleba gamoiyos,
rogorc bazisuri kategoria, romlis irgvlivac Tavs iyris danarCeni yvela.
axla SegviZlia ukve aRvniSnoT, rom Cven praqtikulad gaveciT pasuxi zemoT
dasmul kiTxvas, Tu ra emateba propoziciul Sinaarss molaparake subieqtis
mxridan iseT, romelic am Sinaarss gadaaqcevs sametyvelo moqmedebad.
reziume. sametyvelo moqmedeba da analizis praqtika
yovelive imas, rac aqamde iyo gadmocemuli da gansakuTrebiT ki, es Seexeba
Cveni Temis mesame nawils, Tavisi gagrZeleba aqvs. erTi maTgani Teoriulia da mas
iolad aRmoaCens dainteresebuli mkiTxveli habermasis “komunikaciuri
moqmedebis TeoriaSi” (“Theorie von kommunikatiwen Handeln”). meore ki, praqtikuli
da neba momeciT masze oriode sityviT SevCerde. sametyvelo moqmedebis aparati
(ilokuciuri Zalis, fsiqologiuri modusis, Sesatyvisobi mimarTulobis da sxva
cnebebi) dRes farTod gamoiyeneba PR teqnologiebSi, rogorc analizis
mniSvnelovani instrumentariebi. es saSualebebi araCveulebrivad nayofieri
gamodga e.w. intentanalizis praqtikisaTvis. Tu aqamdeli kontentanalizi,
romlis teqnologia gacilebiT ufro adre damuSavda, mxolod masalis Sinaarsis
analizis saSualebas iZleoda, intentanalizma (anu intencionalurma analizma)
31
gamocnobis saSualebiT”.
SemoTavazebuli definicia, graisis mixedviT, WeSmaritia rogorc
informaciuli debulebebis mimarT, aseve arainformaciuli, magaliTad
imperatiuli winadadebebis mimarTac. gansxvaveba, romelic aq arsebobs, pirvel
SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs msmenelis dajerebis Sinaarsis analizs, xolo
imperativebis SemTxvevaSi ki kvlav analizs, oRond ara dajerebisa, aramed im
efeqtisa romelsac molaparake iqoniebs msmenelze. arsebiTi aq is aris, rom
rogorc erT, aseve meore SemTxvevaSi analizis samizne obieqti aris ganzraxva.
amrigad, graisis udavo damsaxurebad unda miviCnioT kvlevis arealSi
intencionaluri mniSvnelobis Semotana da misi daaxloeba molaparakis
ganzraxvasTan. enis specifika isaa, rom igi subieqturis da obieqturis
specifikur simbiozs warmoadgens. sityvebi, mTlianad ena, mxolod obieqtur
arsebobas rom flobdes, SeuZlebeli iqneboda misi adamianis miznebis Sesabamisad
gamoyeneba. rogori obiqturi JReradoba da funqcionirebac ar unda hqondes
enas is yovelTvis dakavSirebulia mosaubre da msmenel subieqtTan da yovelma
normalurma enis Teoriam unda gaiTvaliswinos amgvari viTareba. vnaxoT axla
rogor aisaxeba es fenomeni ilokuciuri aqtebSi.
3.3. metyvelebis intencionaluri mxare. ganzraxva da ilokucia
sametyvelo moqmedebis TeoriaSi sagangebodaa Seswavlili im wesebis
struqtura, romlebic aucilebelia molaparakis ganzraxvis warmatebiT ganxor-
cielebisaTvis. Tu sanimuSod aviRebT Sepirebas, maSin SegviZlia CamovayaliboT
misi ganxorcielebis wesebidan sailustraciod SevarCioT Semdegi:
1. Sepireba gamoiTqmeba mxolod winadadebis an ufro farTo diskursis
konteqstSi, misi gamoTqma (A) aqts miawers molaparakes. es wesi aris
propoziciuli Sinaarsis wesi;
2. Sepireba ganxorcielebulia mxolod maSin, rodesac rogorc
molaparakisaTvis, aseve msmenelisaTvis naTelia, rom molaparake
ganaxorcielebs (A) aqts saqmis normaluri msvlelobisas. es aris e.w.
Sepirebis mosamzadebeli wesi;
3. Sepireba gamoiTqmeba mxolod maSin, Tuki molaparakes ganzraxuli aqvs
ganaxorcielos (A) aqti. es gulwrfelobis wesia;
4. da bolos Sepireba iTvleba (A) aqtis valdebulebis aRebad. am wess avtori
arsebiT wess uwodebs.
es wesebi ganaxorcieleben mxolod Sepirebis moqmedebas, Tumca ukve maTSi
mocemulia bevri iseTi elementi, romelic saerToa sxva ilokuciuri moqmedebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis. ase magaliTad, Tu sanimuSod aviRebT gulwrfelobis wess,
mas Zala eqneba mtkicebis ilokuciuri aqtisaTvisac. Tumca mtkicebisas
Seicvleba misi Sinaarsi. ase magaliTad, gulwrfelobis wesi mtkicebasTan
dakavSirebiT gvetyvis, rom mtkiceba ganxorcieldeba mxolod maSin, Tu
molaparakes sjera, rom swored ase da asea saqme.
Zalze zogadad Tu ganvsjiT, es da sxva wesebi warmarTaven ara mxolod
enobrivi moqmedebis ganxorcielebas, aramed, ramdenadac es moqmedeba Cadebulia
zogadad metyvelebis aqtis struqturaSi, sametyvelo aqtsac. enis pragmatikuli
ganzomilebis Seswavlamde winadadebis gamoTqma gagebuli iyo upirveles
yovlisa garkveuli Sinaarsis gamocemad. Semdeg, ilokuciuri gamoTqmebis
analizisas naxeT, rom metyveleba mxolod Sinaarsebis gadmocema ki ar aris,
aramed garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebacaa. sametyvelo moqmedebis
struqturis SeswavliT Cven axla sakmaod momzadebulni varT imisaTvis, rom
pirdapir davsvaT kiTxva enobrivi moqmedebis bunebis raobis Taobaze, SegviZlia
vikiTxoT: ra emateba propoziciul Sinaarss iseTi, rom mas sametyvelo
moqmedebad aqcevs? zogadi pasuxi an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli orientiri
pasuxisaTvis Cven ukve viciT _ ganzraxva, ilokuciuri Zala. ufro konkretuli
30
“gansazRvrebis” sinonimad SeiZleba Segvxvdes laTinuri termini — “definicia” —
ramac ar unda gamoiwvios dabneuloba. Tuki vinme moiTxovda “gansazRvrebis”
gansazRvrebas, maSin SegviZlia ama Tu im terminis Sinaarsis daxasiaTebas
vuwodoT gansazRvreba. gansazRvrebis Sedeged dadgenili Sinaarsi mecnierul
msjelobebSi aRar unda Seicvalos. arsebobs SemTxvevei, rodesac romelime
bunebrivi enis sityvas viyenebT ama Tu im TeoriaSi ise, rom winaswar vadgenT mis
Sinaarss. es Sinaarsi SeiZleba Camohgavdes sityvis gavrcelebul mniSvnelobas da
SeiZleba misgan mkveTrad gansxvavebulic ki iyos. aseTi cvlilebis Setana
mecnierebaSi misaRebia da is damokidebulia konvenciaze, romlis wyalobiTac
dgindeba sakvlevi Teoriis ena. mniSvnelovani aq is aris, rom mas Semdeg, rac
gansazRvrebiT konvencionalurad miviReT terminis Sinaarsi da cneba garkveuli
gvaqvs, Tavad msjelobebis procesSi es mniSvneloba aRar SeiZleba Seicvalos da
cneba mudmivad SemoRebuli mniSvnelobiT unda gamoviyenoT. aseT SemTxvevebSi
Cven viTyviT, rom saqme gvaqvs ara Cveulebriv sityvebTan, aramed terminebTan.
termini winaswar SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT rogorc mecnieruli, anu Teoriuli
enisaTvis specialurad Semotanili sityva, romelic yovelTvis
konvencionalurad miRebuli wesiT unda gamoiyenebodes mocemuli Teoriis
farglebSi.
"termins" ZiriTadad logikur-gramatikuli xasiaTis teqstebSi vxvdebiT.
amitom, ra Tqma unda, semiotikuri instrumentariebis analizisas SegveZlo
gverdi agvevlo misTvis, magram rogorc "terminis" SinaarsTan gacnoba
gviCvenebs, misi araerTi makonstituirebeli momenti, gansxvavebul
konteqstebSi, semiotikuri obieqtebis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia. amitom,
"terminTan" gacnoba (misi met-naklebad detaluri eqsplikaciis gareSe) Cveni
miznebisaTvis savsebiT mizanSewonilia.
germanulenovan teqstebSi am sityvis gamoTqmad iyeneben "Ausdruck"-s.
terminebis Sesaxeb erT-erTi seriozuli gamokvleva ekuTvnis XVII saukunis
germanel swavluls, laibnics. is viTareba, rom "termins" laibnici umeteswilad
logikuri xasiaTis teqstebSi mimoixilavs, mis Sua saukuneebis tradiciasTan
kavSirze metyvelebs, romlisaTvisac ganmsazRvreli iyo "terminis" logikuri
patametrebis eqsplikacia. sqolasti avtorebis umravlesoba, gamoyofda
"terminis" sam ZiriTad mniSvnelobas: gagebiT, daweril da gamoTqmul terminebs:
(a)termini rogorc gagebis saSualeba iyo e.w. "terminus mentis", sadac termini
warmodgenili iyo rogorc adamianis gonebis saSualeba anu rogorc subieqturi
cneba. Sesabamisad, am obieqts zogjer aRniSnavdnen gamoTqmiT "conceptus subjectivus". mniSvnelovania miTiTeba imaze, rom terminis aseTi interpretacia mas
ar ganixilavda rogorc xelovnur, adamianis mier Seqmnil instruments. piriqiT,
termini gagebuli iyo gonebis bunebriv obieqtad, romelic nebis Caurevlad
warmogvidgens imas, rac masSi igulisxmeba. "terminis" meore, (b) mniSvneloba
pirvelTan iyo dakavSirebuli. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs e.w. "Vox" anu termini rogorc
naTqvami, verbalurad gamoxatuli ram. "terminis" es mniSvneloba, Tu SeiZleba
ase iTqvas, ufro meoradi, damatebiTi mniSvnelobaa, romelic pirvelTan
mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli misi gamoTqmis, Tavis TavSi garemocvis da
gamoxatvis saSualebiT. da bolos, "terminis" mesame, (g) mniSvnelobiT, laparkia
mis grafikul gamoxatvaze da Caweris adekvatur sistemaze, romelic
agvacilebda Secdomebs
terminis aRwerili mniSvnelobebidan, ra Tqma unda, ganmsazRvreli pirveli
mniSvnelobaa. sqolasturi tradiciiT termini ara mxolod sulis sakuTreba iyo,
rac mas garkveul statuss da niadags uqmnida, aramed gamoxatavda Cveni sulis
intencionalur xasiaTs (intencionalobis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi ufro mets
mogaxsenebT). "terminus subjectivus" yovelTvis mimarTulia raRac obieqtze da sulis
afeqcias, ase vTqvaT, mis individualur aqcidencias gamoxatavs da warmoadgens.
Sua saukuneebis avtorebis umravlesoba Tvlida, rom "terminus subjectivus" Cvens
sulSi bunebrivi wesiT aris konotirebuli. rasac is aRniSnavs, anu ufro zusti
iqneba vTqvaT, TanaaRniSnavs sulSi da sulTan erTad, aris misi Sinaarsi, "treminus objectivus" anu "terminus conceptus", e. i. cneba an idea.
""terminis" qveS me mesmis ara saxelebi, aramed azrebi anu is rac saxeliT
7
aRiniSneba, SegveZlo, agreTve gveTqva: cneba, idea" - werda laibnici.
bevr teqstSi laibnics sityva "termini" swored am, obieqturi mniSvnelobiT
esmis. marius nizoliusis Sromis winasityvaobaSi laibnici "terminis" sxva
mniSvnelobasac aRniSnavs da mis nacvlad zogjer iyenebs "vocabulum"-s anu
rogorc sityvis aRmniSvnels (C497). igive azriT iyenebs is "Vox"-sac, xolo ufro
gviandel, 1690 wlis teqstSi "terminis" tolZalovnad iyenebs "Character"-s. "termini" zogierT teqstSi sintaqsur datvirTvasac iZens imisda mixedviT, Tu ra
rols asrulebs is winadadebaSi. vTqvaT, kategoriul winadadebaSi is SeiZleba
Segvxvdes rogorc subieqti an rogorc predikati. mTlianobaSi laibnici
gamoyofs terminis sxvadasxva saxes sruliad sxvadasxva funqcionaluri
datvirTviT.
arsebobs integraluri da partikularuli terminebi, individualuri da
universaluri, konkretuli da abstraqtuli, intuiciuri, distribuciuli da
dayofadi terminebi. terminebis Sesabamisi analizi gviCvenebs, rom laibnici maTi
kvleviT amzadebda niadags winadadebaTa konstruqciuli analizisaTvis. Se-
sabamisad, gamosaxulebaTa am mravalferovnebasTan gasacnobad ganmsazRvrelia
daintereseba winadadebiT da misi adgiliT "Lingua rationalis"-Si.
magram davubrundeT Cveni interesis ZiriTad sagans, cnebas. cneba aris
usasrulobis inteleqtualuri dauflebis saSualeba. arsebobs azri, rom cneba
pirvelma sokratem Semiitana kvlevaSi. cneba aris raRac iseTi rac yovelTvis
zogadzea orientirebuli. amaSi iolad davrwmundebiT, Tu ganvixilavT
SemTxvevas, rodesac Cven vmsjelobT, davuSvaT, adamianze. adamianis cnebiT
moiazreba zogadad da ara romelime konkretuli adamiani. arsebobs adamianis
ramdenime definicia. maT Soris erT-erTi, romelsac Cven kargad vicnobT,
ekuTvnis aristoteles. es gansazRvreba gveubneba, rom adamiani aris politikuri
arseba. margam romel adamianzea aq saubari? ra simaRlisaa es adamiani? ra feris
Tma an Tvalebi aqvs? cxadia am da msgavs kiTxvebze ver gavcemT, mxolod cnebiTi
codnis safuZvelze, pasuxs, radgan kiTxvebi daesmis konkretul maxasiaTeblebs,
konkretul adamianebs maSin, rodesac cneba zogadzea orientirebuli. cneba
usasrulobis dauflebas cdilobs ara mxolod sivrceSi, aramed droSiac: radgan
adamianze msjelobisas, misi cneba exeba rogorc yvela imas, vinc odesme
arsebula, aramed imasac, vinc momavalSic iarsebebs. SesaZlebelia iseTi cnebis
arsebobac, romelsac arc ki viciT Seesatyviseba Tu ara raime samyaroSi. aseTi
viTareba verafers aklebs cnebis vargisianobas da is maSinve samuSao
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, rogorc ki misi Sesatyvisi obieqtebi aCveneben Tavs.
sikeTeze maSinac SegveZleba msjeloba, erTi keTili adamiani rom arsad ar
moipovebodes. rom ar gvqondes cneba, rogorc usasrulobis dauflebis
saSualeba, maSin iZulebuli viqnebodiT yovel calkeul saganze cal-calke
Segvegrovebina informacia da saWiro ar aris gansakuTrebuli argumentacia
imaSi dasarwmuneblad, Tu ramden uxerxulobasTan iqneboda es dakavSirebuli.
am mciredi Sesavlis Semdeg, cneba SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ase: “cneba aris
azri saganze an saganTa jgufze, romelSiac es sagnebi warmodgenilia
arsebiTi niSnebis mixedviT”. am gansazRvrebaSi yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imas,
rom cnebis SemuSavebisas orientacia xdeba saganTa arsebiT niSnebze, romelTa
saSualebiTac es sagnebi gamoiyofa sxva sagnebis usasrulo simravlidan.
aristoteles adamianis definiciaSi arsebiT niSnad gamoyenebulia politikuri
cxovrebis wesi. Tu sxva, magaliTad, franklinis, gansazRvrebas aviRebT
gamorCeulad adamianur niSnad is asaxelebs iaraRis keTebis unars. arsebiTi
niSani, rogorc vxedavT, sxvadasxva avtorTan gansxvavebulia, riTac araferi
Savdeba. mTavari misi funqcia isaa, rom man adamians imgvari unikaluri niSani
miaweros, romelic mas yvela sxvebisagan gamoarCevda. am konkretuli niSnis
SerCeva ki damokidebulia avtoris zogad xedvaze, gemovnebaze da
msoflmxedvelobaze.
ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela logikosi iziarebs cnebis niSanTa dayofas
arsebiTad da araarsebiTad. “opoziciaSi” mdgomi aseTi avtorebis ricxvs unda
mivakuTvnoT XX saukunis avstrieli mkvlevari, ludvig vitgenStaini.
vitgenStainisaTvis yvela niSani, romelic ki moiazreba cnebis SinaarsSi,
8
uaryofebs Soris Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgen Tu uaryofa propozicias exeba,
es uaryofa ar gavrceldeba ilokuciur Zalaze. uaryofis Sedegi igive Zalis
axli propozicia iqneba. magram Tu Cven uarvyofT ilokuciur ZalasamiT xasiaTi
ecvleba mTel ilokuciur aqts. gamoTqma “me ar gpirdebiT” axali Sepireba ki ar
aris, aramed Sepirebis uaryofaa maSin, rodesac gamoTqma “nu gaakeTebT” kvlav
axal moTxovnad rCeba.
3. 2. subieqturi mniSvneloba
is, rasac Cven gavecaniT sametyvelo moqmedebis elementebis saxiT,
winadadebis obieqturi ganzomilebaa. magram rogori obieqturi JReradibac ar
unda hqondes winadadebas, Cven isic kargad viciT, rom igi yovelTvis
mosaubresTan, mi azrebTan da ganzraxvebTanaa dakavSirebuli. vidre sametyvelo
moqmedebis am mxares gavecnobodeT, gvinda jer ganvixiloT erTi Zalze
saintereso mkvlevris, graisis Tvalsazrisi subieqturi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
graisi gvesaWiroeba sametyvelo moqmedebis subieqturi mxaris gasagebad.
saqme isaa, rom graisi erT-erTi pirveli iyo maT Soris, vinc Tamamad Semoitana
analitikur tradiciaSi intencionalisturi terminologia da propoziciebis
TavisTavadi Sinaarsebis gverdiT, yuradReba gaamaxvila Sinaarsis im mxareze,
romelic molaparakem “Cado” gamoTqmasa da enobrivi moqmedebis ganxorci-
elebaSi. swored es viTarebaa dafiqsirebuli terminiT “intencionaloba”.
“intencionaloba” Zveli sqolasturi terminia, romelic Tavis droze
gulisxmobda cnobierebis mimarTulobas saganze. intencionalobis Teoria
mecxramete saukunis miwurulidan aaRorZina germanelma fenomenologma
huserlma. Cven aq, cxadia ar SevudgebiT sqolastebis da huserlis Teoriebis
aRweras. vityviT mxolod imas, rom is rac sqolastebs da huserls saerTo
hqondaT gaxldaT mtkiceba cnobierebis saganze mimarTulobis Sesaxeb.
cnobiereba, maTi azriT, arasdros ar aris “carieli”, aramed yovelTvis aris
“cnobiereba ... Sesaxeb”. enobrivi moqmedebis konteqstSi am terminma SemoaRwia
analitikur literaturaSi, Tumca SemoaRwia ara cnobierebis Sinaarsebis
dasaxasiaTeblad, aramed rogorc cnobierebis, ufro farTod adamianis
mimarTulobam, ganzraxvam ganaxorcielos esa Tu is enobrivi moqmedeba. amitom,
sametyvelo moqmedebis daxasiaTebis umravles SemTxvevebSi gamzraxva (“to intend to do ...”) “intencionalobiT” aRiniSneba. magram, davubrundeT graisis Teorias.
statiaSi “mniSvneloba” graisma gamojna naturaluri da aranaturaluri
mniSvnelobebi. naturaluri mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli winadadebaa: “is laqebi
kanze wiTelas niSnavs”. aranaturalurisa — “matareblis sayviri niSnavs, rom
matarebeli male daiZreba”. naturalur da aranaturalur mniSvnelobebs Soris
gansxvavebis farTo daxasiaTeba, graiss Sejamebuli aqvs aseTi saxiT:
naturaluri mniSvnelobis gamoTqma SeiZleba Sejamebuli amgvarad; “A aRniSnavs
aseT da aseT moqmedebas X-iT”, xolo aranaturaluri ki amgvarad: “A gulisxmobs
raRacas X-iT” an “A-s nagulisxmebi aqvs, rom ...”
imas, rasac aq graisi naturalur mniSvnelobas uwodebs, Tavisuflad SegviZlia
davarqvaT subieqturi mniSvneloba, radgan amgvari mniSvnelobebis miRma yovelTvis
igulisxmeba molaparake subieqti — garkveuli intenciebis mqone arseba, romelic
konkretuli niSnebiT migviTiTebs mis mier nagulisxmeb, ganzraxul saqmis
viTarebaze. Tu axla aviRebT e.w. naturalur mniSvnelobas, ioli dasanaxia, rom mis
ukan ar dgas araviTari ganzraxvis matarebeli subieqti. niSani aq bunebrivad
aRniSnavs raRacas. graisi savsebiT sworad uars ambobs mniSvnelobis bunebis
movlenebis msgavsad kauzaluri terminebiT analizze. radganac aseTi analizi Riad
datovebda kiTvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras gulisxmobda molaparake ama Tu im gamoTqmaSi,
ra iyo misi gamoTqmis ukan mdgari ganzraxva, graisi amjobinebs sakiTxi aRweros ufro
miznobriobis terminologiaSi. aranaturaluri mniSvnelobis formulireba,
definicia graisTan sabolood aseT saxes iRebs:
“A aranaturalurad gulisxmobs raRacas X-is saSualebiT”, eqvivalenturia
debulebisa “A gamoTqvams X-s ganzraxviT daajeros msmeneli am agnzraxvis
29
aqtebs. Tavis mxriv, es niSnavs aqtebs Soris garkveuli subordinaciis arsebobas.
Tumca, amiT xeli ar eSleba aqtebis erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad warmodgenas.
anu sxvadasxva ilokuciur aqts SeiZleba erTi da igive propoziciuli aqti
Seesabamebodes da piriqiT, erTi da igive ilokuciuri ZaliT gamoiTqvas erTi da
igive propozicia. savsebiT SesaZlebelia gamoTqmiTi aqtis abstraqciaSi
damoukidebeli saxiT warmodgena, Tu davuSvebT, rom misi ganxorcielebisas
imave dros ar xorcieldeba arc predikacia da arc referencia.
ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan ilokucia da predikacia. ilokuciuri aqtis
gramatikuli forma mTeli winadadebaa, Tumdac is mxolod erTi sityvisagan
Sedgebodes. propoziciuli aqtisaTvis ki saWiroa ara mTeli winadadeba, aramed
mxolod misi nawili. kerZod, predikaciisaTvis gramatikuli predikati, xolo
referenciisaTvis sakuTari saxeli, arsebiTi saxeli an maTi Semcvleli
saSualebebi. ramdenadac propoziciuli aqti yovelTvis winadadebis raRac
nawiliT xorcieldeba, gsagebia, rom is ver ganxorcieldeba ilokuciuri
aqtisagan damoukideblad. sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia
gamovTqvaT propozicia ise, rom arc kiTxva davsvaT, arc brZaneba an sxva msgavsi
ram gamovxatoT. sagnebze saubari SeiZleba mxolod winadadebebiT da ara
winadadebebis nawilebiT. am axsnidan ufro gasagebi xdeba, Tu ra azriT
iqvemdebarebs propozicias ilokucia.
meti sicxadisaTvis, sametyvelo moqmedebis warmodgenili struqtura
SegviZlia SevadaroT im struqturas, romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo enobrivi
niSnebis daxasiaTebisas semantikur WrilSi. miuxedavad am ori rigis elementebs
Soris identobis ar arsebobisa, SegviZlia vilaparakoT garkveul msgavsebaze (a)
aRmniSvnelsa da sametyvelo aqtSi winadadebis gamoTqma/moqmedebas Soris.
Semdeg, (b)sityvis mniSvnelobasa da sametyvelo aqtis propozicias Soris.
amasTan mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom propozicia gamoixateba ara
winadadebiT, aramed molaparakis mier winadadebis gamoTqmisas. rac Seexeba
ilokucias, mas semantikuri analogia ar moeZebneba, radgan igi warmoadgens
wminda pragmatikul elements. kidev erTxel rom davubrundeT gansxvavebas
propozicias da ilokucias Soris, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom propozicia
winadadebis gamoTqmis Sinaarss Seadgens, xolo ilokucia ki misi mocemulobis
ganmsazRvreli Zala. ilokuciuri Zalis indikatori (romelic msgavsia
eqsplicituri performativisa) gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aris SemoTavazebuli
propozicia, anu ra Zala aqvs gamoTqmas, an, bolos, sakuTriv ra saxis enobrivi
moqmedeba ganaxorciela molaparakem.
ra enobrivi saSualebebi arsebobs imisaTvis, rom winadadebis gamoTqmisas
ganxorcieldes miTiTeba ilokuciur Zalaze. yovel enas Tavisi specifiuri
saSualebebi gaaCnia. inglisuri enisaTvis. magaliTad serli asaxelebs Semdegs:
sityvaTa wyobas, maxvils, gamomTqmelis intonacias, punqtuacias, zmnebis kilos
da ilokuciur zmnebs. yovelive amas unda daematos konteqsti, romelic
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxados gamoTqmis ilokuciuri Zala.
Tu imgvarad moxda, rogorc amas adgili hqonda faruli performativebis
SemTxvevaSi, anu Tu gamoTqmis ilokuciuri Zala dafiqsirebuli ar aris
winadadebis zedapirul struqturaSi, aman ar unda Segveqmnas STabeWdileba, rom
saqme gvaqvs wminda propoziciebTan, wminda SinaarsebTan. magaliTisaTvis aviRoT
iseTi gamoTqma, rogoricaa “gpirdebiT mosvlas”. aq Znelia gaarCio, Tu romeli
frazaa propoziciis indikatori da romeli ilokuciuri Zalisa. winadadebis
siRrmiseuli struqturis eqsplikaciisas, miviRebT Semdegi saxis gamosaxulebas
— “me gpirdebiT, rom moval”. axla saSualeba gvaqvs davafiqsiroT, erTi mxriv,
ilokuciuri Zalis indikatori — “me gpirdebiT” — da meore mxriv, ki
propoziciuli Sinaarsisa — “rom moval”. gatarebuli gansxvavebis Rirebuleba
gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom is orgvari sruliad sxvadasxvagvari
uaryofis gamijvnis SesaZleblobas iZleva, romlebic xSirad erTmaneTSia
areuli da winadadebis zedapiruli struqturidan ar Cans. ase magaliTad,
winadadebas “me gpirdebiT mosvlas” SeiZleba hqondes orgvari uaryofa: “me ar
gpirdebiT mosvlas” da “me gpirdebiT, rom ar moval”. aq gasagebia, rom pirveli
ilokuciuri uaryofaa, xolo meore propoziciuli. gansxvaveba am ori saxis
28
tolZalovania da ar arsebobs maT Soris raime rangireba. am amosaval pozicias is
iyenebs e.w. “ojaxuri msgavsebis” Teoriis asagebad, romelic ar gaimarTeboda
cnebis niSanTa tolZalovnebis postulatis gareSe.
yovel cnebas aqvs moculoba da Sinaarsi. cnebis SinaarsSi igulisxmeba am
cnebis maxasiaTeblebis erToblioba, xolo moculobaSi ki, misi SinaarsiT
gansazRvruli sagnebis raodenoba. rac ufro farToa cneba moculobiT, miT
ufro Raribia is SinaarsiT da, piriqiT, SinaarsiT mdidari cneba ufro metad
iswrafvis konkretulobisaken da, maSasadame, naklebia misi moculobac. hegeli
Tavis “logikas” iwyebs yvelaze ufro ganyenebuli da abstraqtuli cnebidan,
iseTi cnebidan romlis moculobac yovlismomcveli iqneboda. aseT cnebad man
SearCia yofierebis cneba, romelic moicavs yovlive arsebuls. samagierod es
cneba, Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze Raribia, radgan saganTa am
usasrulobas igi miawers erTaderT, arsebobis niSans da saganTa am simravles
sxva mxriv srul ganurCevlobaSi tovebs.
warmoSobis wyaros garda, cnebebi SeiZleba daxasiaTebulni iyvnen sruliad
sxva TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, SegviZlia vilaparakoT individualur da
abstraqtul cnebebze, romlebic sxvagvarad SeiZleba warmodgenilni iyvnen,
erTi mxriv, rogorc sruli, xolo meore mxriv, rogorc ganyenebuli cnebebi. am
oridan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa individualuri cneba, romelic indivi-
dualuri substanciis maxasiaTebelia da amitom masTan, rogorc substanciis
aRmniSvnel, Tu ukeTesia vTqvaT, gamomxatvel cnebasTan mTeli rigi problemebia
dakavSirebuli. cxadia, es problemebi ara mxolod logikur-enobrivi, aramed da
upirveles yovlisa, metafizikuri xasiaTisaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTi
daxasiaTebisas ver avcildebiT individualur substanciasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebs, rac wignis pirveli nawilis sagani iyo, Tumca, amgvari analizi, albaT,
axlac garkveulwilad momgebiani iqneba. amrigad, individis cneba aris individualuri substanciis sruli cneba da
mxolod mas mieyeneba. sisruleze xazgasma imis mauwyebelia formulaSi, rom
individis cnebis mimarT raime axali predikatebis damateba SeuZlebelia. am
Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT individualuri cneba amave dros maqsimaluri
Semcvelobis cnebacaa.
imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is nawilobrivi cneba Sevides individualuri cnebis
predikatis SemadgenlobaSi, mas waeyeneba ori moTxovna, (a) rom is unda iyos
arawinaaRmdegobrivi da (b) iyos TanaSeTavsebadi ufro meti moculobis
nawilobriv cnebebTan. principi, ris mixedviTac erTi cneba (sul erTia
nawilobrivia is Tu ara) SeiZleba Sevides meore cnebis moculobaSi, aris
msgavsebis mimarTeba, rac teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT ufro CarTulobad
ganisazRvreba.
individualuri cnebebis kidev erTi Tavisebureba is aris, rom yoveli
gamarTuli, normaluri individualuri cneba usasrulo raodenobis
predikatebs Seicavs. amitom, cnebebis moculobaze saubrisas, SesaZloa,
umjobesia visaubroT ara "meti" an "naklebi" moculobis cnebebze, aramed meti an
naklebi Zalis cnebebze. amgvari saubari ki saWiro gaxdeba maSin, rodesac
substanciebis konteqstSi, cnebaTa srulyofilebis sakiTxi dadgeba. gavixsenoT,
rom laibnicis metafizikiT is substanciaa ufro srulyofili, romelic
SeTavsebadia ufro meti moculobis aqcidenciasTan.
1. 2. msjeloba
logikis mecnierebis meore mniSvnelovani elementia msjeloba. msjeloba,
cnebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelc yovelTvis calkeul sagans an saganTa jgufs
aRniSnavs, msjeobis pirveli damaxasiaTebli niSani dasrulebuli azris
gadmocemaa. msjeloba ar exeba calkeul sagnebs, aramed am am saganTa arseboba ar
arsebobas xdomilebaTa konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, msjeloba, upirveles yovlisa,
asocirebulia sagnobriv viTarebasTan. magram aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT
9
msjelobis kidev erTi specifika — msjeloba sagnovrivi viTarebis martiv
deskripcias ar warmoadgens, aramed is iseTi aRweraa, romelic sagnobrivi
viTarebis sakuTrivi aRweris garda masve miawers am sagnobrivi viTarebis
arseboba-ararsebobis mtkicebas. amitom WeSmariteba/siyalbe msjelobis
Tvisebebia gansxvavebiT cnebebisagan, romelTac ar gaaCniaT WeSmaritebis fasebi.
am SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, msjeloba SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT amgvarad:
msjeloba aris azri sagnobrivi viTarebis Sesaxeb, romelSiac am sagnobriv
viTarebaze raRac mtkicdeba an uariyofa.
arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis msjelobebi. magram rogori konkretuli saxec ar
unda hqondes msjelobas, misi struqtura identuria yvela SemTxvevisaTvis.
kerZod, yoveli msjeloba Seicavs sam ZiriTad elements: subietqs, predikats da
makavSirebal sityvas _ kopulas. amitom “S & P” msjelobis uzogadesi
formulaa. misi pirveli elemeti, “S” — “subieqti” SeiZleba ganisazRvros
rogorc is razedac raRac gamoiTqmeba msjelobaSi. meore elementi,
“predikati”, “P” - SeiZleba ganisazRvros yvelafer imad, rac ki SeiZleba
mieweros subiqts. rac Seexeba makavSireblebs arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis
(erTadgiliani, oradgiliani...) makavSireblebi, romelTa erT nawils enobriv
gamoxatulebas vaZlevT. am mxriv ganasxvaveben, magaliTad, koniunqcias,
disunqcias, implikacias da a.S. koniunqcia SeiZleba gamoixatos sityviT “da”.
iTvleba, rom koniunqciis saSualebiT agebuli winadadeba WeSmaritia maSin,
rodesac misi orive wevri WeSmaritia. disunqcia gamoixateba sityviT “an“ da
iTvleba, rom disunqciuri debuleba WeSmaritia maSin, ordesac WeSmaritia misi
erTi wevri mainc. da bolos, implikaciiT agebuli debuleba (“Tu ... maSin...”)
WeSmaritia, Tu WeSmartia ara pirveli, aramed meore termini da a.S.
rogorc iTqva, arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis msjelobebi. SegviZlia gavmijnoT
zogaddadebiTi, zogaduaryofiTi, kerZoobiTdadebiTi da kerZoobiTuaryofiTi
msjelobebi. vTqvaT msjeloba _ “yvela adamiani mokvdavia” — warmoadgens
zogaddadebiTi msjelobis nimuSs, radgan igi dadebiT mtkicebas axorcielebs
zogad terminze — adamianze. zogaduaryofiTi msjelobis nimuSi iqneba Semdegi
saxis mtkicebuleba _ “arc erTi adamiani ar aris mokvdavi”. marTalia es
msjeloba wina msjelobis msgavsad kvlav zogad termins exeba, magram amjerad
masze uaryofas avrcelebs. kerZoobiTdadebiTi msjelobis magaliTad SegviZlia
moviyvanoT aseTi msjeloba — “sokrate mokvdavia”, xolo kerZoobiTuaryofiTis
nimuSad ki, amgvari — “sokrate ukvdavia”.
msjelobebis es daxasiaTeba ar aris erTaderTi. arsebobs sxva saxis
msjelobaTa klasifikacia. CvenTvis maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania msjelobebis
dayofa analizur da sinTezur msjelobebad. msjelobaTa dayofaze analizuad
da sinTezurad damokidebulia iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, rogoricaa
mecnierebaTa klasifikacia, gansxvaveba apriorulsa da aposterioruls Soris,
empiriuli da wminda goniT Semecnebas Soris danawileba da sxv. gavmijnoT jer
erTmaneTisagan analizuri da sinTezuri msjelobebi.
Cven vityviT, rom msjeloba aris sinTezuri, Tuki msjelobis predikati ki ar
igulisxmeba mis subieqtSi, aramed garedan miewereba mas. informacia msjelobis
predikatis Sesaxeb sinTezur msjelobaSi modis empiriuli codnis bazaze.
aviRoT sinTezuri msjelobis nimuSad amgvari debuleba:
“vardi aris wiTeli”
am msjelobis sinTezuri xasiaTi, gansazRvrebis mixedviT, aSkaraa, radgan
rogor damajerebladac ar unda gavaanalizoT vardis cneba, masSi siwiTis cnebis
niSanwyalsac ki ver aRmovaCenT. informacia vardis siwiTlis Sesaxeb mocemuli
konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis miviReT mxolod da mxlod erTi wyarodan _
gamocdilebidan.
aviRoT axla analizuri msjelobis SemTxveva da davrwmundebiT, rom viTareba
aq mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuilia. analizuria Semdegi saxis msjeloba:
“sxeuli aris ganfenili”
sinTezuri msjelobisagan gansxvavebiT, ganfeniloba aq subieqtis cnebidan,
raRacis sxeulebrivi yofidan gamoiyvaneba. marTlacda, SeuZlebelia vinmem
10
gamoTqma SeiZleba swored am formiT Segvxvdes winadadebaSi, magram is arasdros
ar aris neitraluri. mocemuli saxiT warmodgenili performativi farulia da is
realurad SeiZleba warmoadgendes an brZanebas, an Txovnas, an moTxovnas, an
sulac vedrebas. Tu mocemuli winadadebis nacvlad me vityodi “me moviTxov
daxuro karebi” maSin saqme gveqneba eqsplicitur performativTan. ostinma
mTeli rigi procedurebi SemoiRo imisaTvis, rom mosaxerxebeli yofiliyo
faruli performativis eqsplikacia.
kidev erTi cneba, romelic sameytyvelo moqmedebis gasagebad gvWirdeba aris
“referencia”. termini referencia modis inglisurenovani gamoTqmidan “to refer to”, rac “SesabamisobaSi yofnas”, “Sestyvisobas”, “SeTanadebas” gulisxmobs.
referencia gulisxmobs enobrivi gamosaxulebis Sesatyvisobas Sesabamis
obieqtTan. am terminis Semotana saWiro gaxda mas Semdeg, rac gaacnobieres, rom
aRmniSvnelis cneba ver faravs enobrivi saSualebebis obieqtebTan Sesabamisobis
yvela SemTxvevas. kerZod, aRmniSvneli frazis ZiriTadi funqcia mniSvnelobis
materialuri gamosaxvaa, xolo referencia arkvevs imas, modis Tu ara es fraza an
mniSvneloba SesabamisobaSi, gnebavT vuwodoT, SexebaSi im obieqtTan romelzedac
is aris gamiznuli. aviRoT aseTi gamoTqma: “safrangeTis Tanamedrove mefe
melotia”. es winadadeba SeiZleba mravalmxriv gavaanalizoT. magram Tu misi
referentulobiT davinteresdebiT, unda ganvacxadoT, rom is “carieli
gamoTqmaa” radgan ar xorcieldeba referencia winadadebasa da Sesabamis obieqts
Soris. referenciis mniSvneloba enobrivi analizisaTvis, ra Tqma unda ar
SemoizRudeba mxolod am da msgavsi SemTxvevebiT, magram CvenTvis Zalze
mniSvnelovania yuradReba gavamaxviloT warmodgenil magaliTze da teqstze
muSaobisas mudmivad mxedvelobaSi viqonioT frazebis “savseoba/sicariele”,
romlis dadgenac referenciis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli.
3. 1. sametyvelo moqmedeba da misi elementebi
amrigad, metyvelebis, ufro zogadad enis funqciebi Zalze didia. am
funqciebs Soris Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT konstatiur da performatiul
gamoTqmebze da davafiqsireT maT Soris gansxvaveba. konstativebis Taobaze,
romlebic WeSmariteba/siyalbis niSnebiT xasiaTdebian Cven sakmarisi informacia
gvaqvs. ufro sainteresoa performatiuli gamoTqmebi, romelTa pirveli
monaxazi warmodgenili iyo ostinis SexedulebaTa gadmocemiT. jer kidev Tavad
ostinma scada performatuli gamoTqmebi sxva terminebSi aRewera, radgan
performativi da masTan dakavSirebuli terminologia ver itevs yvela saWiro
niuanss. sametyvelo moqmedebis struqtura warmodgenili iqneba ara ostinis,
aramed serlis Teoriis mixedviT. saqme isaa, rom ostinis struqtura ufro
samuSao varianti iyo, romelic mas wignad gamosacemad ar moumzadebia. am
struqturas, ra Tqma unda, axlda rigi gaumarTavi elementebi, romlebic Semdeg
serlis interprataciis sagani gaxda. ostinis sametyvelo moqmedeba gulisxmobda
Semdeg elementebs:
1.lokuciuri aqti — es aris metyvelebis aqti;
2.ilokuciuri aqti — metyvelebiT ganxorcielebuli moqmedeba (perfo-
rmativis analogia);
3.perlokuciuri aqti — msmenelze ganxorcielebuli efeqti;
serlma sametyvelo aqtis struqtura warmoadgina Semdegi saxecvlili
formiT:
1.gamoTqma/moqmedeba = sityvebis (winadadebebis) gamoTqma;
2.propoziciuli aqti, moqmedeba = referencis da predikaciis ganxorcieleba;
3.ilokuciuri aqti = dadgena, brZaneba, SekiTxva, Sepireba da a.S.
warmodegnil elementebs Soris serli xedavs Semdegi saxis mimarTebas:
miuxedavad imisa, rom sametyvelo moqmedebis elementebi warmodgenil
struqturaSi damoukideblad arian warmodgenilni, reluri metyvelebisas isini
erTad xorcieldeba. erTdrouloba aq mxolod imas niSnavs, rom ilokuciuri
aqti, romelic yvelaze ufro rTulia ganxorcielebisas iqvemdebarebs danarCen
27
Targmna —
Txovna, madlobis Tqma, dawyevla, misalmeba, locva.”
cxadia, rom enobrivi aqtiobis amgvari warmodgenis Semdeg, Znelia
vilaparakoT, rom enas sami ZiriTadi funqcia gaaCnia. aranakleb Zneli iqneba, Tu
vecdebiT enis funqciebis mkacrad reglamentaciasac. Tavad vitgenStaini
darwmunebuli iyo, rom enis funqciebi usasrulod SegviZlia aRvweroT.
Tu semantikia ZiriTadi enobrivi elementi aris enibrivi niSani an termini,
xolo sintaqsisa ki winadadeba, pragmatikis ZiriTadi samuSao cneba aris
gamoTqma. gamoTqmis specifika isaa, rom is aris ara imdenad werilis, aramed
meytvelebis primatiT gansazRvruli erTeuli.
pragmatikis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi kategoriaa konteqsti. arsebobs
konteqstis ori nairsaxeoba lingvisturi da eqstralingvisturi. erTic da
meorec sazrisis determinacias axorcielebs, oRond sxvadasxvagvarad.
eqstralingvisturi konteqsti iTvaliswinebs molaparakis socialur statuss,
mis kmpetencias, viTarebas romelSiac gamoiyeneba ena, konkretuli viTarebis
ganmsazRvrel sxvadasxva parametrebs da a.S.
rac Seexeba lingistur konteqsts, is axorcielebs konkretuli gamoTqmis
determinacias yvelaferi imis safuZvelze, rac manmade iTqva Tenis Sesaxeb da
garda amisa, yvelaferi imiTac ris Tqmasac molaparake apirebs gamoTqmis Semdeg
Temis irgvliv.
pragmatikuli ganzomilebis kvlevis procesSi sul ufro da ufro meti
yuradReba daeTmo imgvari fenomenis Seswavlas, rogoricaa ganzraxva anu
intencionaloba. es ukanaskneli Cveni Semdgomi gadmocemis ZiriTadi obieqtia,
amitom mas damoukidebel Temas mivuZRvniT.
3.molaparakis ganzraxva da molaparakis
sityvebis sazrisi metyvelebaSi.
vidre metyevelebis struqturas gadmovcemde, minda Semovitano erTi
mniSvnelovani cneba, romelic gagviiolebs SemdgomSi masalis gamocemas. es cneba
gaxlavT performatiuli gamoTqmis cneba. termini performativi, pirvelad
mecnierebaSi Semoitana ingliselma filosofosma ostinma. performatiuli
gamoTqma anu performativi imgvari enobrivi aqtiobis formaa, romelic
gamoTqma/moqmedebas warmoadgens. ra azriT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom performa-
tivebi gamoTqma moqmedebebia? garkveuli azriT, yovelgvari enobrivi aqtivoba
xom moqmedebis, konkretulad enobrivi moqmedebis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens?
performativebi gamoTqma/moqmedebebia ara ase vaTqvaT raime metaforuli
azriT, aramed pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. amis gasagebad ostini gvTavazobs erT-
maneTisagan gavmijnoT konstativebi da performativebi. konstatiuri
gamoTqmis magaliTia “romi mdebareobs tibrze”, xolo performativisa ki nafic
msajulTa mier gamoTqmuli - “Cven vcnobT amas da amas damnaSaved”. gansxvaveba am
ori tipis winadadebebs Soris aSkaraa. konstativebi raime viTarebis aRwerebs
warmoadgenen, xolo performativebi ki konkretuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas.
marTlac, am ukanaskneli gamoTqmis SemTxvevvaSi piri, romelic manmade mxolod
eWvmitanilis statusiT sargeblobda, nafici msajulebis verdiqtiT iqca
damnaSaved.
performativebisa da konstativebis moyvanili gansxvavebidan gamomdinareobs
meore kidev ufro mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba. ostini sayvedurobs winamorbed
logikosebs am gansxvavebaze yuradRebis gaumaxvileblobas. kerZod, ostinis
azriT, mxolod konstativebi xasiaTdebian WeSmariteba-siyalbis niSnebiT maSin,
rodesac performatiuli gamoTqmebi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes warmateba-
warumateblobiT.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani niSani, romelic performativebs axlavs, aris maTi
faruli da Ria xasiaTi. aviRoT winadadeba “dakete karebi”. es performatiuli
26
moiazros sxeulis cneba ise, rom es sxeuli imTaviTve ar iyos ganfenili.
arsebobs identobis niSani “sxeulebrivad yofnasa” da “ganfenilad yofnas” Soris
im donemde, rom yvelgan, sadac ki laparakia “sxeulze”, SegviZlia es termini
CavanacvloT “ganfenilad yofniT” ise, rom mTeli msjelobis mniSvneloba ar
Seicvalos.
sinTezuri da analizuri msjelobebis SemoTavazebuli gansazRvrebidan da
maTi mokle daxasiaTebidan SegviZlia mokled SevexoT mecnierebis Tanamderove
klasifikacias. zogadad laparakoben gansxvavebaze analizur da empiriul
mecnierebebs Soris. empiriuli mecnierebebi Tavis fundamentur mtkicebebs
sinTezur msjelobebze amyareben. ramdenadac sinTezur mecnierebebSi
predikatsa da subieqts Soris kavSiri SemTxveviTia, am mecnierebebis kanonebsac
SemTxveviTi buneba aqvT. araviTari aucilebloba ar ganapirobebs imas, rom
fizikis an biologiis fundamenturi kanonebi ar dairRves. am mecnierebebs
kanonebs aqvT ara aucileblobiTi simyare, aramed albaTuri.
ramdenadac sityva Camovarda msjelobaTa safuZvelaze macnierebebis
klasifikaciis Sesaxeb, barem ukve empiriuli mecnierebebis farglebSi
gamovyofT kidev erT damoukidebel jgufs, romelic arc Tavisi sagniT, arc misi
Seswavlis obieqtiT ar daiyvaneba sxva empiriul mecnierebebze. es gaxlavT e.w.
humanitaruli mecnierebebi. humanitaruli mecnierebebis gamoyofa calke
jgufad ganpirobebuli iyo ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo. jer erTi, maTi Seswavlis
ZiriTadi obieqti, sagani aris adamiani da misi Semoqmedeba. adamiani ki
gansxvavdeba sxva bunebis arsebaTagan, upirveles yovlisa, imiT, rom
dajildoebulia Tavisufali nebiT. amitom rogorc misi namoqmdaris gageba,
aseve momaval gadawyvetilebaTa wanaswar prognozireba, Zalze did sirTuleebs
awydeba. am sirTuleebis Taobaze SegviZlia SevadaroT adamianis momavali
moqmedebis gaTvlis SesaZlebloba gatyorcnili fizikuri nivTis frenis
traeqtoriis gaTvlis SesaZleblobas. am ukanasknelis gamosaTvlelad mravali
ramis gaTvaliswineba gvmarTebs. magaliTad gatyorcnis Zalis, nivTis wonis,
haeris winaaRmdegobis, qaris arseboba-ararsebobis, sxva winaaRmdegobebis
arseboba-ararsebobis da a.S. amisgan, gansxvavebiT adamianis samoqmedo “gegmis”
gageba Seudareblad ufro rTulia ara mxolod imitom, rom gacilebiT meti
detalis gaTvaliswineba gviwevs, vidre sxva bunebis arsebebis gamosaTvlelad
(sul erTia isini sulierebi arian Tu usuloebi), aramed, pirvel rigSi, adamianis
Tavisufali nebis, kidev iseTi sulieri Tvisebebis gamo, rogoricaa Rirsebis
grZnoba da a.S. romelTa ZaliTac adamianma SeiZleba sruliad moulodneli
gadawyvetileba miiRos da Sesabamisad warmarTos Tavisi qceva. humanitaruli
mecnierebebis calke jgufad gamoyofis erT-erTi mizezi maTi obieqtis aseTi
specifikuri xasiaTia.
meore mizezi ufro meTodologiuria da iTvaliswinebs im faqts, rom
adamianis irgvliv koncentrirebuli codnisaTvis maTematikuri meTodebi, an
meTodebi romlebic aTvlasa da gazomva-awonvas mimarTaven araadekvaturia.
Sesabamisad, gasuli XIX saukunidan laparaki daiwyes hermenevtikul
meTodologiaze, romlis fuZemdeblad (Tu Slaiermaxeris manamdel Sromebs ar
gaviTvaliswinebT), dilTai unda CaiTvalos. hermenevtika sxvagvarad gagebis
meTodadaa aRiarebuli da is gulisxmobs garkveuli xidis arsebobas warsul
kulturasa da Tanamedrove mkvlevars Soris, pirovnebis naazrevsa da
Semoqmedebas da mis mkvlevars Soris. hermenevtikis sakvlevi horizonti Zalze
farToa. arsebobs hermenevtikis lingvisturi nairsaxeobebi (haidegeris da
gadameris hermenevtikebis saxiT), an mis analitikuri variaciebi vitgenStainis da
karl-oto apelis hermenevtikuli Studiebis saxiT. hermenevtikis teqstis
gagebis mecnierebad interpretacias didi xnis istoria aqvs da ebraul
kabalistikaze rom araferi vTqvaT, is sakmaod naTlad Cndeba im qristian
avtorebTan, vinc bibliis interprataciiT an TargmaniT iyvnen dainteresebulni
(amitomac, hermenevtikis erT-erT adreul warmomadgenlad asaxeleben luTers,
romelic bibliis germaul enaze mTargmnelia. bolos, aRvniSnavT imasac, rom
arsebobs fsiqoanalizis hermenevtikuli interpretacia, rac ar unda iyos
moulodneli, radgan sityva iyo is ZiriTadi iaraRi, romliTac froidi Tavisi
miznebis miRwevas cdilobda.
11
amisgan gansxvavebiT, analizuri msjelobebs aucilebeli xasiaTi aqvT da
Sesabamisad aseTive bunebisani arian am mecnierebis kanonebic, romlebic
analizur msjelobebze ageben sakuTari mecnierebis Senobas. analizuri
mecnierebebis rigs miekuTvnebian maTematikuri da logikuri disciplinebi.
rogorc analizur mecnierebebTan, aseve Sesabamis msjelobebTan dakavSirebiT
arsebobs erTi problema, romelic cnobilia kantis droidan. kanti analizuri da
sinTezuri msjelobebis dayofisas werda, rom analizuri msjelobis
apodiqturoba (anu misi sayovelTao da aucilebeli xasiaTi), miRweulia wminda
gamomdinareobis xasiaTiT subieqtsa da predikats Soris, rac erTi mxriv,
marTalia apodiqturobas uzrunvelyofs, magram, meore mxriv, statikur codnas
iZleva. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, analizur msjelobebSi codna ar izrdeba
obieqturad. aq codnis zrdaze laparaki SeiZleba iyos mxolod fsiqologiuri
xasiaTis mixedviT informirebulobaze, anu Tuki vinmem ar icoda romelime
sayovelTaod cnobili WeSmaroteba da man es gaigo masalis aTvisebis wyalobiT,
es sulac ar niSnavs codnis obieqtur zrdas, aramed mxolod moswavlis
warmatebiT ganswavlulobas. is faqti, rom orjer ori aris oTxi, kantis da misi
mimdevrebis azriT, ar warmoadgens codnis obieqtur zrdas. gamosaxuleba 2 x 2 = 4, Tu mas mkacrad CavwerT, mxolod Caweris or formas Soris igiveobas aCvenebs.
is mxolod igiveobis niSans svams or gamosaxulebas, “2 x 2 “-sa da “4”-s Soris.
kantis es cnobili mosazreba sakamaTod gaixada XX saukunis cnobilma finelma
logikosma, hintkam, romelic masSi dasaeWveblad sakmaod mativ kiTxvas svams _
Tu analitikuri msjelobebi marTlac ar zrdian codnas, maSin saidan viRebT
maTematikis da logikis sakiTxebze iseT mdidar codnas, romelic biblioTekebs
avsebs? hintika imis Cvenebas cdilobda, rom gavrcelebuli azris miuxedavad,
analizuri msjelobebi mainc zrdian codnas.
analizuri mecnierebebi sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba iyvnen dafuZnebulni.
Zalze zogadad, gasul, XX saukuneSi gamoiyo sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba,
romlebic maTematikis da logikis dafuZneba ides Tavs. es mimarTulebebia
logicizmi, formalizmi da intuicionizmi. yvelaze cnobili logicistebi
iyvnen frege, raseli da vitgenSteini. logicizms xSirad Sua saukuneebis
realizms adareben, radgan, Tu realistebi cnebebis realur arsebobas
uSvebdnen, logicistebisaTvis, magaliTad, raselisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
msgavSi logiuri elementebis, tipebis arsebobis daSveba. Tavis cnobil ortomian
gamokvlevaSi, sdac uaiThedTan erTad raseli imis Cvenebas Seecada, rom
maTematika logikis kerZo SemTxvevaa (amitomac hqvia am mimdinareobas
logicizmi), tipebis arseboba daSvebulia. logicistebisagan gansxvavebiT,
formelistebi, vTqvaT, igive bernaisi, Zveli nominalistebis msgavsad,
gamoricxavda gansakuTrebuli logikuri da meTematikuri obieqtebis arsebobis
daSvebis saWiroebas. formalistebi am disciplinebs Soris arsebul sxvaobas
xsnidnen Caweris sxvadasxva sistemebis safuZvelze. da bolos, intuicionistebi,
magaliTad, cnobili maTematikosi markovi ruseTSi, icavda konceptualistebis
msgavs pozicias, rodesac ambobda, rom maTematikuri obieqtebis arseboba-
ararsebobaze azriania laparaki mxolod matematikuri amocanis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSio.
1. 3. analizis meTodi
msjelobebis dayofa analizurad da sinTezurad cnobili iyo axal droSiac.
laibnici mis Sesabamisad laparakobda orgvar WeSmaritebebze — faqtis
WeSmaritebebze da gonebis WeSmaritebebze, romelTagan pirveli empiriuli
dakvirvebebis, xolo meore logikis, maTematikis, moralis da metafizikis
sferos warmoadgens.
aq unda davazustoT eTi viTareba. saqme isaa, rom CvenSi da ara marto CvenSi
gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi laibnics damsaxurebad uTvlis orgvari
WeSmaritebis, gonebis da faqtis WeSmaritebis gamijvnas. amgvari ram laibnics
gansakuTrebiT pozitivistebma mouwones, romlebic Tavad mijnavdnen analizur
12
2. 4. pragmatika
pragmatika rogorc semiotikis nawili kidev ufro gvian ganviTarda, vidre
sintaqsi. miuxedavad calkeul avtorTa mniSvnelovani wvlilisa pragmatikis
sferoSi, semiotikis es sfero yvelaze ufro sistematizirebuli saxiT
damuSavebuli hqonda zemoT xsenebul moriss aRniSnul statiaSi. termini
“pragmatika” morisma Seomoitana pragmatizmTan axlo asociaciiT, Tumca
pragmatikasa da pragmatizms Soris araviTari uSualo kavSiri ar arsebobs.
pragmatika swavlobs enobrivi niSnebis gamomyenebelTan damokidebu-
lebas. pragmatikas ainteresebs, Tu rogor iyenebs adamiani niSnebs, ra
Zalisxmevas axmars is mas. pragmatikuli elementis Semotanam semiotikur
kvlevebSi mniSvnelovnad Secvala winadadebis szrisis gageba. Tu aqamde
semantikuri da sintaqsuri struqturebi TviTkmarad iTvleboda, pragmatikuli
ganzomilebis kvlevebSi Semosvlis Semdeg cxadi gaxda, rom aucilebelia
pragmatikuli fenomenis gaTvaliswinebac. amgvari transformacia naTlad aisaxa
vitgenStainis kvlevebSi. Tu “logikur-filosofiur traqtatSi” is aigivebda
aRsaniSnsa da mniSvnelobas (da, maSasadame idga orfenovani semantikis
poziciaze), gviandel “filosofiur gamokvlevebSi” mniSvnelobas gansazRvravda,
rogorc enobrivi niSnis, ukve gamoTqmis gamoyenebis wess. igive vitgenStainis
mixedviT, enobrivi niSnebis gamoyenebis wesebis raodenoba Zalze didia da
Sesabamisad am Tvalsazrisisa, vitgenStains arc ucdia am wesebis klasifikacia.
samagierod es ganaxorciela misma mimdevarma, amerikelma lingvistma, serlma,
romelmac moaxdina wesebis reducireba or mTavar nairsaxeobaze. es wesebia
regulatoruli da konstituciuri wesebi. ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?
regulatoruli wesi niSanTa mowesrigeba dalagebas cdilobs. es wesebi SegviZlia
SevadaroT quCaSi moZraobis wesebs. arsebiTia is faqti, rom moZraobis wesebis ar
arseboba ver mospobs Tavad moZraobas. Tu wesebi ar iarsebebs, iarsebebs
moZraooba, Tumca mouwesrigebeli da qaoturi, saxifaTo saxiT. amisagan
gansxvavebiT konstituciuri wesebi ara mxolod awesrigebs movlenas, aramed is
am movlenis da movlenis sazrisis konstruirebas axdens. konstituciuri wesebis
nimuSad serli asaxelebs TamaSis wesebs. TamaSi (aq laparakia game-ze da ara play-
ze), SeiZleba ganisazRvros garkveuli wesebis Sesabamisad ganxorcielebul
moqmedebad. wesebi TamaSSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben. swored, amitom
cdilobda gviani vitgenStaini enobrivi aqtivoba aRewera TamaSis terminebiT.
albaT, ar gadavuxvevT Temidan, Tu aRvniSnavT, rom enis amgvari gagebiT
vitgenStainma mniSvnelovnad Secvala enis funqciebis tradiciuli gageba.
Cveulebriv iTvleboda, rom enas gaaCnia sami ZiriTadi funqcia: komunikaciuri,
eqspresiuli da designatiuri. enis saSualebiT adamianebi an urTierToben
erTmaneTTan, an gamoxataven Tavis Tavs, an aRniSnaven raRacas. mas Semdeg, rac
enobriv aqtivobas pragmatikuli interpretacia mieca, vitgenStainma gazarda
enis funqciebi. “filosofiur gamokvlevebSi” is werda: “terminma ‘enobrivma
TamaSma’ aq unda gamokveTos, rom enaze laparaki saqmianobis an sicocxlis
formis nawilia. am da sxva magaliTebze dayrdnobiT warmoidgine enobrivi
TamaSebis mravalferovneba:
brZaneba da brZanebis mixedviT moqmedeba —
sagnis aRwera misi garegnuli saxis an zomenis mixedviT-
sagnis damzadeba naxazis mixedviT —
movlenis Setyobineba —
movlenis Sesaxeb varaudis gamoTqma —
hipoTezis wamoyeneba da Semowmeba —
eqsperimentis Sedegebis warmodgena cxrilebis da diagremebis meSveobiT —
moTxrobis mofiqreba da wakiTxva —
TeatrSi TamaSi —
saferxulo simRerebis mRera —
gamocanebis gamocnoba —
xumroba; anekdotebis moyola —
amocanis amoxsna —
25
sintaqsuri struqturebis Seswavla SedarebiT gvian ganviTarda semiotikaSi,
magram Tavisi mniSvnelobiT man male daimkvidra adgili da aRiareba. sintaqsuri
struqturebis mniSvnelobis cxad gacnobierebas ukve calsaxad vafiqsirebT
vitgenStainis “logikur-filosofiur traqtatSi”, sadac sintaqsur erTeulad
warmodgenili erTeuli, winadadeba imgvaradaa gaazrebuli, rom misi Semdgomi
danawileba da daSla SeiZlebladaa gamocxadebuli. elementaruli winadadebis
es Tviseba analitikur literaturaSi xSiard cnobilia logikuri atomizmis
saxeliT. logikuri atomizmi gulisxmobs iseTi enobrivi atomebis, erTeulebis
arsebobas, romlis Semdgomi analizi SeuZlebelia da romlebic aRar iSlebian
ufro martiv damoukidebel erTeulebad. vitgenSainis “traqtatSi” vkiTxulobT:
“2.01. atomaruli faqti aris obieqtebis SeerTeba
2.011. sagnisaTvis mniSvnelovania is, rom igi SeiZleba iyos atomaruil faqtis
Semadgeneli nawili.
2.0122. sagani damoukidebelia, ramdenadac mas SeuZlia arseboba yvela
SesaZlo garemoebebSi, magram damoukideblobis es forma aris misi atomarul
faqtTan kabSiris, atomarul faqtze damokidebulebis forma. (SeuZlebelia
sityvebi arsebobdnen ori saxiT damoukideblad da winadadebebSi).”
vitgenSteinis am axsna-ganmartebebidan cxadi xdeba, rom atomaruli faqti,
romelic elementaruli winadadebaa, ra Tqma unda, Sinaganad diferencirebulia
da Cvens mier aqamde ganxiluli enobrivi niSnebisagan Sedgeba. erTaderTi,
gamorCeuli, rasac vitgenStani amtkicebs is gaxlavT, rom rom enobrivi niSnebi
yovelTvis winadadebebSia gaerTianebuli da maT ver moviazrebT am
winadadebebisagan damoukidebeli wesiT. Tavis mxriv ki es niSnavs —
elementaruli winadadebebi araanalizebadia.
amrigad, sintaqsis ZiriTadi enobrivi erTeuli aris winadadeba.
semantikisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic mxolod mniSvnelobebis irgvliv
trialebda, sintaqsur doneze SegviZlia visaubroT sazrisis Sesaxeb, romelic
winadadebis Sinaarsobrivi ekvivalentia. mxolod winadadebebs aqvT sazrisi
maSin, rodesac sityvebs mniSvnelobebi gaaCniaT. sintaqsi SeiZleba ganisazRvros
im wesebis Semswavlel disciplinad, romelic arkevs Tu ra saxis relaciebi
arsebobs winadadebaSi enobriv niSnebs Soris.
ra SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom winadadebas aqvs sazrisi? imisaTvis rom
winadadebas sazrisi hqondes unda dakmayofilebuli iyos ori ZiriTadi piroba (a)
winadadebaSi Semavali yvela enobrivi niSani unda iyos mniSvnelobis mqone da (b)
es enobrivi niSnebi unda dakavSrebuli iyos im wesebis Sesabamisad, romelsac
adgens mocemuli enis sintaqsi.
da bolos, SevexoT sakiTxs winadadebebis WeSmaritebis da sazrisianobis
mimarTebis Taobaze. aris Tu ara enobrivi analizi winadadebis sazrisianobis
garantia, an SeuZlia Tu ara analizis praqtikas dagvarwmunos winadadebis
WeSmaritebaSi? ra mimarTebaa winadadebis sazrisianobasa da mis WeSmaritebas
Soris?
iqedan rac faqtis da gonebis WeSmaritebebis lainbicis doqtrinaze iTqva,
gasagebi xdeba, rom analizis praqtika mxolod analitikuri winadadebebis
WeSmaritebaSi Tu dagvarwmunebs (sxvaTa Soris msgavsia vitgenSteinis poziciac).
rac Seexeba sinTezur anu empiriul winadadebebs, aq mxolod analizi
WeSmaritebis garantias ver mogvcems, radgan sakuTriv msjelobis Sinaarsi
scildeba wminda cnebiT dones da imgvari momentebiT ivseba, romlebis
gamoclilebidan momdinareobs. amitom, empiriuli winadadebis WeSmariteba
empiriuli gziT unda dadgundes, ra mizniTac Cveulebriv verifikacia
gamoiyeneba. verifikaciamde analizs SeuZlia dagvarwmunos empiriuli
winadadebis WeSmaritebis pirobis realizaciaSi. xolo empiriuli winadadebis
WeSmaritebis piroba ki misi sazrisianobaa. swored es aris pasuxi kiTxvaze, ra
mimarTebaa winadadebis sazrisianobasa da WeSmaritebas Soris. imisaTvis, rom
winadadeba WeSmariti iyos, jer misi sazrisianobaSi unda davrwmundeT.
winadadebis sazrisianoba misi WeSmaritebis pirobaa.
24
WeSmaritebas faqtis WeSmaritebisagan. ver vityviT, rom aseTi diferencis
laibnicisaTvis miwera sruliad usafuZvloa, magram is ki usaTuod
xazgasasmelia, rom is garkveul dazustebas saWiroebs, Tuki, ra Tqma unda,
sakuTriv laibnicis Tvalsazrisi gvainteresebs. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mkacri
azriT, rogorc gonebis, aseve faqtis WeSmariteba, laibnicis TeoriiT, orive
gonebis sakuTrebaa da maT Soris ar aris iseTi mwvave konfliqti, rogorc amis
gamoxatvas gvavaldebulebs empirizmis da racionalizmis alternativebis
filosofiur-istoriuli Stampi. aRniSnuli viTarebis dauzusteblobas
SeiZleba mohyves uaresi gaugebroba faqtis WeSmaritebebTan dakavSirebiT,
radgan rogorc wesi faqtis WeSmaritebebi ufro grZnobebis sakuTrebad
iTvleba, vidre gonebisa da misi wyaro gamocdilebaSi unda veZeboT, rac kvlav,
Tuki Tavad laibnicze vilaparakebT da ara kantze an pozitivizmze, arasworia.
saqme is aris, rom gamocdilebas laibnicis epistemologiaSi ar miewereba codnis
wyaros funqcia. is SeiZleba ufro codnis dazustebis an misi verifikaciis
saSualebad iyos miCneuli.
analizuri debulebebis zemoT aRwerili buneba ufro farTod SegviZlia
gavigoT, vidre amas moiTxovs logikis mecniereba. arsebobs erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli Tanamedrove dasavluri filosofiuri mimarTuleba —
analitikuri filosofia. analitikuri filosofia miuTiTebs imaze, rom
analizis procesi, sulerTia es analizi Seexeba logikur figurebs, Tu dazvervis
mier mowodebul informacias, mxolod mas Semdeg iwyeba, rac ukve mocemuli
gvaqvs gasaanalizebeli masala. arc erT analitikoss arsad ar hqonia faqtebis
mopovebasTan saqme. misi samuSao mxolod mas Semdeg iwyeba, rac ukve mocemulia
is, ris analizsac moiTxoven.
analizis aseTi buneba, vfiqrobT sakmaod gamWvirvale gaxda sinTezuri da
analizuri msjelobebis struqturis ganxilvidan gamomdinare. Zalze zogadad
rom vTqvaT, analizis procesi sxva araferia, Tu ara raime rTulis Semadgenel
nawilebad daSla da am nawilebis (romlebic, Cveulebriv manamde dafarulni
iyvnen) naTlad eqsplikacia. analizis meTodi mecnierebaSi ZvelaTaganve
arsebobs da amgvari mdgradi buneba mis araCveulebrivad nayofier xasiaTze
migvaniSnebs. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba analizis meTodis
sxvadasxva saxeebs Soris. yvelaze Zveli, metafizikuri analizis umartives
variantad unda miviCnioT atomistebis moZRvreba, romelic Cvens darwmunebas
imaSi cdilobda, rom samyaro sulac araa iseTi, rogorsac Cven mas aRviqvamT,
aramed warmoadgens Semadgeneli elementebis kombinaciebs. analizis saSualebiT
es mkvlevrebi cdilobdnen gasuliyvnen sagnobrivi realobis iseT umartives
Semadgenlebze, rogoricaa atomebi.
aq, albaT, unda davakonkretoT mosazreba, romelic met-naklebi sicxadiT iyo
gamoTqmuli zemoT. analitikuri filosofiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
warmomadgeneli, uisdomi erTmaneTisagan mijnavda spekulaturul kiTxvebs da
kiTxvebs, romlebzedac pasuxis gasacemad analizis meTodi saukeTesoa.
spekulaturia iseTi kiTxvebi, rogoricaa: “arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi?” “samyaroSi
sikeTe sWarbobs Tu boroteba?” “ra aris materiis ukanaskneli Semadgeneli
elementebi?” da a.S. spekulaciuri kiTxvebi Zalze mniSvnelovania im azriT, rom
maTze pasuxi mogvcems axal informacias CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
maTgan gansxvavebiT, kiTxvebi romlebzedac pasuxisaTvisac Cven mivmarTavT
analizis meTods, ar gvawvdis axal codnas faqtebis Sesaxeb, aramed gvawvdis
ufro naTel codnas im faqtebze, romlebic CvenTvis ukve cnobilia. am
daxasiaTebidan uisdomi atarebda mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas spekulaciuri
kvlevasa da analitikas Soris da miuTiTebda, rom pirvelis mizani WeSmaritebaa,
xolo analizisa ki sicxade. mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom uisdomis SemoTavazebuli
daxasiaTeba rogorRac konotaciaSi modis Cvens zemo mtkicebasTan sinTezur-
analizuri msjelobebis dixotomiis konteqstSi, rodesac Cven vamtkicebdiT,
rom analizuri msjelobebi codnas ar zrdis da ar gvaZlebs axal codnas, aramed
mxolod ufro naTlad gvagebinebs imas, rac manamde ukve igulisxmeboda cnebaSi.
analizi, romelsac Cven davemyarebiT SemdgomSi, ra Tqma unda, ar aris
metafizikuri da mxolod enobrivi veliT SemoisazRvreba. emyareboda ra
propoziciuli aparatis funqcias, bertran raseli iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinc
13
metafizikuri analizidan enobriv analizze gadavida. riTac ar unda yofiliyo
motivirebuli aseTi gadasvla, CvenTvis savsebiT sakmarisia enobrivi analizis
erTi Taviseburaba: Cven SegviZlia ise gavaanalizoT raime koncepti, rom
saerTod
ar davsvaT Semadgeneli elementebis arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb da es
sakiTxi warmovadginoT ara Teoriuli da analizuri saqmianobis prerogativad,
aramed veirfikaciis problemad, romelic enis da yovelgvari enobrivis gareT
dgas. Tumca, amaze cota qvemoT visaubroT.
1. 4. daskvna
Cven dagvrCa logikis bolo sfero, bolo nawili, daskvnis Teoria. daskvnis is
saxeoba, romelic SeimuSava aristotelem kategoriuli silogizmis saxiT Cveni
miznebisaTvis savsebiT sakmarisia da amitom daskvnis Teoriis detalebs
damoukideblad aRar SevexebiT. zogadad SevgiZlia daskvna ganvsazRvoT Zlze
martivad ase _ ori msjelobis safuZvelaze miRebul axal mesame msjelobas
daskvna ewodeba. im msjelobebs, saidanac gamoiyvaneba axali mesame msjeloba
ewodeba wanamZRvrebi, xolo mesame daskvniT msjelobas ki danaskvni. nimuSad,
vTqvaT, SegviZlia aviRoT aseTi daskvna:
”yvela adamiani mokvdavia
sokrate adamiania
----------------------------
maSasadame, sokrate mokvdvia”
logikuri daskvnis saxeebze msjelobisas gverds ver auvliT gansxvavebas
induqciur da deduqciur daskvnebs Soris. aristoteles kategoriuli
silogizmi da mTlianad aristoteles lkogika icnobda mxolod deduqciur
daskvnas. deduqciuria daskvna, romlis danaskvni ufro zogdi wanamZRvaridan
gamoiyvaneba. deduqcias, am azriT, zogadidan kerZosaken mimavali gezi aqvs.
deduqciuri daskvnebi axlos dgas analizis procesTan da ZiriTadad analitikur
mecnierebebSi funqcionireben. maTgan gansxvavebiT, induqciuri mecniere-
bebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania induqciuri daskvnebi. es savsebiT bunebrivia,
radgan induqciuri daskvna mimarTulia kerZodan zogadisaken da arsebiTad
mopovebuli codnis ganzogadebas eweva. ganzogadoeba ki Zalze mniSvnelovania
empiriuli mecnierebisaTvis, romelic gamocdilebas emyareba da da pirveladi
Sexeba individualur sagnebTan aqvs. ganmeorebadoba anu regularoba bunebaSi
kanonis asociacias iwvevs. amitom mecnierebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania jer
daafiqsiros da Semdeg ganazogados bunebis regularobebi. magram am procesSi
induqciuri daskvnebiT miRebul codnas Sesabamisi nakli aqvs. saqme isaa, rom
singularuli msjelobebidan zogadze gadasvla xorcieldeba naxtomis
saSualebiT. swored es naxtomi warmoadgens induqciuri daskvnis sust wertils.
ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTi: davuSvaT vinme Semovida am auditoriaSi da daiwyo
gogonebis saxelebis gamokiTxva. gamokiTxvis SedegebiT yvela magistranti
gogonas saxeli aRmoCnda nana. am tipis gamokiTxva an Zieba aucileblad unda
SeCerdes sadme, Tuki saqme gvaqvs ara am auditoriaSi myofTa SezRuduli
raodenobis adamianebTan, aramed usasrulo raodenobis sagnebTan, romelTa
sruli dafarvisaTvis mkvlevars ubralod dro ar eyofa. iqedan, sadac mkvlevari
SeCerdeba, Tuki manamde man aRmoaCina, rom yvela gamokiTxulis saxelia nana,
gaakeTebs daskvnas, romelic emyareba naxtoms. is gaakeTebs daskvnas induqciuri
ganzogadoebisa, rom am qveyanaSi (auditoriaSi) yvela gogonas saxelia nana.
naxtomi, romelsac emyareba induqciuri daskvna, upirveles yovlisa exeba
daskvnaSi Semaval logiur operators _ ”yvela” — romelic danaskvns
absolutur zogadobas aniWebs. misi problematuroba isaa, mdgomareobs, rom
sakmarisia erTi sawinaaRmdego empiriuli ekzemplari aRmoCndes sadme, rom
mTeli daskvna yalbad gamocxaddes. es viTareba induqciis erT-erTi problemaa.
14
2. 3. sintaqsi
sintaqsuri xasiaTis Studiebi Tavdapirvelad axal droSi universaluri enis
kvlevis konteqstSi ganviTarda. rac Seexeba antikuri periodis enobriv da
logikur Studiebs sintaqsi enobriv segmentebs Soris yvelaze sustad
warmodgenili sfero iyo. arsebobda ramdenime mizezi imisa, ramac XVII saukunis
mkvlevrebis daintereseba gamoiwvia universaluri eniT. pirvel mizezad
asaxeleben mecnierebis, gansakuTrebiT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis ganvi-
Tarebas, rasac Tan sdevda laTinuri enis nacvled nacionaluri samecniero
enebis intensiuri gamoyeneba kvlevebSi. amgvarma viTarebam wamoWra interna-
cionaluri komunikaciis problema, radgan dacemis gzaze damdgari laTinuri
veRar asrulebda im enis funqcias, romelsac gamoiyenebda samecniero
sazogadoeba rogorc urTierTkontaqtebisaTvis, aseve Sromebis yvela evropeli
inteletqualisaTvis gasageb enaze gamosaqveyneblad. meore mizezi axali drois
racionalizmis zegavlenas unda mivaweroT. ramdenadac adamianis goneba
miCneuli iyo mravalferovani SemecnebiTi aqtivobebisaTvis igiveobriv instru-
mentad. aqedan dgeboda misi adeqvaturi da, rac mTavaria, sxvadasxva ada-
mianisaTvis identuri gamoxatvis saSualebis, racionaluri enis rekonstruqciis
moTxovna. da bolos, mesame mizezad, ufro religiur-moraluri xasiaTis
motivebs asaxeleben. kerZod, rogorc amis Sesaxeb wina Tavis bolo paragrafSi
visaubreT, unda aRmdgariyo e.w. adamis ena, ena romelzedac adami da RmerTi
saubrobdnen da romelic daviwyebuli iqna codvili adamianis moraluri
degradaciis Sedegad.
aRniSnul sam mizezs, Tumca ara izomorfulad, SegviZlia SevusabamoT am
amocans gadaWris sami mimarTuleba, romelic TandaTan gamoikveTa evropeli
swavlulebis saqmianobaSi:
(1)pirveli mimarTuleba miznad isaxavda Caweris universaluri sistemis
SemoRebas. ideis mixedviT, qaraqterebs (warmodgenilebs, Tundac rogorc
cifrobriv aRniSvnebs) unda gamoesaxaT rogorc realuri obieqtebi, aseve
adamianis azrebi am obieqtebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, qaraqterebs unda SeedginaT ara
axali enobrivi sistema, aramed mxolod maTi Caweris axali saxe, romelic misi
universalizmis wyalobiT wakiTxvadi iqneboda yvela nacionalur enaze. amgvar
proeqts safuZvlad edo Tvalsazrisi, romelic enobriv simboloebs realuri
sagnebis analogiiT ganixilavda.
(2) sxva proeqti ukve axali enis konstituirebas isaxavda miznad. es ena unda
gamxdariyo raRac esperantos msgavsi, mTeli Tanmxlebi atributebiT. am enis
SemuSavebisas mxedvelobaSi unda yofiliyo miRebuli evropuli bunebrivi enebis
struqtura, romelic garkveuli modelis rols Sesarulebda axali enis
konstruirebis procesSi.
(3) kidev erTi proeqti, romelic filosofosebis da lingvistebis
gamorCeuli yuradRebis sagani gaxda, literaturaSi cnobilia "filosofiuri
enis" saxelwodebiT. es proeqti Tavis mravalricxovan variaciebSi gulisxmobda
realobis mecnierul gaazrebas da dafiqsirebas, obieqtebis klasifikacias da
reprezentacias ikonuri saxis gamoTqmebSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,
raodenobrivad SesabamisobaSi movidodnen cnebebis raodenobasTan. amave dros,
gamoTqmebs unda gamoexataT Tvisebebi da daefiqsirebinaT cneba-obieqtebis
adgili enis ierarqiaSi.
aRwerili tipis enis yvelaze ufro srulyofili modelebi SeimuSaves
ingliselma swavlulebma, jorj dalgarnom (1661) da jon uilkinsma (1668). maTi
proeqtebi Seicavda sintaqsis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze saintereso, e.w.
filosofiuri gramatikis aRwerasac, romelSiac winadadebebis struqtura azris
struqturasTan iyo identificirebuli. unda iTqvas, rom filosofiuri
gramatikis kvleva mecnierTa nawilobriv damoukidebeli interesis sagani iyo da
is avtomaturad ar gulisxmobda masTan erTad universaluri enis
konstruirebas. aseTi iyo, magaliTad antonin arnos da klod lanselotis
gamokvlevebi, romlebic mxolod gramatikuli problemebiT SemoizRudebodnen
da ar cdilobdnen zogadad universaluri enis agebas.
23
niSnis gamoyenebis tipi, saxe, romelic ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva TamaSis
wesebiT. wesebis raodenoba am TeoriaSi ganusazRvrelad miiCneva;
3. graisis mniSvnelobis Teoria. es Teoria mniSvnelobas subieqtis
intenciebTan da ganzraxvebTan aigivebs. mniSvneloba aris molaparakis
ganzraxva Segvatyobinos esa da es. swored is faqti, rom metyvelebas
Tan axlavs aseTi ganzraxva molaparakisa, gamoarCevs mas xmaurisagan, an
sxva iseTi fizikuri movlenisagan, romelic SeiZleba TavisTavad
sulac ar iyos moklebuli mniSvnelobas;
4. ostonis mniSvnelobis Teoria, romelic enobriv mniSvnelobas gaigebs
enobrivi moqmedebis konteqstSi. ostinma SeinarCuna gviani vitgen-
Steinis TeoriisaTvis ganmsazRvreli wesebis fenomeni, Tumca wesebis
raodenobas sazRvari daudo da Camoayaliba sul xuTi wesi;
5. serlis mniSvnelobis Teoria, romelic yvelaze axlos dgas klasikur
konceptualizmTan da aris raRac saSualo vithenStein/ostinis
Teoriebsa da graisis doqtrinas Soris. serlis TeoriaSi arsebuli
mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli wesebi daiyvaneba ori tpis, regulatorul
da konstituciur wesebze;
6. da bolos, mniSvnelobis huserliseuli doqtrina, romelic calsaxad
afuZnebs mniSvnelobebis obieqturobas, magram amas akeTebs Taviseburi
platonizmis xarjze. visTvisac miuRebelia platonis ideebis Teoria,
misTvis miuRebeli unda iyos huserlis mniSvnelobis Teoriac.
mas Semdeg, rac gavatareT gansxvaveba ZiriTad semantikur elementebs Soris,
SegviZlia gadavideT maT enobriv adekvaciebze. konkretulad ra enobrivi
saSualebebi gvaqvs denotaciis gansaxorcieleblad? raselis deskripciis
Teoria migviTiTebs or ZiriTad enobriv saSualebaze. es aris sakuTari saxelebi
da deskripciuli frazebi. maT Soris gansxvaveba gamomdinareobs raselis mier
gatarebuli gansxvavebidan Semecnebis or saxes — nacnobobiT Semecnebasa da
aRweriT Semecnebas — Soris. sakuTari saxeli funqcionirebs uSualo Semecnebis
SemTxvevaSi. “daviTi”, “parizi”, “CineTi” sakuTari saxelebia da imisaTvis, rom maT
TavianTi funqcia warmatebiT ganaxorcielon sakmarisia Cveni uSualo warmod-
gena Sesabamis obieqtebze. misgan gansxvavebiT, deskripciuli frazebi aRweriTi
codnis enobrivi saxeebia. imisaTvis, rom deskripciulma frazam mizans miaRwios,
man unda miaweros misTvis saintereso movlenas an sagans imgvari gamorCeuli Tvi-
seba, romelic sakmarisi iqneboda am sagnis an movlenis usasrulo simravlidan
gamosayofad. zemoT moyvanili ciuri sxeulis aRmniSvneli frazebi axlaxans
aRwerili viTarebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenen. “venera”, ra Tqma unda, saku-
Tari saxelia, romelic Sesabamisi varskvlavze uSualo warmodgenas saWiroebs.
igive obieqti aRiniSneba kidev ori deskripciuli fraziT, romelTagan erTi
gvarwmunebs, rom es erTaderTi varskvlavia, romelic diliT SeviZlia davinaxoT,
xolo meore igive varskvlavs saRamos gamoCenis msgavs niSans miawers.
Temis amowurvamde, minda gavixseno diskusia, romelic fregesa da raselis
mimdevrebs Soris arsebobda deskripciul frazebTan da sakuTar saxelebTan
dakavSirebiT. saqme isaa, rom raselisagan gansxvavebiT, frege uaryofda
sakuTari saxelebis damoukidebel xasiaTs. is miiCnevda, rom yoveli sakuTari
saxeli faruli deskripciuli frazaa. magaliTad, Tu Cven gamoviyenebT, sakuTar
saxels “aristoteles”, gvarwmunebda frege, am frazas damoukidebeli mniSvne-
loba ki ar hqonda, aramed mxolod saSualeba iyo imisaTvis, rom CvenTvis
moegonebina romelime deskripciuli fraza, vTqvaT “logikis Semqmneli” an
“aleqsandre didis maswavlebeli”, romlebic realurad igulisxmebian mocemuli
sakuTari saxelis qveS. freges es pozicia, ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelobas moklebuli
rodia, magram is warmoadgens ufro farTo Tvalsazrisis dakonkretebas, romlis
analizic scildeba Cveni interesis miznebs.
22
zemoT ukve avRniSneT, rom logikis mecniereba gvTavazobs kanonebs,
romlebic Secdomis Tavidan acilebis mxolod formalur garantiebs iZleva. aq
moviyvanT logikis oriode kanons, romlebic am Teziss gaamarTdebs. minda aqve
mogaxsenoT, rom es kanonebi aristoteles droidan momdinareobs da, rom, cxadia,
am kanonebiT ar amoiwureba Tanamedrove logikis analizurad miRebuli
kanonebis arsenali. logikuri kanonebi Zalze bevria, Tumca isini, romlebic
aristotelem Camoayaliba, Cveni azrovnebisaTvis, maT Soris yvelaze
mniSvnelovania.
pirvelad SegviZlia ganvixiloT winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni. es
kanoni SegviZlia CamovayaliboT Semdegi saxiT: ”SeuZlebelia, rom erTi da igive
ram, erTsa da imave dros, erTi da igive mimarTebiT erTdroulad iyos da ar
iyos kidevac”. kanonis srulyofilad gagebisaTvis, SevxedoT mis Semadgenel
elementebs meti yuradRebiT. kanoni laparakobs erTi da igive nivTis an movlenis
SeuZleblobaze, erTsa da imave dros da erTi da igive mimarTebiT. anu
SeuZlebelia mavani erTsa da imave dros iyos da ar iyos kidevac studenti, Torem
sxvadasxva dros ra Tqma unda amgvari ram savsebiT SesaZlebelia. msgavsad amisa,
ralarakia erTi da imave mimarTebiT raRacis SeuZleblobaze, Torem sxvadasxva
mimarTebiT erTi da igive pirovneba erTsa da imave dros SeiZleba atarebdes da
Semdeg ar atarebdes raime Tvisebas, vTqvaT, Tu erTi mimarTebiT piri aris
studenti, sxva mimarTebiT ara studenti, aramed deda da a.S.
principSi, Zalze zogadad, kanoni amtkicebs da moiTxovs winaaRmdegobis
ararsebobas. zemoT iTqva, rom aristotelesaTvis logikis kanonebi ara mxolod
azrovnebis principebia, aramed yofierebis fundamenturi gansazRvrulobebic.
amitom winaaRmdegobis ararsebobis moTxovna aq Seexeba rogorc azrovnebas,
aseve sinamdvilesac. davakonkretoT kanoni orive mimarTulebiT: maSin, sinam-
dvilesTan mimarTebiT is gveubneba, rom SeuZlebelia samyaroSi raRac
erTdroulad iyos da arc iyos kidevac. azrovnebis segmentSi kanoni gveubneba,
rom SeuZlebelia erTdroulad vamtkicoT raRac da misi sapirispiroc.
aviRoT axla aristoteles kidev erTi, anu gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni. es
kanoni TTiTqos wina kanonis gagrZelebas da dakonkretebas warmoadgens.
gamoricxuli mesamis principi ambobs: sagani an aris, an ar aris. mesame
gamoricxulia. igive kanons WeSmaritebis konteqstSi aseTi JReradoba eqneba:
msjeloba ar WeSmaritia an yalbi, mesame gamoricxulia. gamoricxuli mesamis
kanoni mWidrod ukavSirdeba aristoteles WeSmaritebis orfasobis princips da
am principTan erTad qmnis mTel konceptualur karkass codnis
funqcionirebisaTvis.
2.semiotikis elementebi
semiotika Tavisi zogadi definiciiT aris niSanTa zogadi Teoria. niSnis
gamoyenebis procesi semiozisis procesad iwodeba. niSnebis mimarT Cveni
interesi gamowveulia enisadmi interesiT. saqme isaa, rom enis sxvadasxva
gansazRvrebaTagan Cven vamjobinebT gansazRvrebas, romelsac iZleva
Sveicarieli enaTmecnieri, ferdinand de sosiuri. sosiuris mixedviT, ena aris
niSanTa sistema. aqedan, ramdenadac ena niSanTa sistemaa, xolo analizis procesi
CvennTvis sxva araferia, Tu ara enobriv niSnebTan manipulireba, bunebrivia Cveni
daintereseba im mecnierebiT, romelic swavlobs niSnebs da maT funqcionalur
mxares zogadad. aseTi mecniereba ki, rogorc iTqva, aris semiotika. miuxedavad am
identuri elementebisa, Cven mainc ar migvaCnia marTebulad niSanTa Teoriis
sruli gaigiveba enobrivi niSnebis Semswvlel mecnierebasTan. saqme isaa, rom
Cveni warmodgeniT, ena gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomenia da amitom
umarTebuloa misi sruli gaigiveba niSanTa sistemasTan. amgvari gaigivebis
safuZvelze xSirad msjeloben xolme ”cxovelTa enaze”, ”manqanebis enaze” d a> S.
es da msgavsi gamoTqmebi ufro metaforebi gvgonia da swored amitom miviCnevT
saWirod enis mimarT ufro viwro kvalifikaciebs.
15
semiotikis damfuZneblad iTvleba amerikeli mecnieri Carlz uiliam morisi.
misi naSromi, romelSiac avtori semiotikis zogad safuZvlebs aRwers, aris
”niSanTa Teoriis safuZvlebi” (”Theory of Foundation of Signs”). am SromaSi
semiozisis procesi morisma sam ZiriTad nawilad dayo. es nawilebia semantika,
sintaqsi da pragmatika. SemdgomSi Cven SevinarCunebT am dayofas da SevecdebiT
saTiTaod davaxasiaToT semiotikis Semadgeneli disciplinebi. Tumca, jer
sjobia oriode sityviT SevexoT semiotikis istorias.
marTlia semiotika sxvebTan SedarebiT axalgazrda mecnierebaa, magram
semiotikis calkeul mxareebze sxvadasxva periodSi muSavdeboda Zalze
saintereso mosazrebebi. es Tvalsazrisebi marTalia SemuSavebuli iyo an enis
Teoriis, SesaZloa misi mxolod gramatikuli mxaris Semadgenel nawilad, an
logikisa, magram isini yvela SemTxvevaSi yuradRebas imsaxureben CvenTvis
saintereso kuTxiT.
antikur periodSi, niSnebis funqcionirebiT erT-erTi pirvelebi, TavianTi
logikuri gamokvlevebis farglebSi stoelebi dainteresdnen. semiotikis
sxvadasxva saintereso mxare sakmaod intensiurad ganixileboda Sua
saukuneebSiac. axal droSi problemas mniSvnelovanwilad mohfina naTeli
laibnicma, romelsac Cven sxvebze ukeT vicnobT da neba momeciT, warmovadgino
erTi CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi misi niSanTa Teoriidan. upirveles
yovlisa, gvinda daviwyoT termin niSnis daxasiaTebiT.
2. 1. termini "niSani"
garda Tavisi epoqis avtorebisa, romelTa teqstebsac laibnici kargad
icnobs, misi niSnis Teoria davalebulia sqolasturi ideebiTac. Toma aqvinelma,
okamma da albert zaqselma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes niSnis Teoriis rigi
sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi Sexedulebebi niSnebis
bunebisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb umTavresad gadabmuli iyo logikuri an
lingvisturi xasiaTis SromebTan da ar hqondaT wminda semiotikuri daniSnuleba,
am avtorebma gamoimuSaves met-naklebad msgavsi Sexedulebebi, romelTac
"semiotikuri JReradoba" gaaCniaT. sqolastikis periodis teqstebSi gamoikveTa
niSanTa oTxwevrovani struqtura, romlis elementebia (a) Tavad niSnebi, e.i.
iseTi grZnobad-aRqmadi saSualebebi, romlebic sxvaze migviTiTeben; (b) sagnebi,
romlebzedac migviTiTeben niSnebi; (g) gamaSualebeli Sinaarsi, raSiac
xorcieldeba miTiTeba saganze da, bolos (d) informacia, Sinaarsi, romelic
nawvdomia niSnis mier. niSnebis amgvari funqciebi arc laibnicisaTvis iyo ucxo.
gviansqolastur periodSi, niSnis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, ganakuTrebiT
saintereso iyo domenikaneli beris, banesiusis 1600 wels kiolnSi gamocemuli
saxelmZRvanelo "Institutiones minores dialectiae", romelSiac logikuri wesebis garda
dawvrilebiT iyo mimoxiluli niSnebis buneba, saxeebi da funqciebi. ufro gvian
klod lanselotma, romelic kargad icnobda sqolastur literaturas niSnebis
Sesaxeb, maTi definiciebis umravlesoba ucvlelad gadaitana Tavis naSromSi
"Grammarie generale et raisonnee"(1660).
Tavad laibnicis mier SemoTavazebuli niSnis zogadi ganmartebac advilad
SeiZleba gvepovna zemoT aRniSnuli avtorebidan romelimesTan:
"niSani iseTi aRqmadi saSualebaa, saidanac vakeTebT
daskvnas araRqmulis arsebobis Sesaxeb".
laibnicis am gansazRvrebaSi ZiriTadia ara aRqmadsa da araaRqmads Soris
urTierTobis faqti, aramed is, rom yoveli niSani mis gareT arsebul im obieqtze
migviTiTebs, romelic Tavisi bunebiT gansxvavdeba niSnisagan. niSnis meore
Tavisebureba, rogorc gansazRvreba gviCvenebs, aris misi grZnobadi xasiaTi.
imisaTvis, rom niSanma SeZlos miTiTeba raime sxvaze, is grZnobadad unda
mogveces, gamocdilebis sagani gaxdes. amgvari niSani SeiZleba arsebobdes
rogorc bunebrivad, aseve iyos mizandasaxulad Seqmnili adamianis mier. niSnebis
16
fildi, romelmac amerikul lingvistikaSi ara mxolod daamkvidra antimentalis-
turi ganwyobebi, aramed Teoriulad daafuZna antimentalizmi. biheviorizmi
rogorc mimdinareoba fsiqologiaSi aris ukiduresi empirizmis gamoxatuleba,
romelic moiTxovs fsiqologiis mecnierebidan gavaZevoT yvela is fenomeni da
cneba, romelic ki ar eqvemdebareba empirul deskripcias. aseTi cneba
biheviorizmisaTvis upirveles yovlisa aris “fsixes”, anu sulis cneba. suli,
rogorc Zveli metafizikuri kategoria ar eqvemdebareba verifikacias. is rac
gveZleva gamocdilebaSi, aris ara suli, aramed adamianis qceva, romelic
SeiZleba aRiweros da gaizomos. aqedan, bihevioristebi moiTxoven fsiqologiis
qcevaTmecnierebiT Secvlas. raRac msgavsi ram ganaxorciela blumfildma
enaTmecnierebaSi. misi azriT aqamdeli enaTmecnierebisaTvis Zalze mniSvne-
lovani iyo enis materialuri mxaris garda idealur mxareze saubari, saubari e.w.
mniSvnelobebze da sazrisebze, romlebic gagebuli iyo azrismier fenomenebad.
blumfildis mcdeloba enidan ganedevna idealuri araempiriuli movlenebi,
romelic Tavis Tavad CvenTvis miuRebelia, ar aris moklebuli logikur
Tanmimdevrulobas da ar JRers absurdulad. mas arsad ar uTqvams, rom
adamianebs ara aqvT azrebi da rom Cveni sulieri samyaro sruliad moklebulia
yovelgvar idealurs. Tavisi poziciis gansamtkiceblad, igi iyenebs e.w. “okamis
samarTebelis” arguments, romelic enis konteqstSi amgvarad JRers: Tu me
SemiZlia ori ZiriTadi postulatidan _ stimul-reaqciidan da bgerebis
gamoTqmidan avago enis Teoria, ratom unda gavakeTo kidev erTi daSveba idea-
luri mentaluri obieqtebis xarjze. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, blumfildisa
da misi mimdevari antimentalistebis semantika yovelTvis orfenovania da
gulisxmobs mxolod aRmniSvnels (bgerebis kompleqsi) da aRsaniSns. rac Seexeba
mniSvnelobas, rogorc azrismier obieqts, amgvari ram antimentalistebTan ar
arsebobs da aq mniSvneloba aRsaniSns emTxveva.
axla ganvixiloT oTxfenovani semantikis nimuSad huserlis lingvisturi
doqtrina. huserls SenarCunebuli aqvs yvela is elementi, romelic Cven
samfenovan semantikaSi aRvwereT erTi niuansis dmatebiT: is erTmaneTisagan
asxvavebs fsiqikurs da idealurs. sametyvelo procesSi CarTulia orive maTgani,
magram sxvadasxvanairad. Tu me vamtkiceb, rom “magida TeTria”, maSin Cems mier
enis gamoyenebas Tan axlavs garkveuli fsiqikui procesi, romelic metyvelebis
momentSi avsebs Cemi bgerebis Sinaarseul mxares. magram metyveleba SeuZlebeli
iqneboda, gvarwmunebs huserli, mis garda, rom ar arsebobdes idealuri
“magidobis” da “siTeTris” mniSvnelobebic. es mniSvnelobebi fsiqikuri proce-
sebisagan TavianTi zedrouli, idealuri xasiaTiT gansxvavdebian. isini ar
arseboben droSi, radgan wminda SesaZleblobebs warmoadgenen da warmoadgenen
SesaZleblobas imisa, rom me gamoviyeno gamoTqmebi “magida” da “TeTri”. serli
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs mniSvnelobas da mniSvneladobas. enobrivi niSani
metyvelebis procesSi mniSvneladobs Tavisi fsiqologiuri modusiT, magram is
mniSvneladobs idealuri mniSvnelobis xarjze, romelic gansazRvravs ara mis
arsebobas, aramed SesaZleblobas.
amrigad, arsebobs orfenovani, samfenovani da oTxfenovani semantikebi.
gansxvavebebi maT Soris gamowveulia sxvdasxva zogadTeoriuli, zog SemTxvevaSi,
sulac zogadfilosofiuri mizezebiT da maTiT daintereseba ufro Sesabamisi
motivaciiT unda ganisazRvros da ara imgvari ganzraxulobebiT, rogoric Cven
gvaqvs semantikis da zogadad enobrivi analizis mimarT.
gansxvavebuli semantikuri Teoriebis ufro sruli dxaiaTebisaTvis, neba
momeciT ganvixilo gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis Teoriebic. amasTan, aq saqme
Seexeba sakuTriv mniSvnelobis bunebis gagebas, damoukideblad imisagan, Tu
rogor aris gaSlili enobrivi niSani semantikur WrilSi. am miTiTebis kvalad,
SegviZlia gamovyoT, mniSvnelobis ramdenime tipi:
1. adreuli vitgenSteinis mniSvnelobis Teoria. es Teoria axlos dgas
asaxvis doqtrinasTan, Tumca inarCunebs specifikasac. mniSvneloba
misTvis gaigivebulia aRmniSvnelTan SesatyvisobaSI myof saganTan;
2. mniSvnelobis funqcionalisturi Teoria, romelic gisn vitgenSteins
ekuTvnis. es Teoria miiCnevs, rom gamoTqmis mniSvneloba aris enobrivi
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tikaSi arseboba, misi Rrma rwmeniT, amgvari eqstrapolaciis saSualebas iZleoda.
niSanTa srulyofili Teoria, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovani nabiji unda
yofiliyo mecnierebaTa maTematizaciis (laibnicis gagebiT, ra Tqma unda) gzaze.
niSnis SemoTavazebul daxasiaTebas laibnicis mier, gvinda dazustebisa da
ganmartebis saxiT davamatoT principuli gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs niSans
da simbolos Soris, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Cven momavalSi saqme gveqneba
mxolod niSnebTan da ara simboloebTan. niSani, rogor definiciasac ar unda
aZlevdes mas esa Tu is avtori, im obieqtTan mimarTebaSi, romelsc is aRniSnavs,
yovelTvis aris raRac sxva maSin, rodesac simbolosa da imas Soris, risi
simboloc is aris ar arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba.
2. 2. semantika
semantika aris semiotikis pirveli da istoriulad yvelaze adre
damuSavebuli nawili. semantika swavlobs niSanTa Sinaarsobriv mxares. semantika
arkvevs enobrivi niSnebis Sinaarsobriv mxares. misi ZiriTadi kategriaa
“mniSvneloba”. semantikis bunebis gasacnobad saWirod migvaCnia enobrivi niSani
warmovadginoT semantikur WrilSi da misi analizis saSualebiT gamovkveToT
umniSvnelovanesi semantikuri erTeulebi. enobrivi niSnebis zemoT mocemuli
farTo daxasiaTebis Sinaarsisagan ganyenebiT aq SevTanxmdeT, rom enobrivi niSani
aris semantikuri analizis bazisuri erTeuli d is ar unda gavigoT arc sityvis
da, miT ufri arc calkeuli asos analogiiT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi enobrivi niSani
SeiZleba daemTxves calkeul sityvas, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki mTel frazas. yvela
SemTxvevaSi enobrivi niSani imgvari semantikuri erTeulia, romlis Semdgomi
azriani danawevreba aRar SeiZleba. amgvarad gagebuli enobrivi niSnida SeiZleba
gamoiyos Semdegi elementebi: aRmniSvneli, aRsaniSni da mniSvneloba.
gavaanalizoT TiToeuli elementi cal-calke.
enobrivi niSnis aRmniSvneli mxare (“denoting” — aqedan qarTul
sityvaTxmarebaSi SeiZleba SegvZvdes — “denotati”) niSnis materialur mxares
warmoadgens. enobrivi niSnebi aucileblad materialuri saxiT unda iyvnen
gamoxatulni, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes maTi saSualebiT komunikacia. sxva gza
adamianebs ubralod ar gaaCniaT (Tu, ra Tqma unda, iogebis msgavs
telekomunikacias, rodesac maTi mtkicebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba manZilze rCeul
adamianTa Soris azrebis uSualo gaziareba). aRmniSvneli SeiZleba iyos
dawerili, gamoTqmuli, wakiTxuli an mosmenili. yvela SemTxvevaSi figurirebs
niSnis materialuri garsi. aRmniSvneli aris is, rac warmoadgens enobriv
niSans da axorcielebs ama Tu im obieqtis aRniSvnas.
niSnis meore struqturuli elementia aRsaniSni (“designing” — aqedan qarTul
sityvaTxmarebaSi SeiZleba SegvZvdes — “designati”). aRsaniSni sxva araferia,
Tu ara is obieqti, romelsac aRmniSvneli aRniSnavs. aseTi obieqti SeiZleba
iyos rogorc sinamdvilis sagani, aseve Cveni azrovnebis ganyenebuli obieqti.
enas unari qvs orive SemTxvevaSi wrmatebiT ganaxorcielos denotacia. mimarTeba
aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris ar aris simetriuli. umetes SemTxvevebSi, aRm-
niSvneli da aRsaniSni erTi-erTze emTxveva erTmaneTs. magram aris gansxvavebuli
SemTxvevebic, rogorc, magaliTad, “dilis varskvlavis”, “saRamos varskvlavis”
da “veneras” SemTxvevaSi. samive aRmniSvnels aq erTaderTi aRsaniSni ciuri
sxeuli aqvs.
da bolos, niSnis mesame struqturuli elementi aris mniSvneloba, anu is
wesi, romliTac aRminSvneli aRniSnavs aRsaniSns. SegviZlia aviRoT mniSvne-
lobis sxva definiciac. mis mixedviT, mniSvneloba iqneba aRsaniSnis Sesatyvisi
idealuri obieqti, romelic aRmniSvnelis Sinaarseul mxares warmoadgens.
axla warmodgenili enobrivi niSnis semantikuri struqtura samelementian an
samfenovan semantikas gulisxmobs. semantika amis garda SeiZleba iyos orelemen-
tiani da oTxelementiani. orelementiani an orfenovania, magaliTad, yvela bihe-
vioristuli semantika. SevCerdeT am sakiTxze ramdenadme ufro dawvrilebiT.
bihevioristuli lingvistikis udidesi warmomadgeneli iyo leonard blum-
20
erT yvelaze did jgufs, mis empiriul mocemulobaSi grafikul-optikuri saxe
aqvT. laibnici maT "qaraqterebs" uwodebs. maTze dawvrilebiT aq ar SevCerdebiT,
Tumca davsZenT, rom zogjer "qaraqterebis" nacvlad, igive mniSvnelobiT
laparakoben xolme "sityva-niSnebze" an "cneba-niSnebze" da sxv. msgavsi
terminebis ZiriTad daniSnulebas azrebis gamoxatva warmoadgens.
niSnebis zemoT aRweril oTxwevrovan funqcionalur struqturas
laibnicisaTvis ufro zogadi suraTis warmomdgenis pretenzia aqvs, vidre
savaldebulosi. niSanTa mis struqturul elementebs ara aqvT normatiuli
xasiaTi. anu, Tuki arsebobs samwevra an, gnebavT, orwevra semantikuri
mimarTebebi aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris, es sulac ar metyvelebs aseT
mimarTebebSi CarTuli niSnebis defeqturobaze. magaliTad, maTemetikur
operaciebSi gamoyenebuli niSnebi ar migviTiTeben sagnebze am sityvis
Cveulebrivi mniSvnelobiT. "geometriul qaraqteristikebSi" (1679) laibnici
aRniSnavda, rom kalkulaciebSi monawileobiT niSnebs uwevT urTierToba
sagnebTan, romelTa ontologiuri statusi aris "entia rationis cum fundamento in re".
niSnebi mravali saxisaa. maT Soris laibnici CamoTvlis asoebs, sityvebs,
qimiur formulebs, astronomiul aRniSvnebs da Cinuri damwerlobis simboloebs,
ieroglifebs, musikalur notebs, ariTmetikul, algebrul da sxva saxis niSnebs,
romelTac Cveni azrovneba sagnebis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs.
ramdenadac grafikul-optikuri niSnebis did simravle arsebobs, laibnici
gulmodgined swavlobda TiToeuli maTganis SesaZleblobebs da cdilobda
Tavisi miznebisaTvis SeerCia saukeTeso. amiT aris gamowveuli is viTareba, rom
sxvadasxva periodSi erTi da igive problemis analizisas laibnici sruliad
sxvadasxvagvar aRniSvnebs iyenebs. ase magaliTad, axalgazrdobaSi, "kombina-
torul xelovnebaSi", is iyenebda cifrebs, laTinur, berZnul da ebraul asoebs.
ufro gvian periodSi, man araerTi siaxle Seitana Caweris sistemaSi, rac kargad
Cans misi werilidan boineburgisadmi, romelSiac silogisturi figurebis
gamosaxva nacadia geometriuli figurebiT. msgavsi ram gvxvdeba 1686 da 1690
wlebis periodis kalkulaciebSi. arsebobs piruku mcdelobebic, rodesac
geometriuli figurebi gamooisaxeba asoebisa da relaciebis saSualebiT. aseTia,
magaliTad, misi "nalisis situs" (1679). erT-erTi mniSvnelovani azri, romelic
amgvari "eqsperimentis" ukan unda davinaxoT, mdgomareobs laibnicis ganzraxvaSi
warmoadginos maTematikuri, ufro zustad, geometriuli obieqtebi maTTvis
ufro bunebriv, idealur mdgomareobasTan axlo mdgomi saxiT, vidre es xdeba
Cvveulebriv am obieqtebis grZnobad-aRqmadi saxiT gamosaxvisas. ufro gviani
periodis teqstebSi TandaTanobiT izrdeba maTematikuri operaciebis ZiriTad
niSnebad asoebis SerCevis tendencia.
kidev erTi motivacia, rac laibnicis mier niSanTa gamudmebuli Ziebisa da
gadasinjvis wyaro iyo, ganpirobebulia niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris kavSiris
TviTneburi xasiaTiT. laibnici cdilobda maTi kavSiri ufro myar niadagze
daemyarebina.
'"Cven rom SegvZleboda SesaniSnavi bunebrivi TavdaWeriloba
gamogveCina, araviTari abstraqtuli azrebi ar gveqneboda,
romlebic grZnobadi movlenebisaTvisaa saWiro, msgavsad
imisa, rogorc gviwevs gamoviyenoT iseTi niSnebi, rogoric
asoebi da bgerebia miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs
araviTari aucilebeli kavSiri rig TviTnebur niSnebsa da
aseTive azrebs Soris"
msgavsi mosazrebebis safuZvelze, erTi periodi, laibnici piqtogramebiT
dainteresda da fiqrobda, rom suraTebrivi msgavseba, gamosaxviTi mimarTeba
aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris moxsnida TviTnebur SerCevas. piqtogramas
bundovani sagani naTeli unda gaexada misi Tanmxlebi cxadi gamosaxvis
saSualebiT. erTgan is xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom piqtogramebi, gamosaxvis
geometriuli figurebis msgavsad, Seicaven msgavsebas imasTan, rasac isini
gamosaxaven. aseT niSnebze gadasvla laibnics samomavlod hqonda Cafiqrebuli im
mizniT, rom yvela sxva SemTxveviTi da TviTneburi niSnebi TandaTanobiT
eliminirebuli yofiliyo mecnierebidan. igive zogadi mosazrebebi edo
safuZvlad laibnicis dainteresebas Cinuri damwerlobiT da Semdgom ufro
17
zogadad Cinuri kulturiT.
niSnebis aseTi erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqcia Cveni azrebis reprezentaciaa,
radgan rogorc Tavad laibnici SeniSnavda azri Sesabamisi niSnis gareSe
SeuZlebelia:
"yoveli adamianuri azri xorcieldeba garkveuli niSnebis anu
qaraqterebis meSveobiT. mizezi amisa is aris, rom ara mxolod
Tavad sagnebi, aramed maTi warmodgenebi ar aris xolme da arc
SeiZleba iyos gonebis mier yovelTvis cxadad aRqmuli: amitom
SemoklebisaTvis maT nacvlad niSnebi gamoiyeneba" laibnicis moyvanili
sityvebi, Tuki maT ganvixilavT niSnis da azris mimarTebis funqcionaluri
kuTxiT, ramdenime TvalsazrisiT aris saintereso. niSnis upirvelesi funqcia,
rogorc vxedavT Sekvecaa. azrebis da warmodgenebis zusti dafiqsireba adamianis
gonebas yovelTvis rodi SeuZlia. amitom, zogjer, azris nakadi Sekvecas
saWiroebs, rac niSnebiT xorcieldeba. warmodgenebis da azrebis Sekveca
TviTmizani ki ar aris, aramed aucilebeli samuSaoa imisaTvis, rom niSanma
ganaxorcielos Tavisi meore ZiriTadi funqcia, azrebis fiqsireba. Tavis mxriv,
rogorc Sekveca, aseve azris fiqsireba SegviZlia niSnebis mnemonikur funqcias
mivakuTvnoT, romelic orives aerTianebs. da bolos mesame da SesaZloa yvelaze
arsebiTi funqcia romelsac axorcielebs niSani, Semecnebiseulia da is
mniSvnelobis konstitucias gulisxmobs. mniSvneloba laibnicisaTvis arc
azrovnebiT da arc warmosaxvis ZaliT ar SeiZleba amoiwuros, radgan es mesame
funqcia damoukideblad ki ar arsebobs azrebTan da warmosaxvebTan mimarTebaSi,
aramed moicavs niSnebis or, zemoT aRweril funqcias. niSnebis am sam
funqcionalur anu pragmatul elements Soris mkacri subordinacia arsebobs.
maTi sxvagvari, e.i. araswori, araTanmimdevruli rigi ukve garantiaa cnebaTa
aRrevisa da dabneulobisa.
ufro konkretulad, ra rols asrulebs ufro mniSvnelobis konstruqciaSi?
niSnis am funqcias, romelsac laibnici zogjer "exprimere"-s da zogjerac
"repraesentare"-s uwodebs, igi adarebs azrovnebis unars. laibnici SeniSnavs,
rom zogjer savsebiT SesaZlebelia meTodurad, nabij-nabij saganTan mivideT,
magram miuxedavad amisa mainc ar vflobdeT mis ideas. unda arsebobdes raRac,
rac ara mxolod migviyvanda saganTan, aramed am sagnis gamosaxvis saSualebasac
mogvcemda. azrovneba, romelic am SemTxvevaSi cnebis gamoxatvazea gadatanili,
Tumca misulia saganTan, magram am ukanasknelis gamoxatva mxolod niSnis
saSualebiT SeuZlia. aviRoT viTareba, rodesac meTodurad gamoTvlili da
gamoxatulia wrfis kveTa. igive SeiZleba hiperbolasaTvisac iyos gamosadegi ise,
rom mis ideaze saerTod ar vsaubrobdeT. swored aseT SemTxvevaSi gvWirdeba
Cveni azrovnebis sagnis sxva msgavsi sagnebidan calke gamoyofa da dafiqsireba
specialuri aRniSvnis saSualebiT, rasac azrovneba niSnebis gamoyenebiT
axorcielebs, rodesac is Tavis obieqts warmoidgens rogorc swored "wrfis
kveTas". ramdenadac amgvari niSniT konstituirebuli sagani xelmisawvdomia
yvelasaTvis, visac ki am niSnis gageba SeuZlia, amdenad SegviZlia visaubroT
komunikaciaze codnis urTierTgaziarebis TvalsazrisiT. amrigad, Tu
SevajamebT niSnebis funqciebs codnasTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, gamoiyofa
sami mTavari funqcia: mnemonuri, azris makonstruirebeli da komunikaciuri
funqciebi. rogorc burkxardi samarTlianad SeniSnavs, gamoTqmebis mnemonur da
komunikaciur funqciebze laibnicamde hobsma warmoadgina gaSlili daxasiaTeba
naSromSi "sxeulebis Sesaxeb", xolo laibnici ki, hobsis Sromebs Zalian kargad
icnobda. niSnebis mnemonuri funqciisaTvis hobss hqonda specialuri terminebi,
"notae" an "marques", xolo komunikaciurs aRniSnavda gamoTqmebiT "signum" an
"signae".
kutiura "laibnicis logikaSi" (gv. 81 ) da burkxardti gamoTqvamen mosazrebas,
rom laibnici erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda agreTve referenciul da
inferenciul niSnebs. referenciuli niSnebis ZiriTadi funqcia obieqtebis
swori aRniSvnaa. amis nimuSs warmoadgens qimiis da astronomiis niSnebi. maTgan
gansxvavebiT, ariTmetikuli da algebruli niSnebi mxolod obieqtebis aRniSvniT
ki ar Semoifarglebian, aramed CarTulni arian gamomdinareobis operaciebSic.
18
Sesabamisad, maT laibnici inferenciul niSnebs uwodebda.
zogierT teqstSi niSnis denotaciuri (cxadia es termini laibnics ar hqonda)
funqciis aRwerisas, laibnici gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs niSnis mimarTebas ara
imdenad saganTan, ramdenadac cnebasTan. SesaZloa es gamovlena iyos imisa, rom
zemoT aRwerili oTxadgiliani semantikisagan gansxvavebiT, laibnici
samadgilian semantikas emyareba. am semantikaSi gzamkvlevis funqcia SeiZleba
itvirTos niSnis kidev erTma, amjerad ramdenadme gansxvavebulma gansazRvrebam,
romelic xSirad mohyavT komentatorebs:
"niSani (signum) aris is, rasac Cven axla aRviqvamT da rac
mis garda Cveni sakuTari an sxvisi gamocdilebis
safuZvelze mTlianad sxvasTan dakavSirebulad gaiazreba".
am sam adgiliani semantikis ZiriTadi instrumentariebia: saxeli (niSani) -
cneba (idea) - sagani. Tanac wminda denotaciur doneze, kriterialur funqcias
asrulebs niSnis da cnebis SesaZlebloba (arawinaaRmdegobrioba) - SeuZlebloba
(winaaRmdegobrioba) da ara WeSmariteba-siyalbe, romelic pirvelad saqmeSi
Semodis msjelobasTan dakavSirebiT.
laibnici Tvlida, rom bunebrivi sametyvelo enis niSnebi sagnebTan
mimarTebiT sruliad TviTneburad aris dakavSirebuli. SemdgomSi,
etimilogiuri analizis saSualebiT man gamoikvlia sityvebis onomatopoeturi
gavrcelebis specifika, erT enaze mezobeli enebis zegavlenis mizezebi da Zala
da mivida daskvnamde, rom bunebrivi enebis aRniSvnebi da obieqtebi, romelTac
isini afiqsireben, arc TviTneburia da arc aucilebeli, aramed yovelTvis
motivirebuli.
marius nizoliusis Sromis winaswarsityvaoba erTaderTia, romelSiac
laibnicma met-naklebad koncentrirebuli saxiT gadmosca Tavisi Sexedulebebi
bunebrivi enebis Sesaxeb. swored am winasityvaobaSi aqebs is germanuli enis
filosofiur SesaZleblobebs, romelsac is am mizniT TiTqmis ar iyenebda. igive
winasityvaobaSi laibnici bunebrivi enis ZiriTad amocanas ara imdenad WeS-
mariteba-siyalbis gamoxatvasa da ZiebaSi iazrebs, ramdenadac ufro hermenev-
tikul ganzomilebaSi. bunebrivi ena, upirveles yovlisa, gagebis instrumentia.
Sesabamisad, mas Cveni ideebis naTelyofa evaleba da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
sasurveli sicxade miRweuli iqneba, SegviZlia vilaparakoT enis WeSmaritebasa
da eleganturobaze. sicxade, WeSmariteba da eleganturoba enis normaluri
gamoyenebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebia.
tradiciulad, sqolastika enobriv kvlevebSi sityvebis analizs aniWebda
upiratesobas. calkeuli sityvebis Seswavlis gverdiT naklebad vipovniT
konteqstualur analizs. "winasityvaobaSi" laibnicic ZiriTadad amgvar pozi-
ciaze dgas, Tumca konteqstualuri semantikis fenomeni saerTod misTvis ucxo
movlena ar yofila. imis gamo, rom aRniSnul teqstSi aSkaraa sityvebis izo-
lirebuli Seswavlis tendencia, kvlevis ZiriTadi saSualeba, romelsac laibnici
mxars uWers, aris etimologiuri Zieba. aq sintaqss saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva.
filosofosebis enis mouwesrigeblobas igi mxolod imiT xsnis, rom cota maTgani
Tu iyo gamorCeuli ritori.
laibnicis leqsikuri analizi ori ZiriTadi wyaroTi sargeblobs. es aris
sityvebis pirveladi mniSvnelobebi da maTi gamoyenebis wesi. Tavis mxriv,
pirveladi mniSnvnelobebis kvleva sityvebis fesvebis kvlevaze daiyvaneba, rac
Semdeg, analogiiT, gvixsnis sityvis gamoyenebas gansxvavebul situaciaSi.
"analogia", Tavis mxriv, gagebulia, rogorc sityvis fesvis mimarTeba warmoebul
sityvasTan.
bunebrivi enis niSnebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic umeteswilad mowesri-
gebulia, Caweris zustma sistemam, fiqrobda laibnici, maTematikaSi didad
ganapiroba am mecnierebis progresi. laibnics maTematika mecnierebis idealad
hqonda warmodgenili. am mxriv, igi ufro epoqis suliskveTebas iziarebda da es
ganwyobebi, misi Sromebis garda, kargad Cans sxva avtorebis, dekartes da
spinozas nawerebSi. maTematikuri mecnierebis warmatebebi laibnicsac acdunebda
"maTematikurad eazrovna" maTematikis gareT. amis ganxorcielebas gansakuT-
rebiT Seecada is logikis sferoSi. dasabuTebis eqsplicituri formebis maTema-
19
zogadad Cinuri kulturiT.
niSnebis aseTi erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqcia Cveni azrebis reprezentaciaa,
radgan rogorc Tavad laibnici SeniSnavda azri Sesabamisi niSnis gareSe
SeuZlebelia:
"yoveli adamianuri azri xorcieldeba garkveuli niSnebis anu
qaraqterebis meSveobiT. mizezi amisa is aris, rom ara mxolod
Tavad sagnebi, aramed maTi warmodgenebi ar aris xolme da arc
SeiZleba iyos gonebis mier yovelTvis cxadad aRqmuli: amitom
SemoklebisaTvis maT nacvlad niSnebi gamoiyeneba" laibnicis moyvanili
sityvebi, Tuki maT ganvixilavT niSnis da azris mimarTebis funqcionaluri
kuTxiT, ramdenime TvalsazrisiT aris saintereso. niSnis upirvelesi funqcia,
rogorc vxedavT Sekvecaa. azrebis da warmodgenebis zusti dafiqsireba adamianis
gonebas yovelTvis rodi SeuZlia. amitom, zogjer, azris nakadi Sekvecas
saWiroebs, rac niSnebiT xorcieldeba. warmodgenebis da azrebis Sekveca
TviTmizani ki ar aris, aramed aucilebeli samuSaoa imisaTvis, rom niSanma
ganaxorcielos Tavisi meore ZiriTadi funqcia, azrebis fiqsireba. Tavis mxriv,
rogorc Sekveca, aseve azris fiqsireba SegviZlia niSnebis mnemonikur funqcias
mivakuTvnoT, romelic orives aerTianebs. da bolos mesame da SesaZloa yvelaze
arsebiTi funqcia romelsac axorcielebs niSani, Semecnebiseulia da is
mniSvnelobis konstitucias gulisxmobs. mniSvneloba laibnicisaTvis arc
azrovnebiT da arc warmosaxvis ZaliT ar SeiZleba amoiwuros, radgan es mesame
funqcia damoukideblad ki ar arsebobs azrebTan da warmosaxvebTan mimarTebaSi,
aramed moicavs niSnebis or, zemoT aRweril funqcias. niSnebis am sam
funqcionalur anu pragmatul elements Soris mkacri subordinacia arsebobs.
maTi sxvagvari, e.i. araswori, araTanmimdevruli rigi ukve garantiaa cnebaTa
aRrevisa da dabneulobisa.
ufro konkretulad, ra rols asrulebs ufro mniSvnelobis konstruqciaSi?
niSnis am funqcias, romelsac laibnici zogjer "exprimere"-s da zogjerac
"repraesentare"-s uwodebs, igi adarebs azrovnebis unars. laibnici SeniSnavs,
rom zogjer savsebiT SesaZlebelia meTodurad, nabij-nabij saganTan mivideT,
magram miuxedavad amisa mainc ar vflobdeT mis ideas. unda arsebobdes raRac,
rac ara mxolod migviyvanda saganTan, aramed am sagnis gamosaxvis saSualebasac
mogvcemda. azrovneba, romelic am SemTxvevaSi cnebis gamoxatvazea gadatanili,
Tumca misulia saganTan, magram am ukanasknelis gamoxatva mxolod niSnis
saSualebiT SeuZlia. aviRoT viTareba, rodesac meTodurad gamoTvlili da
gamoxatulia wrfis kveTa. igive SeiZleba hiperbolasaTvisac iyos gamosadegi ise,
rom mis ideaze saerTod ar vsaubrobdeT. swored aseT SemTxvevaSi gvWirdeba
Cveni azrovnebis sagnis sxva msgavsi sagnebidan calke gamoyofa da dafiqsireba
specialuri aRniSvnis saSualebiT, rasac azrovneba niSnebis gamoyenebiT
axorcielebs, rodesac is Tavis obieqts warmoidgens rogorc swored "wrfis
kveTas". ramdenadac amgvari niSniT konstituirebuli sagani xelmisawvdomia
yvelasaTvis, visac ki am niSnis gageba SeuZlia, amdenad SegviZlia visaubroT
komunikaciaze codnis urTierTgaziarebis TvalsazrisiT. amrigad, Tu
SevajamebT niSnebis funqciebs codnasTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, gamoiyofa
sami mTavari funqcia: mnemonuri, azris makonstruirebeli da komunikaciuri
funqciebi. rogorc burkxardi samarTlianad SeniSnavs, gamoTqmebis mnemonur da
komunikaciur funqciebze laibnicamde hobsma warmoadgina gaSlili daxasiaTeba
naSromSi "sxeulebis Sesaxeb", xolo laibnici ki, hobsis Sromebs Zalian kargad
icnobda. niSnebis mnemonuri funqciisaTvis hobss hqonda specialuri terminebi,
"notae" an "marques", xolo komunikaciurs aRniSnavda gamoTqmebiT "signum" an
"signae".
kutiura "laibnicis logikaSi" (gv. 81 ) da burkxardti gamoTqvamen mosazrebas,
rom laibnici erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda agreTve referenciul da
inferenciul niSnebs. referenciuli niSnebis ZiriTadi funqcia obieqtebis
swori aRniSvnaa. amis nimuSs warmoadgens qimiis da astronomiis niSnebi. maTgan
gansxvavebiT, ariTmetikuli da algebruli niSnebi mxolod obieqtebis aRniSvniT
ki ar Semoifarglebian, aramed CarTulni arian gamomdinareobis operaciebSic.
18
Sesabamisad, maT laibnici inferenciul niSnebs uwodebda.
zogierT teqstSi niSnis denotaciuri (cxadia es termini laibnics ar hqonda)
funqciis aRwerisas, laibnici gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs niSnis mimarTebas ara
imdenad saganTan, ramdenadac cnebasTan. SesaZloa es gamovlena iyos imisa, rom
zemoT aRwerili oTxadgiliani semantikisagan gansxvavebiT, laibnici
samadgilian semantikas emyareba. am semantikaSi gzamkvlevis funqcia SeiZleba
itvirTos niSnis kidev erTma, amjerad ramdenadme gansxvavebulma gansazRvrebam,
romelic xSirad mohyavT komentatorebs:
"niSani (signum) aris is, rasac Cven axla aRviqvamT da rac
mis garda Cveni sakuTari an sxvisi gamocdilebis
safuZvelze mTlianad sxvasTan dakavSirebulad gaiazreba".
am sam adgiliani semantikis ZiriTadi instrumentariebia: saxeli (niSani) -
cneba (idea) - sagani. Tanac wminda denotaciur doneze, kriterialur funqcias
asrulebs niSnis da cnebis SesaZlebloba (arawinaaRmdegobrioba) - SeuZlebloba
(winaaRmdegobrioba) da ara WeSmariteba-siyalbe, romelic pirvelad saqmeSi
Semodis msjelobasTan dakavSirebiT.
laibnici Tvlida, rom bunebrivi sametyvelo enis niSnebi sagnebTan
mimarTebiT sruliad TviTneburad aris dakavSirebuli. SemdgomSi,
etimilogiuri analizis saSualebiT man gamoikvlia sityvebis onomatopoeturi
gavrcelebis specifika, erT enaze mezobeli enebis zegavlenis mizezebi da Zala
da mivida daskvnamde, rom bunebrivi enebis aRniSvnebi da obieqtebi, romelTac
isini afiqsireben, arc TviTneburia da arc aucilebeli, aramed yovelTvis
motivirebuli.
marius nizoliusis Sromis winaswarsityvaoba erTaderTia, romelSiac
laibnicma met-naklebad koncentrirebuli saxiT gadmosca Tavisi Sexedulebebi
bunebrivi enebis Sesaxeb. swored am winasityvaobaSi aqebs is germanuli enis
filosofiur SesaZleblobebs, romelsac is am mizniT TiTqmis ar iyenebda. igive
winasityvaobaSi laibnici bunebrivi enis ZiriTad amocanas ara imdenad WeS-
mariteba-siyalbis gamoxatvasa da ZiebaSi iazrebs, ramdenadac ufro hermenev-
tikul ganzomilebaSi. bunebrivi ena, upirveles yovlisa, gagebis instrumentia.
Sesabamisad, mas Cveni ideebis naTelyofa evaleba da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
sasurveli sicxade miRweuli iqneba, SegviZlia vilaparakoT enis WeSmaritebasa
da eleganturobaze. sicxade, WeSmariteba da eleganturoba enis normaluri
gamoyenebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebia.
tradiciulad, sqolastika enobriv kvlevebSi sityvebis analizs aniWebda
upiratesobas. calkeuli sityvebis Seswavlis gverdiT naklebad vipovniT
konteqstualur analizs. "winasityvaobaSi" laibnicic ZiriTadad amgvar pozi-
ciaze dgas, Tumca konteqstualuri semantikis fenomeni saerTod misTvis ucxo
movlena ar yofila. imis gamo, rom aRniSnul teqstSi aSkaraa sityvebis izo-
lirebuli Seswavlis tendencia, kvlevis ZiriTadi saSualeba, romelsac laibnici
mxars uWers, aris etimologiuri Zieba. aq sintaqss saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva.
filosofosebis enis mouwesrigeblobas igi mxolod imiT xsnis, rom cota maTgani
Tu iyo gamorCeuli ritori.
laibnicis leqsikuri analizi ori ZiriTadi wyaroTi sargeblobs. es aris
sityvebis pirveladi mniSvnelobebi da maTi gamoyenebis wesi. Tavis mxriv,
pirveladi mniSnvnelobebis kvleva sityvebis fesvebis kvlevaze daiyvaneba, rac
Semdeg, analogiiT, gvixsnis sityvis gamoyenebas gansxvavebul situaciaSi.
"analogia", Tavis mxriv, gagebulia, rogorc sityvis fesvis mimarTeba warmoebul
sityvasTan.
bunebrivi enis niSnebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic umeteswilad mowesri-
gebulia, Caweris zustma sistemam, fiqrobda laibnici, maTematikaSi didad
ganapiroba am mecnierebis progresi. laibnics maTematika mecnierebis idealad
hqonda warmodgenili. am mxriv, igi ufro epoqis suliskveTebas iziarebda da es
ganwyobebi, misi Sromebis garda, kargad Cans sxva avtorebis, dekartes da
spinozas nawerebSi. maTematikuri mecnierebis warmatebebi laibnicsac acdunebda
"maTematikurad eazrovna" maTematikis gareT. amis ganxorcielebas gansakuT-
rebiT Seecada is logikis sferoSi. dasabuTebis eqsplicituri formebis maTema-
19
tikaSi arseboba, misi Rrma rwmeniT, amgvari eqstrapolaciis saSualebas iZleoda.
niSanTa srulyofili Teoria, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovani nabiji unda
yofiliyo mecnierebaTa maTematizaciis (laibnicis gagebiT, ra Tqma unda) gzaze.
niSnis SemoTavazebul daxasiaTebas laibnicis mier, gvinda dazustebisa da
ganmartebis saxiT davamatoT principuli gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs niSans
da simbolos Soris, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Cven momavalSi saqme gveqneba
mxolod niSnebTan da ara simboloebTan. niSani, rogor definiciasac ar unda
aZlevdes mas esa Tu is avtori, im obieqtTan mimarTebaSi, romelsc is aRniSnavs,
yovelTvis aris raRac sxva maSin, rodesac simbolosa da imas Soris, risi
simboloc is aris ar arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba.
2. 2. semantika
semantika aris semiotikis pirveli da istoriulad yvelaze adre
damuSavebuli nawili. semantika swavlobs niSanTa Sinaarsobriv mxares. semantika
arkvevs enobrivi niSnebis Sinaarsobriv mxares. misi ZiriTadi kategriaa
“mniSvneloba”. semantikis bunebis gasacnobad saWirod migvaCnia enobrivi niSani
warmovadginoT semantikur WrilSi da misi analizis saSualebiT gamovkveToT
umniSvnelovanesi semantikuri erTeulebi. enobrivi niSnebis zemoT mocemuli
farTo daxasiaTebis Sinaarsisagan ganyenebiT aq SevTanxmdeT, rom enobrivi niSani
aris semantikuri analizis bazisuri erTeuli d is ar unda gavigoT arc sityvis
da, miT ufri arc calkeuli asos analogiiT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi enobrivi niSani
SeiZleba daemTxves calkeul sityvas, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki mTel frazas. yvela
SemTxvevaSi enobrivi niSani imgvari semantikuri erTeulia, romlis Semdgomi
azriani danawevreba aRar SeiZleba. amgvarad gagebuli enobrivi niSnida SeiZleba
gamoiyos Semdegi elementebi: aRmniSvneli, aRsaniSni da mniSvneloba.
gavaanalizoT TiToeuli elementi cal-calke.
enobrivi niSnis aRmniSvneli mxare (“denoting” — aqedan qarTul
sityvaTxmarebaSi SeiZleba SegvZvdes — “denotati”) niSnis materialur mxares
warmoadgens. enobrivi niSnebi aucileblad materialuri saxiT unda iyvnen
gamoxatulni, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes maTi saSualebiT komunikacia. sxva gza
adamianebs ubralod ar gaaCniaT (Tu, ra Tqma unda, iogebis msgavs
telekomunikacias, rodesac maTi mtkicebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba manZilze rCeul
adamianTa Soris azrebis uSualo gaziareba). aRmniSvneli SeiZleba iyos
dawerili, gamoTqmuli, wakiTxuli an mosmenili. yvela SemTxvevaSi figurirebs
niSnis materialuri garsi. aRmniSvneli aris is, rac warmoadgens enobriv
niSans da axorcielebs ama Tu im obieqtis aRniSvnas.
niSnis meore struqturuli elementia aRsaniSni (“designing” — aqedan qarTul
sityvaTxmarebaSi SeiZleba SegvZvdes — “designati”). aRsaniSni sxva araferia,
Tu ara is obieqti, romelsac aRmniSvneli aRniSnavs. aseTi obieqti SeiZleba
iyos rogorc sinamdvilis sagani, aseve Cveni azrovnebis ganyenebuli obieqti.
enas unari qvs orive SemTxvevaSi wrmatebiT ganaxorcielos denotacia. mimarTeba
aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris ar aris simetriuli. umetes SemTxvevebSi, aRm-
niSvneli da aRsaniSni erTi-erTze emTxveva erTmaneTs. magram aris gansxvavebuli
SemTxvevebic, rogorc, magaliTad, “dilis varskvlavis”, “saRamos varskvlavis”
da “veneras” SemTxvevaSi. samive aRmniSvnels aq erTaderTi aRsaniSni ciuri
sxeuli aqvs.
da bolos, niSnis mesame struqturuli elementi aris mniSvneloba, anu is
wesi, romliTac aRminSvneli aRniSnavs aRsaniSns. SegviZlia aviRoT mniSvne-
lobis sxva definiciac. mis mixedviT, mniSvneloba iqneba aRsaniSnis Sesatyvisi
idealuri obieqti, romelic aRmniSvnelis Sinaarseul mxares warmoadgens.
axla warmodgenili enobrivi niSnis semantikuri struqtura samelementian an
samfenovan semantikas gulisxmobs. semantika amis garda SeiZleba iyos orelemen-
tiani da oTxelementiani. orelementiani an orfenovania, magaliTad, yvela bihe-
vioristuli semantika. SevCerdeT am sakiTxze ramdenadme ufro dawvrilebiT.
bihevioristuli lingvistikis udidesi warmomadgeneli iyo leonard blum-
20
erT yvelaze did jgufs, mis empiriul mocemulobaSi grafikul-optikuri saxe
aqvT. laibnici maT "qaraqterebs" uwodebs. maTze dawvrilebiT aq ar SevCerdebiT,
Tumca davsZenT, rom zogjer "qaraqterebis" nacvlad, igive mniSvnelobiT
laparakoben xolme "sityva-niSnebze" an "cneba-niSnebze" da sxv. msgavsi
terminebis ZiriTad daniSnulebas azrebis gamoxatva warmoadgens.
niSnebis zemoT aRweril oTxwevrovan funqcionalur struqturas
laibnicisaTvis ufro zogadi suraTis warmomdgenis pretenzia aqvs, vidre
savaldebulosi. niSanTa mis struqturul elementebs ara aqvT normatiuli
xasiaTi. anu, Tuki arsebobs samwevra an, gnebavT, orwevra semantikuri
mimarTebebi aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris, es sulac ar metyvelebs aseT
mimarTebebSi CarTuli niSnebis defeqturobaze. magaliTad, maTemetikur
operaciebSi gamoyenebuli niSnebi ar migviTiTeben sagnebze am sityvis
Cveulebrivi mniSvnelobiT. "geometriul qaraqteristikebSi" (1679) laibnici
aRniSnavda, rom kalkulaciebSi monawileobiT niSnebs uwevT urTierToba
sagnebTan, romelTa ontologiuri statusi aris "entia rationis cum fundamento in re".
niSnebi mravali saxisaa. maT Soris laibnici CamoTvlis asoebs, sityvebs,
qimiur formulebs, astronomiul aRniSvnebs da Cinuri damwerlobis simboloebs,
ieroglifebs, musikalur notebs, ariTmetikul, algebrul da sxva saxis niSnebs,
romelTac Cveni azrovneba sagnebis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs.
ramdenadac grafikul-optikuri niSnebis did simravle arsebobs, laibnici
gulmodgined swavlobda TiToeuli maTganis SesaZleblobebs da cdilobda
Tavisi miznebisaTvis SeerCia saukeTeso. amiT aris gamowveuli is viTareba, rom
sxvadasxva periodSi erTi da igive problemis analizisas laibnici sruliad
sxvadasxvagvar aRniSvnebs iyenebs. ase magaliTad, axalgazrdobaSi, "kombina-
torul xelovnebaSi", is iyenebda cifrebs, laTinur, berZnul da ebraul asoebs.
ufro gvian periodSi, man araerTi siaxle Seitana Caweris sistemaSi, rac kargad
Cans misi werilidan boineburgisadmi, romelSiac silogisturi figurebis
gamosaxva nacadia geometriuli figurebiT. msgavsi ram gvxvdeba 1686 da 1690
wlebis periodis kalkulaciebSi. arsebobs piruku mcdelobebic, rodesac
geometriuli figurebi gamooisaxeba asoebisa da relaciebis saSualebiT. aseTia,
magaliTad, misi "nalisis situs" (1679). erT-erTi mniSvnelovani azri, romelic
amgvari "eqsperimentis" ukan unda davinaxoT, mdgomareobs laibnicis ganzraxvaSi
warmoadginos maTematikuri, ufro zustad, geometriuli obieqtebi maTTvis
ufro bunebriv, idealur mdgomareobasTan axlo mdgomi saxiT, vidre es xdeba
Cvveulebriv am obieqtebis grZnobad-aRqmadi saxiT gamosaxvisas. ufro gviani
periodis teqstebSi TandaTanobiT izrdeba maTematikuri operaciebis ZiriTad
niSnebad asoebis SerCevis tendencia.
kidev erTi motivacia, rac laibnicis mier niSanTa gamudmebuli Ziebisa da
gadasinjvis wyaro iyo, ganpirobebulia niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris kavSiris
TviTneburi xasiaTiT. laibnici cdilobda maTi kavSiri ufro myar niadagze
daemyarebina.
'"Cven rom SegvZleboda SesaniSnavi bunebrivi TavdaWeriloba
gamogveCina, araviTari abstraqtuli azrebi ar gveqneboda,
romlebic grZnobadi movlenebisaTvisaa saWiro, msgavsad
imisa, rogorc gviwevs gamoviyenoT iseTi niSnebi, rogoric
asoebi da bgerebia miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs
araviTari aucilebeli kavSiri rig TviTnebur niSnebsa da
aseTive azrebs Soris"
msgavsi mosazrebebis safuZvelze, erTi periodi, laibnici piqtogramebiT
dainteresda da fiqrobda, rom suraTebrivi msgavseba, gamosaxviTi mimarTeba
aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris moxsnida TviTnebur SerCevas. piqtogramas
bundovani sagani naTeli unda gaexada misi Tanmxlebi cxadi gamosaxvis
saSualebiT. erTgan is xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom piqtogramebi, gamosaxvis
geometriuli figurebis msgavsad, Seicaven msgavsebas imasTan, rasac isini
gamosaxaven. aseT niSnebze gadasvla laibnics samomavlod hqonda Cafiqrebuli im
mizniT, rom yvela sxva SemTxveviTi da TviTneburi niSnebi TandaTanobiT
eliminirebuli yofiliyo mecnierebidan. igive zogadi mosazrebebi edo
safuZvlad laibnicis dainteresebas Cinuri damwerlobiT da Semdgom ufro
17
semiotikis damfuZneblad iTvleba amerikeli mecnieri Carlz uiliam morisi.
misi naSromi, romelSiac avtori semiotikis zogad safuZvlebs aRwers, aris
”niSanTa Teoriis safuZvlebi” (”Theory of Foundation of Signs”). am SromaSi
semiozisis procesi morisma sam ZiriTad nawilad dayo. es nawilebia semantika,
sintaqsi da pragmatika. SemdgomSi Cven SevinarCunebT am dayofas da SevecdebiT
saTiTaod davaxasiaToT semiotikis Semadgeneli disciplinebi. Tumca, jer
sjobia oriode sityviT SevexoT semiotikis istorias.
marTlia semiotika sxvebTan SedarebiT axalgazrda mecnierebaa, magram
semiotikis calkeul mxareebze sxvadasxva periodSi muSavdeboda Zalze
saintereso mosazrebebi. es Tvalsazrisebi marTalia SemuSavebuli iyo an enis
Teoriis, SesaZloa misi mxolod gramatikuli mxaris Semadgenel nawilad, an
logikisa, magram isini yvela SemTxvevaSi yuradRebas imsaxureben CvenTvis
saintereso kuTxiT.
antikur periodSi, niSnebis funqcionirebiT erT-erTi pirvelebi, TavianTi
logikuri gamokvlevebis farglebSi stoelebi dainteresdnen. semiotikis
sxvadasxva saintereso mxare sakmaod intensiurad ganixileboda Sua
saukuneebSiac. axal droSi problemas mniSvnelovanwilad mohfina naTeli
laibnicma, romelsac Cven sxvebze ukeT vicnobT da neba momeciT, warmovadgino
erTi CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi misi niSanTa Teoriidan. upirveles
yovlisa, gvinda daviwyoT termin niSnis daxasiaTebiT.
2. 1. termini "niSani"
garda Tavisi epoqis avtorebisa, romelTa teqstebsac laibnici kargad
icnobs, misi niSnis Teoria davalebulia sqolasturi ideebiTac. Toma aqvinelma,
okamma da albert zaqselma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes niSnis Teoriis rigi
sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi Sexedulebebi niSnebis
bunebisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb umTavresad gadabmuli iyo logikuri an
lingvisturi xasiaTis SromebTan da ar hqondaT wminda semiotikuri daniSnuleba,
am avtorebma gamoimuSaves met-naklebad msgavsi Sexedulebebi, romelTac
"semiotikuri JReradoba" gaaCniaT. sqolastikis periodis teqstebSi gamoikveTa
niSanTa oTxwevrovani struqtura, romlis elementebia (a) Tavad niSnebi, e.i.
iseTi grZnobad-aRqmadi saSualebebi, romlebic sxvaze migviTiTeben; (b) sagnebi,
romlebzedac migviTiTeben niSnebi; (g) gamaSualebeli Sinaarsi, raSiac
xorcieldeba miTiTeba saganze da, bolos (d) informacia, Sinaarsi, romelic
nawvdomia niSnis mier. niSnebis amgvari funqciebi arc laibnicisaTvis iyo ucxo.
gviansqolastur periodSi, niSnis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, ganakuTrebiT
saintereso iyo domenikaneli beris, banesiusis 1600 wels kiolnSi gamocemuli
saxelmZRvanelo "Institutiones minores dialectiae", romelSiac logikuri wesebis garda
dawvrilebiT iyo mimoxiluli niSnebis buneba, saxeebi da funqciebi. ufro gvian
klod lanselotma, romelic kargad icnobda sqolastur literaturas niSnebis
Sesaxeb, maTi definiciebis umravlesoba ucvlelad gadaitana Tavis naSromSi
"Grammarie generale et raisonnee"(1660).
Tavad laibnicis mier SemoTavazebuli niSnis zogadi ganmartebac advilad
SeiZleba gvepovna zemoT aRniSnuli avtorebidan romelimesTan:
"niSani iseTi aRqmadi saSualebaa, saidanac vakeTebT
daskvnas araRqmulis arsebobis Sesaxeb".
laibnicis am gansazRvrebaSi ZiriTadia ara aRqmadsa da araaRqmads Soris
urTierTobis faqti, aramed is, rom yoveli niSani mis gareT arsebul im obieqtze
migviTiTebs, romelic Tavisi bunebiT gansxvavdeba niSnisagan. niSnis meore
Tavisebureba, rogorc gansazRvreba gviCvenebs, aris misi grZnobadi xasiaTi.
imisaTvis, rom niSanma SeZlos miTiTeba raime sxvaze, is grZnobadad unda
mogveces, gamocdilebis sagani gaxdes. amgvari niSani SeiZleba arsebobdes
rogorc bunebrivad, aseve iyos mizandasaxulad Seqmnili adamianis mier. niSnebis
16
fildi, romelmac amerikul lingvistikaSi ara mxolod daamkvidra antimentalis-
turi ganwyobebi, aramed Teoriulad daafuZna antimentalizmi. biheviorizmi
rogorc mimdinareoba fsiqologiaSi aris ukiduresi empirizmis gamoxatuleba,
romelic moiTxovs fsiqologiis mecnierebidan gavaZevoT yvela is fenomeni da
cneba, romelic ki ar eqvemdebareba empirul deskripcias. aseTi cneba
biheviorizmisaTvis upirveles yovlisa aris “fsixes”, anu sulis cneba. suli,
rogorc Zveli metafizikuri kategoria ar eqvemdebareba verifikacias. is rac
gveZleva gamocdilebaSi, aris ara suli, aramed adamianis qceva, romelic
SeiZleba aRiweros da gaizomos. aqedan, bihevioristebi moiTxoven fsiqologiis
qcevaTmecnierebiT Secvlas. raRac msgavsi ram ganaxorciela blumfildma
enaTmecnierebaSi. misi azriT aqamdeli enaTmecnierebisaTvis Zalze mniSvne-
lovani iyo enis materialuri mxaris garda idealur mxareze saubari, saubari e.w.
mniSvnelobebze da sazrisebze, romlebic gagebuli iyo azrismier fenomenebad.
blumfildis mcdeloba enidan ganedevna idealuri araempiriuli movlenebi,
romelic Tavis Tavad CvenTvis miuRebelia, ar aris moklebuli logikur
Tanmimdevrulobas da ar JRers absurdulad. mas arsad ar uTqvams, rom
adamianebs ara aqvT azrebi da rom Cveni sulieri samyaro sruliad moklebulia
yovelgvar idealurs. Tavisi poziciis gansamtkiceblad, igi iyenebs e.w. “okamis
samarTebelis” arguments, romelic enis konteqstSi amgvarad JRers: Tu me
SemiZlia ori ZiriTadi postulatidan _ stimul-reaqciidan da bgerebis
gamoTqmidan avago enis Teoria, ratom unda gavakeTo kidev erTi daSveba idea-
luri mentaluri obieqtebis xarjze. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, blumfildisa
da misi mimdevari antimentalistebis semantika yovelTvis orfenovania da
gulisxmobs mxolod aRmniSvnels (bgerebis kompleqsi) da aRsaniSns. rac Seexeba
mniSvnelobas, rogorc azrismier obieqts, amgvari ram antimentalistebTan ar
arsebobs da aq mniSvneloba aRsaniSns emTxveva.
axla ganvixiloT oTxfenovani semantikis nimuSad huserlis lingvisturi
doqtrina. huserls SenarCunebuli aqvs yvela is elementi, romelic Cven
samfenovan semantikaSi aRvwereT erTi niuansis dmatebiT: is erTmaneTisagan
asxvavebs fsiqikurs da idealurs. sametyvelo procesSi CarTulia orive maTgani,
magram sxvadasxvanairad. Tu me vamtkiceb, rom “magida TeTria”, maSin Cems mier
enis gamoyenebas Tan axlavs garkveuli fsiqikui procesi, romelic metyvelebis
momentSi avsebs Cemi bgerebis Sinaarseul mxares. magram metyveleba SeuZlebeli
iqneboda, gvarwmunebs huserli, mis garda, rom ar arsebobdes idealuri
“magidobis” da “siTeTris” mniSvnelobebic. es mniSvnelobebi fsiqikuri proce-
sebisagan TavianTi zedrouli, idealuri xasiaTiT gansxvavdebian. isini ar
arseboben droSi, radgan wminda SesaZleblobebs warmoadgenen da warmoadgenen
SesaZleblobas imisa, rom me gamoviyeno gamoTqmebi “magida” da “TeTri”. serli
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs mniSvnelobas da mniSvneladobas. enobrivi niSani
metyvelebis procesSi mniSvneladobs Tavisi fsiqologiuri modusiT, magram is
mniSvneladobs idealuri mniSvnelobis xarjze, romelic gansazRvravs ara mis
arsebobas, aramed SesaZleblobas.
amrigad, arsebobs orfenovani, samfenovani da oTxfenovani semantikebi.
gansxvavebebi maT Soris gamowveulia sxvdasxva zogadTeoriuli, zog SemTxvevaSi,
sulac zogadfilosofiuri mizezebiT da maTiT daintereseba ufro Sesabamisi
motivaciiT unda ganisazRvros da ara imgvari ganzraxulobebiT, rogoric Cven
gvaqvs semantikis da zogadad enobrivi analizis mimarT.
gansxvavebuli semantikuri Teoriebis ufro sruli dxaiaTebisaTvis, neba
momeciT ganvixilo gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis Teoriebic. amasTan, aq saqme
Seexeba sakuTriv mniSvnelobis bunebis gagebas, damoukideblad imisagan, Tu
rogor aris gaSlili enobrivi niSani semantikur WrilSi. am miTiTebis kvalad,
SegviZlia gamovyoT, mniSvnelobis ramdenime tipi:
1. adreuli vitgenSteinis mniSvnelobis Teoria. es Teoria axlos dgas
asaxvis doqtrinasTan, Tumca inarCunebs specifikasac. mniSvneloba
misTvis gaigivebulia aRmniSvnelTan SesatyvisobaSI myof saganTan;
2. mniSvnelobis funqcionalisturi Teoria, romelic gisn vitgenSteins
ekuTvnis. es Teoria miiCnevs, rom gamoTqmis mniSvneloba aris enobrivi
21
niSnis gamoyenebis tipi, saxe, romelic ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva TamaSis
wesebiT. wesebis raodenoba am TeoriaSi ganusazRvrelad miiCneva;
3. graisis mniSvnelobis Teoria. es Teoria mniSvnelobas subieqtis
intenciebTan da ganzraxvebTan aigivebs. mniSvneloba aris molaparakis
ganzraxva Segvatyobinos esa da es. swored is faqti, rom metyvelebas
Tan axlavs aseTi ganzraxva molaparakisa, gamoarCevs mas xmaurisagan, an
sxva iseTi fizikuri movlenisagan, romelic SeiZleba TavisTavad
sulac ar iyos moklebuli mniSvnelobas;
4. ostonis mniSvnelobis Teoria, romelic enobriv mniSvnelobas gaigebs
enobrivi moqmedebis konteqstSi. ostinma SeinarCuna gviani vitgen-
Steinis TeoriisaTvis ganmsazRvreli wesebis fenomeni, Tumca wesebis
raodenobas sazRvari daudo da Camoayaliba sul xuTi wesi;
5. serlis mniSvnelobis Teoria, romelic yvelaze axlos dgas klasikur
konceptualizmTan da aris raRac saSualo vithenStein/ostinis
Teoriebsa da graisis doqtrinas Soris. serlis TeoriaSi arsebuli
mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli wesebi daiyvaneba ori tpis, regulatorul
da konstituciur wesebze;
6. da bolos, mniSvnelobis huserliseuli doqtrina, romelic calsaxad
afuZnebs mniSvnelobebis obieqturobas, magram amas akeTebs Taviseburi
platonizmis xarjze. visTvisac miuRebelia platonis ideebis Teoria,
misTvis miuRebeli unda iyos huserlis mniSvnelobis Teoriac.
mas Semdeg, rac gavatareT gansxvaveba ZiriTad semantikur elementebs Soris,
SegviZlia gadavideT maT enobriv adekvaciebze. konkretulad ra enobrivi
saSualebebi gvaqvs denotaciis gansaxorcieleblad? raselis deskripciis
Teoria migviTiTebs or ZiriTad enobriv saSualebaze. es aris sakuTari saxelebi
da deskripciuli frazebi. maT Soris gansxvaveba gamomdinareobs raselis mier
gatarebuli gansxvavebidan Semecnebis or saxes — nacnobobiT Semecnebasa da
aRweriT Semecnebas — Soris. sakuTari saxeli funqcionirebs uSualo Semecnebis
SemTxvevaSi. “daviTi”, “parizi”, “CineTi” sakuTari saxelebia da imisaTvis, rom maT
TavianTi funqcia warmatebiT ganaxorcielon sakmarisia Cveni uSualo warmod-
gena Sesabamis obieqtebze. misgan gansxvavebiT, deskripciuli frazebi aRweriTi
codnis enobrivi saxeebia. imisaTvis, rom deskripciulma frazam mizans miaRwios,
man unda miaweros misTvis saintereso movlenas an sagans imgvari gamorCeuli Tvi-
seba, romelic sakmarisi iqneboda am sagnis an movlenis usasrulo simravlidan
gamosayofad. zemoT moyvanili ciuri sxeulis aRmniSvneli frazebi axlaxans
aRwerili viTarebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenen. “venera”, ra Tqma unda, saku-
Tari saxelia, romelic Sesabamisi varskvlavze uSualo warmodgenas saWiroebs.
igive obieqti aRiniSneba kidev ori deskripciuli fraziT, romelTagan erTi
gvarwmunebs, rom es erTaderTi varskvlavia, romelic diliT SeviZlia davinaxoT,
xolo meore igive varskvlavs saRamos gamoCenis msgavs niSans miawers.
Temis amowurvamde, minda gavixseno diskusia, romelic fregesa da raselis
mimdevrebs Soris arsebobda deskripciul frazebTan da sakuTar saxelebTan
dakavSirebiT. saqme isaa, rom raselisagan gansxvavebiT, frege uaryofda
sakuTari saxelebis damoukidebel xasiaTs. is miiCnevda, rom yoveli sakuTari
saxeli faruli deskripciuli frazaa. magaliTad, Tu Cven gamoviyenebT, sakuTar
saxels “aristoteles”, gvarwmunebda frege, am frazas damoukidebeli mniSvne-
loba ki ar hqonda, aramed mxolod saSualeba iyo imisaTvis, rom CvenTvis
moegonebina romelime deskripciuli fraza, vTqvaT “logikis Semqmneli” an
“aleqsandre didis maswavlebeli”, romlebic realurad igulisxmebian mocemuli
sakuTari saxelis qveS. freges es pozicia, ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelobas moklebuli
rodia, magram is warmoadgens ufro farTo Tvalsazrisis dakonkretebas, romlis
analizic scildeba Cveni interesis miznebs.
22
zemoT ukve avRniSneT, rom logikis mecniereba gvTavazobs kanonebs,
romlebic Secdomis Tavidan acilebis mxolod formalur garantiebs iZleva. aq
moviyvanT logikis oriode kanons, romlebic am Teziss gaamarTdebs. minda aqve
mogaxsenoT, rom es kanonebi aristoteles droidan momdinareobs da, rom, cxadia,
am kanonebiT ar amoiwureba Tanamedrove logikis analizurad miRebuli
kanonebis arsenali. logikuri kanonebi Zalze bevria, Tumca isini, romlebic
aristotelem Camoayaliba, Cveni azrovnebisaTvis, maT Soris yvelaze
mniSvnelovania.
pirvelad SegviZlia ganvixiloT winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni. es
kanoni SegviZlia CamovayaliboT Semdegi saxiT: ”SeuZlebelia, rom erTi da igive
ram, erTsa da imave dros, erTi da igive mimarTebiT erTdroulad iyos da ar
iyos kidevac”. kanonis srulyofilad gagebisaTvis, SevxedoT mis Semadgenel
elementebs meti yuradRebiT. kanoni laparakobs erTi da igive nivTis an movlenis
SeuZleblobaze, erTsa da imave dros da erTi da igive mimarTebiT. anu
SeuZlebelia mavani erTsa da imave dros iyos da ar iyos kidevac studenti, Torem
sxvadasxva dros ra Tqma unda amgvari ram savsebiT SesaZlebelia. msgavsad amisa,
ralarakia erTi da imave mimarTebiT raRacis SeuZleblobaze, Torem sxvadasxva
mimarTebiT erTi da igive pirovneba erTsa da imave dros SeiZleba atarebdes da
Semdeg ar atarebdes raime Tvisebas, vTqvaT, Tu erTi mimarTebiT piri aris
studenti, sxva mimarTebiT ara studenti, aramed deda da a.S.
principSi, Zalze zogadad, kanoni amtkicebs da moiTxovs winaaRmdegobis
ararsebobas. zemoT iTqva, rom aristotelesaTvis logikis kanonebi ara mxolod
azrovnebis principebia, aramed yofierebis fundamenturi gansazRvrulobebic.
amitom winaaRmdegobis ararsebobis moTxovna aq Seexeba rogorc azrovnebas,
aseve sinamdvilesac. davakonkretoT kanoni orive mimarTulebiT: maSin, sinam-
dvilesTan mimarTebiT is gveubneba, rom SeuZlebelia samyaroSi raRac
erTdroulad iyos da arc iyos kidevac. azrovnebis segmentSi kanoni gveubneba,
rom SeuZlebelia erTdroulad vamtkicoT raRac da misi sapirispiroc.
aviRoT axla aristoteles kidev erTi, anu gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni. es
kanoni TTiTqos wina kanonis gagrZelebas da dakonkretebas warmoadgens.
gamoricxuli mesamis principi ambobs: sagani an aris, an ar aris. mesame
gamoricxulia. igive kanons WeSmaritebis konteqstSi aseTi JReradoba eqneba:
msjeloba ar WeSmaritia an yalbi, mesame gamoricxulia. gamoricxuli mesamis
kanoni mWidrod ukavSirdeba aristoteles WeSmaritebis orfasobis princips da
am principTan erTad qmnis mTel konceptualur karkass codnis
funqcionirebisaTvis.
2.semiotikis elementebi
semiotika Tavisi zogadi definiciiT aris niSanTa zogadi Teoria. niSnis
gamoyenebis procesi semiozisis procesad iwodeba. niSnebis mimarT Cveni
interesi gamowveulia enisadmi interesiT. saqme isaa, rom enis sxvadasxva
gansazRvrebaTagan Cven vamjobinebT gansazRvrebas, romelsac iZleva
Sveicarieli enaTmecnieri, ferdinand de sosiuri. sosiuris mixedviT, ena aris
niSanTa sistema. aqedan, ramdenadac ena niSanTa sistemaa, xolo analizis procesi
CvennTvis sxva araferia, Tu ara enobriv niSnebTan manipulireba, bunebrivia Cveni
daintereseba im mecnierebiT, romelic swavlobs niSnebs da maT funqcionalur
mxares zogadad. aseTi mecniereba ki, rogorc iTqva, aris semiotika. miuxedavad am
identuri elementebisa, Cven mainc ar migvaCnia marTebulad niSanTa Teoriis
sruli gaigiveba enobrivi niSnebis Semswvlel mecnierebasTan. saqme isaa, rom
Cveni warmodgeniT, ena gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomenia da amitom
umarTebuloa misi sruli gaigiveba niSanTa sistemasTan. amgvari gaigivebis
safuZvelze xSirad msjeloben xolme ”cxovelTa enaze”, ”manqanebis enaze” d a> S.
es da msgavsi gamoTqmebi ufro metaforebi gvgonia da swored amitom miviCnevT
saWirod enis mimarT ufro viwro kvalifikaciebs.
15
metafizikuri analizidan enobriv analizze gadavida. riTac ar unda yofiliyo
motivirebuli aseTi gadasvla, CvenTvis savsebiT sakmarisia enobrivi analizis
erTi Taviseburaba: Cven SegviZlia ise gavaanalizoT raime koncepti, rom
saerTod
ar davsvaT Semadgeneli elementebis arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb da es
sakiTxi warmovadginoT ara Teoriuli da analizuri saqmianobis prerogativad,
aramed veirfikaciis problemad, romelic enis da yovelgvari enobrivis gareT
dgas. Tumca, amaze cota qvemoT visaubroT.
1. 4. daskvna
Cven dagvrCa logikis bolo sfero, bolo nawili, daskvnis Teoria. daskvnis is
saxeoba, romelic SeimuSava aristotelem kategoriuli silogizmis saxiT Cveni
miznebisaTvis savsebiT sakmarisia da amitom daskvnis Teoriis detalebs
damoukideblad aRar SevexebiT. zogadad SevgiZlia daskvna ganvsazRvoT Zlze
martivad ase _ ori msjelobis safuZvelaze miRebul axal mesame msjelobas
daskvna ewodeba. im msjelobebs, saidanac gamoiyvaneba axali mesame msjeloba
ewodeba wanamZRvrebi, xolo mesame daskvniT msjelobas ki danaskvni. nimuSad,
vTqvaT, SegviZlia aviRoT aseTi daskvna:
”yvela adamiani mokvdavia
sokrate adamiania
----------------------------
maSasadame, sokrate mokvdvia”
logikuri daskvnis saxeebze msjelobisas gverds ver auvliT gansxvavebas
induqciur da deduqciur daskvnebs Soris. aristoteles kategoriuli
silogizmi da mTlianad aristoteles lkogika icnobda mxolod deduqciur
daskvnas. deduqciuria daskvna, romlis danaskvni ufro zogdi wanamZRvaridan
gamoiyvaneba. deduqcias, am azriT, zogadidan kerZosaken mimavali gezi aqvs.
deduqciuri daskvnebi axlos dgas analizis procesTan da ZiriTadad analitikur
mecnierebebSi funqcionireben. maTgan gansxvavebiT, induqciuri mecniere-
bebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania induqciuri daskvnebi. es savsebiT bunebrivia,
radgan induqciuri daskvna mimarTulia kerZodan zogadisaken da arsebiTad
mopovebuli codnis ganzogadebas eweva. ganzogadoeba ki Zalze mniSvnelovania
empiriuli mecnierebisaTvis, romelic gamocdilebas emyareba da da pirveladi
Sexeba individualur sagnebTan aqvs. ganmeorebadoba anu regularoba bunebaSi
kanonis asociacias iwvevs. amitom mecnierebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania jer
daafiqsiros da Semdeg ganazogados bunebis regularobebi. magram am procesSi
induqciuri daskvnebiT miRebul codnas Sesabamisi nakli aqvs. saqme isaa, rom
singularuli msjelobebidan zogadze gadasvla xorcieldeba naxtomis
saSualebiT. swored es naxtomi warmoadgens induqciuri daskvnis sust wertils.
ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTi: davuSvaT vinme Semovida am auditoriaSi da daiwyo
gogonebis saxelebis gamokiTxva. gamokiTxvis SedegebiT yvela magistranti
gogonas saxeli aRmoCnda nana. am tipis gamokiTxva an Zieba aucileblad unda
SeCerdes sadme, Tuki saqme gvaqvs ara am auditoriaSi myofTa SezRuduli
raodenobis adamianebTan, aramed usasrulo raodenobis sagnebTan, romelTa
sruli dafarvisaTvis mkvlevars ubralod dro ar eyofa. iqedan, sadac mkvlevari
SeCerdeba, Tuki manamde man aRmoaCina, rom yvela gamokiTxulis saxelia nana,
gaakeTebs daskvnas, romelic emyareba naxtoms. is gaakeTebs daskvnas induqciuri
ganzogadoebisa, rom am qveyanaSi (auditoriaSi) yvela gogonas saxelia nana.
naxtomi, romelsac emyareba induqciuri daskvna, upirveles yovlisa exeba
daskvnaSi Semaval logiur operators _ ”yvela” — romelic danaskvns
absolutur zogadobas aniWebs. misi problematuroba isaa, mdgomareobs, rom
sakmarisia erTi sawinaaRmdego empiriuli ekzemplari aRmoCndes sadme, rom
mTeli daskvna yalbad gamocxaddes. es viTareba induqciis erT-erTi problemaa.
14
2. 3. sintaqsi
sintaqsuri xasiaTis Studiebi Tavdapirvelad axal droSi universaluri enis
kvlevis konteqstSi ganviTarda. rac Seexeba antikuri periodis enobriv da
logikur Studiebs sintaqsi enobriv segmentebs Soris yvelaze sustad
warmodgenili sfero iyo. arsebobda ramdenime mizezi imisa, ramac XVII saukunis
mkvlevrebis daintereseba gamoiwvia universaluri eniT. pirvel mizezad
asaxeleben mecnierebis, gansakuTrebiT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis ganvi-
Tarebas, rasac Tan sdevda laTinuri enis nacvled nacionaluri samecniero
enebis intensiuri gamoyeneba kvlevebSi. amgvarma viTarebam wamoWra interna-
cionaluri komunikaciis problema, radgan dacemis gzaze damdgari laTinuri
veRar asrulebda im enis funqcias, romelsac gamoiyenebda samecniero
sazogadoeba rogorc urTierTkontaqtebisaTvis, aseve Sromebis yvela evropeli
inteletqualisaTvis gasageb enaze gamosaqveyneblad. meore mizezi axali drois
racionalizmis zegavlenas unda mivaweroT. ramdenadac adamianis goneba
miCneuli iyo mravalferovani SemecnebiTi aqtivobebisaTvis igiveobriv instru-
mentad. aqedan dgeboda misi adeqvaturi da, rac mTavaria, sxvadasxva ada-
mianisaTvis identuri gamoxatvis saSualebis, racionaluri enis rekonstruqciis
moTxovna. da bolos, mesame mizezad, ufro religiur-moraluri xasiaTis
motivebs asaxeleben. kerZod, rogorc amis Sesaxeb wina Tavis bolo paragrafSi
visaubreT, unda aRmdgariyo e.w. adamis ena, ena romelzedac adami da RmerTi
saubrobdnen da romelic daviwyebuli iqna codvili adamianis moraluri
degradaciis Sedegad.
aRniSnul sam mizezs, Tumca ara izomorfulad, SegviZlia SevusabamoT am
amocans gadaWris sami mimarTuleba, romelic TandaTan gamoikveTa evropeli
swavlulebis saqmianobaSi:
(1)pirveli mimarTuleba miznad isaxavda Caweris universaluri sistemis
SemoRebas. ideis mixedviT, qaraqterebs (warmodgenilebs, Tundac rogorc
cifrobriv aRniSvnebs) unda gamoesaxaT rogorc realuri obieqtebi, aseve
adamianis azrebi am obieqtebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, qaraqterebs unda SeedginaT ara
axali enobrivi sistema, aramed mxolod maTi Caweris axali saxe, romelic misi
universalizmis wyalobiT wakiTxvadi iqneboda yvela nacionalur enaze. amgvar
proeqts safuZvlad edo Tvalsazrisi, romelic enobriv simboloebs realuri
sagnebis analogiiT ganixilavda.
(2) sxva proeqti ukve axali enis konstituirebas isaxavda miznad. es ena unda
gamxdariyo raRac esperantos msgavsi, mTeli Tanmxlebi atributebiT. am enis
SemuSavebisas mxedvelobaSi unda yofiliyo miRebuli evropuli bunebrivi enebis
struqtura, romelic garkveuli modelis rols Sesarulebda axali enis
konstruirebis procesSi.
(3) kidev erTi proeqti, romelic filosofosebis da lingvistebis
gamorCeuli yuradRebis sagani gaxda, literaturaSi cnobilia "filosofiuri
enis" saxelwodebiT. es proeqti Tavis mravalricxovan variaciebSi gulisxmobda
realobis mecnierul gaazrebas da dafiqsirebas, obieqtebis klasifikacias da
reprezentacias ikonuri saxis gamoTqmebSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,
raodenobrivad SesabamisobaSi movidodnen cnebebis raodenobasTan. amave dros,
gamoTqmebs unda gamoexataT Tvisebebi da daefiqsirebinaT cneba-obieqtebis
adgili enis ierarqiaSi.
aRwerili tipis enis yvelaze ufro srulyofili modelebi SeimuSaves
ingliselma swavlulebma, jorj dalgarnom (1661) da jon uilkinsma (1668). maTi
proeqtebi Seicavda sintaqsis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze saintereso, e.w.
filosofiuri gramatikis aRwerasac, romelSiac winadadebebis struqtura azris
struqturasTan iyo identificirebuli. unda iTqvas, rom filosofiuri
gramatikis kvleva mecnierTa nawilobriv damoukidebeli interesis sagani iyo da
is avtomaturad ar gulisxmobda masTan erTad universaluri enis
konstruirebas. aseTi iyo, magaliTad antonin arnos da klod lanselotis
gamokvlevebi, romlebic mxolod gramatikuli problemebiT SemoizRudebodnen
da ar cdilobdnen zogadad universaluri enis agebas.
23
sintaqsuri struqturebis Seswavla SedarebiT gvian ganviTarda semiotikaSi,
magram Tavisi mniSvnelobiT man male daimkvidra adgili da aRiareba. sintaqsuri
struqturebis mniSvnelobis cxad gacnobierebas ukve calsaxad vafiqsirebT
vitgenStainis “logikur-filosofiur traqtatSi”, sadac sintaqsur erTeulad
warmodgenili erTeuli, winadadeba imgvaradaa gaazrebuli, rom misi Semdgomi
danawileba da daSla SeiZlebladaa gamocxadebuli. elementaruli winadadebis
es Tviseba analitikur literaturaSi xSiard cnobilia logikuri atomizmis
saxeliT. logikuri atomizmi gulisxmobs iseTi enobrivi atomebis, erTeulebis
arsebobas, romlis Semdgomi analizi SeuZlebelia da romlebic aRar iSlebian
ufro martiv damoukidebel erTeulebad. vitgenSainis “traqtatSi” vkiTxulobT:
“2.01. atomaruli faqti aris obieqtebis SeerTeba
2.011. sagnisaTvis mniSvnelovania is, rom igi SeiZleba iyos atomaruil faqtis
Semadgeneli nawili.
2.0122. sagani damoukidebelia, ramdenadac mas SeuZlia arseboba yvela
SesaZlo garemoebebSi, magram damoukideblobis es forma aris misi atomarul
faqtTan kabSiris, atomarul faqtze damokidebulebis forma. (SeuZlebelia
sityvebi arsebobdnen ori saxiT damoukideblad da winadadebebSi).”
vitgenSteinis am axsna-ganmartebebidan cxadi xdeba, rom atomaruli faqti,
romelic elementaruli winadadebaa, ra Tqma unda, Sinaganad diferencirebulia
da Cvens mier aqamde ganxiluli enobrivi niSnebisagan Sedgeba. erTaderTi,
gamorCeuli, rasac vitgenStani amtkicebs is gaxlavT, rom rom enobrivi niSnebi
yovelTvis winadadebebSia gaerTianebuli da maT ver moviazrebT am
winadadebebisagan damoukidebeli wesiT. Tavis mxriv ki es niSnavs —
elementaruli winadadebebi araanalizebadia.
amrigad, sintaqsis ZiriTadi enobrivi erTeuli aris winadadeba.
semantikisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic mxolod mniSvnelobebis irgvliv
trialebda, sintaqsur doneze SegviZlia visaubroT sazrisis Sesaxeb, romelic
winadadebis Sinaarsobrivi ekvivalentia. mxolod winadadebebs aqvT sazrisi
maSin, rodesac sityvebs mniSvnelobebi gaaCniaT. sintaqsi SeiZleba ganisazRvros
im wesebis Semswavlel disciplinad, romelic arkevs Tu ra saxis relaciebi
arsebobs winadadebaSi enobriv niSnebs Soris.
ra SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom winadadebas aqvs sazrisi? imisaTvis rom
winadadebas sazrisi hqondes unda dakmayofilebuli iyos ori ZiriTadi piroba (a)
winadadebaSi Semavali yvela enobrivi niSani unda iyos mniSvnelobis mqone da (b)
es enobrivi niSnebi unda dakavSrebuli iyos im wesebis Sesabamisad, romelsac
adgens mocemuli enis sintaqsi.
da bolos, SevexoT sakiTxs winadadebebis WeSmaritebis da sazrisianobis
mimarTebis Taobaze. aris Tu ara enobrivi analizi winadadebis sazrisianobis
garantia, an SeuZlia Tu ara analizis praqtikas dagvarwmunos winadadebis
WeSmaritebaSi? ra mimarTebaa winadadebis sazrisianobasa da mis WeSmaritebas
Soris?
iqedan rac faqtis da gonebis WeSmaritebebis lainbicis doqtrinaze iTqva,
gasagebi xdeba, rom analizis praqtika mxolod analitikuri winadadebebis
WeSmaritebaSi Tu dagvarwmunebs (sxvaTa Soris msgavsia vitgenSteinis poziciac).
rac Seexeba sinTezur anu empiriul winadadebebs, aq mxolod analizi
WeSmaritebis garantias ver mogvcems, radgan sakuTriv msjelobis Sinaarsi
scildeba wminda cnebiT dones da imgvari momentebiT ivseba, romlebis
gamoclilebidan momdinareobs. amitom, empiriuli winadadebis WeSmariteba
empiriuli gziT unda dadgundes, ra mizniTac Cveulebriv verifikacia
gamoiyeneba. verifikaciamde analizs SeuZlia dagvarwmunos empiriuli
winadadebis WeSmaritebis pirobis realizaciaSi. xolo empiriuli winadadebis
WeSmaritebis piroba ki misi sazrisianobaa. swored es aris pasuxi kiTxvaze, ra
mimarTebaa winadadebis sazrisianobasa da WeSmaritebas Soris. imisaTvis, rom
winadadeba WeSmariti iyos, jer misi sazrisianobaSi unda davrwmundeT.
winadadebis sazrisianoba misi WeSmaritebis pirobaa.
24
WeSmaritebas faqtis WeSmaritebisagan. ver vityviT, rom aseTi diferencis
laibnicisaTvis miwera sruliad usafuZvloa, magram is ki usaTuod
xazgasasmelia, rom is garkveul dazustebas saWiroebs, Tuki, ra Tqma unda,
sakuTriv laibnicis Tvalsazrisi gvainteresebs. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mkacri
azriT, rogorc gonebis, aseve faqtis WeSmariteba, laibnicis TeoriiT, orive
gonebis sakuTrebaa da maT Soris ar aris iseTi mwvave konfliqti, rogorc amis
gamoxatvas gvavaldebulebs empirizmis da racionalizmis alternativebis
filosofiur-istoriuli Stampi. aRniSnuli viTarebis dauzusteblobas
SeiZleba mohyves uaresi gaugebroba faqtis WeSmaritebebTan dakavSirebiT,
radgan rogorc wesi faqtis WeSmaritebebi ufro grZnobebis sakuTrebad
iTvleba, vidre gonebisa da misi wyaro gamocdilebaSi unda veZeboT, rac kvlav,
Tuki Tavad laibnicze vilaparakebT da ara kantze an pozitivizmze, arasworia.
saqme is aris, rom gamocdilebas laibnicis epistemologiaSi ar miewereba codnis
wyaros funqcia. is SeiZleba ufro codnis dazustebis an misi verifikaciis
saSualebad iyos miCneuli.
analizuri debulebebis zemoT aRwerili buneba ufro farTod SegviZlia
gavigoT, vidre amas moiTxovs logikis mecniereba. arsebobs erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli Tanamedrove dasavluri filosofiuri mimarTuleba —
analitikuri filosofia. analitikuri filosofia miuTiTebs imaze, rom
analizis procesi, sulerTia es analizi Seexeba logikur figurebs, Tu dazvervis
mier mowodebul informacias, mxolod mas Semdeg iwyeba, rac ukve mocemuli
gvaqvs gasaanalizebeli masala. arc erT analitikoss arsad ar hqonia faqtebis
mopovebasTan saqme. misi samuSao mxolod mas Semdeg iwyeba, rac ukve mocemulia
is, ris analizsac moiTxoven.
analizis aseTi buneba, vfiqrobT sakmaod gamWvirvale gaxda sinTezuri da
analizuri msjelobebis struqturis ganxilvidan gamomdinare. Zalze zogadad
rom vTqvaT, analizis procesi sxva araferia, Tu ara raime rTulis Semadgenel
nawilebad daSla da am nawilebis (romlebic, Cveulebriv manamde dafarulni
iyvnen) naTlad eqsplikacia. analizis meTodi mecnierebaSi ZvelaTaganve
arsebobs da amgvari mdgradi buneba mis araCveulebrivad nayofier xasiaTze
migvaniSnebs. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba analizis meTodis
sxvadasxva saxeebs Soris. yvelaze Zveli, metafizikuri analizis umartives
variantad unda miviCnioT atomistebis moZRvreba, romelic Cvens darwmunebas
imaSi cdilobda, rom samyaro sulac araa iseTi, rogorsac Cven mas aRviqvamT,
aramed warmoadgens Semadgeneli elementebis kombinaciebs. analizis saSualebiT
es mkvlevrebi cdilobdnen gasuliyvnen sagnobrivi realobis iseT umartives
Semadgenlebze, rogoricaa atomebi.
aq, albaT, unda davakonkretoT mosazreba, romelic met-naklebi sicxadiT iyo
gamoTqmuli zemoT. analitikuri filosofiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
warmomadgeneli, uisdomi erTmaneTisagan mijnavda spekulaturul kiTxvebs da
kiTxvebs, romlebzedac pasuxis gasacemad analizis meTodi saukeTesoa.
spekulaturia iseTi kiTxvebi, rogoricaa: “arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi?” “samyaroSi
sikeTe sWarbobs Tu boroteba?” “ra aris materiis ukanaskneli Semadgeneli
elementebi?” da a.S. spekulaciuri kiTxvebi Zalze mniSvnelovania im azriT, rom
maTze pasuxi mogvcems axal informacias CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
maTgan gansxvavebiT, kiTxvebi romlebzedac pasuxisaTvisac Cven mivmarTavT
analizis meTods, ar gvawvdis axal codnas faqtebis Sesaxeb, aramed gvawvdis
ufro naTel codnas im faqtebze, romlebic CvenTvis ukve cnobilia. am
daxasiaTebidan uisdomi atarebda mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas spekulaciuri
kvlevasa da analitikas Soris da miuTiTebda, rom pirvelis mizani WeSmaritebaa,
xolo analizisa ki sicxade. mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom uisdomis SemoTavazebuli
daxasiaTeba rogorRac konotaciaSi modis Cvens zemo mtkicebasTan sinTezur-
analizuri msjelobebis dixotomiis konteqstSi, rodesac Cven vamtkicebdiT,
rom analizuri msjelobebi codnas ar zrdis da ar gvaZlebs axal codnas, aramed
mxolod ufro naTlad gvagebinebs imas, rac manamde ukve igulisxmeboda cnebaSi.
analizi, romelsac Cven davemyarebiT SemdgomSi, ra Tqma unda, ar aris
metafizikuri da mxolod enobrivi veliT SemoisazRvreba. emyareboda ra
propoziciuli aparatis funqcias, bertran raseli iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinc
13
amisgan gansxvavebiT, analizuri msjelobebs aucilebeli xasiaTi aqvT da
Sesabamisad aseTive bunebisani arian am mecnierebis kanonebic, romlebic
analizur msjelobebze ageben sakuTari mecnierebis Senobas. analizuri
mecnierebebis rigs miekuTvnebian maTematikuri da logikuri disciplinebi.
rogorc analizur mecnierebebTan, aseve Sesabamis msjelobebTan dakavSirebiT
arsebobs erTi problema, romelic cnobilia kantis droidan. kanti analizuri da
sinTezuri msjelobebis dayofisas werda, rom analizuri msjelobis
apodiqturoba (anu misi sayovelTao da aucilebeli xasiaTi), miRweulia wminda
gamomdinareobis xasiaTiT subieqtsa da predikats Soris, rac erTi mxriv,
marTalia apodiqturobas uzrunvelyofs, magram, meore mxriv, statikur codnas
iZleva. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, analizur msjelobebSi codna ar izrdeba
obieqturad. aq codnis zrdaze laparaki SeiZleba iyos mxolod fsiqologiuri
xasiaTis mixedviT informirebulobaze, anu Tuki vinmem ar icoda romelime
sayovelTaod cnobili WeSmaroteba da man es gaigo masalis aTvisebis wyalobiT,
es sulac ar niSnavs codnis obieqtur zrdas, aramed mxolod moswavlis
warmatebiT ganswavlulobas. is faqti, rom orjer ori aris oTxi, kantis da misi
mimdevrebis azriT, ar warmoadgens codnis obieqtur zrdas. gamosaxuleba 2 x 2 = 4, Tu mas mkacrad CavwerT, mxolod Caweris or formas Soris igiveobas aCvenebs.
is mxolod igiveobis niSans svams or gamosaxulebas, “2 x 2 “-sa da “4”-s Soris.
kantis es cnobili mosazreba sakamaTod gaixada XX saukunis cnobilma finelma
logikosma, hintkam, romelic masSi dasaeWveblad sakmaod mativ kiTxvas svams _
Tu analitikuri msjelobebi marTlac ar zrdian codnas, maSin saidan viRebT
maTematikis da logikis sakiTxebze iseT mdidar codnas, romelic biblioTekebs
avsebs? hintika imis Cvenebas cdilobda, rom gavrcelebuli azris miuxedavad,
analizuri msjelobebi mainc zrdian codnas.
analizuri mecnierebebi sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba iyvnen dafuZnebulni.
Zalze zogadad, gasul, XX saukuneSi gamoiyo sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba,
romlebic maTematikis da logikis dafuZneba ides Tavs. es mimarTulebebia
logicizmi, formalizmi da intuicionizmi. yvelaze cnobili logicistebi
iyvnen frege, raseli da vitgenSteini. logicizms xSirad Sua saukuneebis
realizms adareben, radgan, Tu realistebi cnebebis realur arsebobas
uSvebdnen, logicistebisaTvis, magaliTad, raselisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
msgavSi logiuri elementebis, tipebis arsebobis daSveba. Tavis cnobil ortomian
gamokvlevaSi, sdac uaiThedTan erTad raseli imis Cvenebas Seecada, rom
maTematika logikis kerZo SemTxvevaa (amitomac hqvia am mimdinareobas
logicizmi), tipebis arseboba daSvebulia. logicistebisagan gansxvavebiT,
formelistebi, vTqvaT, igive bernaisi, Zveli nominalistebis msgavsad,
gamoricxavda gansakuTrebuli logikuri da meTematikuri obieqtebis arsebobis
daSvebis saWiroebas. formalistebi am disciplinebs Soris arsebul sxvaobas
xsnidnen Caweris sxvadasxva sistemebis safuZvelze. da bolos, intuicionistebi,
magaliTad, cnobili maTematikosi markovi ruseTSi, icavda konceptualistebis
msgavs pozicias, rodesac ambobda, rom maTematikuri obieqtebis arseboba-
ararsebobaze azriania laparaki mxolod matematikuri amocanis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSio.
1. 3. analizis meTodi
msjelobebis dayofa analizurad da sinTezurad cnobili iyo axal droSiac.
laibnici mis Sesabamisad laparakobda orgvar WeSmaritebebze — faqtis
WeSmaritebebze da gonebis WeSmaritebebze, romelTagan pirveli empiriuli
dakvirvebebis, xolo meore logikis, maTematikis, moralis da metafizikis
sferos warmoadgens.
aq unda davazustoT eTi viTareba. saqme isaa, rom CvenSi da ara marto CvenSi
gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi laibnics damsaxurebad uTvlis orgvari
WeSmaritebis, gonebis da faqtis WeSmaritebis gamijvnas. amgvari ram laibnics
gansakuTrebiT pozitivistebma mouwones, romlebic Tavad mijnavdnen analizur
12
2. 4. pragmatika
pragmatika rogorc semiotikis nawili kidev ufro gvian ganviTarda, vidre
sintaqsi. miuxedavad calkeul avtorTa mniSvnelovani wvlilisa pragmatikis
sferoSi, semiotikis es sfero yvelaze ufro sistematizirebuli saxiT
damuSavebuli hqonda zemoT xsenebul moriss aRniSnul statiaSi. termini
“pragmatika” morisma Seomoitana pragmatizmTan axlo asociaciiT, Tumca
pragmatikasa da pragmatizms Soris araviTari uSualo kavSiri ar arsebobs.
pragmatika swavlobs enobrivi niSnebis gamomyenebelTan damokidebu-
lebas. pragmatikas ainteresebs, Tu rogor iyenebs adamiani niSnebs, ra
Zalisxmevas axmars is mas. pragmatikuli elementis Semotanam semiotikur
kvlevebSi mniSvnelovnad Secvala winadadebis szrisis gageba. Tu aqamde
semantikuri da sintaqsuri struqturebi TviTkmarad iTvleboda, pragmatikuli
ganzomilebis kvlevebSi Semosvlis Semdeg cxadi gaxda, rom aucilebelia
pragmatikuli fenomenis gaTvaliswinebac. amgvari transformacia naTlad aisaxa
vitgenStainis kvlevebSi. Tu “logikur-filosofiur traqtatSi” is aigivebda
aRsaniSnsa da mniSvnelobas (da, maSasadame idga orfenovani semantikis
poziciaze), gviandel “filosofiur gamokvlevebSi” mniSvnelobas gansazRvravda,
rogorc enobrivi niSnis, ukve gamoTqmis gamoyenebis wess. igive vitgenStainis
mixedviT, enobrivi niSnebis gamoyenebis wesebis raodenoba Zalze didia da
Sesabamisad am Tvalsazrisisa, vitgenStains arc ucdia am wesebis klasifikacia.
samagierod es ganaxorciela misma mimdevarma, amerikelma lingvistma, serlma,
romelmac moaxdina wesebis reducireba or mTavar nairsaxeobaze. es wesebia
regulatoruli da konstituciuri wesebi. ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?
regulatoruli wesi niSanTa mowesrigeba dalagebas cdilobs. es wesebi SegviZlia
SevadaroT quCaSi moZraobis wesebs. arsebiTia is faqti, rom moZraobis wesebis ar
arseboba ver mospobs Tavad moZraobas. Tu wesebi ar iarsebebs, iarsebebs
moZraooba, Tumca mouwesrigebeli da qaoturi, saxifaTo saxiT. amisagan
gansxvavebiT konstituciuri wesebi ara mxolod awesrigebs movlenas, aramed is
am movlenis da movlenis sazrisis konstruirebas axdens. konstituciuri wesebis
nimuSad serli asaxelebs TamaSis wesebs. TamaSi (aq laparakia game-ze da ara play-
ze), SeiZleba ganisazRvros garkveuli wesebis Sesabamisad ganxorcielebul
moqmedebad. wesebi TamaSSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben. swored, amitom
cdilobda gviani vitgenStaini enobrivi aqtivoba aRewera TamaSis terminebiT.
albaT, ar gadavuxvevT Temidan, Tu aRvniSnavT, rom enis amgvari gagebiT
vitgenStainma mniSvnelovnad Secvala enis funqciebis tradiciuli gageba.
Cveulebriv iTvleboda, rom enas gaaCnia sami ZiriTadi funqcia: komunikaciuri,
eqspresiuli da designatiuri. enis saSualebiT adamianebi an urTierToben
erTmaneTTan, an gamoxataven Tavis Tavs, an aRniSnaven raRacas. mas Semdeg, rac
enobriv aqtivobas pragmatikuli interpretacia mieca, vitgenStainma gazarda
enis funqciebi. “filosofiur gamokvlevebSi” is werda: “terminma ‘enobrivma
TamaSma’ aq unda gamokveTos, rom enaze laparaki saqmianobis an sicocxlis
formis nawilia. am da sxva magaliTebze dayrdnobiT warmoidgine enobrivi
TamaSebis mravalferovneba:
brZaneba da brZanebis mixedviT moqmedeba —
sagnis aRwera misi garegnuli saxis an zomenis mixedviT-
sagnis damzadeba naxazis mixedviT —
movlenis Setyobineba —
movlenis Sesaxeb varaudis gamoTqma —
hipoTezis wamoyeneba da Semowmeba —
eqsperimentis Sedegebis warmodgena cxrilebis da diagremebis meSveobiT —
moTxrobis mofiqreba da wakiTxva —
TeatrSi TamaSi —
saferxulo simRerebis mRera —
gamocanebis gamocnoba —
xumroba; anekdotebis moyola —
amocanis amoxsna —
25
Targmna —
Txovna, madlobis Tqma, dawyevla, misalmeba, locva.”
cxadia, rom enobrivi aqtiobis amgvari warmodgenis Semdeg, Znelia
vilaparakoT, rom enas sami ZiriTadi funqcia gaaCnia. aranakleb Zneli iqneba, Tu
vecdebiT enis funqciebis mkacrad reglamentaciasac. Tavad vitgenStaini
darwmunebuli iyo, rom enis funqciebi usasrulod SegviZlia aRvweroT.
Tu semantikia ZiriTadi enobrivi elementi aris enibrivi niSani an termini,
xolo sintaqsisa ki winadadeba, pragmatikis ZiriTadi samuSao cneba aris
gamoTqma. gamoTqmis specifika isaa, rom is aris ara imdenad werilis, aramed
meytvelebis primatiT gansazRvruli erTeuli.
pragmatikis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi kategoriaa konteqsti. arsebobs
konteqstis ori nairsaxeoba lingvisturi da eqstralingvisturi. erTic da
meorec sazrisis determinacias axorcielebs, oRond sxvadasxvagvarad.
eqstralingvisturi konteqsti iTvaliswinebs molaparakis socialur statuss,
mis kmpetencias, viTarebas romelSiac gamoiyeneba ena, konkretuli viTarebis
ganmsazRvrel sxvadasxva parametrebs da a.S.
rac Seexeba lingistur konteqsts, is axorcielebs konkretuli gamoTqmis
determinacias yvelaferi imis safuZvelze, rac manmade iTqva Tenis Sesaxeb da
garda amisa, yvelaferi imiTac ris Tqmasac molaparake apirebs gamoTqmis Semdeg
Temis irgvliv.
pragmatikuli ganzomilebis kvlevis procesSi sul ufro da ufro meti
yuradReba daeTmo imgvari fenomenis Seswavlas, rogoricaa ganzraxva anu
intencionaloba. es ukanaskneli Cveni Semdgomi gadmocemis ZiriTadi obieqtia,
amitom mas damoukidebel Temas mivuZRvniT.
3.molaparakis ganzraxva da molaparakis
sityvebis sazrisi metyvelebaSi.
vidre metyevelebis struqturas gadmovcemde, minda Semovitano erTi
mniSvnelovani cneba, romelic gagviiolebs SemdgomSi masalis gamocemas. es cneba
gaxlavT performatiuli gamoTqmis cneba. termini performativi, pirvelad
mecnierebaSi Semoitana ingliselma filosofosma ostinma. performatiuli
gamoTqma anu performativi imgvari enobrivi aqtiobis formaa, romelic
gamoTqma/moqmedebas warmoadgens. ra azriT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom performa-
tivebi gamoTqma moqmedebebia? garkveuli azriT, yovelgvari enobrivi aqtivoba
xom moqmedebis, konkretulad enobrivi moqmedebis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens?
performativebi gamoTqma/moqmedebebia ara ase vaTqvaT raime metaforuli
azriT, aramed pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. amis gasagebad ostini gvTavazobs erT-
maneTisagan gavmijnoT konstativebi da performativebi. konstatiuri
gamoTqmis magaliTia “romi mdebareobs tibrze”, xolo performativisa ki nafic
msajulTa mier gamoTqmuli - “Cven vcnobT amas da amas damnaSaved”. gansxvaveba am
ori tipis winadadebebs Soris aSkaraa. konstativebi raime viTarebis aRwerebs
warmoadgenen, xolo performativebi ki konkretuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas.
marTlac, am ukanaskneli gamoTqmis SemTxvevvaSi piri, romelic manmade mxolod
eWvmitanilis statusiT sargeblobda, nafici msajulebis verdiqtiT iqca
damnaSaved.
performativebisa da konstativebis moyvanili gansxvavebidan gamomdinareobs
meore kidev ufro mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba. ostini sayvedurobs winamorbed
logikosebs am gansxvavebaze yuradRebis gaumaxvileblobas. kerZod, ostinis
azriT, mxolod konstativebi xasiaTdebian WeSmariteba-siyalbis niSnebiT maSin,
rodesac performatiuli gamoTqmebi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes warmateba-
warumateblobiT.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani niSani, romelic performativebs axlavs, aris maTi
faruli da Ria xasiaTi. aviRoT winadadeba “dakete karebi”. es performatiuli
26
moiazros sxeulis cneba ise, rom es sxeuli imTaviTve ar iyos ganfenili.
arsebobs identobis niSani “sxeulebrivad yofnasa” da “ganfenilad yofnas” Soris
im donemde, rom yvelgan, sadac ki laparakia “sxeulze”, SegviZlia es termini
CavanacvloT “ganfenilad yofniT” ise, rom mTeli msjelobis mniSvneloba ar
Seicvalos.
sinTezuri da analizuri msjelobebis SemoTavazebuli gansazRvrebidan da
maTi mokle daxasiaTebidan SegviZlia mokled SevexoT mecnierebis Tanamderove
klasifikacias. zogadad laparakoben gansxvavebaze analizur da empiriul
mecnierebebs Soris. empiriuli mecnierebebi Tavis fundamentur mtkicebebs
sinTezur msjelobebze amyareben. ramdenadac sinTezur mecnierebebSi
predikatsa da subieqts Soris kavSiri SemTxveviTia, am mecnierebebis kanonebsac
SemTxveviTi buneba aqvT. araviTari aucilebloba ar ganapirobebs imas, rom
fizikis an biologiis fundamenturi kanonebi ar dairRves. am mecnierebebs
kanonebs aqvT ara aucileblobiTi simyare, aramed albaTuri.
ramdenadac sityva Camovarda msjelobaTa safuZvelaze macnierebebis
klasifikaciis Sesaxeb, barem ukve empiriuli mecnierebebis farglebSi
gamovyofT kidev erT damoukidebel jgufs, romelic arc Tavisi sagniT, arc misi
Seswavlis obieqtiT ar daiyvaneba sxva empiriul mecnierebebze. es gaxlavT e.w.
humanitaruli mecnierebebi. humanitaruli mecnierebebis gamoyofa calke
jgufad ganpirobebuli iyo ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo. jer erTi, maTi Seswavlis
ZiriTadi obieqti, sagani aris adamiani da misi Semoqmedeba. adamiani ki
gansxvavdeba sxva bunebis arsebaTagan, upirveles yovlisa, imiT, rom
dajildoebulia Tavisufali nebiT. amitom rogorc misi namoqmdaris gageba,
aseve momaval gadawyvetilebaTa wanaswar prognozireba, Zalze did sirTuleebs
awydeba. am sirTuleebis Taobaze SegviZlia SevadaroT adamianis momavali
moqmedebis gaTvlis SesaZlebloba gatyorcnili fizikuri nivTis frenis
traeqtoriis gaTvlis SesaZleblobas. am ukanasknelis gamosaTvlelad mravali
ramis gaTvaliswineba gvmarTebs. magaliTad gatyorcnis Zalis, nivTis wonis,
haeris winaaRmdegobis, qaris arseboba-ararsebobis, sxva winaaRmdegobebis
arseboba-ararsebobis da a.S. amisgan, gansxvavebiT adamianis samoqmedo “gegmis”
gageba Seudareblad ufro rTulia ara mxolod imitom, rom gacilebiT meti
detalis gaTvaliswineba gviwevs, vidre sxva bunebis arsebebis gamosaTvlelad
(sul erTia isini sulierebi arian Tu usuloebi), aramed, pirvel rigSi, adamianis
Tavisufali nebis, kidev iseTi sulieri Tvisebebis gamo, rogoricaa Rirsebis
grZnoba da a.S. romelTa ZaliTac adamianma SeiZleba sruliad moulodneli
gadawyvetileba miiRos da Sesabamisad warmarTos Tavisi qceva. humanitaruli
mecnierebebis calke jgufad gamoyofis erT-erTi mizezi maTi obieqtis aseTi
specifikuri xasiaTia.
meore mizezi ufro meTodologiuria da iTvaliswinebs im faqts, rom
adamianis irgvliv koncentrirebuli codnisaTvis maTematikuri meTodebi, an
meTodebi romlebic aTvlasa da gazomva-awonvas mimarTaven araadekvaturia.
Sesabamisad, gasuli XIX saukunidan laparaki daiwyes hermenevtikul
meTodologiaze, romlis fuZemdeblad (Tu Slaiermaxeris manamdel Sromebs ar
gaviTvaliswinebT), dilTai unda CaiTvalos. hermenevtika sxvagvarad gagebis
meTodadaa aRiarebuli da is gulisxmobs garkveuli xidis arsebobas warsul
kulturasa da Tanamedrove mkvlevars Soris, pirovnebis naazrevsa da
Semoqmedebas da mis mkvlevars Soris. hermenevtikis sakvlevi horizonti Zalze
farToa. arsebobs hermenevtikis lingvisturi nairsaxeobebi (haidegeris da
gadameris hermenevtikebis saxiT), an mis analitikuri variaciebi vitgenStainis da
karl-oto apelis hermenevtikuli Studiebis saxiT. hermenevtikis teqstis
gagebis mecnierebad interpretacias didi xnis istoria aqvs da ebraul
kabalistikaze rom araferi vTqvaT, is sakmaod naTlad Cndeba im qristian
avtorebTan, vinc bibliis interprataciiT an TargmaniT iyvnen dainteresebulni
(amitomac, hermenevtikis erT-erT adreul warmomadgenlad asaxeleben luTers,
romelic bibliis germaul enaze mTargmnelia. bolos, aRvniSnavT imasac, rom
arsebobs fsiqoanalizis hermenevtikuli interpretacia, rac ar unda iyos
moulodneli, radgan sityva iyo is ZiriTadi iaraRi, romliTac froidi Tavisi
miznebis miRwevas cdilobda.
11
msjelobis kidev erTi specifika — msjeloba sagnovrivi viTarebis martiv
deskripcias ar warmoadgens, aramed is iseTi aRweraa, romelic sagnobrivi
viTarebis sakuTrivi aRweris garda masve miawers am sagnobrivi viTarebis
arseboba-ararsebobis mtkicebas. amitom WeSmariteba/siyalbe msjelobis
Tvisebebia gansxvavebiT cnebebisagan, romelTac ar gaaCniaT WeSmaritebis fasebi.
am SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, msjeloba SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT amgvarad:
msjeloba aris azri sagnobrivi viTarebis Sesaxeb, romelSiac am sagnobriv
viTarebaze raRac mtkicdeba an uariyofa.
arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis msjelobebi. magram rogori konkretuli saxec ar
unda hqondes msjelobas, misi struqtura identuria yvela SemTxvevisaTvis.
kerZod, yoveli msjeloba Seicavs sam ZiriTad elements: subietqs, predikats da
makavSirebal sityvas _ kopulas. amitom “S & P” msjelobis uzogadesi
formulaa. misi pirveli elemeti, “S” — “subieqti” SeiZleba ganisazRvros
rogorc is razedac raRac gamoiTqmeba msjelobaSi. meore elementi,
“predikati”, “P” - SeiZleba ganisazRvros yvelafer imad, rac ki SeiZleba
mieweros subiqts. rac Seexeba makavSireblebs arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis
(erTadgiliani, oradgiliani...) makavSireblebi, romelTa erT nawils enobriv
gamoxatulebas vaZlevT. am mxriv ganasxvaveben, magaliTad, koniunqcias,
disunqcias, implikacias da a.S. koniunqcia SeiZleba gamoixatos sityviT “da”.
iTvleba, rom koniunqciis saSualebiT agebuli winadadeba WeSmaritia maSin,
rodesac misi orive wevri WeSmaritia. disunqcia gamoixateba sityviT “an“ da
iTvleba, rom disunqciuri debuleba WeSmaritia maSin, ordesac WeSmaritia misi
erTi wevri mainc. da bolos, implikaciiT agebuli debuleba (“Tu ... maSin...”)
WeSmaritia, Tu WeSmartia ara pirveli, aramed meore termini da a.S.
rogorc iTqva, arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis msjelobebi. SegviZlia gavmijnoT
zogaddadebiTi, zogaduaryofiTi, kerZoobiTdadebiTi da kerZoobiTuaryofiTi
msjelobebi. vTqvaT msjeloba _ “yvela adamiani mokvdavia” — warmoadgens
zogaddadebiTi msjelobis nimuSs, radgan igi dadebiT mtkicebas axorcielebs
zogad terminze — adamianze. zogaduaryofiTi msjelobis nimuSi iqneba Semdegi
saxis mtkicebuleba _ “arc erTi adamiani ar aris mokvdavi”. marTalia es
msjeloba wina msjelobis msgavsad kvlav zogad termins exeba, magram amjerad
masze uaryofas avrcelebs. kerZoobiTdadebiTi msjelobis magaliTad SegviZlia
moviyvanoT aseTi msjeloba — “sokrate mokvdavia”, xolo kerZoobiTuaryofiTis
nimuSad ki, amgvari — “sokrate ukvdavia”.
msjelobebis es daxasiaTeba ar aris erTaderTi. arsebobs sxva saxis
msjelobaTa klasifikacia. CvenTvis maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania msjelobebis
dayofa analizur da sinTezur msjelobebad. msjelobaTa dayofaze analizuad
da sinTezurad damokidebulia iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, rogoricaa
mecnierebaTa klasifikacia, gansxvaveba apriorulsa da aposterioruls Soris,
empiriuli da wminda goniT Semecnebas Soris danawileba da sxv. gavmijnoT jer
erTmaneTisagan analizuri da sinTezuri msjelobebi.
Cven vityviT, rom msjeloba aris sinTezuri, Tuki msjelobis predikati ki ar
igulisxmeba mis subieqtSi, aramed garedan miewereba mas. informacia msjelobis
predikatis Sesaxeb sinTezur msjelobaSi modis empiriuli codnis bazaze.
aviRoT sinTezuri msjelobis nimuSad amgvari debuleba:
“vardi aris wiTeli”
am msjelobis sinTezuri xasiaTi, gansazRvrebis mixedviT, aSkaraa, radgan
rogor damajerebladac ar unda gavaanalizoT vardis cneba, masSi siwiTis cnebis
niSanwyalsac ki ver aRmovaCenT. informacia vardis siwiTlis Sesaxeb mocemuli
konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis miviReT mxolod da mxlod erTi wyarodan _
gamocdilebidan.
aviRoT axla analizuri msjelobis SemTxveva da davrwmundebiT, rom viTareba
aq mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuilia. analizuria Semdegi saxis msjeloba:
“sxeuli aris ganfenili”
sinTezuri msjelobisagan gansxvavebiT, ganfeniloba aq subieqtis cnebidan,
raRacis sxeulebrivi yofidan gamoiyvaneba. marTlacda, SeuZlebelia vinmem
10
gamoTqma SeiZleba swored am formiT Segvxvdes winadadebaSi, magram is arasdros
ar aris neitraluri. mocemuli saxiT warmodgenili performativi farulia da is
realurad SeiZleba warmoadgendes an brZanebas, an Txovnas, an moTxovnas, an
sulac vedrebas. Tu mocemuli winadadebis nacvlad me vityodi “me moviTxov
daxuro karebi” maSin saqme gveqneba eqsplicitur performativTan. ostinma
mTeli rigi procedurebi SemoiRo imisaTvis, rom mosaxerxebeli yofiliyo
faruli performativis eqsplikacia.
kidev erTi cneba, romelic sameytyvelo moqmedebis gasagebad gvWirdeba aris
“referencia”. termini referencia modis inglisurenovani gamoTqmidan “to refer to”, rac “SesabamisobaSi yofnas”, “Sestyvisobas”, “SeTanadebas” gulisxmobs.
referencia gulisxmobs enobrivi gamosaxulebis Sesatyvisobas Sesabamis
obieqtTan. am terminis Semotana saWiro gaxda mas Semdeg, rac gaacnobieres, rom
aRmniSvnelis cneba ver faravs enobrivi saSualebebis obieqtebTan Sesabamisobis
yvela SemTxvevas. kerZod, aRmniSvneli frazis ZiriTadi funqcia mniSvnelobis
materialuri gamosaxvaa, xolo referencia arkvevs imas, modis Tu ara es fraza an
mniSvneloba SesabamisobaSi, gnebavT vuwodoT, SexebaSi im obieqtTan romelzedac
is aris gamiznuli. aviRoT aseTi gamoTqma: “safrangeTis Tanamedrove mefe
melotia”. es winadadeba SeiZleba mravalmxriv gavaanalizoT. magram Tu misi
referentulobiT davinteresdebiT, unda ganvacxadoT, rom is “carieli
gamoTqmaa” radgan ar xorcieldeba referencia winadadebasa da Sesabamis obieqts
Soris. referenciis mniSvneloba enobrivi analizisaTvis, ra Tqma unda ar
SemoizRudeba mxolod am da msgavsi SemTxvevebiT, magram CvenTvis Zalze
mniSvnelovania yuradReba gavamaxviloT warmodgenil magaliTze da teqstze
muSaobisas mudmivad mxedvelobaSi viqonioT frazebis “savseoba/sicariele”,
romlis dadgenac referenciis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli.
3. 1. sametyvelo moqmedeba da misi elementebi
amrigad, metyvelebis, ufro zogadad enis funqciebi Zalze didia. am
funqciebs Soris Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT konstatiur da performatiul
gamoTqmebze da davafiqsireT maT Soris gansxvaveba. konstativebis Taobaze,
romlebic WeSmariteba/siyalbis niSnebiT xasiaTdebian Cven sakmarisi informacia
gvaqvs. ufro sainteresoa performatiuli gamoTqmebi, romelTa pirveli
monaxazi warmodgenili iyo ostinis SexedulebaTa gadmocemiT. jer kidev Tavad
ostinma scada performatuli gamoTqmebi sxva terminebSi aRewera, radgan
performativi da masTan dakavSirebuli terminologia ver itevs yvela saWiro
niuanss. sametyvelo moqmedebis struqtura warmodgenili iqneba ara ostinis,
aramed serlis Teoriis mixedviT. saqme isaa, rom ostinis struqtura ufro
samuSao varianti iyo, romelic mas wignad gamosacemad ar moumzadebia. am
struqturas, ra Tqma unda, axlda rigi gaumarTavi elementebi, romlebic Semdeg
serlis interprataciis sagani gaxda. ostinis sametyvelo moqmedeba gulisxmobda
Semdeg elementebs:
1.lokuciuri aqti — es aris metyvelebis aqti;
2.ilokuciuri aqti — metyvelebiT ganxorcielebuli moqmedeba (perfo-
rmativis analogia);
3.perlokuciuri aqti — msmenelze ganxorcielebuli efeqti;
serlma sametyvelo aqtis struqtura warmoadgina Semdegi saxecvlili
formiT:
1.gamoTqma/moqmedeba = sityvebis (winadadebebis) gamoTqma;
2.propoziciuli aqti, moqmedeba = referencis da predikaciis ganxorcieleba;
3.ilokuciuri aqti = dadgena, brZaneba, SekiTxva, Sepireba da a.S.
warmodegnil elementebs Soris serli xedavs Semdegi saxis mimarTebas:
miuxedavad imisa, rom sametyvelo moqmedebis elementebi warmodgenil
struqturaSi damoukideblad arian warmodgenilni, reluri metyvelebisas isini
erTad xorcieldeba. erTdrouloba aq mxolod imas niSnavs, rom ilokuciuri
aqti, romelic yvelaze ufro rTulia ganxorcielebisas iqvemdebarebs danarCen
27
aqtebs. Tavis mxriv, es niSnavs aqtebs Soris garkveuli subordinaciis arsebobas.
Tumca, amiT xeli ar eSleba aqtebis erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad warmodgenas.
anu sxvadasxva ilokuciur aqts SeiZleba erTi da igive propoziciuli aqti
Seesabamebodes da piriqiT, erTi da igive ilokuciuri ZaliT gamoiTqvas erTi da
igive propozicia. savsebiT SesaZlebelia gamoTqmiTi aqtis abstraqciaSi
damoukidebeli saxiT warmodgena, Tu davuSvebT, rom misi ganxorcielebisas
imave dros ar xorcieldeba arc predikacia da arc referencia.
ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan ilokucia da predikacia. ilokuciuri aqtis
gramatikuli forma mTeli winadadebaa, Tumdac is mxolod erTi sityvisagan
Sedgebodes. propoziciuli aqtisaTvis ki saWiroa ara mTeli winadadeba, aramed
mxolod misi nawili. kerZod, predikaciisaTvis gramatikuli predikati, xolo
referenciisaTvis sakuTari saxeli, arsebiTi saxeli an maTi Semcvleli
saSualebebi. ramdenadac propoziciuli aqti yovelTvis winadadebis raRac
nawiliT xorcieldeba, gsagebia, rom is ver ganxorcieldeba ilokuciuri
aqtisagan damoukideblad. sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia
gamovTqvaT propozicia ise, rom arc kiTxva davsvaT, arc brZaneba an sxva msgavsi
ram gamovxatoT. sagnebze saubari SeiZleba mxolod winadadebebiT da ara
winadadebebis nawilebiT. am axsnidan ufro gasagebi xdeba, Tu ra azriT
iqvemdebarebs propozicias ilokucia.
meti sicxadisaTvis, sametyvelo moqmedebis warmodgenili struqtura
SegviZlia SevadaroT im struqturas, romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo enobrivi
niSnebis daxasiaTebisas semantikur WrilSi. miuxedavad am ori rigis elementebs
Soris identobis ar arsebobisa, SegviZlia vilaparakoT garkveul msgavsebaze (a)
aRmniSvnelsa da sametyvelo aqtSi winadadebis gamoTqma/moqmedebas Soris.
Semdeg, (b)sityvis mniSvnelobasa da sametyvelo aqtis propozicias Soris.
amasTan mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom propozicia gamoixateba ara
winadadebiT, aramed molaparakis mier winadadebis gamoTqmisas. rac Seexeba
ilokucias, mas semantikuri analogia ar moeZebneba, radgan igi warmoadgens
wminda pragmatikul elements. kidev erTxel rom davubrundeT gansxvavebas
propozicias da ilokucias Soris, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom propozicia
winadadebis gamoTqmis Sinaarss Seadgens, xolo ilokucia ki misi mocemulobis
ganmsazRvreli Zala. ilokuciuri Zalis indikatori (romelic msgavsia
eqsplicituri performativisa) gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aris SemoTavazebuli
propozicia, anu ra Zala aqvs gamoTqmas, an, bolos, sakuTriv ra saxis enobrivi
moqmedeba ganaxorciela molaparakem.
ra enobrivi saSualebebi arsebobs imisaTvis, rom winadadebis gamoTqmisas
ganxorcieldes miTiTeba ilokuciur Zalaze. yovel enas Tavisi specifiuri
saSualebebi gaaCnia. inglisuri enisaTvis. magaliTad serli asaxelebs Semdegs:
sityvaTa wyobas, maxvils, gamomTqmelis intonacias, punqtuacias, zmnebis kilos
da ilokuciur zmnebs. yovelive amas unda daematos konteqsti, romelic
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxados gamoTqmis ilokuciuri Zala.
Tu imgvarad moxda, rogorc amas adgili hqonda faruli performativebis
SemTxvevaSi, anu Tu gamoTqmis ilokuciuri Zala dafiqsirebuli ar aris
winadadebis zedapirul struqturaSi, aman ar unda Segveqmnas STabeWdileba, rom
saqme gvaqvs wminda propoziciebTan, wminda SinaarsebTan. magaliTisaTvis aviRoT
iseTi gamoTqma, rogoricaa “gpirdebiT mosvlas”. aq Znelia gaarCio, Tu romeli
frazaa propoziciis indikatori da romeli ilokuciuri Zalisa. winadadebis
siRrmiseuli struqturis eqsplikaciisas, miviRebT Semdegi saxis gamosaxulebas
— “me gpirdebiT, rom moval”. axla saSualeba gvaqvs davafiqsiroT, erTi mxriv,
ilokuciuri Zalis indikatori — “me gpirdebiT” — da meore mxriv, ki
propoziciuli Sinaarsisa — “rom moval”. gatarebuli gansxvavebis Rirebuleba
gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom is orgvari sruliad sxvadasxvagvari
uaryofis gamijvnis SesaZleblobas iZleva, romlebic xSirad erTmaneTSia
areuli da winadadebis zedapiruli struqturidan ar Cans. ase magaliTad,
winadadebas “me gpirdebiT mosvlas” SeiZleba hqondes orgvari uaryofa: “me ar
gpirdebiT mosvlas” da “me gpirdebiT, rom ar moval”. aq gasagebia, rom pirveli
ilokuciuri uaryofaa, xolo meore propoziciuli. gansxvaveba am ori saxis
28
tolZalovania da ar arsebobs maT Soris raime rangireba. am amosaval pozicias is
iyenebs e.w. “ojaxuri msgavsebis” Teoriis asagebad, romelic ar gaimarTeboda
cnebis niSanTa tolZalovnebis postulatis gareSe.
yovel cnebas aqvs moculoba da Sinaarsi. cnebis SinaarsSi igulisxmeba am
cnebis maxasiaTeblebis erToblioba, xolo moculobaSi ki, misi SinaarsiT
gansazRvruli sagnebis raodenoba. rac ufro farToa cneba moculobiT, miT
ufro Raribia is SinaarsiT da, piriqiT, SinaarsiT mdidari cneba ufro metad
iswrafvis konkretulobisaken da, maSasadame, naklebia misi moculobac. hegeli
Tavis “logikas” iwyebs yvelaze ufro ganyenebuli da abstraqtuli cnebidan,
iseTi cnebidan romlis moculobac yovlismomcveli iqneboda. aseT cnebad man
SearCia yofierebis cneba, romelic moicavs yovlive arsebuls. samagierod es
cneba, Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze Raribia, radgan saganTa am
usasrulobas igi miawers erTaderT, arsebobis niSans da saganTa am simravles
sxva mxriv srul ganurCevlobaSi tovebs.
warmoSobis wyaros garda, cnebebi SeiZleba daxasiaTebulni iyvnen sruliad
sxva TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, SegviZlia vilaparakoT individualur da
abstraqtul cnebebze, romlebic sxvagvarad SeiZleba warmodgenilni iyvnen,
erTi mxriv, rogorc sruli, xolo meore mxriv, rogorc ganyenebuli cnebebi. am
oridan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa individualuri cneba, romelic indivi-
dualuri substanciis maxasiaTebelia da amitom masTan, rogorc substanciis
aRmniSvnel, Tu ukeTesia vTqvaT, gamomxatvel cnebasTan mTeli rigi problemebia
dakavSirebuli. cxadia, es problemebi ara mxolod logikur-enobrivi, aramed da
upirveles yovlisa, metafizikuri xasiaTisaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTi
daxasiaTebisas ver avcildebiT individualur substanciasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebs, rac wignis pirveli nawilis sagani iyo, Tumca, amgvari analizi, albaT,
axlac garkveulwilad momgebiani iqneba. amrigad, individis cneba aris individualuri substanciis sruli cneba da
mxolod mas mieyeneba. sisruleze xazgasma imis mauwyebelia formulaSi, rom
individis cnebis mimarT raime axali predikatebis damateba SeuZlebelia. am
Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT individualuri cneba amave dros maqsimaluri
Semcvelobis cnebacaa.
imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is nawilobrivi cneba Sevides individualuri cnebis
predikatis SemadgenlobaSi, mas waeyeneba ori moTxovna, (a) rom is unda iyos
arawinaaRmdegobrivi da (b) iyos TanaSeTavsebadi ufro meti moculobis
nawilobriv cnebebTan. principi, ris mixedviTac erTi cneba (sul erTia
nawilobrivia is Tu ara) SeiZleba Sevides meore cnebis moculobaSi, aris
msgavsebis mimarTeba, rac teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT ufro CarTulobad
ganisazRvreba.
individualuri cnebebis kidev erTi Tavisebureba is aris, rom yoveli
gamarTuli, normaluri individualuri cneba usasrulo raodenobis
predikatebs Seicavs. amitom, cnebebis moculobaze saubrisas, SesaZloa,
umjobesia visaubroT ara "meti" an "naklebi" moculobis cnebebze, aramed meti an
naklebi Zalis cnebebze. amgvari saubari ki saWiro gaxdeba maSin, rodesac
substanciebis konteqstSi, cnebaTa srulyofilebis sakiTxi dadgeba. gavixsenoT,
rom laibnicis metafizikiT is substanciaa ufro srulyofili, romelic
SeTavsebadia ufro meti moculobis aqcidenciasTan.
1. 2. msjeloba
logikis mecnierebis meore mniSvnelovani elementia msjeloba. msjeloba,
cnebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelc yovelTvis calkeul sagans an saganTa jgufs
aRniSnavs, msjeobis pirveli damaxasiaTebli niSani dasrulebuli azris
gadmocemaa. msjeloba ar exeba calkeul sagnebs, aramed am am saganTa arseboba ar
arsebobas xdomilebaTa konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, msjeloba, upirveles yovlisa,
asocirebulia sagnobriv viTarebasTan. magram aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT
9
aRiniSneba, SegveZlo, agreTve gveTqva: cneba, idea" - werda laibnici.
bevr teqstSi laibnics sityva "termini" swored am, obieqturi mniSvnelobiT
esmis. marius nizoliusis Sromis winasityvaobaSi laibnici "terminis" sxva
mniSvnelobasac aRniSnavs da mis nacvlad zogjer iyenebs "vocabulum"-s anu
rogorc sityvis aRmniSvnels (C497). igive azriT iyenebs is "Vox"-sac, xolo ufro
gviandel, 1690 wlis teqstSi "terminis" tolZalovnad iyenebs "Character"-s. "termini" zogierT teqstSi sintaqsur datvirTvasac iZens imisda mixedviT, Tu ra
rols asrulebs is winadadebaSi. vTqvaT, kategoriul winadadebaSi is SeiZleba
Segvxvdes rogorc subieqti an rogorc predikati. mTlianobaSi laibnici
gamoyofs terminis sxvadasxva saxes sruliad sxvadasxva funqcionaluri
datvirTviT.
arsebobs integraluri da partikularuli terminebi, individualuri da
universaluri, konkretuli da abstraqtuli, intuiciuri, distribuciuli da
dayofadi terminebi. terminebis Sesabamisi analizi gviCvenebs, rom laibnici maTi
kvleviT amzadebda niadags winadadebaTa konstruqciuli analizisaTvis. Se-
sabamisad, gamosaxulebaTa am mravalferovnebasTan gasacnobad ganmsazRvrelia
daintereseba winadadebiT da misi adgiliT "Lingua rationalis"-Si.
magram davubrundeT Cveni interesis ZiriTad sagans, cnebas. cneba aris
usasrulobis inteleqtualuri dauflebis saSualeba. arsebobs azri, rom cneba
pirvelma sokratem Semiitana kvlevaSi. cneba aris raRac iseTi rac yovelTvis
zogadzea orientirebuli. amaSi iolad davrwmundebiT, Tu ganvixilavT
SemTxvevas, rodesac Cven vmsjelobT, davuSvaT, adamianze. adamianis cnebiT
moiazreba zogadad da ara romelime konkretuli adamiani. arsebobs adamianis
ramdenime definicia. maT Soris erT-erTi, romelsac Cven kargad vicnobT,
ekuTvnis aristoteles. es gansazRvreba gveubneba, rom adamiani aris politikuri
arseba. margam romel adamianzea aq saubari? ra simaRlisaa es adamiani? ra feris
Tma an Tvalebi aqvs? cxadia am da msgavs kiTxvebze ver gavcemT, mxolod cnebiTi
codnis safuZvelze, pasuxs, radgan kiTxvebi daesmis konkretul maxasiaTeblebs,
konkretul adamianebs maSin, rodesac cneba zogadzea orientirebuli. cneba
usasrulobis dauflebas cdilobs ara mxolod sivrceSi, aramed droSiac: radgan
adamianze msjelobisas, misi cneba exeba rogorc yvela imas, vinc odesme
arsebula, aramed imasac, vinc momavalSic iarsebebs. SesaZlebelia iseTi cnebis
arsebobac, romelsac arc ki viciT Seesatyviseba Tu ara raime samyaroSi. aseTi
viTareba verafers aklebs cnebis vargisianobas da is maSinve samuSao
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, rogorc ki misi Sesatyvisi obieqtebi aCveneben Tavs.
sikeTeze maSinac SegveZleba msjeloba, erTi keTili adamiani rom arsad ar
moipovebodes. rom ar gvqondes cneba, rogorc usasrulobis dauflebis
saSualeba, maSin iZulebuli viqnebodiT yovel calkeul saganze cal-calke
Segvegrovebina informacia da saWiro ar aris gansakuTrebuli argumentacia
imaSi dasarwmuneblad, Tu ramden uxerxulobasTan iqneboda es dakavSirebuli.
am mciredi Sesavlis Semdeg, cneba SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ase: “cneba aris
azri saganze an saganTa jgufze, romelSiac es sagnebi warmodgenilia
arsebiTi niSnebis mixedviT”. am gansazRvrebaSi yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imas,
rom cnebis SemuSavebisas orientacia xdeba saganTa arsebiT niSnebze, romelTa
saSualebiTac es sagnebi gamoiyofa sxva sagnebis usasrulo simravlidan.
aristoteles adamianis definiciaSi arsebiT niSnad gamoyenebulia politikuri
cxovrebis wesi. Tu sxva, magaliTad, franklinis, gansazRvrebas aviRebT
gamorCeulad adamianur niSnad is asaxelebs iaraRis keTebis unars. arsebiTi
niSani, rogorc vxedavT, sxvadasxva avtorTan gansxvavebulia, riTac araferi
Savdeba. mTavari misi funqcia isaa, rom man adamians imgvari unikaluri niSani
miaweros, romelic mas yvela sxvebisagan gamoarCevda. am konkretuli niSnis
SerCeva ki damokidebulia avtoris zogad xedvaze, gemovnebaze da
msoflmxedvelobaze.
ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela logikosi iziarebs cnebis niSanTa dayofas
arsebiTad da araarsebiTad. “opoziciaSi” mdgomi aseTi avtorebis ricxvs unda
mivakuTvnoT XX saukunis avstrieli mkvlevari, ludvig vitgenStaini.
vitgenStainisaTvis yvela niSani, romelic ki moiazreba cnebis SinaarsSi,
8
uaryofebs Soris Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgen Tu uaryofa propozicias exeba,
es uaryofa ar gavrceldeba ilokuciur Zalaze. uaryofis Sedegi igive Zalis
axli propozicia iqneba. magram Tu Cven uarvyofT ilokuciur ZalasamiT xasiaTi
ecvleba mTel ilokuciur aqts. gamoTqma “me ar gpirdebiT” axali Sepireba ki ar
aris, aramed Sepirebis uaryofaa maSin, rodesac gamoTqma “nu gaakeTebT” kvlav
axal moTxovnad rCeba.
3. 2. subieqturi mniSvneloba
is, rasac Cven gavecaniT sametyvelo moqmedebis elementebis saxiT,
winadadebis obieqturi ganzomilebaa. magram rogori obieqturi JReradibac ar
unda hqondes winadadebas, Cven isic kargad viciT, rom igi yovelTvis
mosaubresTan, mi azrebTan da ganzraxvebTanaa dakavSirebuli. vidre sametyvelo
moqmedebis am mxares gavecnobodeT, gvinda jer ganvixiloT erTi Zalze
saintereso mkvlevris, graisis Tvalsazrisi subieqturi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
graisi gvesaWiroeba sametyvelo moqmedebis subieqturi mxaris gasagebad.
saqme isaa, rom graisi erT-erTi pirveli iyo maT Soris, vinc Tamamad Semoitana
analitikur tradiciaSi intencionalisturi terminologia da propoziciebis
TavisTavadi Sinaarsebis gverdiT, yuradReba gaamaxvila Sinaarsis im mxareze,
romelic molaparakem “Cado” gamoTqmasa da enobrivi moqmedebis ganxorci-
elebaSi. swored es viTarebaa dafiqsirebuli terminiT “intencionaloba”.
“intencionaloba” Zveli sqolasturi terminia, romelic Tavis droze
gulisxmobda cnobierebis mimarTulobas saganze. intencionalobis Teoria
mecxramete saukunis miwurulidan aaRorZina germanelma fenomenologma
huserlma. Cven aq, cxadia ar SevudgebiT sqolastebis da huserlis Teoriebis
aRweras. vityviT mxolod imas, rom is rac sqolastebs da huserls saerTo
hqondaT gaxldaT mtkiceba cnobierebis saganze mimarTulobis Sesaxeb.
cnobiereba, maTi azriT, arasdros ar aris “carieli”, aramed yovelTvis aris
“cnobiereba ... Sesaxeb”. enobrivi moqmedebis konteqstSi am terminma SemoaRwia
analitikur literaturaSi, Tumca SemoaRwia ara cnobierebis Sinaarsebis
dasaxasiaTeblad, aramed rogorc cnobierebis, ufro farTod adamianis
mimarTulobam, ganzraxvam ganaxorcielos esa Tu is enobrivi moqmedeba. amitom,
sametyvelo moqmedebis daxasiaTebis umravles SemTxvevebSi gamzraxva (“to intend to do ...”) “intencionalobiT” aRiniSneba. magram, davubrundeT graisis Teorias.
statiaSi “mniSvneloba” graisma gamojna naturaluri da aranaturaluri
mniSvnelobebi. naturaluri mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli winadadebaa: “is laqebi
kanze wiTelas niSnavs”. aranaturalurisa — “matareblis sayviri niSnavs, rom
matarebeli male daiZreba”. naturalur da aranaturalur mniSvnelobebs Soris
gansxvavebis farTo daxasiaTeba, graiss Sejamebuli aqvs aseTi saxiT:
naturaluri mniSvnelobis gamoTqma SeiZleba Sejamebuli amgvarad; “A aRniSnavs
aseT da aseT moqmedebas X-iT”, xolo aranaturaluri ki amgvarad: “A gulisxmobs
raRacas X-iT” an “A-s nagulisxmebi aqvs, rom ...”
imas, rasac aq graisi naturalur mniSvnelobas uwodebs, Tavisuflad SegviZlia
davarqvaT subieqturi mniSvneloba, radgan amgvari mniSvnelobebis miRma yovelTvis
igulisxmeba molaparake subieqti — garkveuli intenciebis mqone arseba, romelic
konkretuli niSnebiT migviTiTebs mis mier nagulisxmeb, ganzraxul saqmis
viTarebaze. Tu axla aviRebT e.w. naturalur mniSvnelobas, ioli dasanaxia, rom mis
ukan ar dgas araviTari ganzraxvis matarebeli subieqti. niSani aq bunebrivad
aRniSnavs raRacas. graisi savsebiT sworad uars ambobs mniSvnelobis bunebis
movlenebis msgavsad kauzaluri terminebiT analizze. radganac aseTi analizi Riad
datovebda kiTvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras gulisxmobda molaparake ama Tu im gamoTqmaSi,
ra iyo misi gamoTqmis ukan mdgari ganzraxva, graisi amjobinebs sakiTxi aRweros ufro
miznobriobis terminologiaSi. aranaturaluri mniSvnelobis formulireba,
definicia graisTan sabolood aseT saxes iRebs:
“A aranaturalurad gulisxmobs raRacas X-is saSualebiT”, eqvivalenturia
debulebisa “A gamoTqvams X-s ganzraxviT daajeros msmeneli am agnzraxvis
29
gamocnobis saSualebiT”.
SemoTavazebuli definicia, graisis mixedviT, WeSmaritia rogorc
informaciuli debulebebis mimarT, aseve arainformaciuli, magaliTad
imperatiuli winadadebebis mimarTac. gansxvaveba, romelic aq arsebobs, pirvel
SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs msmenelis dajerebis Sinaarsis analizs, xolo
imperativebis SemTxvevaSi ki kvlav analizs, oRond ara dajerebisa, aramed im
efeqtisa romelsac molaparake iqoniebs msmenelze. arsebiTi aq is aris, rom
rogorc erT, aseve meore SemTxvevaSi analizis samizne obieqti aris ganzraxva.
amrigad, graisis udavo damsaxurebad unda miviCnioT kvlevis arealSi
intencionaluri mniSvnelobis Semotana da misi daaxloeba molaparakis
ganzraxvasTan. enis specifika isaa, rom igi subieqturis da obieqturis
specifikur simbiozs warmoadgens. sityvebi, mTlianad ena, mxolod obieqtur
arsebobas rom flobdes, SeuZlebeli iqneboda misi adamianis miznebis Sesabamisad
gamoyeneba. rogori obiqturi JReradoba da funqcionirebac ar unda hqondes
enas is yovelTvis dakavSirebulia mosaubre da msmenel subieqtTan da yovelma
normalurma enis Teoriam unda gaiTvaliswinos amgvari viTareba. vnaxoT axla
rogor aisaxeba es fenomeni ilokuciuri aqtebSi.
3.3. metyvelebis intencionaluri mxare. ganzraxva da ilokucia
sametyvelo moqmedebis TeoriaSi sagangebodaa Seswavlili im wesebis
struqtura, romlebic aucilebelia molaparakis ganzraxvis warmatebiT ganxor-
cielebisaTvis. Tu sanimuSod aviRebT Sepirebas, maSin SegviZlia CamovayaliboT
misi ganxorcielebis wesebidan sailustraciod SevarCioT Semdegi:
1. Sepireba gamoiTqmeba mxolod winadadebis an ufro farTo diskursis
konteqstSi, misi gamoTqma (A) aqts miawers molaparakes. es wesi aris
propoziciuli Sinaarsis wesi;
2. Sepireba ganxorcielebulia mxolod maSin, rodesac rogorc
molaparakisaTvis, aseve msmenelisaTvis naTelia, rom molaparake
ganaxorcielebs (A) aqts saqmis normaluri msvlelobisas. es aris e.w.
Sepirebis mosamzadebeli wesi;
3. Sepireba gamoiTqmeba mxolod maSin, Tuki molaparakes ganzraxuli aqvs
ganaxorcielos (A) aqti. es gulwrfelobis wesia;
4. da bolos Sepireba iTvleba (A) aqtis valdebulebis aRebad. am wess avtori
arsebiT wess uwodebs.
es wesebi ganaxorcieleben mxolod Sepirebis moqmedebas, Tumca ukve maTSi
mocemulia bevri iseTi elementi, romelic saerToa sxva ilokuciuri moqmedebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis. ase magaliTad, Tu sanimuSod aviRebT gulwrfelobis wess,
mas Zala eqneba mtkicebis ilokuciuri aqtisaTvisac. Tumca mtkicebisas
Seicvleba misi Sinaarsi. ase magaliTad, gulwrfelobis wesi mtkicebasTan
dakavSirebiT gvetyvis, rom mtkiceba ganxorcieldeba mxolod maSin, Tu
molaparakes sjera, rom swored ase da asea saqme.
Zalze zogadad Tu ganvsjiT, es da sxva wesebi warmarTaven ara mxolod
enobrivi moqmedebis ganxorcielebas, aramed, ramdenadac es moqmedeba Cadebulia
zogadad metyvelebis aqtis struqturaSi, sametyvelo aqtsac. enis pragmatikuli
ganzomilebis Seswavlamde winadadebis gamoTqma gagebuli iyo upirveles
yovlisa garkveuli Sinaarsis gamocemad. Semdeg, ilokuciuri gamoTqmebis
analizisas naxeT, rom metyveleba mxolod Sinaarsebis gadmocema ki ar aris,
aramed garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebacaa. sametyvelo moqmedebis
struqturis SeswavliT Cven axla sakmaod momzadebulni varT imisaTvis, rom
pirdapir davsvaT kiTxva enobrivi moqmedebis bunebis raobis Taobaze, SegviZlia
vikiTxoT: ra emateba propoziciul Sinaarss iseTi, rom mas sametyvelo
moqmedebad aqcevs? zogadi pasuxi an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli orientiri
pasuxisaTvis Cven ukve viciT _ ganzraxva, ilokuciuri Zala. ufro konkretuli
30
“gansazRvrebis” sinonimad SeiZleba Segvxvdes laTinuri termini — “definicia” —
ramac ar unda gamoiwvios dabneuloba. Tuki vinme moiTxovda “gansazRvrebis”
gansazRvrebas, maSin SegviZlia ama Tu im terminis Sinaarsis daxasiaTebas
vuwodoT gansazRvreba. gansazRvrebis Sedeged dadgenili Sinaarsi mecnierul
msjelobebSi aRar unda Seicvalos. arsebobs SemTxvevei, rodesac romelime
bunebrivi enis sityvas viyenebT ama Tu im TeoriaSi ise, rom winaswar vadgenT mis
Sinaarss. es Sinaarsi SeiZleba Camohgavdes sityvis gavrcelebul mniSvnelobas da
SeiZleba misgan mkveTrad gansxvavebulic ki iyos. aseTi cvlilebis Setana
mecnierebaSi misaRebia da is damokidebulia konvenciaze, romlis wyalobiTac
dgindeba sakvlevi Teoriis ena. mniSvnelovani aq is aris, rom mas Semdeg, rac
gansazRvrebiT konvencionalurad miviReT terminis Sinaarsi da cneba garkveuli
gvaqvs, Tavad msjelobebis procesSi es mniSvneloba aRar SeiZleba Seicvalos da
cneba mudmivad SemoRebuli mniSvnelobiT unda gamoviyenoT. aseT SemTxvevebSi
Cven viTyviT, rom saqme gvaqvs ara Cveulebriv sityvebTan, aramed terminebTan.
termini winaswar SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT rogorc mecnieruli, anu Teoriuli
enisaTvis specialurad Semotanili sityva, romelic yovelTvis
konvencionalurad miRebuli wesiT unda gamoiyenebodes mocemuli Teoriis
farglebSi.
"termins" ZiriTadad logikur-gramatikuli xasiaTis teqstebSi vxvdebiT.
amitom, ra Tqma unda, semiotikuri instrumentariebis analizisas SegveZlo
gverdi agvevlo misTvis, magram rogorc "terminis" SinaarsTan gacnoba
gviCvenebs, misi araerTi makonstituirebeli momenti, gansxvavebul
konteqstebSi, semiotikuri obieqtebis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia. amitom,
"terminTan" gacnoba (misi met-naklebad detaluri eqsplikaciis gareSe) Cveni
miznebisaTvis savsebiT mizanSewonilia.
germanulenovan teqstebSi am sityvis gamoTqmad iyeneben "Ausdruck"-s.
terminebis Sesaxeb erT-erTi seriozuli gamokvleva ekuTvnis XVII saukunis
germanel swavluls, laibnics. is viTareba, rom "termins" laibnici umeteswilad
logikuri xasiaTis teqstebSi mimoixilavs, mis Sua saukuneebis tradiciasTan
kavSirze metyvelebs, romlisaTvisac ganmsazRvreli iyo "terminis" logikuri
patametrebis eqsplikacia. sqolasti avtorebis umravlesoba, gamoyofda
"terminis" sam ZiriTad mniSvnelobas: gagebiT, daweril da gamoTqmul terminebs:
(a)termini rogorc gagebis saSualeba iyo e.w. "terminus mentis", sadac termini
warmodgenili iyo rogorc adamianis gonebis saSualeba anu rogorc subieqturi
cneba. Sesabamisad, am obieqts zogjer aRniSnavdnen gamoTqmiT "conceptus subjectivus". mniSvnelovania miTiTeba imaze, rom terminis aseTi interpretacia mas
ar ganixilavda rogorc xelovnur, adamianis mier Seqmnil instruments. piriqiT,
termini gagebuli iyo gonebis bunebriv obieqtad, romelic nebis Caurevlad
warmogvidgens imas, rac masSi igulisxmeba. "terminis" meore, (b) mniSvneloba
pirvelTan iyo dakavSirebuli. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs e.w. "Vox" anu termini rogorc
naTqvami, verbalurad gamoxatuli ram. "terminis" es mniSvneloba, Tu SeiZleba
ase iTqvas, ufro meoradi, damatebiTi mniSvnelobaa, romelic pirvelTan
mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli misi gamoTqmis, Tavis TavSi garemocvis da
gamoxatvis saSualebiT. da bolos, "terminis" mesame, (g) mniSvnelobiT, laparkia
mis grafikul gamoxatvaze da Caweris adekvatur sistemaze, romelic
agvacilebda Secdomebs
terminis aRwerili mniSvnelobebidan, ra Tqma unda, ganmsazRvreli pirveli
mniSvnelobaa. sqolasturi tradiciiT termini ara mxolod sulis sakuTreba iyo,
rac mas garkveul statuss da niadags uqmnida, aramed gamoxatavda Cveni sulis
intencionalur xasiaTs (intencionalobis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi ufro mets
mogaxsenebT). "terminus subjectivus" yovelTvis mimarTulia raRac obieqtze da sulis
afeqcias, ase vTqvaT, mis individualur aqcidencias gamoxatavs da warmoadgens.
Sua saukuneebis avtorebis umravlesoba Tvlida, rom "terminus subjectivus" Cvens
sulSi bunebrivi wesiT aris konotirebuli. rasac is aRniSnavs, anu ufro zusti
iqneba vTqvaT, TanaaRniSnavs sulSi da sulTan erTad, aris misi Sinaarsi, "treminus objectivus" anu "terminus conceptus", e. i. cneba an idea.
""terminis" qveS me mesmis ara saxelebi, aramed azrebi anu is rac saxeliT
7
agvacilebda Secdomebs. logika Tavidanve Camoyalibda rogorc formaluri
mecniereba, romelic negatiur garantiebs iZleva. kerZod, logika garantias
gvaZlevs, rom misi wesebis daucveloba aucileblad Secdomamde migviyvans,
logika ver iZleva magram imis garantias, rom Tu mis wesebs davicavT,
aucileblad mivalT WeSmaritebamde. mizezi amgvari negatiuri garantiebisa isaa,
rom logika formaluri mecnierebaa, xolo Cveni msjelobebi ki formis garda
Sinaarsobriv mxaresac Seicavs, romlebzedac logikis kompetencia veRar
vrceldeba. cxadia, SeiZleba savsebiT swori formiT yalbi Sinaarsebi gadmovceT,
vTqvaT, vilaparakoT “safrangeTis Tanamedrove mefis” an “mrgvali kvadratis “
Sesaxeb da ra- sakvirvelia Sesabamisi msjelobebi yalbi iqneba. Zalze zogadad,
logikas SegviZlia SevxedoT rogorc garkveul instruments, romelic
saSualebas gvaZlevs misi kompenetciis farglebSi Tavidan aviciloT Secdomebi.
Tumca, rogorc ukve iTqva, gadaWarbebuli imedebis damyareba logikaze, ar
SeiZleba.
ras warmoadgens, an iqneb ukeTesia vikiTxoT, rogorc arsebobs logikis
obieqtebi? arian isini raRac bunebaSi, konkretulad adamianis azrovnebaSi
arsebuli regularobebi, Tu, gramatikis msgavsad, isini mxolod formelur
wesebia, romlebic unda davicvaT Secdomebis Tavidan asacileblad? am da msgavs
kiTxvebze ar arsebobs martivi pasuxi. sxvadasxva mimarTuleba, sxvadasxva skola
gansxvevebulad iZleoda logikis arsis gagebas. Tavad aristotele Cans, iqeT
ixreboda rom logikac arsebulis Sesaxeb moZRvrebad gamoecxadebina. is
fiqrobda, rom winaaRmdegobis kanoni unda davicvaT ara mxolod imitom, rom
adamianis goneba isea mowyobili, rom muSaobs mis Sesabamisad, aramed imitomac
rom Tavad samayaroa am principis mixedviT dalagebuli. aqedan gamomdinareobs,
rom logikis wesebi deskripciuli wesebia da Cven mxolod aRmovaCenT mas. meore,
gansxvavebuli midgoma logikis principebisa da obieqtebis mimarT
Camoyalibebuli aqvs XIX saukunis cnobil germanel mkvlevars, edmund huserls..
huserlis mixedviT, logika aris ara arsebulis aRmweri, aramed normetiuli
mecniereba, romelic gviyalibebs savaldebulo wesebs. am wesebis dacvaze uaris
Tqma, ra Tqma unda,, ar niSnavs, rom Cven veRar viazrovnebT. magram niSnavs,
mudmivi riskis qveS yofnas, rom davuSvebT Secdomas.
logikas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da mas Semdeg, rac is Camoayaliba
aristotelem, igi mniSvnelovnad aRar Secvlila. marTalia zogierTi avtori
logikis saxelmZRvanelos gamocemisas sakuTriv logikur nakveTebs umatebda
calkeul Tavebs fsiqologiidan an pedagogikidan, magram es ufro masalis ukeT
aTvisebisaTvis. rac Seexeba logikis mecnierebis Senobas is mecxramete saukunis
meore naxevramde ucvleli rCeboda. ufro metic, cnobili germaneli
filosofosi, kanti “wminda gonebis kritikaSi” logikas am ucvleli xasiaTis
gamo, mecnierebis idealad miiCnevda da mouwodebda sxva mecnierebis
warmomadgenlebs logika gaexadaT mecnierulobis paradigmad. aseTi viTareba
mkveTrad Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac moxda logikisa da maTematikis daaxloeba.
gaCnda e.w. maTematikuri logika an logistika, romelic Semdgom Tavad daiSala
mraval disciplinad. dRes laparakoben droiT logikaze, modalur logikaze da
a.S. am disciplinebis umravlesobas Zalze saintereso sakvlevi Tematika gaaCnia
da dRes damoukidebeli interesebi amoZravebs. Cven maT metad aRar SevexebiT,
radgan Cveulebrivi msjelobebi da diskusiuli gansja savsebiT eteva
aristoteles mier Camoyalibebuli silogistikis farglebSi.
Tu Zalze zogadad vityviT, logika am Tavisi pirvandeli formiT Sedgeba sami
nawilisagan. erTi maTgania cnebis Teoria, meore msjelobis Teoria, xolo
mesame ki daskvnis Teoria. SevexoT Zalze mokled TiToeul maTgans.
1. 1. cneba
cneba logikis pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementia. cneba
SemuSavdeba gansazRvrebis saSualebiT. qarTulenovan literaturaSi
6
pasuxisaTvis SegviZlia mivmarToT serlis statias “ilokuciuri aqtebis
klasifikacia”. aq avtori ilokuciur Zalas ramdenime parametrisagan Semdgar
fenomenad warmogvidgens. gavecnoT am parametrebs:
(a) ilokuciuri aqtis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi elementi ilokuciuri
mizania. yoveli sametyvelo moqmedeba garkveuli mznis Sesabamisad
xorcieldeba. mtkicebis mizania sagnis an sganTa jgufis garkveuli
mdgomareobis gadmocema. Sepirebisa ki valdebulebis aReba. es ar niSnavs
simetriul mimarTebas miznebsa da aqtebs Soris. arseboben ilokuciuri
miznebi, romlebsac erTi da igive miznebi amoZravebT. ase magaliTad,
Txovnisa da brZanebis mizani erTi da igivea — gavakeTebinoT vinmes
raRac. Tu or ilokuciur aqts erTi da igive miznebi amoZravebT, maSin
isini sxva rameebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan;
(b) miznis fenomeni sakmaod axlos dgas ganzraxvisagan. ganzraxva ki
intencionaluri fenomenia da rogorc aseTs garkveuli mimarTuleba
aqvs. aqedan, ilokuciuri Zalis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani fenomeni
swored mimarTulobaa. analitikosebi laparakoben Sesatyvisobis
mimarTulobaze (direction of fit), romelic sul ori saxisaa: an samyaro unda
Seesatyvisebodes Cvens gamoTqmebs, an piriqiT, Cveni gamoTqmebi unda
eguebodes samyaros. ase magaliTad, mtkicecebs aqvT enis samayarosadmi
Sesatyvisobis mimarTuloba, xolo Txovnas ki piriqiT, samyaros enis
moTxovnebisadmi Sesatyvisobisa;
(c) Semdegi mniSvnelovani ganzomileba fsiqologiuri modusia. misi saSua-
lebiT molaparake gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas aqtisadmi. ase maga-
liTad, mtkicebis, konstataciis, axsnis an gancxadebisas, subieqti gamo-
xatavs Tavis rwmenas, rom ase da asea saqmis viTareba. zogadad iloku-
ciuri aqtis ganxorcielebis fsiqologiuri modusi Seesatyviseba
gulwrfelobis wess;
(d) ilokuciuri mizani sxvadasxvagvarad aris warmodgenili, mas
SemoTavazebis sxvadasxva xarisxi aqvs. es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs
gansxvavebas raimes gakeTebis Txovnasa da moTxovnas Soris.
SeiZleba kidev 12 sxva elementis gamoyofa, romlebic kinkretul saxes da
garkveulobas sZenen ilokuciur aqtebs. maTi simravlidan mainc gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba avtorebTan eniWeba sams: ilokuciur mizans (illocutionary purpose or point), Sesatyvisobis mimarTulobas (direction of fit) da fsiqologiur moduss
(psichological mode). Tavis mxriv, ilokuciuri mizani am samidanac SiZleba gamoiyos,
rogorc bazisuri kategoria, romlis irgvlivac Tavs iyris danarCeni yvela.
axla SegviZlia ukve aRvniSnoT, rom Cven praqtikulad gaveciT pasuxi zemoT
dasmul kiTxvas, Tu ra emateba propoziciul Sinaarss molaparake subieqtis
mxridan iseT, romelic am Sinaarss gadaaqcevs sametyvelo moqmedebad.
reziume. sametyvelo moqmedeba da analizis praqtika
yovelive imas, rac aqamde iyo gadmocemuli da gansakuTrebiT ki, es Seexeba
Cveni Temis mesame nawils, Tavisi gagrZeleba aqvs. erTi maTgani Teoriulia da mas
iolad aRmoaCens dainteresebuli mkiTxveli habermasis “komunikaciuri
moqmedebis TeoriaSi” (“Theorie von kommunikatiwen Handeln”). meore ki, praqtikuli
da neba momeciT masze oriode sityviT SevCerde. sametyvelo moqmedebis aparati
(ilokuciuri Zalis, fsiqologiuri modusis, Sesatyvisobi mimarTulobis da sxva
cnebebi) dRes farTod gamoiyeneba PR teqnologiebSi, rogorc analizis
mniSvnelovani instrumentariebi. es saSualebebi araCveulebrivad nayofieri
gamodga e.w. intentanalizis praqtikisaTvis. Tu aqamdeli kontentanalizi,
romlis teqnologia gacilebiT ufro adre damuSavda, mxolod masalis Sinaarsis
analizis saSualebas iZleoda, intentanalizma (anu intencionalurma analizma)
31
mkvlevrebs saSualeba misca met-naklebi sizustiT warmoedginaT politikuri
gamosvlis miznebi, am miznebis gamosaxatavad gamoyenebuli saSualebebis
adekvaturoba da is intensivoba anu saTqmelis gadmocemis Tanmxlebi emociuri
muxtis xarisxi, romliTac politikosi cdilobs damajerebeli gaxados Tavisi
pozicia. amgvari analizis praqtika didi xania aiTvisa rusulma PR kampaniebma,
romelTac oriode wlis win mowinave adgili ekavaT msoflio masStabiT.
samwuxarod CemTvis ucnobia msgavsi teqnologiebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi,
xarsrisxi da done saqarTveloSi, Tumca, cxadia ver gamovricxav maT arsebobas.
intentanalizis praqtika TavisTavad Zalze sainteresoa, magram mas sxva iseTi
daniSnuleba aqvs, romelic scildeba Cvens miznebs.
sametyvelo moqmedebis Teoriis da logika/semiotikis elementebis gacnobam
imedia dagvarwmuna, rom Cven axla vflobT mniSvnelovani saxis instrumentariebs
imisaTvis, rom vawarmooT ara mxolod intentanalizi, aramed Cveulebrivi
teqstualuri analizisaTvis. Cevns Semdgom Sexvedrebs unda hqondes praqtikuli
samuSao xasiaTi, sadac vecdebodiT cal-calke segmentebad gamogveyo sxvadasxva
politikuri teqstebidan roorc wminda propoziciuli Sinaarsebi, agreTve
ilokuciuri Zalis iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa molaparakis ganzraxva,
fsiqologiuri modusi da sityvis saganTan Sesatyvisobis mimarTulobis
realoba. minda gamovTqva rwmena, rom amgvari analizi gacilebiT metis momcemia
teqsSi gadmocemuli Sinaarsis gasacnobad, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans. aqve
msurs gavakeTo ori gamafrTxilebeli gancxadeba. upirveles yovlisa, es exeba
wamowyebis siaxles CvenSi. me ar vici sxva SemTxveva, rodesac am tipis
analitikuri instrumentariebi analogiuri miznebiT gamoeyenebinos vinmes
saqarTveloSi (da Tu gulwrfeli viqnebi arc sxvagan sadme). Tumca, siZnele
mxolod pionerobaSi rodia, ufro arsebiTi siZnele axlavs imas, rom sametyvelo
moqmedebis Teoriis instrumetariebi Cveulebriv gamiznulia zepiri
metyvelebisaTvis, romelic yovelTvis ar emTxveva nawers (SesaZloa es iyos erT-
erTi mizezi imisa, ratomac Tavs ikaveben am tipis instrumentariebiT naweris
analizisagan) saWiroa Zalze didi samwerlo ostatoba imisaTvis, rom werilma
SeiZinos zepiri metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dinamika da daemsgavsos mas.
magram esec rom ar iyos, nawers Tavisi specifika aqvs da zepirmetyvelebas
Tavisi. amisda miuxedavad, iseT analizi, rogoric Cven gvaqvs ganzraxuli,
gamouvali siZneleebis winaSe ar unda dadges. miT ufro rom zemoT aRniSnuli PR teqnologiebis rusuli skola, marTalia sxva miznebisaTvis, magram mainc msgavs
instrumentariebs iyenebs sagazeTo da zepiri gamosvlebis Canawerebis
analizisaTvis.
literatura:
1. kote baqraZe — logika. ix. k.baqraZe, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebebi t.II,
gamomc. “mecniereba” Tbilisi, 1981
2.mamuka biWaSvili — sametyvelo moqmedebis analitikuri Teoria. gamomc. “goni”,
Tbilisi 1994.
3.ludvig vitgenStaini — filosofiuri gamokvlevebi. gamomc. logospresi”,
Tbilisi 2004.
4.Ludwig Wittgenstein – Philosophical Investigations. Oxford 1968.
5..John Searle – Speech Acts. An Essey in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge, 1969
6..Ludwig Wittgenstein – Tratcactus Logico-philosophicus.
7. Лудвиг Витгенштеин – Логико-философский трактат. Издю Иностр. литературы, Москва 1958.
8.Дж. Остин – Слово как действие. В кн. Новое в зарубежной лингвистике, выпуск Х111.
32
Teoriuli nawili
Tema 1: zogadi Tvalsazrisi logikis bunebisa da funqciebis
Sesaxeb
logikis mamamTavrad aristotele iTvleba. logikis mecnierebis mokle
daxasiaTebamde, albaT, saintereso iqneboda im pirobebisa da viTarebis
gaxseneba, romlebmac ganapiroba logikis saWiroeba. Zalze zogadi
gansazRvrebiT, logika aris mecniereba azrovnebis swori formebis Sesaxeb.
Tumca, logikis Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba ara azrovnebis funqciebis ufro
Rrmad Seswavlis saWiroebas, aramed misgan iseT daSorebul movlenas, rogoricaa
politika. aq ki, orma “kastam” iTamaSa mniSvnelovani roli _ demagogebma da
sofistebma.
aristoteles axalgzrdobis wlebi, periodi vidre is platonis akademiaSi
swavlobda, daemTxva saberZneTis erT-erTi kulturuli centris, aTenis
demokratiul mmarTvelobas. demokratiuli cxovrebis pirobebSi, politikuri
cxovrebis mTavar adgilad iqca ara warCinebulTa sasaxleebi, aramed agora, anu
aTenis is nawili, sadac qalaqis xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebi ikribebodnen
umniSvnelovanesi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. gadawyvetilebebis
miRebas, cxadia, win uZRoda debatebi saWirboroto problemis irgvliv da
swored aseT debatebSi gamovlinda pirvelad logikis saWiroeba. gamoCndnen
mopolitikoso pirTa gansakuTrebuli tipebi, demagogebi, anu demosis, xalxis
Tavis Wkuaze matarebeli adamianebi, romlebic ama Tu im politikuri
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad imdenad WeSmaritebis dadgeniT ki ar iyvnen
dainteresebuli, ramdenadac imiT, rom sxvadasxva enobrivi xerxebiT
dayoliebinaT Tanamoqalaqeebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom demagogebsa da sofistebs
Soris ar arsebobda pirdapiri da aucilebeli kavSiri, faqtia, rom demagogebis
umetesobas, ufro Teoriul planSi sofisturi moZraobis sxvadasxva
warmomadgenlebi Seadgendnen. sofistika, epistemologiur planSi, xels uwyobda
da afuZnebda demagogiis marTlzomierebas, radgan amtkicebda, rom WeSmariteba
raRac relatiuria da damokidebulia ara imdenad obieqtur viTarebebze,
ramdenadac yoveli individualuri adamianis Sexedulebebze. Tu, vTqvaT,
sokrate moaxerxebda msmenelTa darwmunebas ama Tu im mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi,
maSin WeSmaritad unda CaTvliliyo es mosazreba. Tu sxva dagviyoliebda igives
sapirispiro mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi, maSin upiratesoba am ukanasknels
eniWeboda.
arsebobs Tavbrudamxvevi frazebis da CaxlarTuli winadadebebis uamravi
nairsaxeoba. jer platoni da Semdeg aristotele cdilobdnen maT winaaRmdeg
brZolas, risTvisac saWiro iyo am gamonaTqvamebis jer klasifikacia da Semdeg
maTi bunebis analizi. warmodgena rom gvqondes, Tu ra tipis winadadebebze
saubari, neba momeciT moviyvano aseTi magaliTi: davuSvaT vinme amtkicebs
Semdegi xaiaTis debulebas _ “me vamtkiceb, rom Cemi mtkiceba yalbia”. vikiTxoT
axla, sinamdvileSi yalbia Tu ara es mtkiceba?
iqmneba paradoqsuli situacia, radgan am debulebis WeSmaritebis mtkiceba
mis siyalbes moaswavebs, xolo daSveba, rom is yalbia, misi WeSmaritebis garantias
iZleva. me axla modificirebuli saxiT moviyvane cnobili “crus antinomia”,
romelic, ra Tqma unda, ar aris erTaderTi. arsebobs antinomiebis mTeli rigi,
romelic dResac aqtiurad ganixileba da Seiswavleba. ase magaliTad, moyvanili
antinomiis amoxsna Cvens droSi scada amerikelma logikosma tarskim, romelic
amtkicebs, rom “crus antinomiis” srulyofili analizisaTvis aucilebelia
gavmijnoT metaena da enaobieqti, anu ena romliTac vlaparakobT da ena
romelzedac vlaparakobT.
aristotelem, Tavis droze dawera specialuri naSromi “sofistur yalb
mtkicebulebaTa Sesaxeb”, sadac Seecada moexdina sxvadasxva saxis paradoqsebis
klasifikacia. Tavis mxriv, logikac Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc mecniereba
azrovnebis wminda formebis Sesaxeb, im formebis Sesaxeb, romelTa dacva
5
seminaris gegema
seminaris saxelwodeba: politikuri Teoria da analizis praqtika.
seminaris daxasiaTeba: seminaris idea wamoiWra studentebTan wina wlebSi
gaweuli samuSaos safuZvelze. studentebs micemuli hqondaT ama Tu im avtoris
sakiTxavi masala, romelic asaxavda avtoris cnobil pozicias konkretul poli-
tikur sakiTxze. rogori paradoqsulic ar unda iyos studentebis umravlesobam
ver moaxerxa teqstebidan im daskvnebis gamotana, ris sailustraciodac iyo
SeTavazebuli teqsti. am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganzraxulia studentebs
SevTavazoT im teqstebis analizis praqtikuli samuSao, romelTa Sesaxebac isini
ismenen leqciebs politikur TeoriaSi.
seminaris Tanmimdevroba da dro:
a) Teoriuli nawili da misi Tematika (I kvira) —
• zogadi warmodgena logikis bunebisa da funqciebisSesaxeb;
• semiotikis elementebi (mniSvneloba, sazrisi, konteqsti).
• msjelobis saxeebi. winadadebebis formebi. sazrisi da WeSmariteba;
• intencionalobis Teoria. klasikuri da araklasikuri variantebi. iloku-
ciuri Zala da mosaubris (mwerlis ganzraxva).
b) studentTa individualuri samuSao (II kvira) —
• studentebs Semdegi kviris ganmavlobaSi miecemaT winaswarmomzadebuli
SedarebiT farTe moculobis teqstebi, romlebSiac gamoxatulia avtoris
damokidebuleba konkretuli sakiTxis mimarT. studentma unda zustad
SearCios fragmenti, romelSiac asaxulia es damokidebuleba;
• seminarze studenti warmoadgens ara mxolod saWiro fragments, aramed
moiyvans sakuTar argumentacias, Tu ratom fiqrobs, rom fragmentSi
asaxulia esa da es mosazreba. TiToeul maTgans gamosvlaze oponirebas
gauweven seminaris danaCeni monawileebi.
g) da bolos, Tu gaweuli samuSao Tavad studentebis mier Sefasdeba maTTvis
sasargeblod, maT SevTavazebT jgufur samuSaos, romlis drosac (III kvira) -
• SerCeuli jgufis wevrebi erToblivad moamzadeben konkretuli poli-
tikuri doqtrinis gamomxatvel pasaJs maTTvis cnobili teqstebidan,
romelTa oponirebas gaswevs studentTa meore jgufi, aseve winaswar-
momzadebuli pasaJidan.
4
Political Theory and Practice of Analysis
Summary
The idea of workshop comes from the former seminars, when students came into collision with their reading materials. Students did not understand not main idea of texts, not intention of authors. Come from such experience, we decide to give them some information about logic and semiotic and prepare them for clear analysis of political texts. Our seminar is divided into two, theoretical and practical parts. We meet once in a week during eight week. Three meeting deals with theory of linguistic analysis and the rest five meeting deals with the practical activity. Below we deliver summary content of theoretical part of our workshop.
First of all, we give some information about function and elements of logic. Aristotle considered as a founder of logic. He established new science, because of needs of discussion practice. The science of logic from the age of Aristotle did not developed during of centuries and was considered as a ideal of perfect science. Emmanuel Kant in his “Critic of Pure Reason” call all other sciences to look like logic. Fast development of logic began from XIX century, when George Bool combined classical logic with mathematics and linguistic. Although, contemporary mathematical logic is very successful science, in lectures we restrict ourselves to discuss only classical logic. We define logic as a formal science that produces rules of right thinking. Its formal character gives negative guarantee: in the case of not obeying its rules we’ll make s mistake, but the logic never guarantees that the obedience of its rules automatic gives us the truth. The reason of such its character is the formality of logic mean while, the truth of our judgment is depend not only on its form, but on its content and the logic never deals with content of our thinking. Classical, Aristotlian logic, contains three main theories: theory of concept, theory of judgment and the theory of conclusion. We take up them separately.
The theory of concept is most important part of logic. The content of concept ascertained by definition. The definition of concept says, that the concept is such content of our thought, where a thing or the group of things are represented by its essential feature. For example, Aristotle defined a human being as a political animal. In this definition, quality of political considered so specific, that it is absolutely enough for single out a man from all other things of the world. Every concept has its own intention and extension. These qualifications of concept are depended on each other. If the intension, or content of concept is poor, its extension is wide and vice versa, full content always refers to a concrete object. In context of the theory of concept we discuss three theories that deals with the problem of ontology of mental objects. these theories are Logicism, Formalism and Intuicionism.
Next part of logic is the theory of judgment. We define judgment as an idea about state of affair, where, at the same time, something is ascribe or deny to this state of affair. In contrast to concept, the judgment is always true or false. It represents complete sentence. The structure of judgment in all cases is same. It contains three main parts: the subject of judgment – it is to what something is ascribed; the predicate – what is ascribed to something and in the end, so call copula, a term that provides connection between the subject and predicate. There are different kinds of judgments. We concentrate attention to difference between analytic and synthetic judgments. Definitions: The judgment is analytic when the predicate is included into subject and derives from it with necessity and contrary, the judgment is synthetic when the predicate is not included in subject and prescribed to it from outside. It is clear, that because of such character, synthetic judgments are always accidental. From division of analytical and synthetic judgments we derive the classification of science. Those disciplines, where analytical judgments are dominant, such as in mathematics or logic, we call analytical sciences. Disciplines, where synthetic judgments are basic, we call empirical or synthetic sciences. Later, we separate in class of empirical sciences those disciplines that are concentrated on human being. These are so call humanitarian sciences. They have in use specific method – hermeneutic, the method, the first example of which was invented by German philosopher, Dilthey. Acquaintance with different kinds of judgments gives us a possibility to introduce a definition of “analysis”. Analysis as a practice implies a division of whole thing into separate constituents and study
33
Mamuka Bichashvili
each of them independently. Last part of the logic is the theory of conclusion. Definition of conclusion we gave is
simple. The conclusion is the judgment that is derived from two previous judgments. In context of theory of conclusion we are discussing two kinds of conclusions, namely, deduction and induction. We point out, that Aristotle’s own theory was based on deduction, but later, under needs of empirical sciences inductive theory of conclusion, saying it broadly, inductive logic was developed.
The theme of second theoretical seminar is semiotics. Charles William Morris’ well known article “The Foundation of Theory of Signs” is considered as starting point of scientific study of signs. Semiotics is understood as science about signs and semiosis as a theory about use of signs. Semiotics divides into three main parts – semantics, syntax and pragmatics. The problems of semantics were analyzed earlier, problems of syntax a bit later, but the pragmatics was elaborated only in first part of XX century, under influence of works of Ludwig Wittgenstein.
First we take the semantics. We take a sign and try to analyze it under semantic structures. In this regard, we separate denoting phrases, designate and meaning of a sign. Let’s consider them one after another. We define a denoting phrase as a material or physical covering of each language sign. It always denotes something, something that is an object of our though. Denoting phrase always must be expressed physical, in a written or spelling form. It is a necessary form of communication. Designate from another hand, is to what refers denoting phrase. Sometimes it is a real object, sometimes our idea. The relationship between denotation and designated is not symmetric. We may have two or more denotative phrases and only one designated thing. For example, three phrases – “Morning star”, “Evening star” and “ “Venera” refers to one and same object. A meaning, in the end, may be defined as a mode of how denoting phrase refers to designate. The meaning belongs to words and definite phrases, but not to sentences. Sentences need beside of semantic qualities, also syntactic dimension. Different semantic conceptions have different structure.
Syntax can be defined as a science about word order. Syntax studies the rules that are regulating connection among different words and expressions. Only on the syntactic level we have a contact with the sense of sentences. There are two preconditions that determine the legitimacy of sentence’s sense. The first precondition requires, that all signs included in sentence have to have their own meanings. The requirement of second precondition is the maintenance of syntactic rules. If we need our sentence to have a sense, we have to keep the rules of the given language word order.
Pragmatics defined as a science that studies the use of signs. Classical language theory points at three main functions of language, that are function of expression, function of designation and function of communication. After the works of Wittgenstein number of functions increased up to infinity. Wittgenstein wrote about multiplicity, what he calls “language- games”. How many kinds of sentence are there? - asked and answered he, that there are countless different kinds of use of what we call “symbols”, “words”, “sentences”:
Giving order and obeying them – Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements – Constructing an object from description (drawing) – Reporting an event – Speculating about an event – Forming and testing a hypothesis – Presenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagrams – Making up a story and reading it and so on. All such kinds of activities Wittgenstein calls language –games and he believed that they
reflect different functions of language. This multiplicity is not something fixed, given once for all; but new types of language, new language-games. He thought, that commanding, questioning, recounting, chatting are as much a part of our natural history as walking, eating, drinking, playing.
One of the fundamental concept of pragmatics is the concept of context. Only thanks to contextual determination we understand the sense of sentences. There are two kind of contextual determination – extralinguistic and inrtalinguistic. Extralinguistic context determines such kind of events in speech activity as social status of speaker, speaker’s
34
s a r C e v i
seminaris gegema ........................................................................................................ 4
1. zogadi Tvalsazrisi logikis bunebisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb .......... 5
1. 1. cneba................................................................................................................. 6
1. 2. msjeloba........................................................................................................ 9
1. 3. analizis meTodi........................................................................................ 12
1. 4. daskvna........................................................................................................... 14
2.semiotikis elementebi ...................................................................................... 15
2. 1. termini "niSani" ....................................................................................... 16
2. 2. semantika ...................................................................................................... 20
2. 3. sintaqsi ........................................................................................................ 23
2. 4. pragmatika.................................................................................................... 25
3.molaparakis ganzraxva da
molaparakis sityvebis sazrisi metyvelebaSi....................................... 26
3. 1. sametyvelo moqmedeba da misi elementebi ...................................... 27
3. 2. subieqturi mniSvneloba........................................................................ 29
3.3. metyvelebis intencionaluri mxare. ganzraxva da ilokucia .........30
reziume. sametyvelo moqmedeba da analizis praqtika............................. 31
Political Theory and Practice of Analysis .........................................................33
3
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa
centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 5 - 0
surroundings, listener’s ability of understanding an etc. Intralinguistic context determines a sense of sentence buy its former content as well as buy a content of intended statements.
Survey of problems of pragmatics may be considered as a preparation for discussing more fundamental speech act theory, that was elaborated in the beginning by Austin and then developed by American philosopher, Searle.
Austin’s structure of speech acts contains such elements as (a) act of locution; (b) act of illocution and (c) the act of perlocution.. The first of them, act of locution, means normal speech activity. It in itself is divided into phonetical, phatical and rethical elements. The second one means that non-linguistic activity we are carrying out by use of words. For example, the plea of excuses, announcement of war, verdict of grand jury are forms of illocutionary acts. The third element of speech acts are so call perlocutionary act and it means an effect, that speaker makes on hearer.
Above mentioned elements of Austin’s theory developed from his former ideas about specificity of so call performative utterances. In contrast to constative utterances, performatives have no descriptive functions. They are not descriptive sentences, but words of action. Use the performative utterances means not only speaking, but also acting in the definite way.
Austin’s theory was developed by John Searle in his work “Speech Acts. An Essay in the Philosophy of Language”. Searle used the hypothesis of language as the rule-governed intentional behavior to explain the possibility of linguistic characterizations. The form that this hypothesis will take is that speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such making statements, giving commands, asking questions, making promises and so on. Searl’s specific approach to speech acts means, that the production of a sentence token under certain conditions is a speech act and speech acts are basic or minimal units of linguistic communication. When man takes a nise or a mark on a piece of paper to be an instance of linguistic communication, as a message, one of the things man must assume is that the noise or mark was produced by a being or beings more or less like him and produced with certain kinds of intentions. If we regard the noise or mark as a natural phenomenon like the wind in the trees or a stain on the paper, we exclude it from he class of linguistic communication, even tough the noise or mark may be indistinguishable from spoken or written words.
Searle’s approach is simply a study of, in Saussurisn terms, “parole”, rather than “langue”, but he believes, that an adequate study of speech acts is a study of langue. The communication necessarily involves speech acts and it is an analytical truth about language that whatever can be meant can be said. A theory of language is part of a theory of action, simply because speaking is a rule-governed form of behavior. The speech act or acts performed in the utterance of a sentence are in general a function of the meaning of the sentence. The meaning of a sentence does not in all cases uniquely determine what speech act is performed in a given utterance of that sentence, for a speaker may mean more than what he actually says, but it is always the principle possible for him to say exactly what he means.
Searle changed Austin’s structure of speech acts and gave them following form: (a) locution act, or broadly speech act; (b) prepositionary act and third element, (c)illocutionary act. Illocutionary act undoubtedly is most interesting phenomenon in linguistic theory of Searle. In broader characterization illocutionary acts based on definitions of prepositional and locutionary acts. Correlative with the notion of propositionary acts are certain kinds of expressions uttered in their performance: the characteristic grammatical form of the prepositional acts are parts of sentences: grammatical predicates for the act of predication and proper names, pronouns for reference. Propositional acts can not occur alone; that is, one can not just refer and predicate without making an assertion or asking a question or ferforming some other illocutionary acts. The linguistic correlate of this point is that sentences, not words are used to say things. This is also, what Frege meant when he said that only in the context of a sentence do words have reference. The same thing is asserting by Searle: one only refers as part of the performance of an illocutionary act and the grammatical clothing of an illocutionary act is the complete sentence. An utterance of a referring expression only counts as referring if one says something. Its analysis uncovered following elements of speaker’s intention – the direction of fit, psychological mode,
35
illocutionary purpose or point.. These elements, along with other less important units are enough to understand what sense of his intention puts the speaker into its words.
The theory of speech acts has its theoretical and practical development. On theoretical level it was reinterpreted by German sociologist Habermass as most important constituent of his his Theory of communicative action. On the practical level, elements of speech acts were included in analytical PR technologies of Russian PR companies. Our aim is to use all stated language instruments for analyzing political texts in such a way that separate the objective meaning of written words from the main intention that their author have to had..
36
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
politikuri
Teoria da
analizis praqtika
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze
intensiuri seminari
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis
mamuka biWaSvili
Tbilisi
2006
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