tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba · pdf file- frederik jeimsoni; postmodernizmi anu gviani...

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Tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba

qrestomaTia

nakveTi I

sarCevi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 gv. winasityvaoba . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 3 Tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Tavi I. politikis Teoriisa da filosofiis problemebi _ maqs veberi, politika rogorc mowodeba da profesia . . . 28 _ karl Smiti, politikuris cneba . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 32 _ iurgen habermasi, faqtobriobasa da validurobis Soris:

samarTlisa da demokratiuli samarTlebrivi mmarTvelobis diskursiuli Teoriis Sesaxeb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

_ maikl uolceri, samarTlianobis sferoebi . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 _ jon elsteri, bazari da forumi; politikis Teoriis sami nairsaxeoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 _ jon roulzi, politikuri liberalizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 . Tavi II. politikuri ideologia *1 ra aris ideologia? _ karl manhaimi, ideologia da utopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 _ raimon aroni, inteleqtualebis opiumi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 _ daniel beli, ideologiis dasasruli dasavleTSi . . . . . . . .125 *2 klasikuri ideologiebi – liberalizmi, konservatizmi, marqsizmi _ jon stiuart mili, Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 _ edmund berki, werili nacionaluri asambleis wevrs . . . . . . . . . 146 - robert nisbeti, konservatizmi: ocneba da realoba . . . . . . 163

- karl marqsi, 1884 wlis ekonomikur-filosofiuri xelnawerebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Tavi III. politikuri institutebi da politikuri reJimebi *1. institutebi (zogadi Teoria) - devid istoni, politikuri sistemebis analizi . . . . . . . . . 189 - mankur olsoni, koleqtiuri moqmedebis logika . . . . . . . . . 211 *2. saxelmwifo, saxelmwifoebrivi institutebi _ maqs veberi, meurneoba da sazogadoeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

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_ bernard manini, warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis principebi 220 _ janfranko poji, saxelmwifo; misi buneba, ganviTareba da perspeqtivebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 - karl marqsi; komunisturi partiis manifesti . . . . . . . . . . . .242 *3.politikuri partiebi - robert mixelsi, oligarqiis rkinis kanoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 _ moris diuverJe, politikuri partiebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

nakveTi II

Tavi IV. nacionalizmi, politikuri kultura da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba - gabriel almondi, samoqalaqo kulturis cnebis inteleqtualuri istoria . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 _ ronald ingleharti, modernizacia da postmodernizacia: kulturis, politikisa da ekonomikis cvlileba 43 sazogadoebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 _ adam seligmani, ndobis problema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 - entoni smiti, erebis warmoSoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Tavi V. demokratiis Teoria - Sumpeteri, kapitalizmi, socializmi da demokratia . . . . . 328 - aleqsis de tokvili, demokratia amerikaSi . . . . . . . . . . . 339 - iurgen habermasi, legitimaciis krizisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Tavi VI. demokratizacia - dankvart rastou, transformacia demokratiisaken - dinamikuri

modeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 - adam pSevorski, mdgradi demokratia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395 Tavi VII. Tanamedroveoba, postTanamedroveoba da globalizacia - daniel beli, momavali postindustriuli sazogadoeba . . . . . 404 - frederik jeimsoni; postmodernizmi anu gviani kapitalizmis kulturuli logika . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 _ manuel kastelsi, identurobis Zala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 wyaroebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 442 avtorebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

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winasityvaoba

politikuri mecnierebis swavlebis sferoSi arsebulma

gamocdilebam cxadad gvaCvena, rom is saxelmZRvaneloebi socialur

mecnierebaTa sferoSi, romlebic dRes arsebobs qarTul enaze (romelnic

upiratesad warmoadgendnen saxelmZRvaneloebs bakalavriatisaTvis) ver

warmoaCens Sesabamis mecnierebaTa Tanamedrove dones. gansakuTrebiT

savalaloa am TvalsazrisiT mdgomareoba politikuri mecnierebis

sferoSi. mTeli rigi istoriuli da obieqturi mizezebiT ganpirobebuli

amgvari realoba, ukiduresad saSur saqmed xdis Tanamedrove politikuri

mecnierebis miRwevebis gacnobas da aTvisebas studentTa (xSir

SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelTa) mier. xsenebuli amocanis gadawyvetis

yvelaze optimalur gzad avtorTa jgufma miviCnieT qrestomaTiis

Sedgena, romelSic sistematuri formiT warmodgenili iqneboda

Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis ZiriTadi miRwevebi. aseTi tipis

qrestomaTias SeuZlia nawilobriv mainc Seavsos arsebuli xarvezi da

Seasrulos saxelmZRvanelos funqcia samagistro swavlebis procesSi.

vfiqrobT, aseTi tipis saxelmZRvanelo SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas

bakalavriatis bolo kursebze swavlebis procesSic.

qrestomaTiis saxelwodebaa "Tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba".

sityva "Tanamedrove" ZiriTadad gulisxmobs qronologiur periods,

mokidebuli XIX saukunis meore naxevridan dRemde.

manamde arsebuli klasikuri politikuri literatura ufro

xelmisawvdomia studentebisaTvis (aris rusul enaze da aris Cvens

biblioTekebSi) da Semosulia samecniero mimoqcevaSi (rasac

ganapirobebda sabWoTa sinamdvileSi arsebuli viTareba, romelic

swavlobda mxolod marqsamdel literaturas, xolo marqsis Semdgoms

imTaviTve mcdarad miiCnevda, mxolod imitom, rom is SeuTavsebeli iyo

marqsizmTan).

qrestomaTiaSi warmodgenilia 30-mde avtori, romelTac

ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvT Tanamedrove politikuri

mecnirebisaTvis.

qrestomaTia dayofilia Tavebad Tematuri principis mixedviT.

TiToeul TavSi warmodgenilia ramdenime avtori. TiToeul avtors

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eTmoba daaxloebiT 10-15 gverdi. avtorTa naSromebidan SerCeulia

nawyvetebi, romlebic yvelaze mkafiod da SeZlebisdagvarad zedmiwevniT

gadmoscemen warmodgenil avtorTa Sexedulebebs Sesabamis TemebTan

dkavSirebiT.

saxelmZRvanelo umTavresad samagistro swavlebisas gamoiyeneba.

pirvel rigSi, is gamoyenebul iqneba im samizne fakultetebze,

romlebzedac ikiTxeboda OSGF socialur mecnierebaTa mxardaWeris

programis farglebSi momzadebuli saleqcio kursebi da agreTve Tsu-Si

axlaxan gaxsnili socialur mecnierebaTa samagistro modulis

magistrantTa swavlebisas. kerZod, qrestomaTia Seasrulebs

saxelmZRvanelos funqcias socialur-politikuri Teoriis saleqcio

kursebis msmenelTaTvis.

amave dros qrestomaTia mTlianad an misi calkeuli nawilebi

SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnan socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi sxvadasxva

tipis (rogorc zogadi, aseve specialuri) kursebis msmenelTa

(aspirantTa da maswavlebelTa) mier.

calke gvinda avRniSnoT, rom qrestomaTiaSi warmodgenili

teqstebis analizi da diskusiebi iq wamoWril sakiTxebze uaRresad

sasargeblo formad migvaCnia saseminaro muSaobisaTvis.

dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom avtorTa jgufs kargad aqvs

gacnobierebuli, rom xsenebuli qrestomaTia mxolod erT-erTi nabijia

im xarvezis daZlevaSi, romelic dRevandel viTarebaSi axasiaTebs

socialur mecnierebebs da kerZod, politikur mecnierebas. Cven

vimedovnebT, rom warmodgenili naSromi xels Seuwyobs politikur

mecnierebaTa sferoSi iseTi saswavlo literaturis Sesaqmnelad

Semdgomi muSaobis gagrZelebas, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba

Tanamedrove mecnierebis miRwevebze.

qrestomaTiaze muSaobda avtorTa jgufi: Tamar berekaSvili, mamuka

biWaSvili, nino kiRuraZe, marina musxeliSvili, gia JorJoliani.

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Tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba

samive sityva cal-calke, romelic Cven saTaurSia mocemuli,

Tumca pirveli SexedviT SeiZleba uaRresad cxadi da martivi

gveCvenos, sinamdvileSi bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi

inteleqtualTa mravali Taobis msjelobisa da gaazrebis, Rrma da

mravalmxrivi kvlevis sagans warmoadgenda.

ra aris politikuri mecnierebis sagani, anu ra aris politika?

SesaZlebelia Tu ara am sagnis - politikis - mecnieruli

Seswavla, anu SesaZlebelia Tu arsebobdes mecnieruli codna

politikis Sesaxeb, iseTive tipisa da xarisxis codna, rogoric

arsebobs bunebis Sesaxeb?

ras vgulisxmobT TanamedroveobaSi da ra adgili ukavia

TanamedroveobaSi mecnierebas, mecnierul codnas sazogadod da

politikur mecnierebas, kerZod?

gansakuTrebiT izrdeba politikis roli da mniSvneloba

gardamtex da gardamaval istoriul periodebSi, rodesac radikalur

transformacias ganicdian cxovrebis wesis safuZvlebi, adamianTa

idealebi, Rirebulebebi, msoflmxedvelobrivi midgomebi, orientirebi

da sxva.

swored kardinalur cvlilebaTa aseT periodSi imyofeba dRes

Cveni qveyana. sruliad aSkaraa, riom swored dRes uaRresad aqtualuri

xdeba gadaazreba da gardaqmna socialuri mecnierebebis mTeli

sistemisa, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani xdeba

politikuri mecniereba, ramdenadac igi faqtiurad cariel adgilze

iwyebs arsebobas.

ra aris politika?

ra aris politika? politika aris is, rasac akeTebs mTavroba da

rasTanac Cven mxolod televizoriT sainformacio gadacemebis yureba

Tu gvakavSirebs - aris sakmaod mosalodneli pasuxi rigiTi

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moqalaqisgan. Tumca politikasTan gacilebiT ufro xSirad gvaqvs

saqme, vidre amas vamCnevT.

rodesac Cven gadavdivarT (an ar gadavdivarT) zafxulis droze,

rodesac viRebT (an ar viRebT) xelfass, rodesac vuyurebT (an ar

vuyurebT) saxelmwifo televizias da a.S. Cven SevdivarT SexebaSi

xelisuflebasTan da ganvicdiT misi gadawyvetilebebis zemoqmedebas.

rodesac vcdilobT davamyaroT klasSi wesrigi, vaiZuloT

zarmaci mowafe iswavlos an vukrZalavT Svils televizoris yurebas

sxva, ufro sasargeblo saqmianobis xarjze, Cven vcdilobT

gamoviyenoT Cveni avtoriteti sxva adamianebze zegavlenis mosaxdenad.

aq naCvenebia politikis im nairsaxeobaTa magaliTebi,

romlebTanac TiToeuli CvenTagani yoveldRiurad modis

SexebaSi:politika, rogorc xelisuflebis saqmianoba da politika

ufro farTo gagebiT - rogorc adamianis mier sxvebze zemoqmedeba,

rac nebismieri sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Semadgeneli nawilia.

qvemoT moyvanilia politikis zogierTi gansazRvreba.

tabula 1.

~politikisa~ da ~Zalauflebis~ gansazRvrebebi politika marTvis mecniereba da xelovneba; mecniereba, dakavSirebuli saxelmwifos an misi nawilis formasTan, organizebasTan da administrirebasTan, aseve sxva saxelmwifoebTan misi urTierTobebis regulirebasTan.

(Shorter Oxford English Dictionary) danawevrebuli sazogadoebebis marTva Tavisufali diskusiis procesis meSveobiT, zedmeti Zaladobis gareSe.

(Bernard Crick, 1964) vin ras, rodis, rogor iRebs?

(H.Lasswell, 1936) adamianis mier adamianis amoZraveba.

(Bertrand de Jouvenal, 1963) RirebulebaTa mbrZanebluri ganawileba (ganTavseba).

(David Easton, 1979)

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Zalaufleba gamiznuli Sedegebis warmoeba.

(Bertrand Russell, 1938)

albaToba imisa, rom sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi monawile pirovneba aRmoCndeba iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, SeZlebs ganaxorcielos sakuTari survili, im safuZvlis ganurCevlad, romelzedac aRmocendeba es albaToba.

(Max Weber)

sazogadoebis resursebis mobilizebis unari im miznebis misaRwevad, romelTa Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia saerTo samoqalaqo SeTanxmebis miRweva.

(Talcott Parsons, 1957) sazogadoebrivi klasis unari ganaxorcielos Tavisi specifikuri obieqtiuri interesebi.

(Nicos Poulantzas, 1973)

am tabulaSi mocemuli gansazRvrebebis detaluri analizis

gareSedac cxadia, rom isini mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan,

rac avtorTa Sexedulebebis mravalferovnebas asaxavs. politikis

gansazRvrebebi, romlebic ekuTvnis politologebs, umetes SemTxvevaSi

gacilebiT ufro zogadia (moicaven movlenebis ufro farTo spektrs),

vidre pirveli, leqsikoniseuli, ganmarteba, romelic izRudeba

saxelmwifoTi (Tumca aq SesaZlebelia ~saxelmwifos nawilis~ ufro

farTo gagebac). Sesabamisad isini arian TanxmobaSi im SexedulebasTan,

rom politika ufro exeba Zalauflebis sazogadoebriv

ganxorcielebas, vidre ubralod saxelmwifos saqmianobasa da

mowyobas. Tumca es nawilobriv SeiZleba iyos mecnierTa mier sakuTari

disciplinis bunebrivi ~gazviadebis~ Sedegi.

SevxedoT, agreTve, Tu ra erTeulis analizisTvisaa Seqmnili esa

Tu is ganmarteba. veberi, lasveli da de iuvenali, rogorc Cans,

pirvel rigSi fiqroben Zalauflebis ganmaxorcielebel pirovnebaze;

kriki da parsonsi ixilaven mTel sazogadoebas; leqsikoni laparakobs

mTavrobaze, xolo pulancasi pirveladi politikuri ~momqmedebis~

rolSi ixilavs klasebs. es asaxavs sxvaobas individualistur da

koleqtivistur Teoriebs Soris.…

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arsebobs agreTve meore mniSvnelovani midgoma, romelic

ganasxvavebs politologebs. zogi maTgani miiCnevs, rom politikis

arss warmoadgens konfliqti, romelSiac erTi monawile mxare igebs

imdens, ramdensac meore agebs. sxvebs miaCniaT, rom monawile mxareTa

urTierTobas (TanamSromlobas) SeiZleba yvelasaTvis dadebiTi Sedegi

hqondes. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebis TanamSromlobam

SesaZlebelia meti SesZinos TiToeuls, vidre paeqrobam. Sesabamisad am

urTierTsawinaaRmdego midgomebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia radikalurad

gansxvavebuli aqcentebi SeTanxmebebze da konfliqtebze.

moris diuverJes mtkicebiT, ~orsaxovani RmerTi, ianusi, aris

Zalauflebis namdvili saxe~. sxva sityvebiT, orive- konfliqti da

TanamSromloba warmoadgens politikuri situaciis Seqmnis

mniSvnelovan elements. ~politikaSi~ Sedis mravalnairi situaciebi,

romlebSiac, erTis mxriv, gansxvavebuli miznebis mqone adamianebi

erTad muSaoben im miznebis misaRwevad, romlebic aqvT saerTo, xolo

meores mxriv, paeqroben, rodesac es miznebi mTlianad gansxvavdeba.

orive - TanamSromloba da paeqroba - SeiZleba moicavdes

molaparakebebs, kamaTs da Zaladobas. politikis xelovneba ufro

xSirad SeiZleba mdgomareobdes kavSirebis SesaZleblobebis ZiebaSi,

vidre sxvadasxva jgufebis dapirispirebaSi.

midgomebi politikis Seswavlisadmi

dResdReobiT politikis Seswavlisadmi arsebobs sami ZiriTadi

akademiuri midgoma, romlebic SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc

~tradiciuli swavleba~, ~sazogadoebrivi mecniereba~ da ~radikaluri

kriticizmi~

~tradiciuli mkvlevarebi~ xSirad swavloben politikis

kerZo sakiTxebs, ganixilaven erT calkeul qveyanas, politikur

instituts, Teoriul koncefcias an avtors Rrmad - sxva akademiuri

disciplinis, gansakuTrebiT ki istoriisa da filosofiis meTodebis

da koncefciebis gamoyenebiT. ase, magaliTad, did BbritaneTSi sul

bolo dromde politologiuri saswavlo programebis SuagulSi iyo

calkeuli britanuli politikuri institutebi maTs istoriul

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konteqstSi, didi politikuri filosofosebi da is, rasac arasworad

uwodeben ~SedarebiT mmarTvelobas~. ukanaskneli mdgomareobs amerikis,

sabWouri da safrangeTis mmarTvelobis da politikis cal-calke

SeswavlaSi. bolo dros gamosul erT-erT statiaSi ganxilulia

mowinave amerikuli da britanuli Jurnalebi da naCvenebia, rom im

dros, rodesac britanul JurnalSi Political Studies statiebis 91

procenti exeba institucionalur, aRweriT, konceptualur an

filosofiur sakiTxebs (politikuri azrovnebis istoriis CaTvliT),

amerikuli American Political Science Rewiew-s statiebis 71 procenti

dawerilia bihevioristul/empiriul an deduqciur/racionaluri

arCevanis kategoriebSi.

am tradiciul midgomas ~sazogadoebrivi mecniereba~ xSirad

uwodebs ~ideografias~, (sityva, romelic warmoqmnilia Cinuri

damwerlobidan - ideogramebidan da niSnavs erTbaSad erTi sagnis

asaxvas) da sanacvlod ~nomoTetur~, anu ganmazogadebel midgomas

warmoaCens, romlis amocanaa zogadi Teoriebis an kanonebis gamoyvana

politikuri qcevis arsis aRsawerad. ase rom tipiuri amerikuli

saswavlo programa svams politikur mecnierebebs sazogadoebriv

mecnierebaTa erTian urTierTdakavSirebul jgufSi sociologiasTan

da ekonomikasTan erTad. yvela am mecnierebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia

Tanamedrove raodenobrivi (kompiuteruli) meTodebis gamoyeneba

monacemebis mecnieruli ~analizisaTvis~.

~radikaluri kriticizmi~, marTalia ar uaryofs sasargeblo

ganzogadoebebis saWiroebas politikis Seswavlad, magram amave dros

brals debs amerikanizirebul politikur mecnierebs konservatiul

midrekilebebSi. am mimarTulebis mimdevrebi xSirad ufro erTgulni

arian zogadi doqtrinis, romelic moiTxovs arsebuli (dasavluri)

sazogadoebebis radikalur cvlilebas, vidre akademiuri disciplinis.

yvelaze xSirad eseni arian marqsizmis raime nairsaxeobis

warmomadgenlebi, Tumca analogiuri kriticizmi SesaZlebelia

emyarebodes feministur an ekologiur pozicias.

midgomebs Soris aRniSnuli sxvaobebi mdgomareobs ufro metad

imaSi, Tu raSi xedavs avtori Tavis rols, ra meTodebs iyenebs,

analizisa da faseulobebis ra tips warmoaCens, vidre konkretuli

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SemoTavazebuli Teoriebis detalebSi. sxvadasxva skolebis da

midgomebis mier SemuSavebuli Teoriebis Sedareba avlens adamianebis

gamocdilebis sxvadasxva sferoebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas,

gansxvavebas Sesaswavli sakiTxebis SinaarsSi da amave dros erTi da

igive skolis an midgomis CarCoebSi msgavsi koncefciebis da

modelebis gamoyenebis tendencias. im SemTxvevebSic ki, rodesac saqme

aqvT pirveli SexedviT erTsa da imave cnebebTan (mag. ~demokratia~,

~arCevnebi~, ~sazogadoeba~), sxvadasxva skolebi da midgomebi imdenad

gansxvavdebian Tavisi interesebiTa da SexedulebebiT, rom

gamoricxulia maT Soris raime dialogis warmarTva.

tabula 2. iZleba zogad warmodgenas am ZiriTad midgomebze da

skolebze, romlebsac dabla ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.

tabula 2.

ZiriTadi Tanamedrove midgomebi politikis swavlebaSi

tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi mecniereba

radikaluri

amocana nawil-nawil aRwera (ganmarteba)

politikis mecniereba

radikaluri sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi

meTodebi aRweriTi, istoriuli, filosofiuri analizi

raodenobrivi an ilustrirebuli Teoretizireba

ideologiuri kriticizmi

faseulobebi liberalur demokratiuli

pro-amerikuli demokratia da ~ganviTareba~

anti-arsebuli wesrigis

analizis kuTxe

politikuri, fsiqologiuri, filosofiuri

politikuri da socialuri

mravalmxrivi

Sesaswavli sivrce

calkeuli institutebi an qveynebi

aSS an regionis Seswavla

globaluri da istoriuli

Seswavlis sagani

konstituciuri konsesusi kataklizmebis pirobebSi

pluralizmi klasobrivi/sqesobrivi/ sxva tipis konfliqti

skolebi (a) liberalur-institucionaluri

(b) istoriuli (g) filosofiuri

(a) funqcionalisturi

(b) ekonomikuri (g) sistemuri

(a) marqsisturi (b) feministuri (g) ekologisturi

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tipiuroba konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, politikuri kultura, winaaRmdegobebi

koncefciebi didi adamiani bazari, ukukavSiri patriarqati

tradiciuli swavleba

pirveli akademiuri mwerlebi, romlebic werdnen politikaze -

platoni da aristotele - maTi naSromebi kvlavac detalurad

iswavleba britanul universitetebSi, ar hyofdnen codnas calke

disciplinebad rogorc es Tanamedrove praqtikaSia miRebuli.

Sesabamisad isini ar eridebodnen istoriuli da mimdinare movlenebis

ganxilvis kombinirebas globalur moralur sakiTxebze msjelobasTan,

rogorc, magaliTad, ~ra aris mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma?~ an ~ra

aris samarTali?~ es garkveulwilad ~ekleqturi~ midgoma gadaiRo

mecxramete saukunis zogierTma yvelaze popularulma klasikosma

mweralma, rogoricaa jon stiuart mili, briusi da de tokvili. am

avtorebs demokratiis ganviTareba miaCndaT maTi drois

umniSvnelovanes politikur miRwevad da miiswrafodnen ganexilaT ara

marto demokratiis idea, aramed misi Tanamedrove realizeba sxvadasxva

qveynebSi, cdilobdnen SeeTavazebinaT demokratiuli mmarTvelobis

warmoqmnadi realobis gaumjobeseba da mowyoba.

vinaidan dResdReobiT politikis dargSi momuSave seriozuli

avtorebi miiswrafvian gaxdnen universitetebis leqtorebi, romlebsac

evalebaT specializeba da profesiul JurnalebSi statiebis da/an

avtoritetul akademiur gamomcemlobebSi monografiebis gamoqveyneba,

maT aqvT tendencia SedarebiT SezRudon Tavisi saqmianobis sfero;

Sesabamisad, filosofiuri ganaTlebis mqone avtorebi swavloben

koncefciebs da ideebis istorias, istorikosebi izRudebian drois

mcire periodebiT da mcire geografiuli arealebiT, xolo

politologiuri institutebis studentebi specializirdebian

saarCevno sistemebSi, inglisis parlamentis komitetebSi an

privatizebis politikaSi.

12

britanuli universitetebis politologiur fakultetebze

ZiriTadad grZeldeba muSaoba politikis Teoriaze da ~politikur

institutebze~ - zogad TeoriebTan, ~politikur qcevebTan~ an

~sazogadoebriv mecnierebasTan~ miRebuli Sedegebis dakavSirebis

yovelgvari sistematuri mcdelobebis gareSe. imaTgan, visac

saprofesoro kaTedra ukavia, zogierTs exlac urCevnia uwodos Tavis

Tavs istorikosi an filosofosi, vidre politologi.

Tumca, skeptikurad an ambiciurad ganwyobilma adamianebma

SeiZleba kiTxvis qveS daayenon amgvari saqmianobis (aq: imis Seswavla,

Tu rogor iqmneba esa Tu is saxelmwifo institutebi, kanonebi da

praqtika, romelsac isini emyarebian, rogor SeiZleba maTi

gaumjobeseba, a.S.) akademiuroba. aris Tu ara misi Sedegi namdvili

~codna~, romelic SeiZleba kanonierad iswavlebodes universitetebSi,

Tu es aris ubralod saRi azri, romelic gamoadgeba maT, vinc

eTanxmeba mkvlevaris (konservatiul da liberalur) Sexedulebebs?

tradiciuli mkvlevarebisgan gansxvavebiT skeptikosebis azriT

warmomadgenlobiTi institutebis saqmianoba sinamdvileSi aris

ubralod arsebuli eqspluataciuri politikis matyuara niRabi (ix.

mogvianebiT radikaluri kriticizmi- red.), xolo ambiciurebi meoce

saukunis miwuruls codnis erTaderT misaReb safuZvlad mxolod

mecnierulad dasabuTebul Teoriebs Tu miiCneven.

politologia rogorc sazogadoebrivi mecniereba

imis mtkiceba, rom politikis codna unda iyos mecnierulad

dasabuTebuli, pirveli SexedviT eWvs ar iwvevs. mraval sxva sferoSi -

fizika, bioqimia, astronomia - mecnieruli meTodebis gamoyenebam ara

marto sxvadasxva mecnieruli kanonebis sisworis farTo aRiareba

moitana, aramed praqtikuli Sedegebic gamoiRo kosmosuri xomaldebisa

Tu saswaulmoqmedi wamlebis saxiT. Tuki codnis erT sferoSi

Sedegiania sistematuri dakvirvebebi, monacemebis kompiuteruli

analizi, hipotezebis eqsperimentuli Semowmeba da patara agurebisgan

codnis uzarmazari Senobebis ageba, ratom ar SeiZleba igive

meTodebiT Sedegebis miReba sxva sferoSic? imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu

13

ramdens kamaToben dResdReobiT adamianebi politikis arsze, SeiZleba

vifiqroT, rom politikis mecnierebis ageba aris Cveni drois yvelaze

saswrafo inteleqtualuri amocana.

meores mxriv, Rirebuli politikuri Teoriis Seqmna imdenad

grandiozuli amocanaa, rom eWvis qveS ayenebs mTel proeqts. am

amocanis gadaWra dakavSirebulia iseT problemebTan, rogoricaa

faseulobebis konfliqti, sakiTxis sirTule, Seswavlis meTodi da

filosofiuri problemebi.

faseulobebis konfliqti: faseulobaTa konfliqtis gverdis

avla im motiviT, rom is mecnierul kvlevebs uSualod ar exeba,

mimzidvelad gamoiyureba. Cveulebrivad amtkiceben, rom mecniereba

TavisTavad moralurad neitraluria (~Sefasebebisgan Tavisufali~),

magram SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli kargad Tu cudad. ase magaliTad,

atomis struqtura yvelgan erTnairia, viyenebT mas civilizaciis

dasangrevad Tu eleqtroenergiis sawarmoeblad. marTalia, bioqimiis

codnis gamoyeneba pirovnebis jamrTelobis dasacavad ufro advilia,

vidre politikis codnis gamoyeneba jamrTeli sazogadoebis

Sesaqmnelad - vinaidan arsebobs ufro meti Tanxmoba imaze, Tu ras

warmoadgens avadmyofi pirovneba, vidre imaze, Tu ras warmoadgens

avadmyofi sazogadoeba - magram codnis gamoyenebis amgvari eTikuri

problemebi ixileba rogorc mecnieruli problemebisgan calke

arsebuli sakiTxi.

es mniSvnelovnad zRudavs sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis gazrdis

SesaZleblobas politikuri mecnierebis Seqmnis gziT. yovel

SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis Sesaswavlad ~Sefasebebisgan Tavisufali~

sityvaris Seqmna, romelic Tanabrad daakmayofilebda social-

demokratebs, Tavisufali bazris momxreebs, marqsistebs da

feministebs, dRemde SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. warmoidgineT, rom Cven

vcdilobT aRvweroT fakultetis kreba: social-demokrati masSi

dainaxavs akademiur demokratias qmedebaSi; liberali dainaxavs

mxolod pirovnebebs, romlebic icaven TavianT interesebs; marqsisti

dainaxavs monebs, romlebsac ideologiurad Cagravs kapitalisturi

sistema; xolo feministi dainaxavs mamakacebs, romlebic axorcieleben

patriarqalur dominirebas. cnebebi, romlebsac Cven viyenebT

14

sazogadoebis mdgomareobis aRsawerad, Tavis TavSi moicaven

Sefasebebs, romelTa gamo ~obieqturi analizi~ xdeba rTuli,

SeuZlebeli Tu ara.

problemis sirTule: mecnieruli meTodi aqamde warmatebiT

iqna gamoyenebuli fizikaSi, naklebi warmatebiT - biologiaSi da

mxolod SezRuduli warmatebiT - sociologiaSi. es gamowveulia imiT,

rom sazogadoebrivi sistemebi sistemebis umaRles da yvelaze rTul

nairsaxeobas warmoadgenen, romlebic yvelaze Zneli sakvlevia.

sirTule mdgomareobs agreTve imaSic, rom sazogadoebis

kvlevisas SeuZlebelia eqsperimentuli meTodis gamoyeneba, im

meTodisa, romelsac emyareba mecnieruli codna sxva sferoebSi.

filosofiuri aspeqti: fizikurisgan gansxvavebiT,

sazogadoebrivi procesebis aRwera iqneba arasruli, Tu is mxolod

winaswarmetyvelebs Sedegs da ar iZleva procesSi monawile pirebis

motivaciebis axsnas. garda amisa, Tu Cven migvaCnia, rom adamianebis

codna da motivacia aris nebismieri politikuri sistemis

mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili, Sesaswavli sistemis wevrebisTvis

potencialurad SesaZlebelia am codnis gaumjobeseba. Sesabamisad,

codna, romelsac Cven vawarmoebT politikuri sistemis Seswavlisas,

xdeba am sistemis nawili da SeiZleba gavlena iqonios im prognozebze,

romlebsac Cven vakeTebT (mag. marqsi da misi Teoria).

politikuri mecnierebis skolebi

1870-iani wlebidan, rodesac daiwyo politikis, rogorc calke

disciplinis swavleba (Tavdapirvelad sam - oqsfordis, parizis da

kolumbiis universitetSi), 1950-ian wlebamde misi, rogorc

disciplinis, ganviTareba ar scildeboda tradiciul CarCoebs. 1950-

iani wlebidan iwyeba axali meTodebisa da midgomebis Zieba da

SemoReba, romelTa mizania ~politikis swavleba gadaiqces pozitiuri

mecnierebis nairsaxeobad~.

bihevioristuli moZraoba. daaxloebiT 1950-iani wlebidan

politikis kvlevebSi farTo xmarebaSi Semovida raodenobrivi

meTodebi. am meTodebisa da statistikuri monacemebis gamoyenebiT

15

mecnierebma daiwyes individualuri qcevebis (behaviour) Seswavla.

individualur qcevebs isini ixilavdnen Teoriis Semadgenel agurebad

erovnuli sazogadoebebis istoriuli gamocdilebis nacvlad.

bihevioristTa mizans Seadgenda statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT

CamoeyalibebinaT Semowmebadi hipoTezebi politikuri qcevis Sesaxeb,

xolo Semdgomi empiriuli kvlevebiT maTi dadasturdebis SemTxvevaSi

isini SeiZleboda gamxdariyvnen kanonebismagvar ganzogadoebebad

empiriuli Teoriebis statusiT. es aris sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebaTa meTodi, rogorc amas asabuTebs karl poperi (1959).

bihevioristul moZraobas biZgi misca sociologiuri

gamokiTxvebis SemoRebam da maTma gamoyenebam xmis micemisas qcevis

Sesaswavlad. sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis teqnologia gamomuSavebul

iqna ara politologebis, aramed socialuri fsiqologebis mier da

pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli arCevnebis Sesaswavlad saprezidento

arCevnebSi amerikaSi 1940 wels.

mas mere raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodebi gamoyenebul iqna sxva

sferoebSic, rogoricaa kanonmdebelTa qcevebi, msajulTa qcevebi,

saxelmwifoTa warmomadgenelTa qcevebi gaeros krebebze da sxva.

bihevioristuli kvlevebis gamoyenebam moitana damatebiTi codna

konkretuli politikuri sistemebis Sesaxeb. ase magaliTad, saarCevno

kvlevebidan gavigeT amerikaSi partiebisadmi erTgulebis Sesustebisa

da calkeuli sakiTxebiT ganpirobebuli xmis micemis zrdis Sesaxeb;

britaneTSi klasobrivi mikuTvnebulobasa da xmis micemas Soris

kavSiris Sesustebis Sesaxeb. gavigeT, rom britaneTis parlamentSi

arsebuli partiisadmi loialoba ufro Zlieria, vidre amerikis

kongresSi da a.S.

miaRwia ra Tavisi popularobis mwvervals 50-ian wlebSi,

SemdgomSi biheviorizmma daiwyo popularobis dakargva. ZiriTadad

kritikis sagani gaxda:-mkvlevarebis pretenzia imaze, rom isini

eTikurad neitralur kvlevebs awarmoeben; - is, rom meTodi TavisTavad

aracxadad emyareboda garkveul faseulobebs; -miswrafeba SeeswavlaT

politikuri qcevebi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli empiriuli ganzogadoebebis gamoyenebiT.

16

miuxedavad am kritikisa biheviorizmi inarCunebs mZlavr

poziciebs politikur mecnierebaSi.

racionaluri arCevani. imave 50-ian wlebSi politikis

swavlebaSi warmoiqmna axali modelebisa da cnebebis mTeli rigi. erT-

erTi maTgani aris racionaluri moqmedis modeli. am models emyareba

racionaluri arCevnis (sazogadoebrivi arCevnis, xSirad uwodeben

ubralod ~ekonomistebs~) Teoria.

racionaluri arCevnis Teoria Tvlis, rom isini, vinc

axorcieleben politikur qmedebas (mag. monawileoben arCevnebSi)

umravlesobaSi arian racionaluri, egoisturi da eqvemdebarebian

raodenobriv analizs. maT SeuZliaT gansazRvron Tavisi qmedebebis

fasi da sargeblianoba da SearCion danaxarjebTan SedarebiT mogebis

maqsimizaciis gza. imaTTvis, vinc icnobs mikroekonomikas, gasagebia,

rom es gansazRvreba axlosaa ~ekonomikuri adamianTan~, anu

racionaluri moqmedis sxva gansazRvrebasTan. ekonomistebi bazris

Seswavlisas iwyeben individualuri momxmareblis da mewarmis

qcevebiT, romelTa Sesaxeb varaudoben, rom isini racionalurad

moqmedeben Tavis sakuTar interesebSi (sargeblianobis an mogebis

maqsimizirebis mizniT). igive midgoma gamodgeba xmis mimcemebis,

biurokratebis an kanonmdeblebis qcevis gansaxilvelad. ase,

magaliTad, imis magivrad, rom ganvixiloT biurikratis qceva

ministrisadmi miukerZoebeli rCevis micemis konstituciur terminebSi

an interesebis Sejerebisa da kanonebis sisrulesi moyvanis

funqcionalistur terminebSi, am SemTxvevaSi mas vixilavT rogorc

samsaxuris biujetis gazrdis miswrafebas sakuTari Zalauflebis,

xelfasisa da prestiJis awevis mizniT.

kritikisda miuxedavad es modeli mTel rig kerZo SemTxvevebSi

warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli.

sistemebis Teoria. imave periodSi Seiqmna koncefcia, romelic

cnobilia rogorc sistemebis Teoria. politikur Teoriad is pirvelad

Camoyalibda david istonis mier (1953) da ganviTarda gabriel

almondisa da sxva funqcionalistTa mier.

sistemebis TeoriaSi saxelmwifosa da misi institutebis nacvlad

politikuri analizis ZiriTad sagnad ixilaven politikur sistemebs

17

da maTi funqcionirebis procesebs. mis ZiriTad modelSi

warmomadgenlobiTi institutebi, rogoricaa arCevnebi, partiebi da

gavlenis jgufebi Senacvlebulia interesebisa da faseulobebs

~formulirebis da SekavSirebis~ procesiT. am cvlilebis upiratesobas

xedaven imaSi, rom iqmneba politikis Sesaswavlad ufro mosaxerxebeli

ena SedarebiTi kvlevebisTvis da internacionalur doneze. imis

magivrad, rom ilaparakon aSS kongresze an britanul parlamentze,

romlebsac ara aqvT zusti eqvivalenti komunistur an mesame samyaros

qveynebSi, mkvlevarebma unda ilaparakon ~formulirebis da

SekavSirebis~ procesebze, romlebic arsebobs yvela politikur

sistemaSi, iqneba is demokratiuli Tu diqtatoruli, erovnuli Tu

internacionaluri. analogiurad, laparaki administraciul

institutebze unda Seicvalos laparakiT politikis sisruleSi

moyvanaze, xolo politikuri procesebis wriuli buneba unda

davafiqsiroT ukukavSiris cnebiT, romelic niSnavs imas, rom

politikis sisruleSi moyvana erT etapze iwvevs Secvlili

moTxovnebis formulirebas momdevnoze. mokled, politikuri sistema

SeiZleba aisaxos rogorc Semdgari Senatanebisgan (inputs) ~Sav yuTSi~,

sadac iReben gadawyvetilebebs, Sedegebisgan (outputs) ~Savi yuTidan~

politikis saxiT da ukukavSirisgan sazogadoebasTan, romelic

ganicdis politikis zegavlenas (ix. diagrama).

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis ~Savi yuTi~

moTxovnebis SekavSireba sisruleSi moyvana

Senatanebi Sedegebi

moTxovnebis gansja formulireba

ukukavSiri

18

kritikisda miuxedavad terminologia da midgomebi, romlebic

miiRes am avtorebma kvlavac dominireben amerikis da britaneTis

empiriul swavlebebSi da SedarebiT kvlevebSi.

radikaluri kriticizmi

politologebis mier politikis Seswavlisadmi SemoTavazebuli

mravali midgomis ganxilva cxadyofs, rom modelebi, romlebsac isini

emyarebian, cnebebi, romlebsac xmaroben da Teoriebi, romlebsac

aviTareben, xSirad moicaven faseulobebis iseT aSkara sistemas,

romelsac sxvebi SeiZleba Semoedaon. magaliTad almondi Tavis

funqcionalistur modelSi politikas ixilavs mxolod rogorc

tradiciul liberalur sakanonmdeblo wesebze dayrdnobili

saxelmwifos mier politikuri stabilurobis miRwevas imis meSveobiT,

rom sistemaSi CarTul politikur interesebs mieceT SesaZlebloba

morigdnen (interesebis ~formulireba da SekavSireba~). politikis es

modeli win swevs ~pluralizmis~ da konsesususis faseulobebs,

romlebsac, SesaZlebelia, aravin ewinaaRmdegeba aSS-Si (sadac

politologTa umravlesoba cxovrobs), magram romlebic aSkarad

miuRebeli iyo Zvel sabWoTa kavSirSi an memarcxene moazrovneTa

Soris parizSi da londonSic ki. analogiurad, ~ekonomistebis~

~individualisturi~ modeli pirveli SexedvisTanave gvagonebs

margaret tetCeris cnobil gamoTqmas:~ar arsebobs iseTi warmonaqmni,

rogoricaa sazogadoeba - mxolod pirovnebebi~. es midgoma aSkarad

gulisxmobs ~didi mTavrobis~ modur undoblobas da xazs usvams

~mogebis stimuls~ farTo gagebiT.

individualizmis da urTierTSeTanxmebis primatis (rac mraval

politikur Teorias axasiaTebs) aSkarad sawinaaRmdego midgomaa

politikis, rogorc koleqtivisturi da konfliqtebze orientirebuli

qmedebis ganxilva, romelic ganaviTares marqsistebma. amJamad arsebobs

marqsistebis imdeni nairsaxeoba, ramdenic politikuri mecnierebaa.

magram ZiriTadi modeli, romelic gamomdinareobs marqsis da engelsis

komunisturi manifestidan aris sazogadoeba, dayofili did jgufebad

(klasebad), romelTa interesebi arsebiT konfliqtSia. amgvari

19

konfliqtebis erTaderTi grZelvadiani gadaWra, romelic

gamomdinareobs kapitalisturi burJuaziis mier proletariatis

eqspluataciis fuZemdebluri urTierTobidan, mdgomareobs

socialistur revoluciaSi. Tumca dasavluri mkiTxvelisTvis amgvari

midgoma aSkarad mikerZoebuli Cans, aris Tu ara amaSi raime sxva, Tu

ara Cveni sakuTari sazogadoebis faseulobebis upirobod aRiareba?

mravali sabWoTa moqalaqe iseve ukamaTod aRiarebs am midgomas,

rogorc britaneTis Tu amerikis moqalaqeTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom

~demokratia~ niSnavs sazogadoebas, sadac yvelas SeuZlia periodulad

miiRos monawileoba arCevnebSi, da sadac mdidrebs aqvT SesaZlebloba

iyidon nebismieri raodenobis masobrivi informaciis saSualeba Tavisi

Sexedulebebis gasaSuqeblad.

nairnairi marqsistuli modelebis gamoyenebiT Tanamedrove

politikis Seswavlam zogierTi avtoris mier am bolo droSi mTel

rig SemTxvevevaSi damaimedebeli Sedegi gamoiRo. ase, magaliTad, xazi

gaesva dasavlur samyaroSi kapitalizmis zegavlenas kulturaze da

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebze. ~mesame samyaros qveynebis~

Seswavlisas marqsistebis mier yuradRebis centrSi saerTaSoriso

ekonomikuri garemocvis zemoqmedebis moqceva bevrad ufro

realisturi Cans, vidre im politikuri partiebis analizi, romlebic

SeiZleba gaqrnen erT RameSi samxedro gadatrialebis dros.

didi xani ar aris, rac gamoCndnen radikaluri feministi

mwerlebi, romlebic agreTve kiTxvis qveS ayeneben Cveulebrivi

politikuri analizis Sexedulebebs. isinic sazogadoebas xedaven,

pirvel rigSi rogorc eqspluatatorul damokidebulebas

(~patriarqats~) jgufebs Soris (srulwlovani mamakacebi yvela

danarCenis winaaRmdeg). (arsebobs, agreTve, ufro liberalurad

ganwyobili feministi mwerlebic). axali marqsistebis msgavsad isinic

xazs usvamen politikuri urTierTobebis kulturul da informaciul

aspeqtebs, agreTve yuradRebas amaxvileben pirovnuli urTierTobebis

politikur aspeqtebze. iq, sadac Cveulebrivi politikuri analizi

ganixilavs Ria politikur konfliqtebs, romlebic vlindeba

partiebad Cveulebriv dayofaSi, es avtorebi xedaven potenciur

20

(miwisqveSa) ganxeTqilebebs, romlebsac zurgs aqcevs tradiciuli

swavleba.

diskusiebi Tanamedrove politikur mecnierebaSi:

sagani, meTodi Teoria

politikuri mecniereba Tavdapirvelad yalibdeboda rogorc

disciplina, romelic mowodebuli iyo Seeswavla daniSnuleba da

funqciebi saxelmwifo institutebisa, procesebisa da fenomenebisa.

Tanamedrove gagebiT politikuri mecnierebis sagania politikis

samyaro mis totalobaSi da mravalsaxeobaSi, yvelaferi is, rac

SeiZleba moicvas cnebam "politikuri".

politikuri mecnierebis Seswavlis mTavar obieqtebs

warmoadgenen - saxelmwifo, Zalauflba, Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebi,

romelnic qmnian "politikuris" mTavar RerZs. maT aqvT mravali

ganzomileba - ekonomikuri, sociologiuri, kulturologiuri,

filosofiuri, fsiqologiuri da sxv. erTis mxriv, da struqturuli,

funqcionaluri da a.S., meores mxriv. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom

politikuri mecnierebis amocana bevrad ufro farToa, vidre

saxelmwifo da samarTalmcodneobisa, romelic pirvel yovlisa

iuridiul-samarTlebriv aspeqtebs swavlobs.

politikuri mecniereba axdens sxvadasxva disciplinebis

(filosofia, sociologia, istoria, samarTalmcodneoba...) calkeuli

aspeqtebis integrirebas, garkveulad maTi gadakveTis wertilSi

mdebareobs da warmoadgens erTgvar disciplinaTSoris mecnierebas.

XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi a. de tokvili werda, rom aucilebelia

Seiqmnas axali politikuri mecniereba axali samyarosTvis.

politikuri mecniereba XVIII s-idan ikavebs ara mkafiod

gansazRvrul adgils e.w. "moralur mecnierebebSi", romelTac XIX

saukunis Sua wlebidan moyolebuli garkveuli Sinaarsobrivi da

struqturuli transformacia ganicades da saxelwodebac Secvales da

"social mecnierebaTa" pretenziuli saxeliT moixseniebian. am

istoriaSi avangardul rols asrulebda sociologia (ogiust konti,

karl marqsi, emil diurkheimi, maqs veberi) da SedarebiT mokrZalebuls

21

ekonomika (adam smiti, devid rikardo, karl marqsi, leon valrasi).

Tanamedrove tipis mecnierebis mimarTeba politikis sferosadmi

damkvidrda ufro mogvianebiT da es procesi atarebda TandaTanobiT

xasiaTs (Tumca paralelurad agrZelebda da dResac agrZelebs

arsebobas tradicia, romelic jer kidev Zvel berZnul filosofias

ukavSirdeba - iseT avtorebTan, rogorebic arian leo Strausi, hana

arendti, raimon aroni, karl fridrixi da sxv.).

amgvarad, Camoyalibda ra sakmaod gvian, Tanamedrove politikuri

mecniereba mxolod iTvisebda sxva sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis mier

ukve oficialurad aRiarebul pozitivistur principebs. pozitivizmi

miiCnevs Tanamedrove mecnierebas erTaderT WeSmarit da namdvil

codnad, ramdenadac mxolod is aris aRWurvili sakuTari meTodebiT:

igi uars ambobs gaigos Tu raze iyvnen mimarTulni metafizika da

Teologia, radgan am kiTxvaze pasuxi gaurbis, usxlteba namdvil

racionalur codnas. is aRiarebs erTaderT meTods - logikur-

eqsperimentul meTods. es meTodi gulisxmobs, agreTve, "faqtebisa" da

"Rirebulebebis" gamijvnas erTmaneTisgan. mecnierebisaTvis mniSvneloba

aqvs mxolod faqtobriv msjelobebs, anu realobis gansjas.

"RirebulebiTi msjelobebi", romelTac aqvT pretenzia imaze, rom

gaiazron xarisxi (kerZod moraluri da esTeturi xarisxi), gamoxataven

mxolod imaT subieqtur Sexedulebebs, vinc maT gamoTqvams, da isini

araracionaluri da aramecnierulia.

meTodi

pozitivizmi axdens Semdegi principebis postulirebas:

1)mecnieruli goni (azri) emTxveva ubralod gons (saR azrs);

2)socialur mecnierebaTa ganviTarebis modelad warmoidginebian

mecnierebebi bunebis Sesaxeb (mecnieruli meTodi erTia, igi srulad an

TiTqmis srulad damoukidebelia Tavisi Sesaswavli sagnisagan);

3)aqedan gamomdinareobs problematikis mudmivoba.

socialur mecnierebebSi es principebi iRebs oTxi ZiriTadi

wesis saxes: 1) damkvirveblis gare pozicia; 2) misi neitraluroba; 3)

teqnikuri xasiaTi (meTodisa); 4) saerTo (sazogado) midgoma.

22

magram, rogorc socialur mecnierebaTa (da maT Soris

politikuri mecnierebis) istoria aCvenebs, am wesebis Tanmimdevrulad

da bolomde ganxorcieleba fundamentur sirTuleTa gamo

SeuZlebelia.

Tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba faqtiurad ar warmoadgens

damoukidebel disciplinas. mniSvnelovanwilad is damokidebuli gaxda

sxva humanitarul disciplinebze, romelnic xsnian politikas da

faqtiurad anadgureben (Tqvifaven) mas. es evolucia Tavdapirvelad

gamoixateboda sociologiuri perspeqtivis moZalebaSi, romelic

cdilobda daeqvemdebarebina politika (politikis axsna

arapolitikuridan gamomdinare) da gadaewia is meore planze

(politika warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis erT-erT seqtors).

aseT viTarebaSi politikuri mecniereba warmoadgens mxolod calkeul

da meorexarisxovan Stos "sazogadoebrivi formaciebis" an "socialuri

sistemebis" analizisas, romelTa funqcionirebis kanonebi atareben

politikur xasiaTs. arc Tu ise didi xania, ekonomistebi,

SeiaraRebulni qcevis sakuTari modeliT, gamovidnen politikuri

mecnierebis wina poziciebze da Camoayalibes sakuTari skolac.

politika (kerZod ki demokratiuli politika) emsgavseba bazrs, sadac

xorcieldeba interesiT motivirebuli raciomaluri gacvla. amieridan

politikuri reJimi aRar warmoadgens adamianTa socialuri cxovrebis

yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlenebis mTavar mizezs, man dakarga es

statusi, dauTmo ra igi iseT kategoriebs, rogoricaa socialuri

struqtura, kultura an bazari. politika gaiTqvifa socialurSi.

amgvarad, pirveli aris politikis sociologizaciis tendencia.

am mimarTulebiT muSaobdnen rogorc marqsistuli interpretaciebi,

aseve yvela sistemebis da funqcionalisturi Teoriebi. magaliTisaTvis

SeiZleba ganvixiloT amerikuli Teoriebi (r.dalis, d.istonisa da

g.almondis). robert dalisTvis politika ar warmoadgens

gansakuTrebul da yovlismomcvel ganzomilebas socialuri mTelisa,

politika yovelTvis arsebobs iq, sadac aris Zalaufleba. rogorc ki

adamianebi Sedian xangrZliv urTierTobebSi, romlebSic gamovlindeba

Zalaufleba, swored es urTierTobebi axdenen politikuri sistemis

konstituirebas. am mniSvnelobiT profkavSirebi, klubebi,

23

universitetebi da a.S. qmnian politikur sistemebs. ra Tqma unda,

mTeli sazogadoebis doneze arsebobs "mmarTveloba", magram misi

funqciebi Tavisi arsiT msgavsia im funqciebisa, romelTac

axorcieleben sxva Zalauflebebi. erTaderTi misi gansakuTrebuloba,

romelic mxolod epizodurad vlindeba, rom mmarTveloba flobs

zemoqmedebis iseT saSualebebs (fizikuri Zalis gamoyeneba), romelTa

gamoyenebis uflebac, Cveulebriv, sxva Zalauflebebs ar gaaCniaT.

amgvarad, "mmarTvelobis" sistema warmoadgens mxolod erT-erTs sxva

sistemebis gverdiT. aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris araviTari arsebiTi

gansxvaveba Zalauflebis sxvadasxva formebs Soris.

devid istonic anadgurebs (auqmebs) gansxvavebebs. igi warmoadgens

e.w. "sistemur analizs", romelic gamosadegia yvela tipis politikuri

sazogadoebebisaTvis. sistema Slis sazRvrebs mmarTvelobis formebs

Soris, auqmebs maT. rad iqceva aseT SemTxvevaSi politika? is

daiyvaneba sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa ganTesvisa da arbitraJis

proceduraze an, istonis gamoTqmiT, igi warmodgens mxolod da

mxolod urTierTqmedebis sistemas (mowesrigebul proceduraTa

erTobas) politikur sistemasa da mis garemos Soris.

gabriel almondi Tavdapirvelad warmoadgenda "istoriul-

funqcionalistur" Teorias, romelic axlosaa istonTan. SemdegSi man

moaxdina "politikuri ganviTarebis" ideis sistematizeba. perspeqtivas

aRara aqvs statikuri xasiaTi, magram mas aqvs igive mimarTuleba.

reJimebs Soris gansxvavebebi dayvanilia xarisxSi gansxvavebebze: erTi

masStabi gamosadegia yvelafrisaTvis, cvlilebaTa kanonebi

(kanonzomierebani) saerToa yvela sazogadoebisaTvis, Tanamedroveoba

(dasavluri an amerikuli) warmoadgens saboloo wetils. mecniereba

axdens unificirebas da miemarTeba erTgvarovnebisaken.

meore tendencia mdgomareobs politikisadmi ekonomikidan

momdinare modelis misadagebaSi (an, ufro zustad, libereluri

ekonomikuri Teoriidan). misi yvelaze ufro wminda forma - es aris

politikis ekonomikuri analizi, romelic viTardeba "sazogadoebrivi

arCevanis" Teoriis saxelwodebiT e.daunsis, j.biukenanis da

J.tallokis novatoruli naSromebidan moyolebuli. am skolis

warmomadgenlebi politikas (romelic zogadad dayvanilia

24

liberalur-demokratiul politikaze) aanalizeben Rirebulebis,

sargablis, riskis, fsonis, strategiisa da sxva amgvari terminebis

(cnebebis) meSveobiT. amomrCevelTa arCevani, partiaTa programebi,

sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetilebebi Tavisi arsiT eqvemdebarebian imave

tipis interpretacias, rogorsac ekonomikuri qceva: aqtorebs

yovelTvis mxolod erTi safuZveli aqvT moqmedebisaTvis, isini

cdiloben racionalurobisa da egoisturobidan gamomdinare miiRon

maqsimaluri sargebeli, icvleba mxolod situaciuri logikebi.

bolomde miyvanili interpretaciis amgvari logika Tavis TavSi

Seicavs Semdegs: tiranis moqmedeba Tavisi arsiT imave bunebisaa,

rogorc adamianis moqmedeba demokratiul saxelmwifoSi, romelic

(moqmedeba) Tavis mxriv arafriT gansxvavdeba sawarmos xelmZRvanelis

qcevisagan; amomrCevlis qceva analogiuria SeTqmulis qcevisa, iseve

rogorc momxmareblis qcevisa. saboloo jamSi ganzogadebuli

ekonomikis postulati aTanabrebs mTel samyaros: adamiani (da

adamianebi) yvelgan da yovelTvis erTnairia.

XX s-is 70-ian wlebamde politikuri mecniereba, rogorc

disciplina, ikvlevda pirvel yovlisa bunebasa da struqturas

politikuri mmarTvelobisa, rogorc gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis

procesisa. politikuri erToba aRiqmeboda, rogorc sazogadoebis

gansakuTrebuli da gamoyofili (gamocalkevebuli) sfero, gamijnuli

piradi, ojaxuri da profesiuli cxovrebisgan. politikis problemebi

upiratesad warmoadgendnen mTavrobis mier wamoweul da

samTavrobaTSoris urTierTobaTa problemebs.

saxelmwifo mowyoba, ekonomika, sazogadoebrivi struqtura da

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi Cveulebriv warmoidgineboda da

Seiswavleboda, rogorc gancalkevebuli sferoebi. sazogadoebriv

mecnierebaTa SigniT "poltikuri sistema", "ekonomika" da

"sazogadoebrivi sistema" ganixileboda, rogorc socialuri aqtivobis

met-naklebad avtonomiuri sferoebi. es Sesabamisad aisaxeboda

disciplinaTa mkacr gamijvnaSi - politikuri mecniereba, ekonomika,

sociologia. magram Tu sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa aseTi

organizacia gamarTlebuli iyo maTi ganviTarebis garkveul etapze

(Tumca esec sadiskusio sakiTxia), dRes Zalian seriozuli mizezebi

25

arsebobs imisTvis, rom daveWvdeT am dayofis marTebulobasa da

logikurobaSi.

sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa midrekileba, SeeqmnaT codnis

diskretuli monakveTebi (nawilebi) sazogadoebis cxovrebis sxvadasxva

aspeqtebis Sesaxeb naklebad uwyobda xels Tanamedrove politikis

samyaros ganzogadebuli suraTis Seqmnas. Tumca specializacias

yovelTvis aucileblobiT ar mivyavarT codnis fragmentaciisaken,

politikur mecnierebaTa da momijnave disciplinaTa SemTxvevaSi

swored ase moxda. specializaciis saerTo problema mdgomareobs

imaSi, rom Tumca mas SeuZlia miaRwios detalur kvlevasa da

zedmiwevniT gagebas politikuri cxovrebis zogierT sferoebSi,

amasTanave Sedegad xSirad viRebT SezRudul da calmxriv analizs.

mokled rom iTqvas, am gziT Cven SeiZleba vicodeT ufro meti

detalebis da naklebi mTelis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, Cven SeiZleba

detalebis Sesaxebac SezRuduli codna miviRoT, radgan Cveni

TvalTaxedvidan sxlteba maTi konteqsti erTiani mTelis arsebobis

pirobebSi. specializaciis pirobebSi gancalkevebul nawilebs Soris

kavSirebis axsna mklevarTa mxolod mcire nawilisTvis xdeba

saintereso.

Zalauflebis viwro institucionalur sferoebze da maTTan

dakavSirebul politikur sakiTxebze koncentraciam miiyvana

politikuri mecnierebis calkeuli mimarTulebebi (disciplinebi) XXs-

is 50-ian - 70-ian wlebSi sazogadoebaSi mmarTvelobis formebisa da

wyaroebis mcdar da arasrulfasovan axsnamde. magaliTad, mraval

demokratiul Teorias gamorCa TvalTaxedvis aredan Zalauflebis

Zalian mniSvnelovani (maRali) koncentracia ekonomikis kerZo da

korporatiul seqtorebSi, imitom, rom igi (es seqtori), Cveulebriv,

iTvleboda "politikuri sistemis" gareT ganTavsebulad, an ubralod

arapolitikurad.

dRes politikuri mecnierebis, rogorc samecniero disciplinis

tradiciuli terminebi saWiroeben seriozul gadamowmebasa da

skurpulozur ganxilvas. Cven Zalian seriozuli mizezebi gvaqvs

saimisod, rom daveWvdeT da davfiqrdeT, marTlac warmoadgens Tu ara

politikuri mecnierebis mTavar da erTaderT obieqts saxelmwifosa da

26

mTavrobis politikis forma da buneba. dRevandeli diskusiis sagani

xdeba mTlianad politikis Sesaxeb warmodgenebis logikuri

SekavSirebuloba. speqtris erT mxares arian mklevarebi, romelnic

ganixilaven politikas rogorc sferos, romelic Tanaarsebobs

adamianuri aqtivobis mTel rig sxva sferoebTan. aseTi axsnis

(ganmartebis) politika dgas Zalauflebaze maRla. politika

xasiaTdeba rogorc universaluri ganzomileba adamianuri cxovrebisa,

damoukideblad institutebis nebismieri "adgilisa" da "krebulisa".

speqtris meore boloSi ganTavsebulia koncefciebi, romelnic

upiratesad dakavSirebulni arian saxelmwifosTan. politika farTo

azriT - es aris saxelmwifosa an "mTavrobis" forma, organizacia da

saqmianoba, maTi urTierToba sakuTar moqalaqeebTan da sxva

saxelmwifoebTan.

dReisaTvis CvenTvis yuradsaRebia da pirvelxarisxovani

mniSvneloba aqvs ara poziciis arCevas am konfliqtur koncefciebs

Soris, aramed xazgasmas im ganusazRvrelobisa, rogoriTac unda iqnas

aRqmuli zogadad termini "politika", da aseve misi zogierTi

sxvadasxva poziciasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobebi.

liberalizmis marqsistulma kritikam wamoWra mniSvnelovani

sakiTxebi: SeiZleba Tu ara daxasiaTdes sawarmoo urTierTobebi da

sabazro ekonomikebi, rogorc formaluri meqanizmebi koordinirebisa

da maSin, Sesabamisad, centraluria Tu ara politikaSi kavSiri

ekonomikur Zalauflebasa da saxelmwifos Soris? magram amgvari

kritika sirTuleebsac qmnis, axdens ra postulirebas pirdapiri

kavSirisa politikur da ekonomikur urTierTobebs Soris. cdilobs ra

gaigos politikis arsi ekonomikuri da klasobrivi Zalauflebis

meSveobiT (maTgan gamomdinare), uaryofs ra politikas, rogorc

aqtivobis TavisTavad garkveul formas, marqsizmi Tavad midrekilia

moaxdinos marginalizeba da gamoricxos politikidan mTeli rigi

sakiTxebi, ZiriTadad iseTebi, romelnic SeuZlebelia dayvanil iqnan

klasobriv urTierTobebze. magaliTad: saxelmwifo administratorTa

da biurokratTa Zalaufleba Tavis klientebze, avtoritarulad

kontrolirebadi resursebis roli, saarCevno institutTa forma da

arsi, ekologiuri da genderuli problemebi da sxva.

27

rasakvirvelia, am mcire mimoxilvaSi ASeuZlebelia im

problemaTa mxolod sruli CamonaTvlais warmodgenac ki, romelic

Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis aqtualur Tematikas qmnis.

vimedovnebT, rom qrestomaTiaSi warmodgenili teqstebi xels

Seuwyoben Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis Sesabamisi donis

diskusiebis gamarTvas qarTul samecniero sazogadoebaSi da, rac

mTavaria, studentTa swavlebis donisa da codnis xarisxis

gaumjobesebas.

28

maqs veberi

politika, rogorc mowodeba da profesia

ra aris saxelmwifo

ra aris `saxelmwifo~? sociologiurad saxelmwifo ver

ganisazRvreba misi miznebidan gamomdinare. TiTqmis ar arsebobs iseTi

amocana, risi gadaWrac ar eTava politikur gaerTianebas. aseve, ar

arsebobs amocanebi, romlebzedac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini

yovelTvis mTlianad, anu eqskluziurad, im gaerTianebaTa amocanebis

rigs ganekuTvneba, romlebic `politikur~ gaerTianebebad iwodebian.

saxeldobr, dRes – saxelmwifos amocanaTa rigs, istoriulad ki –

Tanamedrove saxelmwifos winamorbedi gaerTianebebis. saboloo jamSi,

Tanamedrove saxelmwifo sociologiurad SeiZleba ganisazRvros

mxolod da mxolod konkretuli saSualebebidan gamomdinare, romelTa

gamoyenebac damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri politikuri

gaerTianebisaTvis, kerZod – fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebiT.

`yoveli saxelmwifo Zalas emyareba~, - ganacxada trockim brest-

litovskSi. es marTlac sworia. rom ar arsebobdes socialuri

warmonaqmnebi, romlebic Zaladobas avlenen, maSin ar iarsebebda

`saxelmwifos~ cneba da warmoiqmneboda viTareba, romelic SeiZleba

ganisazRvros rogorc `anarqia~, am sityvis specifiuri gagebiT. ra

Tqma unda Zala namdvilad ar aris saxelmwifos normaluri an

erTaderTi saSualeba, amis mtkicebas aravin apirebs, magram Zalis

gamoyeneba saxelmwifos damaxasiaTebeli saSualebaa. dRes

saxelmwifosa da Zaladobas Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba

gansakuTrebulad Sinagania. warsulSi, sxvadasxva saxis

warmonaqmnebisaTvis, gvariT dawyebuli, fizikuri Zalis gamoyeneba

savsebiT normaluri iyo. magram dRes, unda iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo

adamianebis sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebaa, romelic mocemuli

teritoriis SigniT (warmatebiT) acxadebs pretenzias fizikuri Zalis

legitimuri gamoyenebis monopoliaze. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

29

`teritoria~ saxelmwifos erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia. Cveni drois

specifikaa is, rom fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba sxva

warmonaqmnebsa da individebs miewereba, mxolod im odenobiT,

ramdenedac es nebadarTulia saxelmwifos mier. saxelmwifo miCneulia

Zaladobis gamoyenebis `uflebis~ erTaderT wyarod. amdenad,

`politika~, Cveni gagebiT, niSnavs swrafvas Zalauflebis

gaziarebisaken an mis gavrcelebaze gavlenis mopovebisaken, rogorc

saxelmwifoebs, ise saxelmwifos SigniT arsebul jgufebs Soris. (...)

saxelmwifo, iseve, rogorc istoriulad misi winamorbedi

politikuri warmonaqmnebi, aris adamianebis sxva adamianebze batonobis

urTierToba, romlis dasayrdensac legitimuri (anu legitimurad

miCneuli) Zaladobis saualebebi warmoadgens. imisaTvis, rom

saxelmwifom iarsebos, isini, viszedac ibatoneben, unda daemorCilon

im avtoritets, romelzedac pretenzias acxadeben Zalebi, romlebmac

unda ibatonon. rodis da ratom morCileben adamianebi? ra Sina

gamarTlebasa da gare saSualebebs efuZneba es batonoba?

daviwyoT imiT, rom principSi, arsebobs batonobis sami Sina

gamarTleba, Sesabamisad, sami ZiriTadi legitimacia.

pirveli, `maradiuli guSindeli dRis~ avtoriteti, anu zne-

Cveulebebis avtoriteti, kurTxeuli uxsovari droidan moyolebuli

morCilebis aRiarebiT da masze orientirebis CveviT. es aris

`tradiciuli~ batonoba, romelsac winaT patriarqi an memamule Tavadi

axorcielebda.

arsebobs aseve saswaulebrivisa da pirovnebis zeciT

momadlebuli niWis (avtoriteti, naTelmxilvelobis, heroizmisa Tu

erTpirovnuli lideris sxva Tvisebebis mimarT sruli piradi ndoba da

erTguleba. es `qarizmatuli~ batonobaa. es winaswarmetyvelis,

politikis sferoSic ki, arCeuli mxedarTmTavris, plebiscitaruli

mmarTvelis, didi demagogisa Tu politikuri partiis lideris

batonobis formaa.

bolos, arsebobs batonoba `legalurobis~ ZaliT, im rwmenis

safuZvelze, rom yovelive legalurad dawesebuli da funqciuri

`kompetencia~ Zalis mqonea, rwmenisa, romelic, tavis mxriv,

racionalurad Seqmnil wesebs emyareba. am SemTxvevaSi morCilebas

30

moelian dawesebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis saqmeSi. es batonobis

is formaa, romelsac axorcielebs Tanamedrove `saxelmwifo

mosamsaxure~ da yvela is Zalauflebis matarebeli, vinc am mxriv mas

waagavs.

gasagebia, rom realobaSi morCilebas ganapirobebs SiSisa da

imedis uaRresad Zlieri motivebi, magiuri Zalebisa Tu Zalauflebis

mpyrobelTa Surisgebis winaSe SiSi, amqveynad Tu imqveynad samagieros

mizRvis imedi da garda yovelive amisa, uamravi sxvadasxva saxis

interesi... am morCilebis `legitimaciebis~ ZiebaSi isev am sam `wminda~

tips, `tradiciuls~, `qarizmatuls~ da `legalurs~ vawydebiT. Tumca,

`wminda~ tipebi sinamdvileSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. (...)

aq Cven yuradRebas SevaCerebT mxolod meore maTganze: batonoba,

dafuZnebuli maT erTgulebaze, vinc lideris pirad qarizmas

emorCileba, vinaidan swored aq iRebs saTaves azri mowodebis Sesaxeb,

mis uzenaes gamovlnebaSi. swored winaswarmetyvelis, mxedarTmTavrisa

Tu saxalxo sakrebulos an parlamentis gamoCenili demagogis

qarizmis erTguleba metyvelebs imas, rom am tipis adamiani xalxis

Sinaganad `mowodebul~ xelmZRvaneladaa miCneuli, rom xalxi mas ara

adaT-wesebidan an dawesebulidan gamomdinare emorCileba, aramed

imitom, rom swamT misi. Tumca, Tavad lideri sakuTari saqmiT

cxovrobs, `swyuria Rvawlis dadeba~, Tuki is SezRuduli da

pativmoyvare, metiCara ar aris. ... beladoba, rogorc movlena, yvela

istoriul epoqaSi gvxvdeba. magram dasavleTis Taviseburebas...

politikuri beladoba warmoadgens, Tavdapirvelad Tavisufali

`demagogis~ saxiT, romelic mxolod dasavleTisaTvis, upirveles

yovlisa ki xmeltaSua zRvis kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qalaq-

saxelmwifos safuZvelze arsebobda, Semdeg ki saparlamento

`partiuli beladis~ saxiT, romelic aseve mxolod dasavleTSi

damkvidrebuli konstituciuri saxelmwifos safuZvelze aRmocenda.

raRa Tqma unda, politikuri brZolis meqanizmis mTavar

figurebs mxolod politikosebi ar warmoadgendnen, maTi mowodebidan

gamomdinare, am sityvis uSualo mniSvnelobiT. magram aq gadamwyvet

rols TamaSobs maT xelT arsebuli damxmare saSualebebis saxeoba.

rogorc imkvidreben Tavs sakuTar saxelmwifoSi politikurad

31

gabatonebuli Zalebi? es sekiTxva exeba yvela tipis batonobas, anu

politikur batonobasac yvela misi formiT: tradiciuli, legaluri

da qarizmatuli. nebismieri batonoba, rogorc Zalauflebis forma,

romelic mudmiv marTvas moiTxovs, saWiroebs erTis mxriv, adamianTa

qcevis orientirebas batonTa morCilebaze, romelTac pretenzia aqvT

iyvnen legitimuri Zaladobis matarebelni, meore mxriv, am morCilebis

meSveobiT imis gankargvas, rac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba

fizikuri Zaladobis gamovlenisas, saxeldobr, piradi sammarTvelo

Stabisa da marTvis materialuri saSualebebis gankargvas.

sammarTvelo Stabi, romelic garegnuli gamovlinebiT

politikuri batonobis dawesebulebas warmoadgens, iseve, rogorc

nebismieri sxva dawesebuleba, mijaWvulia batonze, cxadia, ara

mxolod legitimurobaze Sexedulebidan gamomdinare... misi morCileba

gamowveulia ori mizeziT, romelic piradi interesebiskenaa

mimarTuli: materialuri anazRaurebiTa da pativis migebiT. (...)

32

karl Smiti

politikuris cneba

saxelmwifos cneba gulisxmobs politikuris cnebas.

saxelmwifo, am sityvis sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT da Tavisi

istoriiT, aris xalxis gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba. kerZod, iseTi

mdgomareoba, romelic mravali niSnis Sesabamisad gadamwyveti

mniSvnelobisa xdeba da swored amitom mraval individualur da

koleqtiur statuss Soris misi mniSvneloba umTavresia. ufro mets

Tavidanve verc vityviT. orive niSani - statusi da xalxi azrs iZens

mxolod ufro farTo niSnis, e.i. politikuris konteqstSi da, Tu

politikuri arasworadaa gagebuli, isinic gaugebarni xdebian.

iSviaTad naxavT politikuris swor gansazRvrebas. umeteswilad

es sityva negatiur konteqstebSi gamoiyeneba, sxva cnebebisagan

gansxvavebiT iseT antiTezebSi, rogoricaa "politika da meurneoba",

"politika da morali", "politika da samarTali" da a.S. msgavsi

daxasiaTebebis wyalobiT saxelmwifo raRac politikuri xdeba, xolo

politika raRac saxelmwifoebrivi, xolo aseTi wris arseboba

gansazRvrebebSi aSkarad arasasurvelia.

specialur iuridiul literaturaSi politikuris mravali

amgvari aRwera arsebobs, romelnic, imis gamo, rom araviTari

politikurad-polemikuri sazrisi ar gaaCniaT, gasagebi xdebian

mxolod calkeuli administraciuli da iuridiiuli sakiTxebis

gadawyvetisas praqtikul-teqnikuri interesebidan gamomdinare.

msgavsi gansazRvrebebi, samarTlebrivi praqtikis karnaxiT,

mxolod praqtikul saSualebebs eZeben calkeuli sakiTxebis

gadasawyvetad da maT mizans sulac ar warmoadgens politikuris,

rogorc aseTis zogadi gansazRvreba. isini ise emyarebian saxelmwifos

da saxelmwifoebrivis cnebebs, TiTqos saxelmwifo da

saxelmwifoebrivi dawesebulebebi TavisTavad gasagebi cnebebia. Tavis

mxriv gasagebi da, amitom, mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT sruliad

33

gamarTlebulia politikuris Zalze zogadi gansazRvrebebic,

romlebic TavisTavad arafers Seicaven sxvas, Tu ara miTiTebebs

"saxelmwifoze", radgan saxelmwifo aris savsebiT garkveuli,

calsaxad gansazRvruli sidide, romelic upirispirdeba

arasaxelmwifoebrivs da, amitom arapolitikur sakiTxebs da jgufebs.

es ki asea, vidre saxelmwifos aqvs monopolia politikurze.*

politikuris cneba SegviZlia miviRoT mxolod specifiurad

politikuri kategoriebis aRmoCeniTa da gansazRvrebiT. adamianuri

azrisa da qmedebis, kerZod, moraluri, esTeturi da ekonomikuri,

sxvadasxva SedarebiT damoukidebeli Zalisxmevis sapirispirod

politikurs sakuTari kriteriumebi gaaCnia, romlebic sakuTar Tavs

damaxasiaTebeli saxiT gamoxataven. amis gamo, politikuri unda

emyarebodes mis sakuTar Zireul gansxvavebebs, romlebzedac SeiZleba

dayvanili iqnas yvela qmedeba romelsac ki specifiuri politikuri

mniSvneloba gaaCnia. neba momeciT gaviziaroT mosazreba, rom arsebobs

bazisuri gansxvaveba moralis sferoSi keTilsa da borots, esTetikaSi

mSveniersa da maxinjs, ekonomikaSi momgebiansa da aramomgebians Soris.

amis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakiTxi imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu arsebobs

agreTve iseTi specifiuri gansxvaveba, romelic Seasrulebda

politikuris martivi kriteriumis rols da Tu aseTi ram arsebobs,

maSin raSi mdgomareobs is. gasagebia, rom amgvari gamorCeuli

politikuris buneba yvela sxva zemoTxsenebulisagan gansxvavebuli

unda iyos. igi maTgan damoukidebelia da rogorc aseTs, Tavadve

SeuZlia ilaparakos sakuTar Tavze.

specifiuri politikuri sxvaoba, romelzedac SeiZleba dayvanili

iyos politikuri qmedebebi da motivebi aris gansxvaveba megobarsa da

mters Soris. igi uzrunvelyofs gansazRvrebas kriteriumis da ara

amomwuravi an substanciur Sinaarsze mimTiTebeli definiciis azriT.

imdenad, ramdenadac is ar gamoiyvaneba sxva kriteriumisagan, megobrisa

da mtris antiTezisi korespondentulia sxva antiTezisebis

SefardebiT damoukidebeli kriteriumebisadmi: keTilisa da

borotisadmi moralur sferoSi, mSvenierisa da maxinjisadmi esTetur

sferoSi da a.S. yovel SemTxvevaSi is damoukidebelia, ara imitom, rom

Seadgens damoukidebel sferos, aramed imitom, rom is ar emyareba

34

romelime erT an ramdenime antiTezisis kombinacias. Tu keTilisa da

borotis antiTezisi ar aris identuri mSvenierisa da maxinjis,

momgebianis da aramomgebianis antiTezisa, da ar SeiZleba misi

pirdapir reducireba sxvebze, maSin megobrisa da mtris antiTezisi

Znelad Tu iqneba SecdomaSi Semyvani an agvereva sxvebSi. megobrisa da

mtris gansxvaveba umeteswilad aRniSnavs adamianTa gaerTianebis an

gancalkevebis, asociaciis da disasociaciis intensiurobis xarisxs. is

Teoriulad an praqtikulad SeiZleba arsebobdes ise, rom ar iyos

dayvanili moralur, esTetur, ekonomikur an sxva gansxvavebebze.

politikuri mteri ar aris aucilebeli iyos moralurad boroti an

esTeturad uSno; ar aris saWiro is iyos konkurenti ekonomikaSi, isic

ki SesaZlebelia rom masTan erTad biznesSi Cabma sargeblianic iyos.

magram yvelafer amisda miuxedavad is mainc ucxod rCeba; misi

bunebisaTvis ukve is aris sakmarisi, rom is aris eqsistencialurad

raRac gansxvavebuli imgvarad, rom eqstremalur SemTxvevaSi savsebiT

SesaZlebelia masTan konfliqti. es ar wydeba winaswar damtkicebuli

generaluri normiT da aseve arc neitraluri mesame partiiT.

mxolod moqmed monawileebs SeuZliaT sworad cnon, gaigon,

gansajon konkretuli situacia da moagvaron konfliqti. nebismier

monawiles SeuZlia gansja apirebs Tu ara misi mowinaaRmdege uaryos

oponentis cxovrebis wesi da amis gamo mowinaaRmdege mogeriebuli an

daZleuli iyos, raTa pirvelma SeinarCunos arsebobis sakuTari forma.

emociurad, mters epyrobian rogorc borotsa da maxinjs, radgan

nebismieri gansxvaveba, ufro metad politikuri rogorc gansxvavebebisa

da kategorizaciebis yvelaze intensiuri, mxardaWerisaTvis sxva

gansxvavebebs saWiroebs. es ar cvlis gansxvavebebis avtonomias. amis

Sedegad, sapirispiroc sinamdviles Seesabameba: moralurad boroti,

esTeturad uSno an ekonomikurad zianis momtani ar aris auculebeli

iyos mteri; moralurad keTili, esTetiurad mSvenieri da ekonomikurad

momgebiani SesaZlebelia ar iyos megobari, am sityvis politikuri

mniSvnelobiT. amitomac, arsebiTad obieqturi buneba da avtonomia

politikisa gamoaSkaravda misi mopyrobis, gansxvavebis unariT da aseve

misi unariT miiRos megobrisa da mtris antiTezisi damoukideblad

sxva antiTezisebisa.

35

megobrisa da mtris cnebebi unda gagebuli iyos konkretuli da

eqsistencialuri azriT da ara rogorc metaforebi an simbolebi, ara

rogorc Sereuli da dasustebuli ekonomikuri, moraluri an sxva

cnebebiT, miT ufro piradi-individualisturi gagebiT, romelic

gamoxatuleba iqneboda piradi emociebisa da tendenciebisa. yovelive

es ar aris arc normatiuli da arc wminda goniTi antiTezisebi.

inteleqtisa da ekonomikis liberalizmi misi erT-erTi tipiuri

dilemaa, romelmac mtris transformacia scada ekonomistebis

TvalsazrisiT konkurentad da inteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT ki

debatebSi Cabmul metoqed. ekonomikaSi ar arseboben mtrebi, aramed

mxolod konkurentebi iseve, rogorc eTikisa da moralis samyaroSi

mxolod debatebSi Cabmuli mowinaaRmdegebi. aq sruliad uadgiloa

imis garkveva, vin iziarebs, uaryofs an SesaZlebelia Tvlis, rom

barbarosuli drois atavisturi kvalia, rodesac xalxi DdResac

jgufdeba megobrobisa da mtrobis mixedviT, an sulac imedi unda

viqonioT, rom antiTezisi erT mSvenier dRes saerTod gaqreba, an,

bolos, pedagoguri mosazrebebiT SegviZlia warmovidginoT rom mtrebi

aRar arseboben. magram aq saqme ar exeba arc abstraqciebs da arc

normatiul idealebs, aseTi gansxvavebis ufro Sinagan realobasa da

SesaZleblobas. nebismieri adamiani SeiZleba daeTanxmos an ar

daeTanxmos am imedebs da pedagogiur idealebs. racionalurad rom

vilaparakoT ar SeiZleba imis uaryofa, rom adamianebi jgufdebian

megobrisa da mtris antiTezisis mixedviT, rom es gansxvaveba dResac

moqmedia da rom es aris SesaZlebloba yvelasaTvis, vinc politikur

sferoSia.

mteri ar aris ubralod metoqe an partniori saerTod nebismieri

konfliqtisa. is aseve ar aris piradi mowinaaRmdege, romelic zizRs

iwvevs. mteri arsebobs mxolod maSin, rodesac, sul mcire potenciaSi

mainc, erTi mowinaaRmdege jgufi midis meore msgavsi koleqtivis

sapirispirod. mteri aris mxolod sazogado mteri, radgan yvelafers

rasac kavSiri aqvs aseT jgufTan, gansakuTrebiT mTeli erisaTvis, is

xdeba sazogado ai am mimarTebis gamo. mteri aris hostis da ara

inimicus, am sityvis Zalze farTe gagebiT; polemos da ara extros.

radgan arc germanuli da arc sxva enebi ar ansxvaveben pirad da

36

politikur mters, bevri falsifikacia da gaurkvevloba aris

SesaZlebeli. xSirad citirebuli “giyvardes Seni mteri”…. (maTe 5.44;

luka 6:27) ikiTxeba "diligite inimicos vestros", "agapate tos ektros umon" da ara

diligite hostes vestros. aq politikuri mteri naxsenebic ki ar aris.

musulmanebisa da qristianebis aTasobiT brZolis wlebis ganmavlobaSi

arc erT qristians ar mosvlia azraT ufro danebeboda, vidre daecva

evropa, imisgan damoukideblad uyvardaT maT saracinebi da Turqebi Tu

ara. mteri, politikuri gagebiT ar niSnavs pirad siZulvils da

mxolod piradul sferoSia SesaZlebeli, rom giyvardes mteri Seni, e.i.

giyvardes oponenti. citata bibliidan iseve nakleb exeba politikur

antiTeziss, rogorc mas miznad aqvs keTilisa da borotis, mSvenierisa

da uSnos dapirispirebis neitralizacia. es ra Tqma unda, imas ar

niSnavs, rom aucileblad giyvardes an mxars uWerde sakuTari xalxis

mtrebs.

politika yvelaze intensiuri da eqstremaluri antagonizmia da

nebismieri konkretuli antagonizmi sul ufro metad iRebs politikur

xasiaTs, rac ufro uaxlovdeba megobrisa da mtris dajgufebis

yvelaze eqstremalur wertils. saxelmwifo, rogorc organizebuli

politikuri erToba, TviTon irCevs megobrisa da mtris gansxvavebas.

ufro metic, pirveladi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis Semdgom da am

gadawyvetilebebis dacvis safuZvelze, xdeba meoradi politikuri

kategoriebis emanacia. rac Seexeba politikisa da saxelmwifos zemoT,

pirvel seqciaSi ganxilul gaigivebas, mas gavlena aqvs, magaliTad,

saxelmwifos politikuri damokidebulebebis partiul politikasTan

Sepirispirebaze imgvarad, rom Tavisuflad SeiZleba laparaki

saxelmwifos Sida religiur, saganmanaTeblo, komunalur, socialur

da a.S. politikaze. amisgan gansxvavebiT saxelmwifo moicavs da

SefardebiTs xdis yvela am antiTezisebs. Tumca, saxelmwifos sferoSi

mainc rCeba antiTezisi da antagonizmi, romlebis Seesatyvisebian

politikuris cnebas. sabolood, Cndeba politikis ufro banaluri

formebic ki, formebi, romlebsac aqvT parazitul karikaturuli

konfiguraciebi. rac rCeba megobrisa da mtris Tavdapirveli

dajgufebidan, es aris mxolod antagonisturi momenti, romelic Tavs

avlens yvelanair taqtikebSi da praqtikebSi, SejibrebSi da

37

intrigebSi; da yvelaze specifiur garigebebsa da manipulaciebs

uwodeben politikurs. politikuris cneba konkretuli antagonizmis

konteqstSia da gamoxatulia yoveldRiur enaSi, maSinac ki, rodesac

gviWirs eqstremaluri SemTxvevebis gacobiereba.

es aSkara xdeba yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi da es SesaZlebelia

naTelvyoT ori fenomeniT. upirveles yovlisa, yvela politikur

cnebas, warmodgenas, termins aqvs polemikuri mniSvneloba. isini

koncentrirebulni arian specifiur konfliqtebze da SemoisazRvrebian

konkretuli situaciiT; Sedegi, (romelic Tavs iCens omSi an

revoluciaSi) megobrisa da mtris dajgufebaa, rac cariel,

moCvenebiT abstraqciebad gardaiqmneba, rodesac es Sesabamisi situacia

qreba. iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa: respublika, sazogadoeba, klasi,

suvereniteti, konstitucionaluri saxelmwifo, absolutizmi,

diqtatura, ekonomikuri dagegmva, neitraluri an totaluri

saxelmwifo da a.S., gaugebaria Tu zustad ar aris cnobili, vin aris

gavlenis obieqti, vis ebrZvian, uaryofen an ugulebelyofen aseTi

terminiT. zemoT naxsenebi yvela polemikuri xasiaTi gansazRvravs

cneba “politikurs” miuxedavad imisa, misi sapirispiro miCneulia Tu

ara arapolitikurad (arasazianos azriT), an piriqiT Tu surT

diskvalifikacia an denonsacia gaukeTon mas rogorc politikurs,

raTa warmoaCinon Tavi raRac arapolitikurad (wminda mecnieruli,

moraluri, iuridiuli, esTeturi, ekonomikuri an sxva gagebiT) da,

amdenad, ufro aRmatebulad.

meore, Sidapolitikur polemikaSi cneba “politikuri” rogorc

wesi, Caenacvleba xolme partiul politikas. politikur

gadawyvetilebebSi obieqturobis gardauvali naklebobaa, romelic

aris mxolod mter-moyvaris, politikurad Sinagani megobroba-mtrobis

antiTezisis gadakveTis asaxva, rac aCvenebs Tavs saxelisuflebo

organoebisaTvis da politikuri patronaJisaTvis brZolis dasanan

formebsa da aspeqtebSi. moTxovna depolitizaciaze, romelic Cndeba am

konteqstSi, partiuli politikis da a.S. uaryofas niSnavs. toloba,

politika=partiul politikas SesaZlebelia, rodesac Sida politikur

partiebs Soris arsebuli antagonizmebi asustebs yovlismomcvel

politikur erTeuls, saxelmwifos. Sida antagonizmebis

38

intensifikacias SeuZlia daasustos saerTo identuroba sxva

saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saSinao konfliqti

politikur partiebs Soris erTaderTi politikuri ganmasxvavebeli

niSania, amiT miRweulia yvelaze eqstremaluri xarisxi saSinao

daZabulobisa; e.i. aseT SemTxvevaSi mter-moyvrobis saSinao da ara

sagareo dajgufebebia gadamwyveti SeiaraRebuli konfliqtisaTvis. rom

konfliqti yovelTvis SesaZlebelia, mudam unda gvaxsovdes. Tu gvinda

politikaze visaubroT saSinao politikis primatis konteqstSi, maSin

es konfliqti exeba samoqalaqo oms da ara oms organizebul erebs

Soris.

saqme imaSia, rom mtris cneba ganekuTvneba odesme brZolis

SesaZleblobas. yovelive garegani, samxedro detalebisa da iaraRis

teqnologiis ganviTarebis CaTvliT, am terminis gareT unda darCes.

omi, es aris SeiaraRebuli brZola organizebul politikur

erTeulebs Soris; samoqalaqo omi ki, SeiaraRebuli brZolaa

organizebuli erTeulebis SigniT. TviT-dasaxiCreba safrTxes uqmnis

naxsenebidan ukanasknelis gadarCenas. iaraRis arsi is gaxlavT, rom

igi aris adamianTa fizikuri ganadgurebis saSualeba. rogorc termini”

mteri”, sityva “brZola” unda iqnes gagebuli misi pirveladi

eqsistencialuri mniSvnelobiT. es ar niSnavs arc brZolas da arc

inteleqtualur dapirispirebas an simbolur SeWidebas, sadac, bolos

da bolos, yoveli adamiani garkveul donemde iRebs monawileobas,

radgan faqtia, rom adamianis mTeli cxovreba brZolaa da yvela

adamiani simbolurad mebrZolia. “megobris”, “mtris” da “brZolis”

cnebebi iReben maT zust mniSvnelobas imdenad, ramdenadac isini

aRniSnaven fizikuri mokvdinebis realur SesaZleblobas. omi

mtrobidan momdinareobs. omi, es aris mtris eqszistencialuri

uaryofa. es aris mtrobis yvelaze eqstremaluri Sedegi. is sulac ar

aris aucilebeli iyos raRac zogadi, normaluri, idealuri an

sasurveli. magram yvela SemTxvevaSi is unda darCes realur

SesaZleblobad manmade, vidre mtris cnebas Rirebuleba gaaCnia.

aqedan rodi gamomdinareobs, rom “politikuri” sxvas arafers

niSnavs Tu ara gamanadgurebel oms da rom yoveli politikuri aqcia

samxedro moqmedebaa. da mainc, yovel ers mouwevs megobrisa da mtris

39

alternativis fonze sxva eris winaaRmdeg dadgoma. bolos da bolos

xom ar SeiZleba politikurad racionalurma kursma Tavidan aicilos

omi? “politikuris” definicia, romelic mocemulia aq, ar uWers mxars

oms, militarizms, imperializms da arc pacifizms. aseve ar aidialebs

omSi gamarjvebas an warmatebul revolucias rogorc “socialur

ideals”, radganac arc omi da arc revolucia ar aris arc raRac

socialuri da arc raRac idealuri. SeiaraRebuli Setakeba ar niSnavs

politikis gagrZelebas sxva saSualebebiT, rogorc arazustad axdenen

klauzevicis cnobili gamoTqmis citirebas. oms aqvs Tavisi sakuTari

strategiuli, taqtikuri wesebi da Tvalsazrisebi gaaCnia, magram isini

gulisxmoben, rom ukve miRebulia politikuri gadawyvetileba, Tu vin

warmoadgens mters. omSi mowinaaRmdege mxareebi Riad upirispirdebian

erTmaneTs; maTi identificireba uniformiT xdeba da amitomac

megobrisa da mtris gansxvaveba aRar warmoadgens politikur

problemas, romelic mebrZolma jariskacma unda gadaWras. erTma

ingliselma diplomatma sworad aRniSna am konteqstSi, rom

politikosi ukeT aris momzadebuli brZolisaTvis vidre jariskaci,

radgan politikosi mTeli cxovreba ibrZvis maSin, rodesac jariskaci

mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi. omi politikis arc mizans, arc

amocanas da arc sakuTriv Sinaarss ar warmoadgens. magram, rogorc

mudam mocemuli SesaZlebloba, is aris ZiriTadi varaudi, romelic

damaxasiaTebeli wesiT gansazRvravs adamianTa moqmedebas da

azrovnebas da amitomac ayalibebs specifiurad politikur qcevas.

megobrisa da mtris sxvaobis kriteriumidan sulac ar

gamomdinareobs, rom erTi garkveuli eri samudamod unda iyos meore

eris mteri an megobari, an, rom neitraluri saxelmwifo ar aris

SesaZlebeli da politikurad mniSvnelovani. rogorc yoveli

politikuri cneba, neitralitetis cnebac eqvemdebareba Cvens Zireul

daSvebas megobrebad da mtrobad dayofis realuri SesaZleblobis

Sesaxeb. mxolod neitraliteti rom arsebobdes msoflioSi, maSin

bolo moeReboda ara mxolod oms, aramed TviT neitralitetsac. omis

Tavidan acilebis politika, iseve rogorc yvelanairi politika, wyvets

arsebobas, rodesac brZolis SesaZlebloba qreba. rasac yovelTvis

40

aqvs adgili, es aris eqstremaluri SemTxvevebis, realuri omis da

imisa gadawyvetilebis SesaZlebloba, aris Tu ara aseTi situacia.

eqstremaluri situaciebis iSviaToba, ar uaryofs mis

gadamwyvet xasiaTs, aramed kidev ufro amtkicebs yovelive imas, rac

zemoT iTqva. Tu dRes omebis ricxvi da sixSire Semcirda, samagierod

proporciulad gaizarda am omebis sisastike. omi, dResdReobiTac

yvelaze eqstremaluri SesaZleblobaa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

gamonaklis SemTxvevas gaaCnia gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, romelic

gamoxatavs movlenis arss. radganac, megobrobisa da mtris politikuri

dajgufebis yvelaze eqstremaluri gamovlena mxolod namdvil

brZolaSi gamoxateba.

msoflio, sadac omis SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia, mTlianad

pacifisturia, iqneboda msoflio megobrisa da mtris gansxvavebis

gareSe da TavisTavad politikis gareSe. savaraudoa, rom aseT

msoflioSi iqneboda naklebi antiTezisebi, kontrastebi, Sejibrebi,

intrigebi, magram ar iarsebebda mniSvnelovani antiTezisi, romlis

mixedviTac adamianebs moeTxovebodaT sicocxlis gawirva, sisxlis

daRvra da sxva adamianTa mokvla. politikuris Cveni definicia aq

Seusabamoc kia, radgan msoflio politikis gareSe sasurvelia,

rogorc mxolod idealuri situacia. “politikuris” fenomenis gageba

aq SesaZlebelia megobrad da mtrad dayofis konteqstSi,

damoukideblad moraluri, esTeturi da ekonomikuri aspeqtebisa,

romelsac es SesaZlebloba gulisxmobs.

omi, rogorc yvelaze eqstremaluri politikuri saSualeba

cxadyofs SesaZleblobas, romelic xazs usvams yvela politikur

ideas, konkretulad ki megobrobisa da mtris gansxvavebas. mas

mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu es gansxvaveba kacobriobaSi aSkarad arsebobs an,

sul mcire, Tu arsebobs misi potenciuri SesaZlebloba mainc. uazroba

iqneboda omis warmarTva wminda religiuri, moraluri, iuridiuli an

ekonomikuri motivebis safuZvelze. megobrisa da mtris dajgufeba da

amitom, omic ar SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes adamianTa am specifiuri

Zalisxmevis antiTezidan. omi ar saWiroebs iyos arc religiuri, an

moralurad kargi da arc momgebiani. omi DdRes arcerT maTgans ar

hgavs.

41

es TvalsaCino azri bundovani gaxda im faqtiT, rom religiuri,

moraluri antiTezisebi SeiZleba gadaizardos politikur

antiTezisebSi da migviyvanos megobroba-mtrobis TanavarskvlavedTan.

Tu es moxda, maSin Sesabamisi antiTezisi aRar aris wminda religiuri,

moraluri, ekonomikuri an politikuri. erTaderTi kiTxva rac rCeba,

aseTia: _ yovelTvis aris Tu ara megobrad da mtrad dajgufeba

SesaZlebeli ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra motivebiT xorcieldeba aseTi

dajgufeba.

politikuridan gamomdinare am logikur daskvnas ver gaveqceviT.

pacifistis omisadmi siZulvili iseTi Zlieri rom yofiliyo, rom

pacifistebi arapacifistebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi CaerTo, CaerTo

omSi omis winaaRmdeg, es daamtkicebda im faqts, rom pacifizms

namdvilad gaaCnia politikuri energia, radgan is sakmarisad Zlieria

dayos adamianebi megobrisa da mtris antiTezisis mixedviT. im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu survili omis ar arsebobisa iseTi Zlieria, rom is

yovelmxriv Tavs aridebs mas, maSin es ukve politikuri motivi xdeba,

e.i. iZleva, Tundac eqstremaluri SesaZleblobis saxiT, omis da misi

mizezebis mtkicebas. aseTi omi aucileblad araCveulebrivad

intensiuri da araadamianuria, radgan igi gadalaxavs politikuris

CarCoebis SezRudvebs. imavdroulad igi mtris kategoriis moralur da

sxva saxis kategoriebad degradirebas axdens da warmogvidgens mas

rogorc monstrs, romelic aramarto damarcxebuli unda iqnas, aramed

ganadgurebulic. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is metad aRar aris mteri,

romelic iZulebuli unda iyos Tavi Seafaros Tavis sazRvrebs. aseTi

omis warmoeba gansakuTrebiT miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom omi, rogorc

SesaZlebloba dResac arsebobs da rom am faqts gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba aqvs megobrisa da mtris antiTezisis da politikisTvis.

politikuris kategoriuli niSnidan gamomdinareobs

saxelmwifoTa pluralizmi. politikuri erTianoba mtris realur

SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs da amiT gulisxmobs sxva politikuri

gaerTianebis arsebobas. amitom, vidre dedamiwaze saerTod arsebobs

saxelmwifo, yovelTvis iarsebebs saxelmwifoebis simravle da

arasdros ar iarsebebs erTi, yovlismomcveli, adamianebisaTvis saerTo

saxelmwifo. politikuri msoflio aris ara universumi, aramed

42

pluriversumi. politikuri erToba Tavisi arsebiT arasdros ar iqneba

kacobriobis momcveli da erTiani msoflio. Tu sxvadasxva xalxebi,

religiebi, klasebi da dedamiwaze mcxovreb xalxTa sxva jgufebi

gaerTiandebian imgvari saxiT, rom maT Soris brZola warmoudgeneli

da SeuZlebeli gaxdeba, maSin mxedvelobidan unda gamovtovoT am

erTiani imperiis Sida samoqalaqo omis SesaZleblobac, rogorc raRac

warmoudgeneli. es ki niSnavs imas, rom aRar iarsebebs gansxveveba

mtersa da moyvares Soris, TviT SesaZleblobis saxiTacki da, rom

mTeli kultura, civilizacia, meurneoba, morali, samarTali da

xelovneba sruliad Tavisufali gaxdeba politikisagan, anu aRar

iarsebebs aRarc politika da aRarc saxelmwifo. dadgeba Tu ara da,

Tu dadgeba maSin rodis, aseTi mdgomareoba dedamiwaze, CemTvis

sruliad ucnobia. Tumca, jer-jerobiT msgavsic ki araferi arsebobs.

amgvari raimes daSveba mxolod fiqcia iqneboda. imavdroulad iqneboda

Zalze xanmokle gaumarTavi Sexeduleba (radgan omebi msoflio

saxelmwifoebs Soris, Zalze xSirad gadaizrdeba msoflio omebs

Soris), rom amJamad omis dasruleba moitans mSvidobas mTels

msoflioSi da amiT sruli da saboloo depolitizaciis idiliur

mdgomareobas.

kacobrioba, rogorc aseTi, verasdros ver awarmoebs oms, radgan

zogadad mas araviTari mteri ara hyavs, sul mcire am planetaze mainc.

"kacobriobis" cneba gamoricxavs "adamianobis" cnebas, radgan mteric

kacobriobis nawilia, radgan aq ar SeiZleba iyos araviTari

specifiuri gansxvaveba. am msjelobas ver scvlis is faqti, rom omebi

kacobriobis saxeliT mimdinareobs. omebis amgvari kvalifikacia ufro

politikuri sazrisis matarebelia. rodesac esa Tu is saxelmwifo

kacobriobis saxeliT ebrZvis Tavis politikur mters, es sulac ar

aris kacobriobis mier warmoebuli omi, aramed omi, romlis drosac

konkretuli saxelmwifosaTvis samxedro metoqisagan gansxvavebiT

universaluri cnebis okupirebas cdilobs im mizniT, rom (metoqis

xarjze) moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis am universalur cnebasTan

identificireba msgavsad imisa, rogorc SesaZlebelia "mSvidobis",

"samarTlianobis", "progresis", "cvilizaciis" borotad gamoyeneba maTi

miTvisebiT da uariT sxvebmac msgavsadve gamoiyenon es cnebebi.

43

"kacobrioba", am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT gamosadegi ideologiuri

instrumentia imperialisturi eqspansiebisaTvis da Tavisi eTikur-

humanitaruli formiT, is ekonomikuri imperializmis Taviseburi

saSualebaa.

davsvaT kiTxva: vis ergeba xelisufleba, romelic gadawvdeba

mTel sameurneo da teqnikur centralizacias? am kiTxvebze pasuxi

SeiZleba optimisturic iyos da SeiZleba pesimisturic, Tumca isini

saboloo jamSi daiyvanebian rwmenis aRmsareblobaze.

saxelmwifos yvela Teoria da politikuri ideebi SeiZleba

Semowmdes maTi anTropologiasTan mimarTebiT da Semdgom ki daiyos

imaze damokidebulebiT, Tu vin igulisxmeba maTSi, sul erTia

cnobierad Tu aracnobierad, "bunebiT keTili", Tu "bunebiT boroti"

adamiani. gansxvavebas aq sruliad ganyenebuli xasiaTi aqvs da is ar

SeiZleba aRebuli iyos specifiuri moraluri an eTikuri

mniSvnelobiT. gadamwyvetia adamianis problematuri an

araproblematuri gageba, rac wanamZRvari iqneboda yvela Semdgomi

politikuri gaTvlebisaTvis imis gamosacnobad, aris Tu ara adamiani

TavisTavad arseba "saxifaTo" an arasaxifaTo, sarisko, zaraliani, an,

bolos, arasarisko.

me araerTxel vaCvene, rom swored am formulebze SeiZleba iyos

dayvanili yvela egreTwodebuli avtoritaruli da anarqiuli

Teoriebis urTierTdapirispireba. es Seexeba im Teoriebisa da

konstruqciebis nawilsac, romlebic gulisxmoben, rom adamiani

"kargia", liberaluria da romlebic polemikuri wesiT mimarTulni

arian saxelmwifos saqmeSi Carevis winaaRmdeg imgvarad, rom amave dros

ar warmoadgenen anarqistul Teoriebs, am sityvis sakuTrivi

mniSvnelobiT. rodesac sityva Camovardeba Ria anarqizmze, maSin

sruliad naTelia, Tu ramdenad mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli "bunebrivi

sikeTis" rwmena saxelmwifos radikalur uaryofasTan, erTi meoridan

gamomdinareobs da erTmaneTs umagreben mxars. piriqiT,

liberalisaTvis adamianis sikeTe sxva araferia, Tu ara argumenti,

romlis ZaliTac gamarTlebulia saxelmwifos "sazogadoebis"

samsaxurSi dgoma; amrigad, es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom "sazogadoebas"

ukve sakuTar TavSi aqvs sakuTari wesrigi, xolo saxelmwifo aris mis

44

mier undoblad mkacrad gansazRvruli sazRvrebiT kontrolirebuli

qveSevrdomi. mtruli radikalizmi saxelmwifos mimarT izrdeba im

wiliT, ra wiliTac izrdeba adamianuri bunebis radikaluri

sikeTisadmi rwmena. burJuaziuli liberalizmi arasdros yofila

radikaluri politikuri azriT. igulisxmeba, rom mis mier

saxelmwifosa da politikuris uaryofa, maTi neitralizacia,

depolitizacia da Tavisuflebis uaryofa Tanabarwilad atareben

politikur sazriss da garkveul situaciebSi polemikurad aris

mimarTuli garkveuli saxis saxelmwifos da misi politikuri

xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. aq sakuTriv mxolod es gvaqvs; arc

saxelmwifos Teoria da arc politikuri idea. marTalia, liberalizmi

ar uaryofs saxelmwifos radikalurad, magram, meore mxriv, man ver

SeimuSava verc saxelmwifos pozitiuri idea da verc saxelmwifos

reformirebis raime Rirebuli Teoria. is mxolod imas cdilobda, rom

eTikuridan amosvliT politikuri masze miemagrebina da

daeqvemdebarebina ekonomikurisadmi; man Seqmna xelisuflebis dayofis

da urTierTgawonasworebis Teoria, anu Seqmna saxelmwifos SezRudvis

da kontrolis doqtrina, romelic Znelad Tu SeiZleba daxasiaTebuli

iyos rogorc saxelmwifos Teoria, an rogorc politikurad

konstruqciuli principi.

Sesabamisad amisa, Zalas inarCunebs is mniSvnelovani da

bevrisaTvis problemuri mtkiceba, rom yvela politikur TeoriaSi

igulisxmeba TiTqos adamiani "boroti" arsebaa da, rom is araviTar

SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos rogorc araproblematuri.

piriqiT, adamiani yovelTvis saxifaTo da dinamiuri arsebaa.

ramdenadac politikuris sfero, saboloo jamSi, mtris

arsebobiT ganisazRvreba, amdenad arc politikur Teoriebs ar

SeuZliaT warmatebiT amosaval wertilad anTropologiuri optimizmi

aiRon. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mtris SesaZleblobasTan erTad maT

mouwevdaT uareyoT politikuris yvela SesaZlo Sedegi.

ukanaskneli saukunis liberalizmma Taviseburad da

sistematurad gadasinja, denaturalizacia uyo yvela sakuTar

politikur warmodgenebs. istoriuli realobis TvalsazrisiT

liberalizmma iseve mcired daaRwia Tavi politikuris fenomens,

45

rogorc nebismier mniSvnelovan politikuri moZraobas, romelic ki

Seexeba ganaTlebas, meurneobas da a.S., SeuZlia daaRwios Tavi

politikur sazriss, moaxdinos am ukanasknelis depolitizacia an

neitralizacia. yvela qveynis liberalebi, iseve rogorc sxva

adamianebi, atarebdnen politikas da Sediodnen kavSirSi

araliberalur elementebTan da ideebTan. amgvarad isini

gardaiqmnebodnen nacional-liberalebad, social-liberalebad,

Tavisufal-konservatorebad, liberalur-kaTolikebad da a.S.

gansakuTrebiT xSirad ukavSirdebodnen isini sruliad araliberalur,

TviT iseT Zalebsac ki, romlebsac totaluri saxelmwifosaken

mivyavarT. magram aq problema imaSi mdgomareobs, SesaZlebelia Tu ara

wminda da Tanamimdevruli individualisturi liberalizmis cnebidan

miviRoT specifiurad politikuris idea. amis Taobaze calsaxad unda

iTqvas: ara. radgan politikuris uaryofa, romelsac Seicavs

individualuris yoveli cneba, aucileblad migviyvans yovelgvari

moazrebadi politikuri Zalisa da saxelmwifosadmi undoblobis

praqtikasTan imgvarad, rom is verasdros ver Seqmnis politikuris da

saxelmwifos pozitiur Teorias. swored amis ZaliT liberaluri

politika arsebobs rogorc mxolod polemikuri dapirispireba

saxelmwifo, saeklesio da individualuri Tavisuflebis SezRudvis

sxva formebis mimarT. swored am azriT arsebobs savaWro politika,

saeklesio, saganmanaTleblo, kulturis politika, magram ar arsebobs

ubralod liberaluri politika, aramed mxolod politikis

liberaluri kritika.

is faqti, rom sameurneo xasiaTis dapirispirebebma politikuri

saxe SeiZina da gaCnda "sameurneo Zalis poziciis" cneba, mxolod imas

gviCvenebs, rom politikuris aTvlis wertils SegviZlia mivaRwioT

rogrc meurneobis, aseve nebismieri sxva sagnobrivi sferodan

amosvliT. ekonomikurad fundirebuli imperializmi, ra Tqma unda

Seecdeba dedamiwaze Semoitanos iseTi mdgomareoba, romlis drosac is

Seuferxeblad gamoiyenebda Tavis Zalauflebis sameurneo berketebs:

embargo kreditebze da nedleulze, sxvisi valutis gaufasureba da a.S.

da savsebiT dakmayofildes am saSualebebiT. Tuki xalxi, an adamianTa

sxva jgufi Seecdeba rogorme Tavi daaRwios "mSvidobian" RonisZiebaTa

46

am nusxas, es "araekonomikur Zaladobad" CaiTvleba. bolos, mis

xelTvea Zaladobrivi fizikuri mospobis teqnikuri saSualebebic _

teqnikurad srulyofili Tanamedrove iaraRi, romelic kapitalisa da

inteleqtis gamoyenebiT arnaxulad ise xelsayreli xdeba, rom misi

gamoyeneba savsebiT SesaZlebelia saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi. am

saSualebebis gamoyenebis gasamarTleblad, ra Tqma unda, yalibdeba

Sesabamisi axali saWiro pacifisturi leqsikonic, romelic ukve metad

aRar icnobs omis fenomens, margam Zalze kargad erkveva imaSi, Tu ra

aris egzekucia, sanqcia, damsjeli eqspedicia, samSvidobo operacia,

saerTaSoriso policia da mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebi.

mowinaaRmdege metad aRar iwodeba mtrad, aramed mSvidobis damrRvevad

da rogorc aseTi cxaddeba "hors-la-loi da hors l'humanite-d; omi,

romelic mimarTulia ekonomikuri samflobeloebis SenarCunebis an

gafarToebis mizniT, propagandistuli xerxebiT unda gardaiqmnas

"jvarosnul laSqrobad" da "kacobriobis ukanasknel omad". swored

amas mioTxovs eTikis da ekonomikis polaroba.

47

iurgen habermasi

faqtobriobasa da validurobis Soris:

samarTlisa da demokratiuli samarTlebrivi

mmarTvelobis diskursiuli Teoriis Sesaxeb

kanonis sociologia samarTlis filosofiis

sapirispirod

kanonis sociologiuri ukugdeba

mecnieruli mimarTulebebis zrdisa da dakninebis kvaldakval bolo sami

saukunis ganmavlobaSi cvalebadobda kanonis kategoriis mniSvneloba da

adgili saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis gaazrebaSi. is warmoadgenda sakvanZo

cnebas Tanamedrove bunebiT samarTalSi hobsiT dawyebuli da hegeliT

damTavrebuli, ixileboda ra am midgomis mier yvela danarCeni

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mediatorad. swored samarTlebriv

sarCuls unda Seeqmna kargad organizebuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigis

legitimurobis adeqvaturi modeli. karg sazogadoebad warmoidgineboda is,

romelic racionaluri kanonis mixedviT igeboda. meores mxriv,

Sotlandieli moralistebis sazogadoebrivma doqtrinam ukve Seitana eWvi

bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriebis racionalizmSi, miuTiTa ra, rom

damkvidrebuli praqtika, Cvevebi da institutebi ufro mdgradi iyo, vidre

formaluri kanonis cneba. adam fergusonma da jon milarma, Tumca ki ver

gascdnen pozicias klasikur politikasa da Tanamedrove politikur

ekonomikas Soris, mxolod daiwyes moZraoba aristoteledan marqsisken1.

rogorc empiricistebi, isini ebrZodnen racionaluri samarTlis

preskriptivizms, romlis normatuli safuZvlebi ar iRebdnen mxedvelobaSi

istoriul Taviseburebebs da sociokulturul faqtorebs. rogorc

adrindel sociologebsa da anTropologebs axasiaTebda, isini uaryofdnen

racionalizms, romelsac SeeZlo miRweuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis,

damkvidrebuli institutebis, Rrmad damkvidrebuli interesebis, da

klasobrivi struqturis araformaluri qselis garRveva da misi gadaqceva

xelovnurad Seqmnil wesTa sistemad.

rasakvirvelia, socialuri kontraqtis modeli gaamyara im faqtma, rom

Tanamedrove gacvlaze dayrdnobili sazogadoeba TiTqos utovebs kerZo

pirebs bunebrivi avtonomiisa da Tanasworobis raRac formas sabazro

urTierTobebSi maTi monawileobis gziT. Tavisuflebis garantirebis Tavisi

48

spontanuri tendenciiT, burJuaziul ekonomikur sazogadoebas erTi ram Tu

aklda - formalur samarTlebriv normebze dafuZneba. Tumca ki es migneba

mxolod jon lokis, imanuil kantisa da tomas painis liberalur

TeoriebSia warmodgenili2. magram socialuri kontraqtis yvela TeoriaSi

sabaziso institutebis bunebiTi racionaluri samarTlis Sesabamisad

konstruirebis mcdeloba niSnavda im Sexedulebis aRiarebas, rom

sazogadoeba Tavis erTobaSi SeiZleba iqnas gagebuli rogorc avtonomiuri

da Tanaswori wevrebis Tavisufali gaerTianebis gamiznuli kompleqsi3. am

ararealisturma ideam garkveulwilad sinamdvileTan miaxlovebuli ieri

miiRo mxolod imitom, rom Tanamedrove sabazro sazogadoebebi Tavidan

Canden bunebriv bazisad, romelzedac nawilebi urTierTobdnen rogorc

Sinaganad Tavisuflebi da Tanasworebi. ratom "Sinaganad"? viwrobazriani,

gawonasworebuli, sasaqonlo ekonomikis egalitarul pirobebSi saqonlis

mflobelebi - Sinameurneobebis mflobel mamakacebad warmodgenilebi - ukve

virtualurad kanonis kerZod avtonomiuri subieqtebis adgils ikavebdnen,

rac win uswrebda nebismier ganzraxul politikur gaerTianebas. Tumca es

viTareba naklebad mniSvnelovani iyo avtorebTan, vinc bunebriv

mdgomareobas ara ekonomikuri urTierTobebis terminebSi, aramed

Zalauflebis terminebSi axasiaTebda. miuxedavad amisa bunebrivi

mdgomareobis hobsiseuli sqemebi yovel SemTxvevaSi im Sexedulebis

eqvivalents warmoadgenda, rom burJuaziuli sazogadoeba funqcionirebda,

nebismier samarTlebriv regulirebamde, rogorc politikuri gaerTianebis

wyaro. mas SeeZlo am funqciis Sesruleba vinaidan konkurentuli

ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ukve moiTxovda iseTi subieqtebis arsebobas,

vinc debda kontraqtebs da amdenad qmnidnen kanonebs.. . .

amdenad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebam transformireba ganicada. Tavidan

is niSnavda im pirobebis erTobas, romelTa ZaliT xdeboda SesaZlebeli

Tavisufleba - pirobebis, romlebic SesaZlebels xdidnen individebis

Segnebul da nebayoflobiT gaerTianebas da maT mier sazogadoebriv

procesebze kontrolis dawesebas, xolo Semdgom gadaiqca anonimur

sistemad, romelic damoukidebelia Seugneblad socializebuli individebis

miswrafebebisgan, sistema, romelic misdevs sakuTar logikas da

uqvemdebarebs sazogadoebas mTlianobaSi sakuTari stabilizebis

ekonomikurad dekodirebul imperativebs.

am cvlilebasTan erTad . . . kanonis kategoriam dakarga Tavisi centraluri

roli Teoriul analizSi. . . . burJuaziuli sazogadoebis anatomirebas

politikuri ekonomikis terminebSi hqonda mxilebiTi efeqti: ara

samarTlebrivi, aramed mwarmoebluri urTierTobebi qmnidnen im ConCxs,

romelic sazogadoebis sxeuls akavebda. . . .

49

Tanamedrove bunebiTi samarTlis dabruneba da “valdebulebis

impotencia”

Tanamedrove bunebiTi samarTlis normativizmis sociologiuri ukugdeba

samocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi moulodnelma reaqciam daCrdila.

praqtikuli filosofiis problemebis reabilitaciasTan erTad samarTlis

filosofiam miiRo axali impulsi, romelmac kvlav aqtualuri gaxada

racionaluri bunebiTi samarTlis socialuri kontraqtis Teoria. mas aqeT

rac daiwera jon roulzis “samarTlianobis Teoriia” (1971), qanqaram am

sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT daiwyo svla. ara marto filosofosTa da

samarTlis TeoretikosTa Soris, aramed aseve ekonomistTa Soris

warmoiSva midgoma, romelic ise uyoymanod ubrundeba meCvidmete da

meTvramete saukuneebis Teoriebs, TiTqos SeiZlebodes socialur

mecnierebebSi samarTliT imedgacruebis ignorireba . . .

kargad mowyobili sazogadoebis Tavisi modelis am normatiuli

dasabuTebis pirvel stadiaze - modelisa, romelic “liberaluria” anglo-

amerikuli gagebiT da “social-demokratiulia” evropuli terminologiiT,

roulzi ukve emsaxureba TviTstabilizaciis problemas. samarTlianobis

Teoriis 86-e nawilSi is did Zalisxmevas imxobs raTa aCvenos "sworisa da

kargis kongruencia" . . . kargad organizebul sazogadoebaSi CemTvis

yovelTvis kargi iqneba, rom samarTlianobis pirobebi davakmayofilo. an,

hegelis terminebSi rom vimsjeloT, pirovnebis morali moipovebs Tavis

eTikur konteqsts samarTliani sazogadoebis institutebSi. amdenad kargad

mowyobili sazogadoebis TviTstabilizeba efuZneba ara kanonis damsjel

Zalas, aramed samarTlian institutebSi cxovrebis sazogadebriv Zalas,

vinaidan amgvari cxovreba aviTarebs da imavdroulad inarCunebs

moqalaqeTa ganwyobas samarTlianobisken.

rasakvirvelia, es yovelive SesaZlebelia mxolod Tu vigulisxmebT, rom

samarTliani institutebi ukve arseboben. sxva sakiTxia, rogor unda

dafuZndnen isini, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogor SeiZleba maTi xelSewyoba

mocemul viTarebaSi. samarTlianobis filosofiuri TeoriisTvis es sakiTxi

ara dgas praqtikuli Tvalsawieridan. is ufro Cndeba rogorc gamoZaxili

im Rirebulebrivi pluralizmis politikur-kulturul garemoze,

romelSiac samarTlianobis Teoria unda iqnas aRiarebuli moqalaqeTa

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mier. kamaTis am meore stadiaze Cven ar

vdgevarT winaswar validurad aRiarebuli Teoriis realizebis

probelmasTan. Cven ufro gviCndeba kiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu ra gziTaa

SesaZlebeli kargad organizebuli sazogadoebis normatiuli cneba

moTavsebul iqnas arsebuli politikuri kulturis da sajaro sivrcis

konteqstSi ise, rom mas miemxron Tanxmobis miRwevis mosurne moqalaqeebi.

50

am konteqstSi "refleqsuri wonasworobis" cneba iRebs gaurkvevel saxes,

romelic roulzma arasakmarisad diferencirebuli xasiaTi misca . . .

pluralistul sazogadoebaSi samarTlianobis Teoriam SesaZloa moipovos

moqalaqeTa mxardaWera im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki is Semofarglavs sakuTar Tavs

postmetafizikuri xasiaTis koncefciiT, anu ar daiWers ama Tu im mxares

cxovrebis formebisa da msoflmxedvelobebis konkurenciaSi. bevr Teoriul

sakiTxSi, da kidev ufro praqtikul problemebSi, gonis sajaro gamoyenebas

ar moyveba racionalurad motivirebuli Tanxmoba. amis safuZvelia "gonis

zewola", zewola, romelsac axorcielebs sasrul cnobierebaze

gonivrulobis pretenziis idelisturi xasiaTi. es mecnieruli

diskursebisTvisac ki asea. praqtikul diskursebSi damatebiT is faqtoric

moqmedebs, rom kargi cxovrebis problema idealur pirobebSic ki,

gonivrul gadawyevetas poulobs mxolod iseTi cxovrebiseuli proeqtis

CarCoebSi, romelic validuradaa miCneuli. . .

samarTlianobis roulziseuli “politikuri” cneba exmianeba problemas,

romelic hegelma moralisa da eTikuri cxovrebis urTierTkavSiris

terminebSi Camoayaliba. bunebiTi samarTlisadmi socialur kontraqtze

dafuZnebuli midgomisTvis, normasa da realobas Soris

urTierTmimarTebis probelma pirvelad sxva doneze warmoiSva.

racionalurma bunebiTma samarTalma, ganasxvava ra kanoni moralisgan,

mxedvelobaSi miiRo winaaRmdegobrioba, romelic TviT pozitiur

samarTalSia Cadebuli.Aaman dasabamidanve mianiWa mas ufro realisturi

orientirebi, vidre politikuri samarTlis moralurad orientirebul

Teorias gaaCnia. is daupirispirda politikuri procesis realobas mTel

mis sigZe-siganeSi. Tu roulzi gulisxmobda am problemis gadaWras, is ar

unda gaCerebuliyo, argumentirebis meore etapze, ganazrebebiT Tanmdevi

politikuri kulturis Sesaxeb. is ufro unda CarTuliyo konstituciuri

saxelmwifos istoriuli ganviTarebis da misi socialuri bazisis

normatiul rekonstruqciaSi.

es kompleqsuri amocana moiTxovs empiriul kvlevas, romelic scildeba

xelSemwyobi politikuri kulturis xasiaTis identificirebas. magram

socialuri Teoriis midgomebi, romlebic aqamde gamoiyeneboda, am amocanas

ver pasuxoben. damkvirveblis Tvalsawieridan samarTlebrivi sistemis

analizisas isini ubralod gverds uvlian mis normatiul

TviTgaazrebas.Mmxolod maSin, rodesac samarTlis sociologiuri analizi

iTavsebs gare midgomas Sida rekonstruqciasTan, normatiuli TeoriisTvis

aRar aris aucilebeli eZebos kavSiri socialur realobasTan

aragaSualedeburi gziT, moqalaqeTa sazogadoebis politikuri

TviTSegnebis meSveobiT. maSin normatiul Teorias, romelic miznad isaxavs

51

konstituciuri saxelmwifos ganviTarebis rekonstruqcias konkretul

sazogadoebebSi, SeuZlia Seasrulos roli realuri politikuri

procesebis kritikul aRweraSi. Tu SevxedavT klasikur sociologiur

Teorias, emil diurkhaimidan da maqs veberidan talkot parsonsamde,

SeiZleba vipovoT saintereso mosazrebebi amgvari analizisTvis – erTis

mxriv, samarTlebrivi sistemis normatiuli rekonstruqciisTvis, xolo

meores mxriv, misi empiriuli uaryofisTvis.4

kanonisadmi rekonstruqciuli midgoma (II) :

konstituciuri saxelmwifos principebi

Sida kavSiri kanonsa da politikas Soris

kanoni sakuTar Tavs uflebebis sistemad warmoaCens mxolod manam, sanam

Cven mas vixilavT qceviTi molodinebis mastabilizirebeli misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli specifiuri funqciis terminebSi. es uflebebi SeiZleba

iqces realobad da cxovrebaSi gatardes mxolod im organizaciebis mier,

romlebic iReben yvelasaTvis savaldebulo gadawyvetilebebs. da piriqiT,

es gadawyvetilebebi xdeba yvelasTvis savaldebulo swored im kanonis

formis gamo, romliTac isini warmodgenilia. kanonisa da politikuri

Zalauflebis Sinagani kavSiri asaxulia im . . implikaciebSi, romlebic aqvs

“subieqtur” uflebas “obieqturi” kanonisTvis.

Tanabari Tavisuflebebis ufleba gulisxmobs bazisuri uflebebis

konkretul formas, romelic, aris ra pozitiuri kanoni, efuZneba sanqciebis

muqaras da SeiZleba iyos ganxorcielebuli normebis arSesrulebisa an

sawinaaRmdego interesebis sapirispirod. Sesabamisad mas sWirdeba rom

arsebobdes Zalaufleba, romelic ekuTvnis sanqciebis ganmaxorcielebel

organizacias, romelic flobs legitimuri Zaladobis ganxorcielebis

iaraRebs raTa samarTlebrivi normebi realobad aqcios. es aris

saxelmwifos erTi aspeqti, anu is, rom mas gaaCnia sarezervo Zala rom

gaimyaros Tavisi maregulirebeli Zalaufleba. . .

mokled, xdeba aucilebeli saxelmwifos arseboba, rogos sanqciebis

ganmaxorcielebeli, maorganizebeli da aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebisa,

vinaidan uflebebs sWirdeba ganxorcieleba, samarTlebrivi erToba

moiTxovs koleqtiur TviTregulirebas da organizebul sasamarTlos da

vinaidan politikuri nebis formireba awarmoebs programebs, romlebsac

sWirdeba ganxorcieleba. . . politikuri Zalaufleba ar aris kanonisadmi

garedan Tavsmoxveuli, aramed moiTxoveba TviT kanoniT, da kanonis

formiTaa daarsebuli. politikuri Zalaufleba SeiZleba ganviTardes

52

mxolod samarTlis kodeqsis meSveobiT da aris, cnebis samarTlebrivi

gagebiT, formirebuli sabaziso uflebebis saxiT. aman ubiZga mecxramete

saukunis germanul konstitucionalizms iseTnairad gaego “kaninis

mmarTveloba”, rom individis Tavisuflebasa da saxelmwifos organizebul

Zalauflebas Soris zedmetad pirdapiri kavSiri Seiqmna5. germanul

tradiciaSi, kanonis mmarTveloba, anu Rechsstaat mxolod navaraudevad aris

moqalaqeTa kerZo avtonomiisa da samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis garanti.

sapirispirod, diskursis Teoria xsnis, Tu rogor aris Sinaganad

dakavSirebuli kerZo da sazogadoebrivi avtonomia. kanoni Tavis srul

normatiul azrs iZens ara Tavisi samarTlebrivi formis, rogorc aseTis,

meSveobiT, da arc a priori moraluri Sinaarsis xarjze, aramed

kanonSemoqmedebis proceduris meSveobiT, romelic badebs legitimurobas.

am mxriv adrindel liberalur konstitucionalizmSi mocemuli

samarTlebrivi aqtis materialuri cneba (romelic warmodgenilia robert

van molis (Mohl) da misi Tanamedroveebis naSromebSi) gvTavazobs kanonis

mmarTvelobis demokratiuli ideis ukeTes sawyisebs. am avtorebs

“samarTlebrivi aqti” esmodaT rogorc zogadi da abstraqtuli wesi,

warmoqmnili xalxis warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier iseTi proceduriT,

romelic xasiaTdeba diskusiiTa da sajaroobiT. kanonis mmarTvelobis ukan

dgas idea, romlic mixedviTac xelisuflebis koleqtiurad savaldebulo

gadawyvetilebebi, romelic unda daeyrdnos kanons raTa Seasrulos Tavisi

funqciebi, ara marto unda iyos Camosxmuli kanonis formaSi, aramed arian

Tavis mxriv legitimizebuli aqtebiT, romlebic am proceduras sazRvraven. .

. dasabuTebis posttradiciul etapze rogorc Cven amas dRes vityodiT,

erTaderTi kanoni, romelic aris legitimuri, aris is, romelic iqneba

racionalurad aRiarebuli yvela moqalaqeTa mier SexedulebaTa da nebis

formirebis diskursiul procesSi.

rasakvirvelia, amas aqvs is Sedegi, rom politikuri avtonomiis samoqalaqo

ganxorcieleba inkorporirebulia saxelmwifoSi: sakanonmdeblo organo

organizebulia rogorc saxelmwifos Sto. TanasworTa horizontaluri

asociaciidan, romelSiac erTmaneTis uflebebi saziarodaa aRiarebuli,

konceptualuri gadasvliT moqalaqeTa vertikalur organizebaze

saxelmwifos SigniT, TviT-damkvidrebis praqtika institucionalizebas

ganicdis ramdenime gziT. politikur sajaro sivrceSi is Cndeba rogorc

araformaluri azris formireba, rogorc monawileoba politikur

partiaTa SigniT da maT gareT, rogorc sayovelTao arCevnebSi xmis micema,

rogorc saparlamento organoebSi msjeloba da gadawyvetilebebis miReba,

da a.S. amgvarad, xalxis uzenaesoba, romelic Sinaganad ukavSirdeba

individualur Tavisuflebas, garda amisa gadaebmeba saxelisuflebo

Zalauflebas, iseTnairad, rom principi “mTeli samTavrobo xelisufleba

53

momdinareobs xalxisgan” realizdeba Sexedulebebisa da nebis formirebis

institucionalurad diferencirebuli procedurebisgan da komunikaciuri

wanamZRvrebisgan. kanonis mmarTvelobis diskursiul-Teoretikuli

koncepciidan, xalxis uzenaesoba aRar aris gansaxierebuli avtonomiuri

moqalaqeebis vizualurad garCevad krebaSi. is brundeba, rogorc is iyo,

komunikaciis “usubieqto” formaSi, romelic cirkulirebs forumebsa da

sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. mxolod am anonimuri formiT SeuZlia mas

komunikaciurad aavsos saxelmwifo aparatis administraciuli Zalaufleba

xalxis nebiT. rogorc Cven kanonis mmarTvelobis demokratiuli formis

ganxilvisas vnaxavT, politikuri Zalaufleba diferencirebulia

komunikaciur Zalauflebad da administraciul Zalauflebad. vinaidan

xalxis uzenaesoba aRar aris koncentrirebuli koleqtiurobaSi, an

moqalaqeebis an maTi warmomadgenlebis fizikurad xilvadi gaerTianebebis

arsebobaSi, aramed mxolod realizdeba gonivrulad struqturirebuli

msjelobis da gadawyvetilebebis cirkulirebaSi, SeiZleba uvneblad

vigulisxmoT, rom konstituciur saxelmwifoSi suvereni ar SeiZleba

arsebobdes6. magram es interpretacia saWiroebs frTxil gansazRvrebas,

raTa ar gamovacaloT xalxis uzenaesobas misi radikalur-demokratiuli

Sinaarsi.

rodesac, SemdgomSi, Cven vaxdenT kanonsa da politikur Zalauflebas Soris

arsebuli Sida kavSiris rekonstruirebas, Tavidanve yuradRebiT unda

viyoT raTa aviciloT gaugebroba. es analizi ar ikvlevs zRurbls normasa

da realobas Soris, da amdenad jer ar udgeba Zalauflebas rogorc

socialur realobas, romelsac SeuZlia ideebs suleluri elferi mianiWos.

rogorc es wina TavSi iyo, Cveni yuradReba mimarTulia ufro kanonSive

arsebul winaaRmdegobaze faqtobriobasa da validurobas Soris. es Tavidan

gamomJRavnda samarTlebrivi validurobis ganzomilebaSi (rogorc

winaaRmdegobrioba kanonis pozitiurobasa da mis legitimurobas Soris) da

uflebaTa sistemis SigniT (rogorc winaaRmdegobrioba kerZo da

sazogadoebriv avtonomiurobas Soris). es xedvebi farTovdeba rodesac

Semogvaqvs sakonstitucio saxelmwifos idea. uflebebidan Cven gadavdivarT

konstituciurad organizebul Zalauflebaze, romlis ganxorcieleba unda

iyos SezRuduli legitimuri kanoniT. Tuki kanoni refleqsuradaa

miyenebuli politikuri Zalauflebis mimarT, romelsac is farulad

gulisxmobs, rasakvirvelia, winaaRmdegobrioba faqtobriobasa da

validurobas Soris sxva ganzomilebaSi gadadis: is kvlav Cndeba

konstituciurad organizebul politikur ZalauflebaSi rogorc aseTSi.

saxelmwifo Zalaufleba eyrdnoba sasjelis muqaras, romelic

uzrunvelyofilia rezervSi arsebuli Zalismieri meqanizmebiT; Tumca, amave

dros, is avtorizirebulia legitimuri kanoniT. rogorc es samarTlebriv

validurobaSi xdeba, iZulebisa da normatiuli validurobis pretenziis es

54

ori momenti aseve kombinirebulia politikuri gadawyvetilebis

koleqtiurad damavaldebulebel xasiaTSi, Tumca ki gansxvavebuli gziT.

maSin, roca kanoni acxadebs Sinaganad pretenzias normatiul validurobaze

misi pozitiurobis ganurCevlad, Zalauflebas politikuri neba gankargavs

rogorc koleqtiuri miznebis miRwevis iaraRs ganurCevlad im normatiuli

CarCoebisa, romlebic mis avtorizebas axdenen. amdenad, Tuki empiriulad

SevxedavT, kanoni xSirad mxolod iZleva formas, romelsac politikuri

Zalaufleba iyenebs. normatiuli Tvalsawieridan, mxolod es faqtobrioba

Zalauflebisa, romelic garegania kanonisadmi, da romelic aralegitimuria

imdenad, ramdenadac axdens kanonis instrumentalizebas, unda iyos

yvelaferis Semotrialebis mizezi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, gamowveva,

romelsac qmnis es socialuri faqtobrioba, ar aris amwuTas Cveni

ganxilvis sagani. konceptualuri analizi avlens mxolod im

winaaRmdegobirobas faqtobriobasa da validurobas Soris, romelic

politikur Zalauflebas rogorc aseTs axasiaTebs, imdenad, ramdenadac es

ukanaskneli Sinaganad kanonTanaa kavSirSi, romelTanac mimarTebaSi man

unda moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis legitimizeba. es konceptualuri kavSiri ar

unda avrioT winaaRmdegobasTan normasa da realobas Soris. . .

deliberaciuli (msjelobaze dafuZnebuli) politika:

demokratiis proceduruli koncefcia

kiTxvam imis Taobaze, Tu ra pirobebSi aris kanonis genezisi misi

legitimizaciis wyaro, yuradRebis centrSi moaqcia kanonSemoqmedebiTi

politika - politikuri procesebis farTo speqtris erT-erTi Semadgeneli

nawili. samarTlis Teoriis Tvalsawieridan me aRvwere

kanonSemoqmedebiTi politika rogorc kamaTisa da vaWrobis rigi

gansxvavebuli formebis momcveli procesi. samarTliani procedurebisa da

komunikaciis im mkacr pirobebSi, romlebic legitimur kanonSemoqmedebas

Tan axlavs, normebis Semoqmedi da Semmowmebeli goni procedurul formas

iRebs. amwuTas gaurkvevelia, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia am, uaRresad

idealizirebuli, proceduruli cnebis misadageba empiriul gamokvlevebTan,

romlebic politikas pirvel rigSi ZalauflebisTvis brZolis arenad

ixilaven. amgvari gamokvlevebi iazreben politikis sferos interesebze

darydnobili strategiuli dapirispirebebis terminebSi an sistemis

funqcionirebis terminebSi. rogorc me mesmis, es problema ar gulisxmobs

idealursa da relurs Soris dapirispirebis arsebobas, vinaidan

normatiuli Sinaarsi, romelic me Tavidan win wamovwie rekonstruqciis

55

mizniT, nawilobriv warmodgenilia dakvirvebadi politikuri procesis

socialur faqtobriobaSi. amdenad demokratiis rekonstruqciulma

sociologiam ise unda airCios Tavisi bazisuri cnebebi, rom SeZlos

politikur procesSi "arsebuli gonis" ukve inkorporirebuli nawilakebisa

da fragmentebis identificireba, rac ar unda damaxinjebuli iyon isini. es

midgoma ar saWiroebs istoriis filosofiaSi gamarTlebis povnas. is

ubralod eyrdnoba mosazrebas, rom SeuZlebelia konstituciurad

organizebuli politikuri sistemis funqcionirebis adeqvaturi aRwera,

empiriul donezec ki, kanonis validurobasa da demokratiuli

kanonSemoqmedebis malegitimizirebeli Zalis xsenebis gareSe.

demokratiis normatiuli modeli empiriuli modelis

sapirispirod (7.1 .2)

. . .samarTlis Teoriaze dafuZnebulma Cvenma analizma gamoaSkarava is, rom

demokratiuli procesis centralur elements warmoadgens politikis

deliberaciuli procedura. demokratiis amgvari gagebidan gamomdinareobs

garkveuli daskvnebi sazogadoebis im cnebis Sesaxeb, romelic safuZvlad

udevs demokratiis aRiarebul ganmartebebs, anu sazogadoebis im gagebisa,

romelic mas saxelmwifoSi moqceulad ixilavs. aq SemoTavazebuli gageba

gansxvavdeba rogorc saxelmwifos liberaluri gagebisgan, romlis

mixedviTac saxelmwifo warmoadgens ekonomikuri sazogadoebis mcvels,

aseve respublikuri gagebisgan, romelic saxelmwifos eTikuri erTobis

institucionalizebul formad ixilavs7.

liberaluri TvalTaxedviT, demokratiuli procesi xorcieldeba

martooden interesTa Soris kompromisebis miRwevis formiT.

kompromisebis formirebis wesebi unda uzrunvelyofdnen Sedegebis

samarTlianobas universaluri da sayovelTao xmis uflebis, parlamentebis

reprezentatulobis uzrunvelyofis, gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis wesebis,

mmarTvelobis wesebisa da a.S. meSveobiT. amgvari wesebi saboloo formiT

liberaluri bazisuri uflebebis terminebSia dasabuTebuli. respublikuri

TvalTaxedviT, meores mxriv, politikuri nebis formirebis demokratiuli

procesi iRebs eTikopolitikuri TviTgaazrebis formas; masSi deliberacia

SeiZleba daeyrdnos moqalaqeTa Soris arsebul kulturulad

Camoyalibebul Tanxmobas. socialurad gamaerTianebeli es urTierTgageba

SeiZleba periodul ganaxlebas poulobdes respublikis safuZvlebis

ritualizebul gaxsenebebSi. diskursis Teoria iRebs elementebs orive

mxridan da aerTianebs maT deliberaciis da gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis

idealuri proceduris cnebaSi. demokratiuli procedura, romelic qmnis

pragmatuli ganxilvebisa da kompromisebis qselebs da TviTanalizisa da

samarTlianobis diskursebs, efuZneba mosazrebas, rom gonivruli an

56

samarTliani Sedegebi miiRweva imdenad, ramdenadac ar darRveula

Sesabamisi informaciis mimoqceva da misi swori mopyroba. am Sexedulebis

Tanaxmad, praqtikuli goni aRaraa moqceuli adamianis sayovelTao

uflebebSi, arc mocemuli sazogadoebis eTikur qsovilSi, aramed diskursis

wesebSi da kamaTis formebSi, romlebic Tavis normatiul Sinaarss

sesxuloben im moqmedebis validurobisgan, romelic mimarTulia

urTierTgagebis miRwevaze. saboloo jamSi, es normatiuli Sinaarsi

warmoiSoba lingvisturi komunikaciis struqturidan da socialuri

urTierTobis komunikaciuri xasiaTisgan.

. . . demokratiuli procesis es gansazRvreba qmnis aseve saxelmwifosa da

sazogadoebis normatiuli konceptualizaciis CarCos. amisTvis mxolod

unda vivaraudoT sajaro administraciis is tipi, romelic warmoiqmna

adreul TanamedroveobaSi evropul nacia-saxelmwifosTan erTad da

romelmac ganaviTara funqcionaluri kavSirebi kapitalistur

ekonomikasTan.

respublikuri TvalTaxedviT, moqalaqeTa azrebisa da nebis formireba

warmoadgens mediums, romlis meSveobiTac sazogadoeba formirdeba

rogorc politikuri erToba. . . . aqedan gamomdinareobs politikis

agresiuli gageba rogorc saxelmwifo aparatis winaaRmdeg mimarTulisa. . .

maSin rodesac saxelmwifo aparatis sazogadoebisgan gancalkeveba

negatiurad aRiqmeba respublikuri mxridan, liberaluri Tvalsawieridan

es gancalkeveba aris dauZleveli, da masze demokratiulma procesma

SeiZleba mxolod xidi gados. bunebrivia, rom ZalTa da interesTa

regulirebuli balansi moiTxovs kanonis uzenaesobis ganxorcielebas.

sakuTar interesebze orientirebul moqalaqeTa mier demokratiuli nebis

formirebas gaaCnia SedarebiT susti normatiuli konotaciebi, da igi

Seadgens kompleqsuri konstituciis mxolod erT elements. es konstitucia

zRudavs administracias normatiuli wesebiT (rogorebicaa sabaziso

uflebebi, Zalauflebis danawileba da samarTlebrivi kontroli), amasTan,

igulisxmeba, rom konstitucia axdens saxelmwifos motivirebas, politikur

partiebsa da xelisuflebasa da opozicias Soris konkurenciiT, Tanabrad

gaiTvaliswinon sazogadoebrivi interesebi da Rirebulebrivi

orientaciebi. saxelmwifoSi koncentrirebuli politikis es gageba SeiZleba

win uswrebdes ararealistur warmodgenas moqalaqeebze, romlebsac aqvT

koleqtiurad moqmedebis unari. is orientirebulia ara racionaluri

politikuri nebis formirebis procesze, aramed mmarTvelobis saqmianobis

Sedegebze, romlebic aRweven efeqtur balanss. . . . liberaluri modeli

efuZneba ara deliberaciis gziT moqalaqeTa demokratiul

TviTgamorkvevas, aramed ekonomikuri sazogadoebis konstituciur CarCos,

57

romelmac unda uzrunvelyos arsebiTad ara-politikuri saerTo sikeTe

imiTi, rom daakmayofilos individualuri cxovrebiseuli gegmebi da

bednierebis kerZo molodinebi.

diskursiuli Teoria ufro mWidrod ukavSirebs demokratiul process

masSi arsebul normatiul konotaciebTan, vidre amas liberaluri modeli

akeTebs, magram ara imdenad, rogorc respublikuri modeli. . . diskursis

Teoriis mixedviT, deliberaciuli politikis warmateba damokidebulia ara

erToblivad moqmed moqalaqeebze, aramed komunikaciis Sesabamisi

procedurebisa da pirobebis institucionalizaciaze, da aseve

institucionalizirebuli deliberaciuli procesis urTierTqmedebaze

araformalurad ganviTarebul sazogadoebriv azrTan. prozedurizebuli

saxalxo uzenaesoba da politikuri sistema Sekruli erTmaneTTan

politikuri sajaro sivrc is periferiuli qseliT exmianeba

decentralizebuli sazogadoebis imijTan. demokratiis am cnebas ara aqvs

saqme socialur erTobasTan, romelic saxelmwifoSia centralizebuli, da

warmoidgineba mizanmimarTul agentad. arc iseT mTels warmoadgens,

romelic warmodgenilia konstituciuri normebis erTobliobiT romelic

meqanikurad aregulirebs Zalauflebisa da interesebis balanss sabazro

modelis Sesabamisad. diskursiuli Teoria icilebs yvela am motivs,

romlebsac cnobierebis filosofia iyenebs.

1 A.Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (Edinburgh, 1767): J.Millar, The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks, 3d ed. (London, 1779). 2 C.B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (Oxford, 1962); W. Euchner, Naturrecht und Politik bei John Locke (Frankfurt am Main, 1979). 3 I. Fetscher and H. Munkler, eds., Pipers Handbuch politischer Ideen, vol.3 (Munich, 1985), chap. 7, pp.353ff. 4 Cf. Peters, Rationalität, Recht und Gesellschaft, pp. 35ff. 5 E.-W. Böckenförde, “Entstehung und Wandel des Rechtsstaatsbegriffs”, in: Böckenförde Recht, Staat, Freiheit (Franfurt am Main, 1991), pp.143-69; I.Maus, “Entwicklung und Funmktionswandel der Theorie des bürgerlichen Rechtsstaats,” in Maus, Rechtsstheorie und Politische Theorie im Industriekapitalismus (Munich, 1986), pp. 11-82. 6 M. Kriele, Einführung in die Staatslehre (Opladen, 1980), pp.224ff. 7 D.Held, Models of Democracy (Oxford, 1987)

58

maikl uolceri

samarTlianobis sferoebi

politikuri Zalaufleba

suvereniteti da SezRuduli mTavroba

me daviwyeb suverenitetiT, politikuri xelmZRvanelobiT,

saxelisuflebo gadawyvetilebebis miRebiT _ Tanamedrove saxelmwifos

konceptualuri safuZvlebiT. suvereniteti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar

amowuravs Zalauflebis sferos, magram is Cveni yuradRebis

fokusirebis saSualebas iZleva im yvelaze mniSvnelovan da saxifaTo

formebze, romlebic ki SeiZleba miiRos Zalauflebam. saqme imaSia, rom

is mxolod kidev erTi rodia im produqts Soris, romlis mopovebac

qalsa da mamakacs surs; rogorc saxelmwifo Zalaufleba, is

amasTanave is saSualebaa romliTac yvela sxva survili, Zalauflebis

CaTvliT, regulirdeba. is aris distribuciuli samarTlis ZirTadi

instancia; is icavs sazRvrebs, romlis SigniTac gaiSleba da

ganawildeba yvela socialuri produqti. aqedan gamomdinareobs

moTxovna imisa, rom xelisufleba erTdroulad gamyarebulic iyos da

SezRudulic: iyos mobilizebuli, dayofili, Semowmebuli da

balansirebuli. politikuri Zala Cven tiraniisagan gvicavs da Tavad

xdeba tiranuli. swored orive am mosazrebis gamoa Zalaufleba

esoden sasurveli da mosaridebeli.

brZolis didi nawili araoficialuria, es aris yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis partizanuli ormxrivi srola, romlis gavliTac Cven

(Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi) vicavT an vibrZviT, rom SevcvaloT

ganawilebis sxvadasxva sferos sazRvrebi. Cven vcdilobT ukanono

gadaxvevebis prevencias; Cven brals vdebT, organizebas vuwevT

saprotesto moZraobebs,zogjer vcdilobT imasac, rac myar

demokratiul reJimebSi, SeiZleba iwodebodes “moqalaqeTa

dapatimrebad”. magram Cveni yvela am moTxovnis saboloo instancia

59

aris saxelmwifos Zalaufleba. Cvenma politikurma mmarTvelebma,

suverenitetis agentebma, gaakeTes (an gaafuWes) Zalze bevri ram.

oficialuri mdgomareobis mixdviT, isini arian da unda iyvnen yvelgan

aqtiurebi. isini auqmeben memkvidreobiT titulebs, ajildoeben gmirebs,

Tanxas ixdian imisaTvis, rom dasajon – an daicvan – damnaSaveni. isini

kedlad dganan eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris. isini zrunaven

mSoblebis avtoritetze, awyoben samoqalaqo jvrisweras,

uzrunvelyofen alimentebis gadaxdas d a.S. isini ganszRvraven skolis

iurisdiqcias da moiTxoven moswavleebis daswrebas mecadineobebze.

isini adgenen da auqmeben samoqalaqo sadResaswaulo dReebs. isini

ixilaven armiaSi gawvevis sakiTxebs. isini samoqalaqo samsaxurebis da

profesiuli gamocdebis miukerZoeblobis garantorebi arian. isini

krZalaven valutis ukanono gacvlas, xelaxla gadaanawileben

simdidres, exmarebian sxvadasxva organizaciebs. isini gansazRvraven

komunaluri momsaxureobis xasiaTs da moculobebs, iReben an uars

eubnebian sxvadasxva saxis ganmcxadeblebs. da, bolos, mTeli am saxis

aqtivobebiT, isini kvecen maTsave Zalauflebas, eqvemdebarebian

konstituciur zRudeebs.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase unda iqceodnen isini. cxadia, rom isini

moqmedeben Cveni saxeliT da Cveni interesebisTvisac ki (Cveni

TanxmobiT). magram umetes qveyanasa da drois udides nawilSi

politikuri mmarTvelebi moqmedebdnen rogorc qmrebisa da mamebis,

aristokratuli ojaxebis, warCinebulTa titulebis mqoneTa da, bolos

rogorc kapitalistebis warmomadgenlebi. saxelmwifos Zalaufleba

mdidrebis, niWierebis, cisfersisxlianebis da mamakacebis xelSia da,

radgan is ukve erTxel Caigdes xelSi, mas Znelad Tu SezRudavs vinme.

alternatiuli saxelmwifos xelisufleba Tavadaa imperialisti: misi

agentebi tiranebi arian, Zalauflebaze sakuTari uflebiT. isini

ganawilebis sferoebs ki ar ganageben, aramed maTSi Carevas cdiloben;

isini ki ar icaven socialuri uwrunvelyofis saSualebebs, aramed

cdiloben gadaabijon maT. yovelive es tiraniis gansakuTrebiT

naTlad SesamCnevi formaa, romelsac me pirvel rigSi Sevexebi. sityva

tiranis uSualo konotaciebi yovelTvis politikuria; misi

damamcirebeli mniSvneloba momdinereobs beladebisa da mefeebis -

60

ufro xSirad ki mxedarTmTavrebis da tiranebis - mier Cagvrisagan.

mravali saukunis istoriis manZilze, politika konstruirebuli iyo

absolutisturi modelis mixedviT, rodesac Zalaufleba

monopolizirebulia erTi pirovnebis mier, romlis mTeli energia

mimarTulia imisaken, rom igi gabatonebuli iyos ara mxolod

aRiarebul sazRvrebSi, aramed mis gareTac, yovel distribuciul

sferoSi.

Zalauflebis gamoyenebis blokireba

zustad am mizeziT, politikuri da inteleqtualuri energiis didi

wili daixarja imisaTvis, rom zRvari dadeboda Zalauflebis Semdgom

cvalebadobas da SezRuduliyvnen misi mflobelebi, blokirebuli

yofiliyo politikuri sferoebis urTierTgacvla. msgavsad imisa,

rogorc, principSi, arsebobs sagnebi, romelTa yidvac ar SeiZleba

fuliT, aseve arsebobs movlenebi, romelTa ganxorcielebac ar

SeuZliaT suverenitetis warmomadgenlebs, saxelmwifos oficialur

pirebs. an, ukeT rom vTqvaT, maTi ganxorcielebisas isini politikur

Zalauflebas ki ar axorcieleben, aramed mxolod Zalas iyeneben; isini

moqmedeben SiSvlad, saxelisuflebo avtoritetis gareSe. Zala aris

Zalaufleba romelic gamoyenebulia ZaladobisaTvis am ukanasknelis

socialuri azriT. iman, rom is aseTnairad gamoiyeneba, ar unda

dagvabrmavos da ver davinaxoT misi tiranuli xasiaTi. Tomas hobsi,

suverenuli Zalauflebis didi damcveli filosofiaSi, amtkicebda,

rom tirania sxva araferia, Tu ara siyvaruls moklebuli suverenoba.

es Tvalsazrisi sulac ar aris ubralod Secdoma, rogorc ki Cven

gavacnobierebT, rom “siyvarulsmoklebuloba” ar aris raRac

unikaluri, aramed qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis saerTo maxasiaTebeli

ram, romelic qmnis da aSinaganebs politikur kulturas; igi

warmoiSoba gaazrebuli gagebidan, Tu ra aris da risTvis aris

suverenoba. aseTi gageba yovelTvis rTuli, niuansebis Semcveli da

mraval sakiTxSi winaaRmdegobrivia. Tumca, is ar SeiZleba iyos

mocemuli blokirebuli gacvlebis siis saxiT. SeerTebul StatebSi

aRniSnuli sia zogjer Semdeg saxes iRebs xolme:

61

1. suverenoba ar SeiZleba mivides damonebamde: saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs ar SeuZliaT Seaviwrovon TavianTi

qveSevrdomebi (maT Soris arasrulwlovani moqalaqeebi), iZulebiT

amuSaon isini an, bolos daatusaRon, an daxocon isini sxvagvarad, Tu

ara saerTo proceduris, sisxlis samarTlis, samxedro samsaxuris da

a.S. anu wesebis mixedviT, romlebic SeTanxmebulia Tavad subieqtebTan,

an maT wamomadgenlebTan.

2. meurveobis da qorwinebis feodaluri wesebi, romelic

SemoRebul iqna absoluturi Zalauflebis mqone mefeebis mier,

saxelmwifos kanonieri da moraluri kompetenciis gareT aRmoCnda. mis

oficialur moxeleebs ar SeuZliaT gaakontrolon saxelmwifos

subieqtebis qorwineba, an Caerion maT pirad da saojaxo

urTierTobebSi an kontroli gauwion bavSvebis aRzrdas, aseve maT ar

SeuZliaT Caerion subieqtebis pirovnul saqmeebSi an ganaTavson

jariskacebi maT binebSi, Tu ara gansazRvruli procedurebis

mixedviT da a.S.

3. saxelmwifo moxeleebs ar SeuZliaT zrwola danaSaulisa da

udanaSaulobis sayovelTaod gaziarebul gagebaze, ar SeuZliaT

sisxlis samarTlis sistemis moSla, dasjis politikuri represiebis

saSualebad qceva an dasjis sastiki zomebis gamoyeneba. (msgavsadve,

isini SezRudulni arian fsiqiatriul TerapiaSi gamoyenebadi

saSualebebis, siwmindisa da uwmindurebis sayovelTaod gaziarebuli

gagebis sazRvrebiT).

4. saxelmwifo moxeleebma ar SeiZleba gayidon politikuri Zala

an auqcionze gaitanon politikuri gadawyvetilebebi. maT agreTve, ar

SeuZliaT TavianTi ojaxis interesebisaTvis gamoiyenon TavianTi

Zalaufleba an gaunawilon samTavrobo Tanamdebobebi TavianT

naTesavebs an “axloblebs”.

5. yvela subieqti, moqalaqe kanonis winaSe Tanabaria da amitom

saxelmwifo moxeleebs ar SeuZliaT imoqmedon ise, rom moxdes

diskriminacia rasobrivi, eTnikuri da religiuri jgufebisa an

Seaviwrovon an daamciron individebi (garda kriminalSi maTi

eWvmitanilobisa); aseve veravis ver moakleben socialur

uzrunvelyofas.

62

6. kerZo sakuTreba daculia TviTneburi dabegvrisa da

konfiskaciisagan, saxelmwifo moxeleebi ver Caerevian fulisa da

saqonlis Tavisufal gacvlaSi, Tuki erTxel ukve moxda am sferoebis

gansazRvra.

7. saxelmwifo moxeleebs ar SeuZliaT subieqtebis religiuri

cxovrebis kontroli an garkveuli wesiT RvTaebrivi wyalobis

ganawilebis regulireba, an igive mizniT eklesiasturi, kongregaciuli

upiratesobisa da Rirsebis miniWeba vinmesTvis.

8. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT SeuZlia moiwonon saswavlo gegmebi,

moxeleebs ar SeuZliaT Caerion am gegmiT swavlebis realur procesSi

an SezRudon maswavleblebis akademiuri Tavisufleba.

9. saxelmwifo moxeleebs ar SeuZliaT regulireba an cenzura im

diskusiebisa, romlebic mimdinareoben ara marto politikur

sakiTxebze, aramed yvela im danarCen sferoebSi, romlebsac gaaCniaT

socialuri keTildReobis da am keTildReobaTa saWiro ganawilebaTa

sazRvrebis Sesaxeb diskusiis mniSvneloba. swored amitom, isini

Tavisufali sityvis, presis- samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa-garantias unda

iZleodnen.

es SezRudvebi afiqsireben saxelmwifos da yvela im sferos

sazRvrebs, romelic upirispirdeba suverenitets. Cveulebriv, Cven

vfiqrobT SezRudvebze Tavisuflebis terminebSi da arcTu mcdarad,

Tumca maT, amasTanave, gaaCniaT egalitaruli efeqti. saxelmwifo

moxeleebis Zalauflebis moyvareoba ara mxolos safrTxes uqmnis

Tavisuflebas, aramed is Seuracmyofelia TanasworobisaTvis. is aris

gamowveva mSoblebis, eklesiis mrevli, maswavleblebis da studentebis,

muSebis, profesionalebis, mosamsaxureebis, myidvelebisa da

gamyidvelebis, zogadad moqalaqeebisaTvis. is mamakacebisa da qalebis

yvela gaerTianebas uqvemdebarebs erT gaerTianebas, kerZod ki imas,

romelic saxelmwifo Zalayflebis mflobeli da ganmaxorcielebelia.

amitom, SezRuduli mTavroba blokirebuli gacvlisamebr, rTuli

Tanasworobis kompleqsis ZiriTadi iaraRia.

63

codna/Zala

SezRuduli mmarTveloba arafers gveubneba marTulTa Sesaxeb. is

ar awesrigebs politikis sferoSi Zalis ganawilebas. es SezRudvebi,

principSi, SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos memkvidre monarqis mier,

Rirseuli despotis, miwaTmflobeli aristokratiis, kapitalistTa

aRmasrulebeli komitetis, biurokratebis reJimis an revoluciuri

avangardis mier. sinamdvileSi, arsebobs savsebiT gonivruli argumenti

demokratiisaTvis: adamianTa sxvadasxva gaerTianebebi ufro met

pativiscemas imsaxureben, Tu am gaerTianebebis yvela wevri inawilebs

politikur Zalauflebas. es Zlieri argumentia; Tavis substanciur

safuZvelSi igi mTlianad dakavSirebulia Cvens saerTo gagebasTan

imisa, Tu ras warmoadgens Zalaufleba da risTvisaa is. Tumca es

erTaderTi argumenti rodia, romelic msgavs kavSirs uzrunvelyofs.

politikuri azrovnebis xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze Zalauflebaze

yvelaze ufro xSiri pretenziebi, rogorc wesi, anti-demokratiuli

xasiaTisa iyo. me msurs frTxilad Sevamowmo es pretenziebi. saqme

imaSia, rom ar arsebobs sxva socialuri produqti, romlis floba da

gamoyeneba ufro mniSvnelovani iyos, vidre amisa. Zalaufleba ar aris

iseTi ram, romelic SeiZleba vinmes zed davkidoT an romelic kerZo

mowonebis sagani gaxdeboda, msgavsad imisa, rogorc jibecarieli

natrulobs fuls, an vinmesaTvis saocnebo nivTs. Zalaufleba unda

gamoscados vinmem, raTa is misTvis sasurveli gaxdes; da rodesac mas

gamovcdiT, erTi Cveni nawili misiT warmarTuli, politizirebuli,

manipulirebuli, naSveli an gulgatexili xdeba. vanxoT axla, Tu vin

aris is, vinc flobs da gamoscdis Zalauflebas.

arsebobs ori pasuxi, romelic Sinaganad damaxasiaTebelia

politikuri sferosaTvis: pirveli, rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba hqondeT

maT, vinc yvelaze ufro ukeT icis rogor gamoiyenos is; da meore, is

SeiZleba hqondes, an sul mcire, mas SeuZlia akontrolebdes is,

viszedac uSualo zegavlenas axdens misi Sedegebi. keTilSobilebs da

mdidrebs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, garegani pretenziebi aqvT

Zalauflebaze, rac ar eTanadeba Zalauflebis socialur

mniSvnelobas. swored amitom orive jgufi savsebiT xelmisawvdomad

64

gamoiyureba, Tuki maT SeuZliaT, codnidan gamomdinare argumentis

erTi an meore formis safuZvelze- hqondes pretenzia Zalauflebaze,

imaze, rom maT gaaCniaT, magaliTad, gansakuTrebuli codna imisa, Tu

ras warmoadgens ama Tum im politikuri Temis fiqsirebuli da

grZelvadiani interesebi, anu iseTi gageba, romelic miuwvdomelia

axlad gamoCekili im gvarebisaTvis, romlebsac aramdgradi pozicia

ukaviaT saxelmwifoSi. RvTaebrivi xeldasmis pretenzia aseTive

garegani argumentia, albaT, im Temebis garda, romlis morwmuneebic

Tvlian, rom mTeli xelisufleba RmerTisagan modis. aseT

sazogadoebebSiac ki, Zalze gavrcelebulia azri, rom rodesac

RmerTma SearCia miwieri warmomadgenlebi, man daajildova isini imis

aucilebeli codniTac, Tu rogor marTon qveSevrdomebi: swored

amgvarad hqondaT RvTaebrivi uflebis mqone mefeebs pretenzia

gansakuTrebul xeldasmaze. niSandoblivia, rom puritani wmindanebi

gamudmebiT urevdnen erTmaneTSi “Sinagan sinaTles” da “politikur

gagebas”. gamorCeuli uflebis yvela argumenti, yvela

antidemokratiuli argumenti, Tuki maT seriozulad gamoTqvamen, aris

gansakuTrebuli codnis ideaze dafuZnebuli argumenti.

saxelmwifos xomaldi

Zalaufleba, rogorc wesi, gaigivebulia TanamdebobasTan da

amitomac gveubnebian, rom saWiroa davZebnoT kvalificirebuli xalxi,

SevarCioT politikuri mmarTvelebi ufro kooptaciiT, vidre

arCevnebiT; komitetebSi da ara partiebSi xalxis moZiebis, saarCevno

kampaniebis da sajaro debatebis gziT. margam gansakuTrebul codnaze

damyarebul argumentis arsebas ufro srulyofilad asaxavs adreuli

saxis asociaciebi. platonis mier politikis, rogorc techne-s analizi,

romelic Zalis xelovanebis analogiuria, usasrulod ufro rTulia,

vidre socialur cxovrebaze Tanamedrove spekulaciebi. iseve, rogorc

Cven vyidulobT fexsacmels im adamianisagan, vinc gawafulia

xarazobaSi, aseve SegviZlia miviRoT kanonebi saxelmwifos marTvaSi

daostatebuli pirisagan. am axsnaSi uTuod igulisxmeba “saxelmwifos

65

misteriebis” arseboba, sadac “misteria” Seesatyviseba saidumlos, an,

sul mcire, raRac Znelad sawvdom codnas, romelic safuZvlad uZevs

am profesias, iseve rogorc frazaSi, “xelovneba da misteria” saerTo

formula daxelovnebas moiTxovs. margam es misteriebi ufro naswavli

da navarjiSebia vidre STanergili. politikaSi iseve, rogorc

xarazobaSi, medicinaSi, navigaciaSi da a.S. Cven ufro im mcire

raodenobis adamianebis rCevebi gvinda, vinc es misteriebi icis da ara

imaTi, vinc saqmeSi sruliad Cauxedavia.

ganvixiloT pilotis an navigatoris SemTxveva, vinc xomaldis

saWesTan dgas da uZRveba mis kurss. vis vandobT am saqmis Sesrulebas?

platoni demikratiul xomalds ase warmogvidgens:

mezRvaurebi Cxuboben imaze Tu vin marTos saWe; TiToeuli

darwmunebulia,

rom mas SeuZlia SeinarCunos gemis kursi, Tumca arasdros uswavlia

marTva

da arc SeuZlia miuTiTos romelime maswavlebelze, visganac man es

codna

SeiZina. ufro metic, mezRvaurebi amtkiceben, rom navigaciis swavla

saerTod

ar SeiZleba da isini mzad arian mwared dascinon, Tuki vinme

amgvars ganacxadebs raimes.

aRwerili xomaldi saxifaToa ori mosazrebiT; jer erTi

kontrolisaTvis fizikuri Sexla-Semoxlis gamo, rasac arc cxadi

Sedegi uCans da arc cxadi dasasruli. meore, imitom, rom savsebiT

SesaZlebelia (Tundac droebiT) gaimarjvos TiToeulis

arakompetenturobam. rasac mezRvaurebi ver acnobiereben is gaxlavT,

"rom mxolod namdvili navigatori SeiZleba iyos Sesatyvisi gemis

marTvisaTvis imiT, rom kargad arCevs wlis droebs, cas, varskvlavebs

da qars, erTi sityviT yvelafers rac ki am xelobas miekuTvneba.

viTareba analogiuria saxelmwifos gemTan gakavSirebiT. demokratiuli

qveynis moqalaqeebi Cxuboben saxelmwifos marTvaze kontrolis

mosapoveblad, riTac sakuTar Tavs did safrTxeSi ayeneben; maSin,

rodesac maT unda CaebarebinaT marTva im pirisaTvis, vinc specialuri

codnis mflobelia im sferoSi, rac ki saxelmwifos marTvas Seexeba.

66

Tuki erTxel mainc gavigeT, Tu ras niSnavs da ras emsaxureba

mesaWeoba, SemdgomSi sakmaod iolad aRvwerT, Tu rogori unda iyos

idealuri piloti; da, Tu erTxel gavigeT, Tu ra aris da risTvis

aris politikuri Zalaufleba, maSin iolad mivalT (rogorc es

"respublikaSia") idealur mmarTvelTan.

faqtiurad, Zalauflebis mniSvnelobas ufro Rrmad gaviazrebT,

rac ufro metad SevZlebT platonis analogiis uaryofas. saqme imaSia,

rom Cven SegviZlia navigators vendoT mxolod mas Semdeg, rac

gadawyvetili gvaqvs, Tu sad gvinda wasvla.; da, rom konkretuli

kursiT moZraobamde, ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs am kursis arCevas,

rac ufro metad avlens politikur Zalauflebas. "WeSmariti

analogia", rogorc renfold bambruTi werda platonis argumentis

Tavis cnobil analizSi, "mdgomareobs politikosis mier politikuri

programis da gemis mflobelis an mgzavrebis mier saboloo

navTsayudelis arCevis msgavsebas Soris". piloti Tavad ar arCevs

ports; misi techne ubralod araadeqvaturia im gadawyvetilebebisaTvis,

rac mgzavrebma unda gaakeTon, rac, Tavis mxriv eqvemdebareba maT

individualur, Tu koleqtiur miznebs da ara "wlis droebs, cas,

varskvlavebs da qarebs". usafrTxoebis mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, ra

Tqma unda, isini daemyarebian maqsimas _ "nebismieri porti

qariSxlisas", da mxolod amis Semdeg pilotis msjelobas imis

Taobaze, Tu sad aris yvelaze xelsayreli adgili. Tumca, TviT aseT

SemTxvevaSiac ki, Tu arCevani Znelia da riski Zneli Sesafasebeli,

gadawyvetileba mizanSewonilia miiRon mgzavrebma. da maSinve, roorc

ki Sewydeba Stormi, cxadia isini moindomeben datovon TavnianTi

aucilebeli TavSesafari da gaeSuron daniSnulebis adgilisaken.

daniSnuleba da riski imas warmoadgens, rac politikaa saerTod;

xolo Zalaufleba ki saerTo miznebis ganxorcielebis unars

SegviZlia SevadaroT. codnas miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, magram is arc aris da arc SeiZleba iyos

ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli. platonuri techne, aris filosofia sasurveli

mizandaniSnulebis da moralurad da materialurad gamarTleburi

riskebis Sesaxeb. am argumentebs, iseve rogorc es adre iyo,

moqalaqeebs warmoudgenen xolme da mxolod moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT

67

maTi avtoritetiT gamyareba. rogorc ki saqme politikas Seexo, is rac

politikosebs da pilotebs WirdebaT icodnen, gaxlavT is, Tu ra surs

xalxs an mgzavrebs. da rac maT ubiZgebs am codnis Sesabamisad, aris

xalxis, an mgzavrebis politikur Zalad qceva. (viTareba xarazis

SemTxvevaSi amis analogiuria: mas ar SeuZlia SeakeTos Cemi

fexsacmeli, Tundac Zalze kargad icodes rogor gaakeTos es, Cemi

Tanxmobis gareSe.) gamocdili politikuri ZalisaTvis gadamwyveti

daxasiaTeba, ar aris adamianuri miznebis specialuri ganWvreta, aramed

specialuri mimarTeba adamianTa garkveul jgufTan. rodesac platoni

filosofosebTan amarTlebda xelisuflebis danawilebas, mas

pretenzia hqonda rom amiT afarToebda Zalauflebis _ an, ukeT rom

vTqvaT, politikuri Zalauflebis gamocdis mniSvnelobas,

xarazobasTan, eqimobasTan, navigaciasTan SedarebiT. amiT is ar

afarToebda zogad mniSvnelobas, axalgazrda aTenelebis politikur

gagebas. radgan maT, yovel SemTxvevaSi maT did nawils, rogorc

demokratiuli praqtikis wevrebs, unda erwmunaT imisa, rasac perikle

amtkicebda gamosamSvidebel sityvaSi da rasac amtkicebda protagora

platonis sokratul dialogSi, romelic mis saxels atarebs; kerZod

ki imas, rom marTva gulisxmobs miznebis arCevas, "saerTo

gadawyvetilebas samoqalaqo keTildReobis sferoSi"; da imas, rom

saerTo aRiarebiT, amisaTvis aucilebelia cona. "miuxedavad imisa, rom

Cveni moqalaqeebi didad CarTulni arian warmoebaSi, isini

miukerZoebel msajulebad rCebian samoqalaqo sakiTxebSi". Tu ufro

mkacrad vityviT, ukeTesi msajulebi arc arseboben, radgan

Zalauflebis sakuTrivi ganxorcieleba sxva araferia, Tu ara qalaqis

marTva samoqalaqo cnobierebis da moqalaqeTa sajaro suliskveTebis

mixedviT. ra Tqma unda, napovni unda iyos specialuri amocanebi da

specialuri codnis mqone pirebi. swored amgvarad aTenelebi

amjobinebdnen swored aerCiaT mxedarTmTavrebi da eqimebi da ara

alal bedze kenWi eyaraT maTTvis, zustad iseve, rogorc isini bevrs

aTvalierebdnen irgvliv, vidre mividodnen xarazTan an daiqiravebdnen

navigators. magram yvela es xalxi moqalaqeebis agentebi arian da ara

maTi mmarTvelebisa.

68

disciplinaruli institutebi

periklem da protagoram gamokveTes Zalauflebis demokratiuli

gageba, romelic zogadad fokusirebulia imaze, rasac me - rodesac

Cven aTenelebze saubrisas vuwode, anaqroniulad - "suvereniteti": da

rac Seadgens saxelmwifos xelisuflebas, samoqalaqo xelisuflebas,

koleqtiur mmarTvelobas. Zalaufleba aseT SemTxvevaSi

konstituirebulia, moqalaqeebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis unariT, maTi

gaerTianebuli nebis saSualebiT. is warmodgenilia kanonebiTa da

politikuri programebiT, romlebic ubralod Zalauflebis

artikulacias warmoadgenen. Tumca am artikulaciis efeqturoba Ria

sakiTxad rCeba, miT ufro, rom bolo periodSi gamudmebiT gaismis

mtkiceba, rom codna im saxis Zalas warmoadgens, romlis kontrolic

ar SeuZlia xelisuflebas. es sxva araferia, Tu ara platonis

argumentis axali formiT (ufro xSirad ki axali suliTac)

gacocxleba. platoni amtkicebda, rom xelosnobasa da misteriebSi

gawafuli xalxi Zalauflebas aris naziarebi da rom sazogadoebis

gonieri nawili qeds ixris maTi avtoritetis winaSe. dRes

gavrcelebulia azri, rom teqnikuri codna Tavad, Seadgens

suverenitetze maRla myof da mas dapirispirebul Zalas, romlis

winaSec yvela Cven qeds vixriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom varT Tu ara Cven

demokratiuli moqalaqeebi da vmonawileobT saxelmwifo marTvaSi.

... rodesac isini imarTleben Tavs, eqspertebs platonisturi

argumentebi mohyavT, Tumca maT ara aqvT pretenzia marTon saxelmwifo

(sinamdvileSi isini platonis filosofosebi ar arian); Tumca isini

Tanaxmani arian gauZRvnen armias, marTon saavadmyofo, TavSesafari,

skola da cixe. am institutebTan dakavSirebiT, Cans arsebobs

garkveuli miznebi, an mizanTa mTeli jgufi. Tanamedrove eqspertebi

gemis mesaWeebs hgvanan, romelTa daniSnulebac ukve garkveulia; isini

xelmZRvaneloben saqmes safrTxis gadalaxviT, ramac SeiZleba kursis

cvalebadoba gamoiwvios. gadawyvetilebebs maTi daniSnulebis

69

angariSgaweviT moqalaqeebi miiReben, romlebic Camohgvanan mxolod

SesaZlo mgzavrebs da, romelTac am saqmis SeswavlisaTvis mainc da

mainc didi dro ar dauTmiaT. swored amitom eqspertebis Zala

gansakuTrebiT didia, Zalze Camohgavs platonis filosofos-mefeebs,

romlebic ise eqcevian TavianT qveSevrdomebs, rogorc maswavlebeli

bavSvebs, an platonis sxva magaliTis mixedviT, rogorc mecxvare

cxvrebs.

xelisuflebis ganawileba armiebSi, cixeebSi da skolebSi (fuko

amas fabrikebsac umatebs, magram Zalaufleba fabrikebSi saboloo

jamSi emyareba ara codnas, aramed sakuTrebas da amitom is calke

unda iyos aRebuli) mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba imisagan, rac

demokratiul saxelmwifos moeTxoveba. codna gansxvavebul rols

TamaSobs; Cven gvWirdeba kvalificirebuli xalxi da vpoulobT maT

ufro Zebnis saSualebiT, vide arCevnebiT. Ziebis procesSi ganaTleba

da gamocdileba gemis mesaWis mier weliwadis droebis, cis,

varskvlavebis da qarebis codnis institucionalur eqvivalentebs

warmoadgenen. amasTan, WeSmaritebas warmoadgens isic, rom

ganaTlebuli xalxi gacilebiT nakleb eqvemdebareba kritikas. rac

ufro idumali da misteriulia maTi codna, miT ufro efeqturia fari

_ rac warmoadgens uZlieres arguments demokratiuli ganaTlebis

sasargeblod, romlis mizani yvela moqalaqis eqspertad qceva ki ar

aris, aramed eqspertizis sazRvrebis SemosazRvra. Tu specialuri

codna ZalauflebisaTvis SeiZineba, is ar SeiZineba usazRvro

ZalauflebisaTvis. aq uTuod igulisxmeba Zalauflebis SezRudva,

romelic momdinareobs im mosazrebebidan, romliTac Cven vsargeblobT

armiebis, saavadmyofoebis, skolebis daarsebisas da im saRi azridan,

romelic mizanSewonilad miiCnevs am dawesebulebebis personalis

moRvaweobas.

SeTanxmeba daniSnulebis adgilTan dakavSirebiT, rac xels

uwyobs imas, rom mesaWem adgili SeinarCunos gemze, agreTve gviwesebs

SezRudvebs: man bolos da bolos gemi ama da am adgilas unda

miiyvanos. msgavsadve, cixis daniSnulebis Cvens mier codna da

sasjelis gageba (mosamarTleebis, meurveobis da cixis mcvelebis

70

socialuri rolebi) Tavad Zalauflebas uwesebs Zalauflebas kedlebs

SigniT. darwmunebuli var, rom Zalze xSirad am sazRvrebs ar icaven.

saukeTeso SemTxvevaSiac ki cixe saSineli adgilia. misi

yoveldRiuroba Zalze mZimea da meurveebi da cixis mcvelebi kidev

ufro cdiloben mis damZimebas. zogjer, rodesac isini ase iqcevian,

gamoxataven sakuTar SiSs, zogjer – ramdenadac igive kedlebi,

romlebiz tyveobaSi amyofeben msjavrdebuls, TavisuflebaSi amyofeben

meurveebsa da cixis mcvelebs _ SiSismomgvreli dawesebulebis

autanel yofas. amisda miuxedavad, Cveni umravlesoba kargad icnobs

Tu ra aris Zalmomreoba. Tuki vinme warmogvidgens cixis yofis

pirobebis faqtiur aRweras, ar gagviWirdeba zustad mivuTiToT, Tu

rodis gadaaWarbes cixis meurveebma da mcvelebma TavianT

uflebamosilebebs. da rodesac patimrebi Civian mcvelebis msgavs

saqcielze, isini mimarTaven kanonis suverenitets an, saboloo jamSi,

moqalaqeebis samoqalaqo cnobierebas. meurveebis ganswavluloba

kriminologiaSi ar gamodgeba argumentad am apelaciis winaaRmdeg.

viTareba msgavsia saavadmyofoebTan da skolebTan dakavSirebiT.

pacientebi da bavSvebi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved ganicdian maTze

ganxorcielebul Zalauflebas kompetenturi piris mier, romelic

amtkicebs, arc Tu yalbad, rom maT sasargeblod, maTi interesebidan

gamomdinare, maTi sikeTisaTvis moqmedebs. esa Tu is samedicino

doqtrina, an pedagogiuri teqnika savsebiT SesaZlebelia moiTxovdes

uxeS mopyrobas, mZime reJims, araordinarul yofas subieqtebis

pirdapir kontrols. amasTan, aq dawesebuli SezRudvebi Cveni myari

Sexedulebebis Sedegia, romelTa mixedviTac Terapia pirovnebaze

zrunvas gulisxmobs da ganaTleba ki moqalaqis Camoyalibebas.

kanonebi, romlebic gulisxmoben pacientebis Tanxmobas,

moswavleebisaTvis xelmisawvdoms xdian saskolo Canawerebs,

warmoadgenen am Sexedulebebis ganxorcielebas. isini xels uwyoben

imas, rom profesionalma adamianebma ukeT gaigon TavianTi mowodeba.

ase gamoimuSavebs mecniereba da socialuri mecniereba Zalauflebas,

romelic sasargeblo da aucilebelic kia garkveuli saxis

institutebisaTvis; magram Zalauflebas, romelic SezRudulia

suverenobiT, gamomuSavebulia da informirebuli socialur

71

saSualebaTa ufro farTe mniSvnelobebis codniT. eqimebi da

maswavleblebi (meurveebi da generlebic ki) emorCilebian moqalaqeTa

“disciplinas”.

normaluri saxelmwifo, romlis moqalaqeebi da moxeleebi

eqvemdebarebian kompleqsur Tanasworobas, zrunaven imisaTvis, rom

ganamtkicon am saxelmwifos sxvadasxva dawesebulebis integracia:

isini rwmundebian imaSi, rom cixeebi am saxelmwifoSi kriminalebis

dasamarxi adgilebia da ara droebiTi preventuli RonisZiebebis an

mecnieruli eqsperimentebisa; rom misi skolebi ar hgvanan cixeebs; da

rom TavSesafarebis daniSnuleba sulier avadmyofebze zrunvaa da ara

politikurad devianturi pirebis samyofi adgili. tiranuli

saxelmwifo, amis sapirispirod, tiranias warmoSobs mis yvela

institutSi. man Zalaufleba SeiZleba cud adamianebs gadasces;

savsebiT SesaZlebelia aseTma saxelmwifom xeli Seuwyos Zalauflebis

dawesebul sazRvrebs gareT gamoyenebas. Cven cxovrebaSi erTxel mainc

gamogvicdia ganswavluli profesionalebis morCileba; yvelani

veqvemdebarebiT vinmes eqspertizas. da es ara imitom, rom politikurad

sustebi varT _ kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi SeZlebul adamianebs

Sorisac gvxvdebian moswavleebi, pacientebi, jariskacebi, giJebi da

(marTalia ufro nakleb vidre sxva xalxi) patimrebi; yovelive es,

aucileblobiT, ar aris Zalauflebis permanenturi naklebobis Sedegi.

umeteswilad, gamocdilebas fiqsirebuli dinamika da gasagebi

saboloo wertili aqvs: ganaTlebis miReba, misi aRdgena da a.S. amasTan,

Cven daculebi varT sxvadasxva instituciuri dawesebulebebis

avtonomiurobiT. am dawesebulebebis gadakveTebis imitacia, rogorc

fukoseul “karceraluri kontinuumi”, sadac yvela disciplinaruli

institutebi cixeebiviT gamoiyureba, afermkrTalebs Tavisuflebis da

Tanasworobis xazebs. aseTia saxelmwifo moxeleebis zemodan qvemoT

mimavali koordinacia. rogorc imitacia, aseve koordinacia tiranuli

mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi, mZime zegavlenas iqoniebs yoveldRiur

cxovrebaze. Tumca specialuri codna, TavisTavad, ar aris tiranuli.

72

jon elsteri

bazari da forumi: politikis Teoriis sami

nairsaxeoba

me minda Sevadaro erTmaneTs zogadad politikis, da, ufro konkretulad,

demokratiuli sistemis sami xedva. pirvelad me ganvixilav socialuri

arCevanis Teorias, rogorc garkveuli saerTo niSnebis mqone Teoriebis

ufro zogadi klasis nakrebs. kerZod, es Teoriebi Tvlian, rom politikuri

procesi aris instrumentaluri, da ara TviTmiznuri; am TvalTaxedviT

politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis aqti aris kerZo saqme, da ara

sazogadoebrivi qmedeba amgvarad is warmoadgens individualur da farul

kenWisyras. am xedvas axlavs xolme warmodgena, rom politikis mizania

mocemul sapirispiro kerZo interesTa Soris optimaluri kompromisis

miRweva. danarCeni ori xedva Cndeba maSin, Tu Cven uarvyofT, pirvel rigSi,

politikuri saqmianobis kerZo xasiaTs, xolo Semdgom, amis garda,

uarvyofT aseve politikis instrumentul bunebas. iurgen habermasis

Teoriis Sesabamisad politikis mizani unda iyos racionaluri SeTanxmeba

da ara kompromisi, xolo politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis aqti

mdgomareobs konsesusis miRwevis mizniT politikur debatebSi CarTvaSi.

monawileobiTi demokratiis arsebuli Teoriebis Tanaxmad – jon stiuart

miliT dawyebuli kerol peitmeniT damTavrebuli, politikis mizania

monawileTa transformacia da gardaqmna. am Sexedulebis mixedviT,

politika TviTmizania – da marTlac, bevri avtoris mtkicebiT, is adamianTa

Rirseul cxovrebas Seefereba. . .

I

politika, miRebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, mimarTulia saerTo sikeTis

(produqtis, good) Seqmnaze, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac es

saerTo sikeTe ver miiRweva rogorc kerZo interesebis mimdevar individTa

qmedebis nakrebi. kerZod, arakoordinirebuli kerZo arCevanebis jamuri

Sedegi SesaZloa yvelasTvis uaresi aRmoCndes, vidre romelime Sedegi,

romelic miRweuli iqneboda koordinirebis gziT. politikuri institutebi

iqmneba imisTvis, rom Tavidan aviciloT bazris amgvari warumateblobebi –

fraza, romelic SeiZleba gagebul iqnas an statikurad, im mniSvnelobiT rom

ver iqmneba sazogadoebrivi sikeTe, an ufro dinamiuri mniSvnelobiT,

rogorc im TviTmaregulirebeli Tvisebebis rRveva, romlebic Cveulebriv

sabazro meqanizmebs miewereba. garda amisa, arsebobs politikis

gadamanawilebeli Tviseba – pareto-optimaluri sazRvris gaswvriv

moZraoba mas mere, rac es sazRvari miRweulia. politikis pirveli xedvis

73

Sesabamisad, es amocana Sinaganad mdgomareobs interesTa dapirispirebasa

da kompromisebis miRwevaSi. SeTanxmebis miRwevas xels uSlis ara marto is,

rom individebs urCevniaT iseTi gadanawileba, romelic maT upiratesobas

mianiWebs, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, cud mdgomareobaSi ar Caagdebs. ufro

mniSvnelovania is, rom konsesusis miRweva ver xerxdeba imitom, rom ar

arsebobs safuZveli vivaraudoT, rom individebis Sexedulebebi imaze, Tu ra

warmoadgens samarTlian gadanawilebas, erTmaneTs dauaxlovdeba. . .

Zalian zogadad rom movxazoT, socialuri arCevanis Teoriis struqtura

mdgomareobs SemdegSi. (1) Cven viwyebT agentebis mocemuli simravliT,

amdenad politikuri sazRvrebis normatiuli gamarTlebis problema ar

dgas. (2) Cven vvaraudobT, rom agentebis winaSe mdgari alternativebi

windawin mocemulia, ase rom iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, dRis

wesrigiT manipulireba, ar Cndeba. (3) igulisxmeba, rom agentebs aqvT

preferenciebi, romlebic aseve mocemulia da ar icvleba politikuri

procesis msvlelobaSi. metic, igulisxmeba, rom isini kauzalurad

damoukidebelia alternativebis wyebisgan. (4) standartuli versiis

Tanaxmad, romelic jer-jerobiT Teoriis erTaderT operaciul versias

warmoadgens, preferenciebi aris wminda rigiTi, ase rom individs ar

SeuZlia gamoxatos am preferenciebis intensivoba, arc gare damkvirvebels

SeuZlia individTa preferenciebis intensivobis erTmaneTTan Sedareba. (5)

igulisxmeba, rom individualuri preferenciebi gansazRvrulia individTa

yvela wyvilisaTvis, anu isini srulia da gaaCniaT tranzitulobis

formaluri Tviseba, e.i. A– s preferencia B –ze da B –s preferencia C –ze

iwvevs A –s preferencias C –ze.

am varaudebis CarCoebSi socialuri arCevanis Teoriis amocanaa

alternativebis rigiTobis dadgena socialuri preferenciebis Sesabamisad.

es TiTqos SeiZleba moiTxovdes aucilebelze mets: ratom ar SeiZleba

davisaxoT miznad erTi alternativis arCeva? Cveulebriv arsebobs

garkveuli eWvi imis Taobaze, Tu romeli alternativaa realurad

ganxorcielebadi, amdenad alternativebis rigis dafiqsireba

mosaxerxebelia, Tuki yvelaze sasurveli alternativa SeiZleba aRmoCndes

ganuxorcielebeli. es rigi unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg kriteriumebs. (6)

individualuri preferenciebis msgavsad, isic unda iyos sruli da

tranzituli. (7) is unda iyos pareto-optimaluri, im gagebiT, rom erTi

SesaZlebloba ar unda iyos socialurad upiratesi meoreze, Tuki am meores

yvela individualurad upiratesobas aniWebs. (8) socialuri arCevani or

SesaZleblobas Soris unda iyos damokidebuli mxolod imaze, Tu rogor

afaseben maT individebi, da ar unda reagirebdes cvlilebebze sxva

SesaZleblobebis maT SefasebaSi. (9) socialuri preferenciebis rigiToba,

74

pareto-optimalurobis pirobis garda, unda iTvaliswinebdes da asaxavdes

individualur preferenciebs. es idea gulisxmobs nairnair cnebebs, maT

Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania anonimuroba (yvela individi Tanabrad

angariSgasawevia), aradiqtatoruloba (arc erTma individma ar unda

gansazRvros socialuri preferencia), liberalizmi (yvela individs unda

gaaCndes kerZo sfero, romelSiac misi arCevani gadamwyvetia) da

strategiuli gamarTlebuloba (individi ar unda ixdides safasurs yalbi

preferenciebis gamosaxatavad).

socialuri arCevanis Teoriis arsi gadmocemulia SeuZleblobisa da

erTaderTobis Teoremebis rigiT, romlebic an amtkiceben imas, rom

zemoxsenebul pirobaTa nawili erTdroulad ver dakmayofildeba, an rom

isini calsaxad gansazRvraven preferenciebis agregirebis erTaderT

meTods. SeuZleblobis Teoremebs didi yuradReba eTmoba, Tumca ki amwuTas

maT CvenTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ara aqvT. .. . pirvelad me vaCveneb,

rom preferenciebi, romlebsac adamianebi gamoxataven, SesaZloa sworad ar

asaxavdnen imas, Tu ra urCevniaT maT sinamdvileSi; meore, is, rac maT

marTla urCevniaT, SeiZleba socialuri arCevanisTvis myife baziss

warmoadgendes.

. . . [socialuri arCevanis kritika] mdgomareobs imaSi, rom masSi aRreulia

sabazro sivrcisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qceva im qcevasTan, romelic

forumisTvisaa misaRebi. momxmareblis suverenuloba unda davuSvaT

imdenad, da im donemde, Tuki momxmarebeli akeTebs arCevans moqmedebis or

variants Soris mxolod im gavlenis safuZvelze, romelsac es moqmedeba

axdens uSualod masze. politikuri arCevanis viTarebaSi ki moqalaqisagan

moelian arCevanis gakeTebas iseT viTarebebs Soris, romlebic sxvebzec

axdenen zegavlenas. . . . Tu adamianebi erTmaneTze zegavlenas axdenen

mxolod imiT, rom erTmaneTs fexze abijeben an erTmaneTis ezoSi nagavs

yrian, amgvar viTarebaSi sazogadoebrivi arCevanis meqanizmebma SeiZleba

imuSaon. magram politikis amocana mdgomareobs ara mxolod

araefeqturobis SemcirebaSi, aramed samarTlianobis SeqmnaSi – mizani,

romlisTvisac winapolitikuri arCevanebis agregireba sakmaod Seusabamo

gzas warmoadgens.

anu forumis principebi unda gansxvavdebodes bazris principebisgan.

berZnuli polisidan momdinare tradicia gulisxmobs, rom politika unda

iyos Ria da sajaro aqtivoba, romelic gansxvavdeba arCevanebis im

izolirebuli da kerZo gamoxatvisgan, romelic yidva-gayidvis procesSi

mJRavndeba. . . . axla me ganvixilav . . . ideas, rom preferenciebi ganicdian

transformacias sajaro racionaluri msjelobis Sedegad.

75

II

dResdReobiT es Sexeduleba gansakuTrebiT asocirebulia iurgen habermasis

nawerebTan “diskursis eTikaze” da “idealur sametyvelo situaciaze”. . . am

Teoriis dedaazri aris is, rom politikuri sistema unda moewyos

imdagvarad, rom moaxdinos arCevanebis ara agregireba an filtracia,

aramed maTi Secvla sajaro dapirispirebebisa da debatebis gziT. amdenad,

sazogadoebrivi arCevanis formirebis meqanizmSi Semodian ara pirveladi,

SesaZloa mikerZoebuli da iracionaluri preferenciebi, romlebic bazarze

moqmedeben, aramed informirebuli da sxvebis interesebis

gamTvaliswinebeli preferenciebi. an, ufro metic, aRar iqneba saWiro

agregirebis meqanizmebis gamoyeneba, vinaidan racionaluri diskusiis

Sedegad unda warmoiSvas erTsulovani preferencia. rodesac kerZo da

idiosinkretuli survilebi formirdeba da irTveba sajaro diskusiaSi

saerTo sikeTis Taobaze, unda warmoiSvas calsaxad gansazRvruli

racionaluri miswrafebebi. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad politikis mizania ara

optimaluri kompromisi, aramed erTsulovani Tanxmoba.

es Teoria, rogorc Cans, eyrdnoba or daSvebas. pirveli aris is, rom

arsebobs garkveuli argumentebi, romelTa sajarod gacxadeba ubralod

SeuZlebelia. politikur debatebSi pragmatulad SeuZlebelia mocemuli

gadawyvetilebis dacva im motiviT, rom is CvenTvisaa sasargeblo. sajaro

debatebSi CarTvis faqtiT – kamaTSi, da ara vaWrobaSi monawileobiT –

gamoiricxeba amgvari mosazrebebis moyvanis SesaZlebloba. diskusiaSi

CarTva SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnas rogorc TviTcenzura, rogorc

winaswari ganwyoba racionaluri gadawyvetilebis sasargeblod. Tumca

SeiZleba vivaraudod, rom amgvari daSveba metismetad mkacria. pirveli

argumenti ubralod aCvenebs, rom sajaro diskusiis monawilem angariSi

unda gauwios saerTo sikeTes. damatebiTi daSveba amtkicebs, rom droTa

ganmavlobaSi is faqtobrivad daiwyebs saerTo sikeTeze zrunvas. veravin

ver SeZlebs usasrulod xotba asxas saerTo sikeTes “du bout des levres” –vinaidan, rogorc amas amtkicebda paskali fsonis gakeTebis konteqstSi, is

sabolood gaiziarebs im arCevanebs, romelTa imitirebas axdenda Tavidan.

es aris fsiqologiuri, da ara konceptualuri daSveba. . .

rom SevajamoT, konceptualuri SeuZlebloba gamoxato egoisturi

argumentebi saeTo sikeTisadmi miZRvnil debatebSi, da fsiqologiuri

siZnele, romelic Tan sdevs sulgrZeli preferenciebis gamoxatvas

sabolood maTi gaziarebis gareSe, erToblivad iwveven imas, rom sajaro

diskusia xels uwyobs saerTo sikeTes. ase rom maSin volonte generale iqneba ara ubralod mocemuli (an gamoxatuli) preferenciebis pareto-optimaluri

realizeba, aramed iseTi preferenciebis Sedegi, romlebic Tavad

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formirebulia saerTo sikeTeze zrunviT. ase magaliTad, mocemuli

preferenciebis ubralo agregireba iZleva SesaZleblobas

gaviTvaliswinoT rigi negatiuri gare piroba, magram ara is pirobebi,

romlebic momaval Taobebze axdenen gavlenas. socialuri arCevanis

meqanizmebma SeiZleba amJamad mcxovreb adamianebs ar miscen SesaZlebloba

erTmaneTis ezoSi dayaron nagavi, magram ver Seakavebs maT awmyodan

momavalSi am nagvis gadayrisgan. metic, ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis

ganxilva paretos CarCoebSi axla ufro mtkice safuZvels daeyrdnoba,

gansakuTrebiT vinaidan strategiis Sesabamisobis problema acilebuli

iqneba. erTi dartymiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba meti racionaluri arCevanebis

miRweva, da aseve imis garantireba, rom isini namdvilad iqneba gamoxatuli.

[eqvsi kontrargumeti] pirveli kontrargumenti gvabrunebs paternalizmis

sakiTxebTan. xom ar warmoadgens gaumarTlebel zewolas is, rom

moqalaqeebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba monawileoba miiRon politikur

diskusiebSi? . . . meore: romc vigulisxmoT, rom diskusia SeiZleba

usasrulod gagrZeldes, erTsulovani da racionaluri SeTanxmebis miRweva

garantirebuli ar aris. mesame: vinaidan yovelTvis arsebobs droiTi

SezRudvebi diskusiaze - rogorc wesi miT ufro mkacri, rac ufro

mniSvnelovania sakiTxi – erTsulovneba warmoiqmneba iSviaTad. . . meoTxe:

zog SemTxvevaSi mokle diskusia SeiZleba iyos saSiSi ram, uaresi, vidre

diskusiis ardawyeba saerTod. . . mexuTe kontrargumenti kiTxvis qveS

ayenebs aracxad daSvebas imis Taobaze, rom saerTo politika mTlianobaSi

ukeTesia vidre misi nawilebis jami. xom ar SeiZleba moxdes, rom adamianebi

xdebian ufro, da ara naklebad, egoisturi da iracionaluri, politikuri

interaqciis Sedegad?. . . meeqvse argumenti aris is, rom erTsulovneba,

romelic unda ganxorcieldes, iolad SeiZleba aRmoCndes Sedegi

konformulobis, da ara racionaluri SeTanxmebis. .. . meSvide exeba imis

uaryofas, rom adamianebis msjelobis saerTo sikeTisken warmarTvis

saWiroeba gamoricxavs egoisturi argumentebis moyvanis survils. . .

me mgoni, habermasis Teoriidan cxadia, rom racionalur politikur

diskusias aqvs mizani, romelic mas azrs aniWebs. politika aris dakavebuli

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebiT, da, amdenad, instrumentul xasiaTs atarebs.

marTalia, instrumentuli politikis idea SesaZloa ufro viwrodac iqnas

gagebuli, Tu vigulisxmebT, rom politikur procesSi individebi misdeven

Tavis egoistur interesebs, magram ufro farTo gagebiT is gulisxmobs, rom

politikuri qmedeba aris pirvel rigSi arapolitikuri miznebis miRwevis

saSualeba, da mxolod Semdgom, Tu saerTod, TviTmizani. aq…. . . me

ganvixilav Teoriebs, romlebic gulisxmoben am prioritetis Semobrunebas

da romlebic politikis ZiriTad daniSnulebad xedaven monawileTa

ganaTlebas an sxva saxis mogebas. me vecdebi vaCveno, rom es Sexeduleba

77

aris Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi. monawileTa sargebeli warmoadgens

politikuri saqmianobis Tanaproduqts (by-product). metic, is aris

arsobrivad gverdiTi produqti im azriT, rom yvela mcdeloba gadaaqcioT

isini procesis ZiriTad miznad maT gaaqrobs. marTlac, politikur

saqmianobaSi CarTva SesaZloa didi kmayofilebis momtani iyos, magram

mxolod maSin, Tuki es saqmianoba ganisazRvreba seriozuli mizezebiT,

romlebic scdeba am siamovnebis miRebas.

. . . me vecdebi davamtkico, rom politikuri institutebisa da konstituciebis

garkveuli tipis dasabuTeba modis winaaRmdegobaSi sakuTar TavTan,

vinaidan amarTlebs ama Tu im konfiguracias imiT, rac am konfiguraciis

arsebiTad Tanaproduqts warmoadgens. aq aucilebelia im pirveladi da

mniSvnelovani gamijvnis gakeTeba im amocanas Soris, romelic mdgomareobs

konstituciis dasabuTebaSi ex antre da mis ex post Sefasebisgan. me vaCveneb,

rom tokvili, amerikuli demokratiis Sefasebisas, xotbas asxamda mas

swored im Sedegebis gulisTvis, romlebic misi Tanaproduqti iyo.

tokvilis SemTxvevaSi amas kargi gamarTleba moeZebneboda, rogorc

analitikur midgomas romelic ukve momxdars swavlobda sistemisgan

garkveulad daSorebuli perspeqtividan. Seusabamoba Cndeba maSin, rodesac

igive argumentebi moiyvaneba faqtis moxdenamde, sajaro diskusiaSi. Tumca

ki konstituciebis Semoqmedebs SeiZleba uTqmelad hqondeT amgvari

Sedegebi mxedvelobaSi, maT ar SeuZliaT am argumentebis dalagebuli

gadmocema sazogadoebisTvis. . .

tokvilma, rac paradoqsulad gamoiyureba, ivarauda, rom demokratiebi

aristokratiebze uaresadaa morgebuli grZelvadiani gegmarebis problemis

gadaWrisadmi, da mainc ukeTesia, vidre es ukanaskneli. es paradoqsi qreba,

Tuki mivaqcevT yuradRebas imas, rom pirveli mtkicebulebiT drois

parametri aqtorebis doneze Semodis, xolo meoreTi – damkvirveblis

doneze. erTis mxriv, “demokratias uWirs didi wamowyebis detalebis

koordinireba, erT gegmaze gaCereba da misi ganxorcieleba

winaaRmdgeobebisda miuxedavad. mas ar gaaCnia didi potenciali zomebis

farulad kombinirebisaTvis da Sedegebis moTminebiT dalodebisTvis”.

meores mxriv, “grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi demokratiulma mmarTvelobam

unda gazardos sazogadoebis realuri Zalebi, magram mas ar ZaluZs uceb

gaaerTianos mocemul adgilsa da droSi iseTi seriozuli Zalebi, romelTa

mobilizeba aristokratiul mmarTvelobas SeuZlia.” . . . .

“. . . demokratia ar uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebas yvelaze

kvalificirebuli mmarTvelobiT, magram is akeTebs imas, rac ar

SeuZlia yvelaze kvalificirebul mmarTvelobasac ki: is sazogadoebis

sxeulSi avrcelebs dauRalav aqtivobas, zeuxv Zalas da uzomo

78

energias romelsac SeuZlia, metad araxelsayrel pirobebSic ki,

saswaulebis moxdena. es aris misi namdvili upiratesoba.”

amdenad, demokratiis upiratesobebi sxva sityvebiT umTavresad da

arsobrivad mis gverdiT produqts warmoadgenen. demokratiis Riad

aRiarebuli mizania mmarTvelobis kargi sistemis Seqmna, magram tokvili

amtkicebs rom is uaresia aristokratiulTan SedarebiT, Tuki mas wminda

gadawyvetilebaTa mimReb aparatad ganvixilavT. Tumca TviT demokratiul

yaidaze marTvas rogorc garkveuli tipis saqmianobas gverdiT produqtad

mohyveba garkveuli energia da aqtiuroba, romelic adgeba warmoebas da

qmnis simdidres. Tuki es dakvirveba sworia, SeiZleba Tu ara misi

gamoyeneba demokratiis iseT erSi dasamkvidreblad, sadac is adre

arasdros yofila? es kiTxva garkveulwilad ufro rTulia, vidre SeiZleba

dagveskvna aqamde Tqmulidan, vinaidan gadawyvetilebaTa xarisxi ar

warmoadgens erTaderT kriteriums, romliTac SeiZleba Sefasdes

politikuri sistema. samarTlianobis Tvalsawieri aseve unda iyos

gadamwyveti. magram Semdegi daskvna mainc gardauvalia: Tuki sistemas ar

gaaCnia Sinagani upiratesobebi samarTlianobisa da efeqturobis

TvalsazrisiT, SeuZlebelia misi SemoRebis Tanmimdevruli da sajaro dacva

im gverdiT produqtebze apelirebiT, romlebic man unda moitanos.

demokratia Tavad unda warmoadgendes sikeTes. . . .Tuki demokratiuli

meTodi SemoiReba sazogadoebaSi mxolod ekonomikuri keTildReobis

gverdiTi produqtis gulisTvis, da sxva safuZvlebis gamo misi aravis

sjera, is am efeqtebs ar Seqmnis.

Tumca ki, tokvili ar ambobs, rom politikuri saqmianoba TviTmizans

warmoadgens. demokratiis gamarTleba iZebneba mis SedegebSi, Tumca ki ara

winaswar dasaxulebSi, rogorc amas mkacrad instrumetuli xedva moiTxovs.

. . . jon stiuart mili ara marto esalmeba, aramed icavs demokratias im

ganmanaTlebluri efeqtis gulisTvis, romelic mas monawileebisTvis moaqvs.

. . politikis arainstrumentuli Teoriis yvelaze ganviTarebuli versiis

mosayvanad SegviZlia mivmarToT hanna arendts. werda ra kerZo da

sazogadoebrivi sivrceebis gancalkevebaze Zvel saberZneTSi, is amtkicebda:

“imis gareSe, rom daeuflo SinameurneobaSi cxovrebis aucileblobas,

arc cxovreba da arc “kargi cxovrebaa” SesaZlebeli, magram politika

arasdrosaa cxovrebis gulisTvis. ramdenadac es polisis wevrebs

exeba, SinameurneobaSi cxovreba arsebobs polisSi “kargi cxovrebis”

uzrunvelsayofad. sazogadoebrivi sfero . . . iyo daculi

individualurobisTvis; es iyo erTaderTi sfero, sadac adamianebs

SeeZloT warmoCena, Tu ras warmoadgendnen isini realurad da es

iyo am SesaZleblobis gulisTvis. . . “

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. . . ase gagebuli politika waagavs iseT saqmianobebs, rogorebicaa

xelovneba, mecniereba, sporti an Wadraki. masSi CarTva SeiZleba iyos didi

siamovnebis momtani, Tuki gaqvT damoukideblad gansazRvruli mizani, iseTi,

rogoricaa “raimis mixvedra” an “opoziciis damarcxeba”. moWadrake,

romelic amtkicebs, rom is TamaSobs ara mosagebad, aramed TamaSis

eleganturobis gulisTvis, aRmoCndeba orguli narcisisti, vinaidan ar

arsebobs iseTi cneba, rogoricaa eleganturi wageba, arsebobs martooden

eleganturi da araeleganturi mogebis cnebebi . . .

me ganvixile sami midgoma, romelic aRwers urTierTobas ekonomikasa da

politikas, bazarsa da forums Soris. erT mxares warmoadgens “demokratiis

ekonomikuri Teoria”, yvelaze mkafiod Camoyalibebuli Sumpeteris mier,

romelic agreTve arsebiTad devs sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoriis

safuZvelSi. es aris politikis sabazro Teoria im gagebiT, rom kenWisyris

aqti aris kerZo aqti, romelic emsgavseba yidvisa da gayidvis aqts. amdenad

me ver gaviziareb alan raianis mosazrebas, rom “kerZo da sazogadoebriv

cxovrebas Soris arsebul mimarTebaze nebismieri SesaZlo Sexedulebis

Tanaxmad kenWisyraSi monawileoba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis elements

warmoadgens”. TviT gansxvaveba farul da Ria kenWisyras Soris aCvenebs,

rom politikaSi arsebobs sivrce kerZosa da sazogadoebrivs Soris.

amdenad, demokratiis ekonomikuri Teoria efuZneba mosazrebas, rom forumi

unda emsgavsebodes bazars rogorc Tavisi daniSnulebiT, aseve

funqcionirebis wesiT. daniSnuleba aRiwereba ekonomikur terminebSi, xolo

funqcionirebis wesi mdgomareobs individualur gadawyvetilebaTa

agregirebaSi.

sapirispiro xedva mdgomareobs imaSi, rom forumi unda iyos sruliad

daSorebuli bazars, rogorc Tavisi miznebiT, aseve institucionaluri

mowyobiT. forumi unda aRematebodes im individTa gadanawilebiT erTobas,

romlebic saarCevno kabinebis rigSi Camwkrivebulan. moqalaqeoba aris

Tviseba, romelic SeiZleba realizebul iqnas mxolod sajarod, anu

koleqtivSi, romelic saerTo miznis misaRwevad gaerTianda. amasTan es

mizani ar exeba materialuri cxovrebis gaumjobesebas. politikuri procesi

aris TviTmizani, sikeTe, an umaRlesi sikeTec ki, imaTTvis, vinc masSi

monawileobs. mas SeiZleba mivesalmoT misi ganmanaTlebluri efeqtisTvis

monawileTaTvis, magram es efeqti ar qreba mas mere rac ganmanaTlebluri

mizani miRweulia. piriqiT, moqalaqeTa ganaTlebas Sedegad mosdevs

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis dafaseba rogorc TviTmiznisa. politika am

gagebiT ar exeba raRac konkretulobas. is aris srulyofilebis agonisturi

warmoCena, an solidarobis koleqtiuri warmoCena, romelic

gancalkevebulia gadawyvetilebebis miRebisgan da movlenebze zegavlenis

moxdenisgan.

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am or xedvas Soris mdebareobs is Sexeduleba, romelic me yvelaze

mimzidvelad meCveneba. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom forumi unda gansxvavdebodes

bazrisgan Tavisi funqcionirebis wesiT, Tumca ki mimarTuli iyos im

gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze, romlebsac uSualo ekonomikuri mniSvneloba

aqvT. maRali donis politikuri gadawyvetilebebic ki exeba dabali donis

wesebs, romlebic saboloo jamSi kavSirSia ekonomikur sakiTxebTan.

amdenad, konstituciuri mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda iyos

mowyobili an Secvlili kanoni, mudmivad ayenebs samarTlebriv

stabilurobasa da ekonomikur saqmianobaze zemoqmedebis sakiTxebs. es aris

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saWiroeba, romelic saCqaroobis xasiaTs aniWebs

politikur debatebs. droSi yovelTvis arsebuli SezRudva qmnis

fokusirebisa da koncentrirebis saWiroebas, romelic SeuTavsebelia

filosofiuri debatebis Tavisufal stilTan, sadac mogzauroba SeiZleba

ufro kargi iyos vidre daniSnulebis adgilas misvla. Tumca am CarCoebSi

kamaTi ayalibebs politikuri procesis arss. Tu amgvaria ganmarteba

bunebiT sajaro da daniSnulebiT instrumentaluri politikisa, is

sazogadoebaSi saTanado adgils daikavebs.

81

jon roulzi

politikuri liberalizmi

sajaro azrovnebis1 idea

nebismier politikur sazogadoebas da, zogadad, nebismier racionalur da

gonivrul agents, individi iqneba is Tu ojaxi, asociacia, an Tundac

politikur sazogadoebaTa konfederacia, gaaCnia Tavisi gegmebis

formulirebis, miznebis prioretizebis da Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis garkveuli xerxi. xerxi, romliTac politikuri sazogadoeba amas

axorcielebs, aris misi azrovneba (goni); misi unari Seasrulos es yovelive

aseve misi gonia, Tumca ki sxva gagebiT: es aris inteleqtualuri da

moraluri Zala, romlis fesvebi mis wevr adamianTa unarebSia moqceuli.

yvelanairi azrovneba ar aris sajaro, vinaidan arsebobs eklesiebisa da

universitetebis, da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis bevri sxva asociaciis

arasajaro azrovneba. aristokratiul da avtokratiul reJimebSi, rodesac

ixileba sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebi, es keTdeba ara sazogadoebis

(public) mier, Tuki is saerTod arsebobs, aramed mmarTvelebis mier, vinc ar

unda iyon isini. sajaro azrovneba aris demokratiuli xalxebis

maxasiaTebeli: es aris azrovneba misi moqalaqeebisa, maTi, vinc flobs

Tanabari moqalaqeobis statuss. sagani maTi ganazrebisa aris sazogadoebis

keTildReoba: ra moTxovnebs uyenebs samarTlianobis politikuri

koncefcia sazogadoebis sabaziso struqturebsa da institutebs, da im

miznebsa da daniSnulebebs, romlebsac isini emsaxureba. amdenad, sajaro

azrovneba sajaroa sami gagebiT: rogorc moqalaqeTa goni, is aris

sazogadoebis goni; mis sagans warmoadgens sazogadoebis keTildReoba da

samarTlianobis fundamenturi problemebi; misi xasiaTi da Sinaarsi

sajaroa, isini mocemulia im ideebsa da principebSi, romlebsac politikuri

samarTlianobis sazogadoebrivi koncefcia gamoxatavs, da Riaa

ganxilvisTvis am sawyisebze. . .

sajaro azrovnebis problematika da forumebi

1 azrovneba – reason - aq reason-is ufro swori Targmani iqneboda sityva “goni”, magram roulzis naSromis konteqstSi azrovneba ufro Sesaferisia, vinaidan moicavs dinamikas, process. procesis xazgasma ki pasuxobs, rogorc Cans, roulzis da habermasis diskusiis arss roulziseuli samarTlianobis Teoriis arakomunikaciuri xasiaTis Taobaze (red.).

82

. . . pirveli, rac unda aRiniSnos, aris is, rom SezRudvebi, romlebic

Semoaqvs sajaro azrovnebas, ar exeba nebismier politikur sakiTxebs,

aramed mxolod imaT, romlebic moicaven, ase rom vTqvaT, “sakonstitucio

safuZvlebs” (constitutional essentials) da bazisuri samarTlianobis problemebs

(basic justice) . es niSnavs imas, rom iseTi fundamenturi sakiTxebi,

rogorebicaa: Tu vis aqvs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba; romeli

religiebis mimarTaa SesaZlo Semwynarebloba; visTvis unda iqnas

uzrunvelyofili SesaZleblobebis (opportunity) an sakuTrebis flobis

Tanabari ufleba - unda gadawydes martooden politikur Rirebulebebze

dayrdnobiT. es da amgvari sakiTxebi Sedis sajaro azrovnebis

kompetenciaSi.

bevri politikuri sakiTxi, Tu ara maTi umravlesoba, ar exeba am

fundamentur problemebs. aseTia, magaliTad, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis

didi nawili da bevri kanoni, romelic aregulirebs sakuTrebas; kodeqsebi,

romlebic icaven garemos da akontroleben garemos dabinZurebas;

erovnuli parkebis dafuZneba da cxovelebisa da mcenareebis dacva;

muzeumebisa da xelovnebis mxardamWeri fondebis Seqmna. rasakvirvelia, es

sakiTxebic xandaxan mimarTebaSia fundamentur sakiTxebTan. sajaro gonis

srulma aRweram unda moicvas es sakiTxebi da unda aRwerdes ufro

detalurad, vidre me amas aq vakeTeb, Tu riTi gansxvavdebian isini

sakonstitucio safuZvlebisgan da bazisuri samarTlis problemebisgan, da

ratom aris, rom sajaro azrovnebiT ganpirobebuli SezRudvebi maT

SeiZleba ar Seexos; an Tu exeba, sxvanairad da ara imave simkacriT.

zogs daebadeba SekiTxva: ratom ara vTqvaT, rom yvela sakiTxi, romlebTan

mimarTebaSi moqalaqeebi iyeneben saboloo da iZulebiT politikur

Zalauflebas, romelic maT erTimeores mimarT gaaCniaT, sajaro azrovnebis

sagans warmoadgens? ratom unda iyos dasaSvebi saerTod [sajaro

azrovnebiT dadgenili (red.)] politikuri Rirebulebebis ranJirebis miRma

gasvlis SesaZlebloba? vpasuxob: Cemi mizania pirvel rigSi ganvixilo

yvelaze seriozuli SemTxveva, sadac politikuri sakiTxebi exeba yvelaze

fundamentur problemebs. Tu Cven ar daveTanxmebiT SezRudvebs, romlebsac

sajaro azrovneba qmnis am SemTxvevebSi, Cven maSin ar unda vaRiaroT es

sazRvrebi arsad. Tu isini muSaoben am SemTxvevebSi, SemdgomSi Cven

SevZlebT sxva problemebze gadasvlas. mainc me vuSveb, rom Cveulebriv

uaRresad sasurvelia politikuri problemebis gadaWra sajaro azrovnebis

Rirebulebebze apelirebiT. Tumca es SeiZleba yovelTvis ase ar iyos.

2. sajaro azrovnebis Semdeg Tvisebas warmoadgens is, rom misi SezRudvebi

ar mieyeneba Cvens personalur msjelobebsa da ganazrebebs politikur

83

sakiTxebze, an msgavs sakiTxebze iseTi asociaciis wevrebis mier msjelobas,

rogorebicaa eklesiebi an universitetebi, romlebic yvela arian ukana

planis kulturis sasicocxlo nawili. am ganazrebebSi sinamdvileSi

SeiZleba Tavisi roli Seasrulon bevrnairma religiurma, filosofiurma

da moralurma midgomebma. magram sajaro azrovnebis ideali gavlenas

axdens moqalaqeebze maSin, rodesac isini erTvebian politikur

advokatirebaSi sajaro forumze, da, amdenad, politikur partiebsa da

kandidatebze maT saarCevno kampaniebSi da sxva jgufebze, vinc maT mxars

uWers. is aseve gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor unda moiqcnen moqalaqeebi

arCevnebSi, rodesac wydeba sakonstitucio safuZvlebisa da bazisuri

samarTlianobis sakiTxebi. amdenad sajaro azrovnebis ideali ara marto

warmarTavs saarCevno sajaro diskusias, im donemde, ra donemdec diskusia

exeba am fundamentur sakiTxebs, aramed agreTve sazRvravs imas, Tu rogor

unda miscen xma amomrCevlebma arCevnebSi. sxvagvarad arsebobs saSiSroeba

rom sajaro diskursi iqneba hipokritikuli: moqalaqeebi erTmaneTs

eubnebian erT rames, xolo xmas aZleven sxvas. . .

arasajaro azrovneba

1. sajaro azrovnebis buneba ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tuki Cven avRniSnavT

sxvaobebs massa da arasajaro azrovnebas Soris. jer erTi, arsebobs bevri

arasajaro azrovneba da mxolod erTi sajaro . . . gonivruli da

pasuxismgebluri moqmedebis asawyobad korporaciul erTeulebsa da aseve

individebs sWirdebaT msjelobis xerxi imis Taobaze, Tu ra unda gakeTdes.

msjelobis es gza aris sajaro Tavis wevrebTan mimarTebaSi, magram

arasajaro politikur sazogadoebasTan da zogadad moqalaqeobis

erTobasTan mimarTebaSi. arasajaro azrovnebebi moicaven samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis mravalnair gonebs, da miekuTvneba imas, rasac me vuwodeb

“ukana planis kulturas” sajaro politikuri kulturis sapirispirod. es

azrovnebebi arian socialuri, da danamdvilebiT ara kerZo.

msjelobis yvela xerxi – iqneba is individualuri, asociaciuri Tu

politikuri – unda moicavdes garkveul ZiriTad elementebs: Sexedulebis

cnebas, daskvnis gamotanis principebs, mtkicebulebis wesebs da bevr sxvas.

sxva SemTxvevaSi es aRar iqneba msjelobis xerxi, aramed, SesaZloa,

ritorikis gza an darwmunebis saSualeba. Cven ki vswavlobT azrovnebas, da

ara ubralod diskurss. msjelobis xerxi, amdenad, unda moicavdes

azrovnebis fundametur cnebebsa da principebs, da moicavdes sisworis

standartebsa da dasabuTebis kriteriumebs. am ideebiT sargeblobis unari

Cveulebrivi adamianuri azrovnebis nawils warmoadgens. magram

individebisa da korporatiuli warmonaqmnebis sxvadasxva koncefciebs

sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb Seesabameba gansxvavebuli procedurebi da meTodebi,

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es msjeloba mimdinareobs ra sxvadasxva viTarebebSi da aseve eqvemdebareba

nairnair CarCo SezRudvebs. es CarCo SezRudvebi SeiZleba warmoqmnas

garkveuli uflebebis dacvisa an garkveuli faseulobebis miRwevis

aucileblobam. . .

2. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi arasajaro Zalauflebas, rogoricaa,

magaliTad, eklesiis uzenaesoba sakuTar wevrebTan mimarTebaSi,

emorCilebian nebayoflobiT . . . yvelanairi yovlismomcveli religiuri,

filosofiuri an moraluri Sexedulebebi, romlebsac Cven viziarebT, aseve,

politikurad rom vilaparakoT, nebayoflobiTaa aRiarebuli; sindisis

Tavisuflebisa da azrovnebis Tavisuflebis pirobebSi Cven Tavad vemxrobiT

maT. . .

amis sapirispirod, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis uzenaesobis acileba

SeuZlebelia mis mier marTuli teritoriis datovebis gareSe. . . is, rom

misi Zalaufleba regulirdeba sajaro azrovnebiT, ar cvlis am viTarebas.

samSoblos mitoveba Cveulebrivad mZime nabijs warmoadgens: is niSnavs im

sazogadoebisa da kulturis mitovebas, romelSiac Cven gavizardeT, romlis

enas viyenebT laparakSi da azrovnebaSi raTa gamovxatoT da gavigoT

sakuTari Tavi, Cveni miznebi, gegmebi da Rirebulebebi. . .

amdenad, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis uzenaesoba ar miiReba nebayoflobiT:

sazogadoebisa da kulturisadmi mikuTvnebuloba, mamulis istoria da

socialuri mniSvneloba imdenad adrindel asakSi ayalibeben Cvens

cxovrebas, da Cveulebrivad imdenad Zlieria, rom emigraciis ufleba ar

aris sakmarisi raTa gaxados saxelmwifos Zalauflebis miReba

nebayoflobiTad im azriT, ra azriTac sindisis Tavisufleba

nebayoflobiTs xdis saeklesio Zalauflebas. miuxedavad amisa, cxovrebis

ganmavlobaSi Cven SeiZleba nebayoflobiT mivemxroT, refleqsuri

azrovnebisa da gonivruli msjelobis Sedegad, ideebs, principebs da

standartebs, romlebic sazRvraven Cvens bazisur uflebebsa da

Tavisuflebebs, da romlebic arsobrivad warmarTaven da zRudaven

politikur Zalauflebas, romelsac Cven veqvemdebarebiT. es aris Cveni

Tavisuflebis gare limiti.

sajaro azrovnebis Sinaarsi

1. axla me vubrundebi sajaro azrovnebis Sinaarss. . . es Sinaarsi

formulirebulia im cnebiT, rasac me vuwode “samarTlianobis politikuri

koncefcia”, romelic Cemi varaudiT, farTod liberaluri xasiaTisaa. amis

qveS me vgulisxmob sam rames: pirveli, is sazRvravs garkveul bazisur

uflebebs, Tavisuflebebs da SesaZleblobebs (im tipis, romlebic nacnobia

85

konstituciuri demokratiuli reJimebidan); meore, is am uflebebs

gansakuTrebul upiratesobas aniWebs, pirvel rigSi saerTo sargeblisa da

perfeqcionistul RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi; da mesame, is moiTxovs

zomebis miRebas, raTa yvela moqalaqes gaaCndes adeqvaturi universaluri

saSualeba efeqturad gamoiyenos Tavisi bazisuri Tavisuflebebi da

SesaZleblobebi. . . magram TiToeuli es elementi SesaZloa

sxvadasxvanairad iyos danaxuli, da amdenad arsebobs sxvadasxvanairi

liberalizmebi. . .

2. arsebiTia, rom liberaluri politikuri koncefcia moicavs,

samarTlianobis principis garda, gamokvlevis saxelmZRvanelo principebs

(guidelines of inquiry), romlebic sazRvraven msjelobis gzebs da politikuri

sakiTxebis relevanturi informaciis kriteriumebs. amgvari saxelmZRvanelo

principebis gareSe SeuZlebelia ZiriTadi (substantive) principebis

gamoyeneba, rac politikur koncefcias arasrul da fragmentul xasiaTs

aniWebs. am koncefcias, amgvarad, unda hqondes ori nawili:

a. pirveli, samarTlianobis ZiriTadi (substantive) principebi bazisuri

struqturebisTvis; da

b. sakiTxebis kvlevis (Seswavlis) saxelmZRvanelo principebi: msjelobis

principebi da mtkicebulebis wesebi, romelTa Suqze moqalaqeebma unda

gadawyviton, Tu ramdenad sworadaa gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi principebi da

SearCion kanonebi da politikuri strategiebi, romlebic maT ukeT

Seesabameba.

amdenad, liberaluri politikuri Rirebulebebi or tips miekuTvneba:

a. pirveli tipi – politikuri samarTlianobis Rirebulebebi – miekuTvneba

bazisuri struqturis samarTlianobis principebs: politikuri da

samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis Tanasworobis principi; Tanabari

SesaZleblobebis principi, socialuri Tanasworobisa da ekonomikuri

urTierTvaldebulebebis Rirebulebebi; da modiT davamatoT saerTo

sargeblis Rirebulebebi da aseve yvela am RirebulebisaTvis

aucilebeli nairnairi pirobebi.

b. politikuri Rirebulebebis meore tipi – sajaro azrovnebis

Rirebulebebi – miekuTvneba sajaro kvlevis saxelmZRvanelo meTodebs,

romlebic mas Ria da sajaro xasiaTs aniWeben. aseve moicavs iseT

politikur Rirsebebs, rogoricaa saRi azrovneba da mzadyofna pativi

sces moqalaqeobis (moralur) valdebulebas, romlebic, rogorc

moqalaqeebis saTnoebebi, xels uwyoben politikur sakiTxebze

gaazrebuli (azriani) sajaro diskusiebis warmarTvas.

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3. rogorc adre iTqva sakonstitucio principebisa da bazisuri

samarTlianobis sakiTxebis Taobaze, bazisuri struqtura da misi

politikuri kursi unda iyos misaRebi yvela moqalaqisTvis, rogorc amas

politikuri legitimaciis principi moiTxovs. amas unda davamatoT is, rom

misi gamarTlebisas Cven ufleba gvaqvs mivmarToT mxolod arsebul zogad

warmodgenebs, msjelobis im formebs, romlebic saR azrovnebaSi moipoveba,

da mecnierul meTodebsa da daskvnebs, rodesac isini

arawinaaRmdegobrivebi arian. legitimaciis liberaluri principi xdis amas

sajaro ganxilvis warmarTvis principebis gansazRvris yvelaze misaReb, Tu

ara erTaderT gzad. raSi mdgomareobs sxva samoqmedo principebi da

kriteriumebi am SemTxvevisTvis?

es yovelive niSnavs imas, rom sakonstitucio principebze da sakiTxebze

msjelobisas Cven ar unda mivmarToT yovlismomcvel religiur da

filosofiur doqtrinebs – romlebsac Cven, rogorc individebi an

gaerTianebebis wevrebi vixilavT srul WeSmaritebebad – da arc unda

gamoviyenoT, magaliTad, zogadi wonasworobis ekonomikuri Teoriebi, Tuki

isini kiTxvis qveS dgas. ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, codna da msjelobis

gzebi, romlebic safuZvels uqmnian sakonstitucio principebisa da bazisuri

samarTlis gaziarebas, unda eyrdnobodes aSkara WeSmaritebebs, romlebic

amJamad farTodaa gaziarebuli, an misawvdomi, moqalaqeebisTvis zogadad.

sxvanairad politikuri koncefcia ver uzrunvelyofs msjelobis

sazogadoebriv dasayrdens . . .

4. Cems naSromSi “samarTlianoba rogorc patiosneba”, da, Cemis azriT, bevr

sxva liberalur warmodgenaSi, simarTlis dadgenis sajaro azrovnebis

meTodebi da aseve sajaro azrovnebis legitimaciis principi, imave

safuZvlebs eyrdnoba, rac samarTlianobis ZiriTadi principebi.

samarTlianobaSi rogorc patiosnebaSi es imas niSnavs, rom sawyis

mdgomareobaSi myofma partiebma sabaziso struqturisTvis samarTlianobis

principebis miRebisas unda miiRon aseve meTodebi da kriteriumebi sajaro

azrovnebisTvis, raTa am normebis gamoyeneba SeZlon. am meTodebis da

legitimaciis principebis dasabuTeba arsebiTad igivea, da iseTive Zlieria,

rogorc Tavad samarTlianobis principebis dasabuTeba. im individebis

interesebis uzrunvelyofisTvis, romlebsac isini warmoadgenen, partiebi

moiTxoven, rom ZiriTadi principebis gamoyeneba eqvemdebarebodes

gankiTxvasa da Semowmebas, msjelobasa da mowmobas, romlebic unda

vivaraudoT rom gaziarebul iqnas maT mier warmodgenil adamianTa mier.

Tu amis moTxovnas partiebi ver moaxerxeben, isini ver imoqmedeben

pasuxismgeblurad rogorc ndobiT aRWurvilebi. amdenad Cven saqme gvaqvs

legitimizaciis principTan.

87

aseve, “samarTlianoba rogorc patiosnebas” mixedviT, sajaro gonisa da

samarTlianobis principebis meTodebs arsebiTad saerTo niadagi gaaCniaT.

isini erTi da imave SeTanxmebis urTierTdakavSirebul nawilebs

warmoadgenen. ar arsebobs gamarTleba imisa, rom nebismier moqalaqes, an

moqalaqeTa gaerTianebas, hqondes ufleba gamoiyenos saxelmwifos

Zalaufleba sakonstitucio safuZvlebis mosawyobad am moqalaqis, an

moqalaqeTa gaerTianebis yovlismomcveli doqtrinebis mixedviT. rodesac

moqalaqeebi Tanasworad arian warmodgenilebi, arc erTi moqalaqe ar

mianiWebs sxva individsa Tu gaerTianebas Sesabamis politikur Zalauflebas.

amdenad, veranairi amgvari Zalaufleba ver daeyrdnoba sajaro azrovnebas,

da gonivruli yovlismomcveli doqtrinebi amas icnobiereben.

5. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom politikuri liberalizmi warmoadgens xedvis

garkveul nairsaxeobas. mas aqvs bevri forma, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra

ZiriTadi principebia gamoyenebuli da rogoraa Camoyalibebuli

gamokvlevis meTodebi. am formebs saerTo aqvT ZiriTadi samarTlianobis

bazisuri principebi da sajaro gonis idea. Sinaarsi da idea SeiZleba

varirebdes am CarCoebSi.

metic, sajaro gonis ideisa da legitimaciis miseuli principis emociuri

aRiareba ar niSnavs samarTlianobis specifiuri liberaluri koncefciis

aRiarebas misi Sinaarsis ganmsazRvreli principebis wvrilmani detalebis

CaTvliT. Cven SeiZleba gvqondes uTanxmoeba am detalebze da mainc

vemxrobodeT erTmaneTs koncefciis ufro zogadi aspeqtebis gaziarebis

Taobaze. Cven vTanxmdebiT, rom moqalaqeebi politikur Zalauflebas

inawileben Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis sawyisebze, amasTan, rogorc

gonier da racionalur arsebebs maT aqvT moqalaqeobrivi valdebuleba

mimarTon sajaro azrovnebas, Tumca ki gansxvavebulad vuyurebT imas, Tu ra

principebi Seadgenen yvelaze gonivrul baziss sajaro msjelobisTvis.

Sexeduleba, romelsac me samarTlianoba rogorc patiosneba vuwode

liberaluri politikuri koncefciis mxolod erTi magaliTia; misi

konkretuli Sinaarsi ar aris amgvari xedvis specifikis ganmsazRvreli.

sajaro gonis idealis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom moqalaqeebma unda

gamarTon Tavisi fuZemdebluri diskusiebi im CarCoSi, romelsac TiToeuli

maTgani samarTlianobis iseT politikur koncefciad aRiarebs, romlis

Rirebulebebi, gonivrulad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, sxvebmac unda gaiziaron,

da romelSiac TiToeuli keTilsindisierad mzadaa daicvas amgvarad

gagebuli koncefcia. es niSnavs imas, rom TiToeul Cvengans unda gaaCndes,

da unda iyos mzad axsnas, imis kriteriumebi, Tu ra principebi da meTodebi,

Cvenis azriT, gonivrulad SeiZleba vivaraudoT rom sxva moqalaqeebma

(romlebic aseve Tavisufali da Tanaswori arian) SeiZleba gaiziaron

88

CvenTan erTad. Cven unda gagvaCndes garkveuli sasinji imis gadasawyvetad,

Tu rodisaa es piroba Sesrulebuli. me adre kriteriumad SemoTavazebuli

mqonda im principebiTa da meTodebiT gamoxatuli Rirebulebebi, romlebic

sawyis mdgomareobaSi iqneboda miRebuli. bevrma SeiZleba sxva kriteriumi

ufro misaRebad miiCnios.

cxadia, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom realobaSi sxvebi ar gaiziareben im

principebs da meTodebs, romlebsac irCevs Cveni kriteriumi. es

mosalodnelia. idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saWiroa Cven amgvari

kriteriumi gagvaCndes, da es TavisTavad ukve moaxdens metad mniSvnelovan

madisciplinirebel gavlenas sajaro diskusiaze. yvelanairi Rirebulebebi

ver gadis amgvar testirebas, da arc politikur Rirebulebebs

warmoadgenen; da politikuri Rirebulebebis yvelanairi balansi ar aris

aucileblobiT gonivruli. gardauvalia da xSirad sasurvelic, rom

moqalaqeebs gaaCndeT gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi imaze, Tu ra aris

Sesaferisi politikuri koncefcia; vinaidan sajaro politikuri kultura

aucileblobiT moicavs sxvadasxva fundametur ideebs, romelTa ganviTareba

SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva gziT. droTa ganmavlobaSi mowesrigebuli

konkurencia maT Soris sando gzaa imis gamosacnobad, Tu romelia, Tuki is

arsebobs, yvelaze misaRebi.

uzenaesi sasamarTlo rogorc sajaro azrovnebis magaliTi

. . . sasamarTlo zedamxedvelobis mqone konstituciur reJimSi sajaro

azrovneba aris misi uzenaesi sasamarTlos goni. aq unda aRiniSnos ori

garemoeba: pirveli, sajaro azrovneba kargad asrulebs sasamarTlos gonis

rols sasamarTlos mier ZiriTadi kanonis uzenaesi, magram ara saboloo

interpretatoris rolis SesrulebaSi; meore, uzenaesi sasamarTlo aris

saxelmwifo Zalauflebis is Sto, romelic sajaro azrovnebas ganasaxierebs.

am debulebebis asaxsnelad me mokled SevCerdebi konstitucionalizmis xuT

principze.

pirveli principi mdgomareobs gansxvavebaSi, romelsac ayalibebs loki “or

xelSekrulebaSi” - sxvaoba xalxis damfuZneblur uflebas Soris

Camoayalibos axali reJimi da saxelmwifo moxeleTa da eleqtoratis

Cveulebriv Zalauflebas Soris, romelic yoveldRiur politikaSi

gamoiyeneba. xalxis es damfuZnebluri ufleba qmnis CarCos Cveulebrivi

Zalaufebis regulirebisTvis da xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac iSleba

arsebuli reJimi.

meore aris sxvaoba ZiriTad da Cveulebriv kanons Soris. ZiriTadi kanoni

aris xalxis damfuZnebluri Zalauflebis gansaxiereba da gaaCnia uzenaesi

avtoriteti, ganxorcielebuli “Cven, xalxis” saxeliT, xolo Cveulebriv

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kanons gamoxatavs kongresisa da eleqtoratis Cveulebrivi Zalaufleba.

ZiriTadi kanoni zRudavs da warmarTavs Cveulebriv Zalauflebas.

mesame principi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom demokratiuli konstitucia

warmoadgens ZiriTad kanonSi im politikuri idealis principul

gamoxatvas, romlis mixedviTac xalxma unda marTos sakuTari Tavi

garkveuli gziT. sajaro gonis mizania am idealis artikulireba.

politikuri sazogadoebis zogierTi mizani SeiZleba Camoyalibebuli iyos

preambulaSi –samarTlianobis damyareba da saerTo keTildReobis

xelSewyoba – xolo zogierTi SezRudvebi SeiZleba moiZebnebodes

uflebebis bilSi an Caidos mmarTvelobis monaxazSi – kanonis Sesabamisi

gamoyeneba da kanonis ZaliT Tanabari daculobis principi. yvela erTad

isini miekuTvneba politikuri Rirebulebebis da sajaro gonis kategorias.

ZiriTadi kanonis es principuli gamoxatva unda sargeblobdes farTo

aRiarebiT da am da sxva mizezebiT sasurvelia ar gadaitvirTos mravali

detalebiT da ganmartebebiT. aseve unda iyos SesaZlebeli bazisur

institutebSi misi sakvanZo principebis gansaxierebis ganxorcielebis

danaxva.

meoTxe principi aris is, rom demokratiulad ratificirebuli

konstituciiT, romelic uflebebis bilsac moicavs, moqalaqeTa erToba

erTxel da samudamod ayalibebs garkveul konstituciur safuZvlebs,

magaliTad, Tanabar ZiriTad politikur uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs,

sityvisa da gaerTianebis Tavisuflebas, da amasTan im uflebebsa da

Tavisuflebebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebasa da

damoukideblobas, rogorebicaa gadaadgilebis ufleba da sacxovrebeli

adgilis arCevis ufleba, da kanonis mmarTvelobiT uzrunvelyofili

daculoba. amiT iqmneba garantia, rom Cveulebrivi kanonmdebloba

garkveuli gziT xorcieldeba Tavisufali da Tanaswori moqalaqeebis mier.

swored am dafiqsirebuli procedurebis meSveobiT adamianebs SeuZliaT

gamoxaton, Tundac isini amas ar akeTebdnen, maTi dasabuTebuli

demokratiuli neba, da amgvari procedurebis gareSe maT namdvilad

SeiZleba ar gaaCndeT amgvari neba.

mexuTe, da saboloo, konstituciur mmarTvelobaSi saboloo Zalaufleba

ar SeiZleba ekuTvnodes sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas an, Tundac, uzenaes

sasamarTlos, romelic aris mxolod konstituciis umaRlesi

samarTlebrivi interpretatori. saboloo Zalaufleba ekuTvnis samive

Stos saTanadod gansazRvrul mimarTebaSi erTmaneTTan, sadac TiToeuli

angariSvaldebulia xalxis winaSe. iTvleba, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi

eleqtoratis did umravlesobas SeuZlia konstituciis misadageba Tavisi

politikuri nebisadmi. es aris ubralod faqti politikuri Zalauflebis,

90

rogorc aseTis, Sesaxeb. es ubralod ar SeiZleba sxvanairad moxdes, Tundac

gavaZlieroT konstituciis is muxlebi, romlebic icaven bazisur

demokratiul garantiebs. ar arsebobs iseTi institucionaluri procedura,

romlis borotad gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli iyos bazisuri konstituciuri

demokratiuli principebis damrRvevi kodeqsebis gansaxorcieleblad.

swori da samarTliani konstituciisa da bazisuri kanonis idea yovelTvis

realizdeba samarTlianobis yvelaze gonivruli politikuri koncefciiT da

ara realuri politikuri procesis SedegebiT.

amdenad, konstituciuri demokratia dualistur xasiaTs atarebs: is

ganasxvavebs damfuZneblur Zalauflebas Cveulebrivi Zalauflebisgan, da

aseve xalxis uzenaes kanons sakanonmdeblo Zalauflebis Cveulebrivi

kanonisgan. parlamentis uzenaesoba uaryofilia.

uzenaesi sasamarTlo esadageba konstituciuri demokratiis dualizmis am

ideas rogorc erT-erTi institucionaluri iaraRi uzenaesi kanonis

dasacavad. sajaro azrovnebis gamoyenebiT uzenaesi sasamarTlo unda

icavdes am kanons eroziisgan, romelic droebiTi umravlesobebis

samarTalSemoqmedebidan, an, rac ufro savaraudoa, organizebuli da

kargad moxerxebuli viwro interesebidan momdinareobs. Tuki sasamarTlo

iRebs am rols da kargad asrulebs mas, araswori iqneba gamovacxadoT, rom

is mkveTrad antidemokratiulia. is namdvilad umravlesobis winaaRmdegaa

mimarTuli Cveulebriv kanonTan mimarTebaSi, vinaidan mas SeuZlia

gamoacxados amgvari kanoni arakonstituciurad. miuxedavad amisa, amis ukan

dgas xalxis uzenaesi avtoriteti. sasamarTlo ar aris umravlesobis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli uzenaes kanonTan mimarTebaSi, Tuki misi

gadawyvetilebebi gonivrulad esadageba TviT konstitucias, mis

Sesworebebs da politikurad dafiqsirebul interpretaciebs.

. . .sasamarTlos roli aris ara ubralod damcavi, aramed is uzrunvelyofs

sajaro azrovnebas saTanado uwyveti momsaxurebiT, rogorc misi

institucionaluri gansaxiereba. es niSnavs imas, rom, jer erTi, sajaro

azrovneba aris erTaderTi azrovneba, romelsac sasamarTlo iyenebs. es

aris mmarTvelobis erTaderTi Sto, romelic . . am da mxolod am gonis

warmonaqmns warmoadgens. moqalaqeebsa da kanonmdeblebs SeuZliaT,

rogorc wesia, xma miscen Tavis ufro specifiur Sexedulebebs rodesac saqme

ar exeba sakonstitucio safuZvlebsa da bazisur samarTals; maT ar

sWirdebaT sajaro gonis meSveobiT imis gamarTleba, Tu ratom iqcevian ase,

arc sWirdebaT daasabuTon arCevanis safuZveli da SeaTavson igi

Tanmimdevrul konstituciur xedvasTan maTi gadawyvetilebebis

erTobliobaze. sasamarTloTa roli ki mdgomareobs swored amaSi da amis

ganxorcielebisas maT ar gaaCniaT aranairi sxva safuZvlebi da aranairi

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sxva Rirebulebebi, garda politikurisa. amis garda saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

maT unda mimarTon sakonstitucio ganaCenebs, praqtikas, tradicias da

konstituciurad mniSvnelovan istoriul teqstebs.

. . . sasamarTloebs, cxadia, ar SeuZliaT gamoiyenon sakuTari

individualuri morali, arc zogadad moralis idealebi da sikeTeebi. maT

es yovelive irelevanturad unda CaTvalon. analogiurad maT ar SeuZliaT

sakuTari an sxva adamianebis religiuri da filosofiuri Sexedulebebis

gamoyeneba. arc politikuri Rirebulebebis citireba SeuZlia SezRudvis

gareSe. sanacvlod maT unda mimarTon politikur Rirebulebebs, romlebic

maTi azriT miekuTvneba sajaro koncefciis da samarTlianobis da sajaro

gonis miseuli politikuri Rirebulebebis yvelaze dasabuTebul gagebas.

esenia Rirebulebebi, romlebsac, rogorc maT keTilsindisierad sjeraT,

rogorc amas moqalaqeobis movaleoba iTxovs, unda iziarebdes yvela

moqalaqe gonieri da racionaluri arsebis Tavis rolSi.

92

karl manhaimi

ideologia da utopia

cnebaTa winaswari gansazRvris aucilebloba

istoriuli da socialuri analizis gasaRebs gvaZlevs upirveles

yovlisa `mza~, anu ukve Camoyalibebuli da Cvens gansakrgulebaSi

arsebuli cnebebis mniSvnelobaTa meryeobis ufro zusti dafiqsireba.

amgvari analizi gviCvenebs, rom zogadad SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT

ìdeologiis~ ori, urTierTgamijvnadi mniSvneloba. sityvis

mniSvnelobis xmarebis erT wess vuwodebT ideologiis partikularul,

meores – totalur cnebas.

ideologiis partikularul cnebasTan saqme gvaqvs maSin, roca

sityva mxolod imas unda gveubnebodes, rom Cven ar gvinda davijeroT

mowinaaRmdegis garkveuli ìdeebi~ da warmodgenebi, radgan migvaCnia

isini realuri viTarebis Segnebul damaxinjebad, romlis WeSmaritad

Secnobac ar Sedis mowinaaRmdegis interesebSi. amasTanave, aq saubari

seiZleba mTel skalaze – Segnebuli tyuilidan naxevradSegnebul

instiqtur gayalbebamde, sxvebis moyuebidan – Tavis motyuebamde.

idelogiis es cneba, romelic mxolod TandaTanobiT gamoeyo ubralo

tyuilis cnebas, sityvis mravalmxrivi mniSvnelobiT partikularulia.

misi es partikularizmi imwamsve TvalsaCino xdeba, rogorc ki mas

ideologiis radikalur, totalur cnebas davupirispirebT. am

ukanaskneli gagebiT laparaki SeiZleba mTeli saukunis an istoriul-

socialurad konkretulad gansazRvruli jgufis – vTqvaT, klasis,

ideologiaze ise, rom amasTanave am epoqis cnobierebis totaluri

struqturis Tavisebureba da xasiaTi igulisxmebodes.

ideologiis am ori cnebis saerTo niSnebi iseve, rogorc maT

Soris gansxvaveba, aSkaraa. saerTo Cveni azriT is unda iyos, rom

orive mizanSi amoRebuli Sinaarsis (mowinaaRmdegis ìdeebis~) Secnobas

cdilobs ara gamoTqmulis uSualo wvdomiT (am SemTxvevaSi Cven

imanentur interpretaciaze visaubrebdiT), aramed SemovliTi gziT, im

93

koleqtiuri Tu individualuri subieqtis gagebiT, romelic am ìdeebs~

gamoTqvams da romlis yofierebis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare vaxdenT

Cven am ideebis funqcionalizirebas. ukanaskneli gamonaTqvami niSnavs

imas, rom es ideebi, rogorc garkveuli gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi,

mtkicebebi, obieqtivaciebi (ìdeebi~ - am sityvis yvelaze farTo

gagebiT) Seimecneba gamomdinare ara maTi Semcvelobidan, aramed

subieqtis yofierebis mdgomareobidan, interpretirebulia ra, rogorc

yofierebis mdgomareobis fuqnciebi. garda amisa, es niSnavs imas, rom

garkveulwilad arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom konkretuli konstitucia,

subieqtis yofierebis mdgomareoba, subieqtis Sexedulebebis,

mtkicebebisa da codnis Tanamakonstitucionalizirebuli mniSvnelobis

mqonea.

amrigad, ideologiis orive cneba axdens e.w. ìdeebis~

funqcionalizirebas, aqcevs maT am ideebis matareblis da socialur

garemoSi am subieqtis konkretuli mdgomareobis funqciebad. es aris

saerTo or cnebas Soris, magram aseve arsebobs uzarmazari

gansxvavebac. am sxvaobaTagan davasaxelebT mxolod umniSvnelovaness:

a) Tuki ideologiis partikularuli cneba mowinaaRmdegis

mtkicebaTa mxolod nawils da Tanac mxolod

Sinaarsobrivad ganixilavs ideologiebad, ideologiis

totaluri cneba kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs

mowinaaRmdegis mTel msoflmxedvelobas (kategorialuri

aparatebis CaTvliT) da es kategoriebic surs gaigos

koleqtiuri subieqtidan gamomdinare.

b) ideologiis partikularul cnebaSi funqcionalizacia

mxolod fsiqologiur doneze xdeba. kerZod, roca

amboben, rom mowinaaRmdegis esa Tu is mtkiceba sicruea.

is umalavs Tavs da sxvebs realur viTarebas, amiT jer

kidev fiqroben, roca saqme exeba mniSvnelobis

noologiur (Teoriul) dones, rom imave safuZvelze

dganan, romelzedac mowinaaRmdege. sxvagvaradaa

ideologiis totalur cnebaSi. roca, vTqvaT, amboben,

rom is epoqa im ideebis samyaroSi cxovrobs, Cven ki –

sxva, an is konkretuli istoriuli fena sxvagvari

94

kategoriebiT azrovnebs, vider Cven, maSin gulisxmoben

ara calkeuli azrebis Semcvelobas, aramed azrTa

sruliad konkretul sistemas, gancdisa da

interpretaciis garkveul saxes. xdeba swored

noologiuri donis funqcionalizireba maSin, roca

yofierebis mdgomareobaze SinaarsebTan da aspeqtebTan

erTad forma, bolos da bolos, kategorialuri

aparaturac gadaaqvT.

c) am gansxvavebebidan gamomdinare, ideologiis

partikularuli cneba ZiriTadad interesebis

fsiqologiiT operirebs, gansxvavebiT ideologiis

totaluri cnebisagan, romelic gacilebiT ufro

formalizebuli, SeZlebisdagvarad obieqturi

struqturuli mdgomareobis mainterpretirebeli

funqciis cnebiT xelmZRvanelobs. ideologiis

partikularuli cneba amodis iqedan, rom ama Tu im

tyuilis an sinamdvilis dafarvis mizezi esa Tu is

interesia. ideologiis totaluri cnebis SemTxvevaSi

amosavali azria, rom ama Tu im mdgomareobas, esa Tu is

xedva, ganxilvis meTodi, aspeqti Seesabameba.

ideologiis cnebis mniSvnelobis cvlilebis istoria

ideologiis partikularuli da totaluri cnebebis... istoriuli

fesvebic Cven erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebulad warmogvidgeba,

Tumca, realobaSi mudmivad xdeba am ori tipis aRreva...

ideologiis cnebis am ormagi gagebis Sesabamisad, romelmac Cven

mniSvnelobis analitikuri TvalsarisiT saSualeba mogvca gagvemijna

erTmaneTisgan ideologiis partikularuli da totaluri cnebebi,

SeiZleba aseve maT istorias ori mimarTulebiT gavadevnoT Tvali.

upirveles yovlisa, rac Seexeba ideologiis cnebas, aq uSualo

winamorbedi iyo undoblobisa da eWvis grZnoba, rasac adamiani,

savaraudod, mudmivad ganicdida mowinaaRmdegis mimarT istoriuli

yofierebis yovel safexurze. mxolod maSin, roca es Tavdapirvelad

95

sayovelTao adamianuri da udavod, yovel istoriul stadiaze met-

naklebad arsebuli undobloba meToduri xdeba, SeiZleba daveWvdeT,

rom saqme gvaqvs ideologiasTan. es stadia iriTadad miiRweva imiT,

rom mowinaaRmdegis mier simarTlis dafarvis pasuxismgebel

matareblad sul ufro naklebad cxaddeba calkeul subieqtebi,

yovelive boroti sul ufro naklebad daiyveneba maT eSmakobamde da

imiT, rom mtris cbierebis wyaros, Tundac met-naklebad Segnebulad,

raime socialur faqtorSi dainaxaven.

mowinaaRmdegis Sexedulebebis ideologiad ganxilva iwyeba maSin,

rodesac maT ubralo tyuilad ki aRar aRiqvamen, aramed roca

mowinaaRmdegis mTel poziciaSi SeigrZnoben siyalbes, romelsac

socialuri mdgomareobis funqciad gansazRvraven. amdenad, ideologiis

partikularuli cneba gulsixmobs fenomens, romelic Sualeduria

Cveulebriv tyuilsa da Teoriulad mcdarad struqturirebul xedvas

Soris. es cneba gulsixmobs fsiqologiur doneze moqmed SecdomaSi

Seyvanis Sres, romelic Cveulebrivi tyuilisagan gansxvavebiT,

ganzraxvis ki ara, garkveuli kauzaluri iZulebis Sedegia.

amgvari interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT, bekonis moZRvrebaSi

kerpebis Sesaxeb garkveulwilad SeiZleba davinaxoT ideologiis

Tanamedrove koncefciis winaswarxedva. bekonisaTvis kerpebia `kerpis

gamosaxuleba~, `damkvidrebuli warmodgenebi~. masTan vxvdebiT

(rogorc cnobilia) Semdeg kerpebs: idola tribus (gvaris kerpi), idola specus

(gamoqvabulis kerpi), idola fori (bazris kerpi) da idola theatri (Teatris

kerpi). yvela es kerpi mcdari warmodgenebis wyaroa, rac zog

SemTxvevaSi zogadad adamianis bunebidan, zogjer ki gansakuTrebuli

individidan momdinareobs, magram aseve miewereba sazogadoebas an

tradicias da gzas uketavs WeSmarit codnas. ideologiis Tanamedrove

gageba udavod garkveul kavSirSia am terminTan, romelic bekonTan,

rogorc ukve iTqva, azrobrivad SecdomaSi Seyvanis wyaros aRniSnavs.

amas garda, imis gageba, rom SecdomaSi Seyvanis wyaroTa rigs

sazogadoeba da tradiciac SeiZleba miekuTvnos, udavod raRac

sociologiuris winamorbedi unda iyos. magram aq miuRebeli iqneboda

imis mtkiceba, rom arsebobs realuri kavSiri, namdvili, ideebis

96

istoriulad dadasturebadi mimarTeba Tanamedrove mosazrebasTan

ideologiis Sesaxeb.

friad SesaZlebelia, rom eWvi ideologiis arsebobis Sesaxeb

upirveles yovlisa politikuri praqtikis yoveldRiuri

cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis sferoSi warmoiSva, roca vigebT, rom

renesansis epoqaSi miakiavelis TanamoqalaqeTa Soris gaCnda axali

andaza, romelic, afiqsirebs ra imdroindel saxalxo dakvirvebas,

amtkicebs, rom palacoSi sxvagvarad fiqroben, vidre piacaze,e s

pasuxobs sajaro sferoSi politikis met-naklebad ufro Rrmad SeWris

faqtsac. aq ukve Cans eWvisa da undoblobis meTodad qcevis, razedac

ukve gvqonda saubari, Canasaxi: gansxvaveba azrovnebaSi ukve miewereba

sociologiurad daxasiaTebad faqtorebs. ... dRemde, Cvens mier

parikularulad wodebbuli ideologiis cneba am sawyisebs emyareba. ...

azrovnebis es wesi (racionaluri) yovelTvis SemarTuli iqneba

intereseTa fsiqologiis meTodebis gamoyenebiT eWvis qveS daayenos

mowinaaRmdegeTa mtkicebaTa siwrfele da aqedan gamomdinare,

gaaufasuros isini. azrovnebis am wess yovelTvis politikuri

mniSvneloba eqneba manam, vidre saubari iqneba nawilobrivi siyalbis

mxilebaze. es mamxilebeli SemarTeba Cveni drois niSan-Tvisebaa.

ideologiis totaluri cneba kiTxvis niSnis qveS

ayenebs cnobierebis noologiur sferos

xsenebuli mxileba, romelic fsiqologiur doneze xorcieldeba,

unda gaimijnos im gacilebiT ufro radikaluri eWvisagan da im

gacilebiT ufro radikaluri destruqciisagan, romelic ontologiur

da noologiur doneze mimdinareobs, magram amave dros, ara mTlianad.

orive SemTxvevaSi moqmedeben Tanmimdevruli transformaciis erTi da

igive istoriuli Zalebi. es Zalebi moqmedeben maSin, roca pirvel

SemTxvevaSi, Tanmimdevruli transformaciis am procesSi nadgurdeba

is siyalbe, romelic fsiqologiur doneze iqmneba, meoreSi ki – maSin,

roca iSleba ontologiuri da logikuri debulebebi da roca erTi

partia am Tvalsazrisiac axdens meoris destruqcias. mxolod Zireuli

transformaciis im samyaroSi, romlis arsebobac ara mxolod

97

qmnadobas (Werden), aramed destruqciasac (Entwerden) Seicavs, seiZleba

brZola iqamdec mivides, rom erTma partiam meoris ara mxolod

konkretuli Sinaarsis (Gehalte) da poziciis (azrebisa da

TvalTaxedvis), aramed sulieri safuZvlis ganadgurebac ganizraxos...

CvenTvis gadamwyvetia is, rom orive Cvens mier gancalkevebiT

ganxiluli, sinamdvileSi ki saerTo istoriuli situaciiT

ganpirobebuli es orive mimarTuleba ideologiis cnebis

ganviTarebaSi, garegnuladac ki sul ufro metad uaxlovdeba

erTmaneTs. ideologiis partikularuli cneba totalurTan erTiandeba.

ubralo damkvirveblisTvis es Semdegi saxiTaa aRqmadi: adre

mowinaaRmdeges, rogorc garkveuli socialuri poziciis

warmomadgenels, sayvedurobdnen imas, rom is drodadro Cadis

Segnebul Tu Seugnebel gayalbebas. amJamad mowinaaRmdegeze Tavdasxma

Zlierdeba imiT, rom uariyofa misi sworad azrovnebis unaric imdenad,

ramdenadac xdeba misi cnobierebis struqturis, mTeli misi sisruliT,

diskreditireba. es ubralo dakvirveba, gaanalizebuli misi

struqturuli mniSvnelobis kuTxiT, niSnavs imas, rom adre amxeldnen

mxolod fsiqologiur doneze, avlendnen ra socialurad

ganpirobebul SecdomaSi Seyvanis wyaros, axla ki destruqcia

radikalizebulia Tavdasxmis sferoSi noologiur-logikuri donis

CarTviT da mowinaaRmdegis gamonaTqvamebis am noologiuri donis,

mTeli misi mniSvnelovnobis, destruqciiT socialuri

funqcionalizaciis meSveobiT. amiT ki warmoiqmneba axali safexuri

cnobierebis istoriul procesSi SesaZloa, yvelaze gadamwyveti),

romelsac Cven ver warmovidgenT, Tuki ar vaxsnebT mainc kidev erT

garemoebas, romelic mTeli am msjelobisaTvis fundamenturia.

ideologiis totaluri cneba acovxlebs problemas, romelic

TavisTavad uZvelesia, magram mxolod axla, azrovnebis istoriis am

safexurze iZens saTanado azrs: saxeldobr iqmneba `mcdari

cnobierebis~ SesaZleblobis problema. `mcdari cnobierebis~

SesaZleblobis es idea aniWebs ideologiis totalur cnebas

gansakuTrebul siRrmes, am komponentidan momdinareobs yovelive

SemaSfoTebeli Cven saerTo sulier mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT.

magram aseve is, rac yvelaze nayofieria am mdgomareobaSi.

98

`mcdari cnobierebis~ problema

ubralo codna `mcdari cnobierebis~ SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb

odiTganve arsebobda. es codna religiuri warmomavlobisaa da axali

drois mier memkvidreobiT miRebul azrTa saganZurs ganekuTvneba. es

problema mudmivad amotivtivdeba xolme, rogorc ki winaswarmetyvelis

garemo an sulac Tavad winaswarmetyveli daeWvdeba misi xilvebisa da

azrebis WeSmaritebaSi...

Tavidan sityva ìdeologias~ srulebiT ar hqonia ontologiuri

elferi, is xom Tavdapirvelad mxolod ideebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas

aRniSnavda. rogorc cnobilia, ideologebi ewodebodaT safrangeTSi

filosofiuri skolis mimdevrebs, romelmac, kondiliakis kvaldakval,

uaryo metafizika da scada humanitaruli mecnierebebis

(Geisteswissenshaft) safuZvlis anTopologiurad da fsiqologiurad

ganmtkiceba. ideologiis cneba Tanamedrove gagebiT pirvelad im

momentSi iSva, roca napoleonma filosofosTa es jgufi (romelic mas

misi cezaristuli midrekilebebis gamo upirispirdeboda)

dadamcirebeli mniSvnelobiT ìdeologebad Seracxa... magram Tuki

gavaanalizebT am àbuCad agdebis~ principul mniSvnelobas, aRmoCndeba,

rom aq gamoTqmulia Semecnebis Teoriuli (gnoseologiuri) da

ontologiuri damamcirebeli Sefaseba. kerZod, aq xdeba mowinaaRmdegis

azrovnebis gaufasureba. amasTanave, SesaZlebelia am gaufasurebis

mimarTulebis ufro zustad gansazRvra: es aris ontologiur-

Semecnebis Teoriuli gaufasureba, radgan is mowinaaRmdegis

azrovnebis irealobas gulisxmobs. aq momdevno SekiTxvis dasma

SeiZleba: irealuri ra faqtorTan mimarTebaSi? pasuxi iqneba:

praqtikasTan mimarTebaSi, politikosis praqtikasTan mimaTebaSi.

amieridan sityva ideologias Tan erTvis kidev erTi mniSvneloba...

sityva ideologia am mniSvnelobiT damkvidrda XIX saukuneSi... da

amieridan sityva ìdeologiis Tanmdevi SekiTxva: maS ra aris

sinamdvileSi sinamdvile, aRar dadumebula. esec sworad unda gavigoT:

sinamdvilis sakiTxi axali ar aris, magram is, rom es sakiTxi sajaro

azrovnebaSi sul ufro gadaWriT daismis, ise, rogorc sityva

99

ideologia moiTxovs, anu politikosis aRqmidan gamomdinare, Cans

mniSvnelovan gardatexas unda niSnavdes. amdenad, Tu gsurs axali

drois azrovnebis istoriis moTxovnebis simaRleze darCe, maSin

ideebis sociologiuri istoriis Temad sul ufro metad unda aqcio

adamianis faqtobrivi azrovneba da ara Taobidan Taobaze gardamavali

azrovnebis wesi akademiur tradiciaSi. Tuki Tavdapirvelad mcdari

cnobierebis problema WeSmaritisa da namdvilis dadasturebas

RmerTSi an, vTqvaT, mxolod ganWvretiT wvdomad ideebSi eZebda,

amJamad sinamdvilis kriteriumad, pirvel rigSi, politikur praqtikaSi

Secnobadi yofierebis kanonebi (Ontik) iqca. ideologiis cnebis

istoriam napoleonidan marqsizmamde, Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebis

miuxedavad, romelic cnebam ganicada, SeinarCuna cnebis es specifiuri

mniSvneloba (Ontik).

...

zogjer ise Canda, TiTqos ideologiuri aspeqti mxolod da

mxolod mebrZoli proletariatis azrovnebis privilegia yofiliyo.

sazogadoebaSi male daviwyebas meica sityvis zemoT mokled moxazuli

istoriuli sawyisebi, rac garkveulwilad gamarTlebuli iyo, radgan

marqsizmSi azrovnebis es wesi pirvelad iqna meTodurad

Tanmimdevrlad Camoyalibebuli. pirvelad aq erwymis erTmaneTs

ideologiis partikularuli cneba totalurs, pirvelad aq xdeba

tendenciis Sesabamisad, sul ufro Tanmimdevrulad moZRvrebis

Camoyalibeba kalsobrivi interesebis Sesaxeb, pirvelad aq iqna,

hegelianuri safuZvlis wyalobiT, daZleuli ubralo fsiqologiuri

done ideologiis totaluri cnebis sasargeblod da problema

cnobierebis filosofiur doneze daisva, pirvelad aq iZens moZRvreba

`mcdari cnobierebis~ Sesaxeb azal azrs. pirvelad aq iqceva azri

politikuri praqtikis prevalirebis Sesaxeb, ekonomizmTan erTad,

gadamwyvet instanciad imisa, Tu ra aris azrebi saganZurSi wmindad

ideologiuri da ra mniSvnelovani sinamdvilisaTvis. amdenad, gasakviri

ar aris, rom azrs ideologiis Sesaxeb pirvel rigSi marqsistul-

proletarul sistemas ukevSirebdnen da masTan aigivebdnen kidec,

100

magram ideebis istoriis da socialuri istoriuli ganvitarebis

procesSi es stadia ukve gadalaxulia. `burJuaziulis~ Sefaseba misi

`ideologiurobis~ kuTxiT aRar aris socialisturi azrovnebis

privilegia: es meTodi amJamad sayovelTaod xmarebulia da amiT

miRweulia axali stadia.

am saqmes dasabamis misces germaniaSi maqs veberma, zombartma da

trelCma (mxolod yvelaze gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi rom

davasaxeloT). sul ufro metad dasturdeba maqs veberis sityvebi:

istoriis materialisturi gageba ar aris etli, romelSic nebismier

dros Cajdebi da is revoluciis matareblebsac ki ar uCerebs.

ideologiis problema metad zogadi da metad principuli problemaa

imisaTvis, rom didi xniT rCebodes erTi partiis privilegiad. veravin

aukrZalavda mowinaaRmdeges Tavad marqsizmi gaeanalizebina misi

ideologiurobis gamosavlenad.

ideologiis cnebis gavrcelebiT gamowveuli

dialeqtikurad axali situacia

amdenad, azrovnebasa da socialur istoriaSi kidev erTxel

xdeba procesi, kerZod, roca erTi partia mxolod pioneria garkveuli

xedvis aRmoCenaSi, danarCenebma ki konkurenciis principis iZulebiT

unda gadaiRon es xedva. uecrad aSkaravdeba, rom marqsizmma aRmoaCina

da Tanmimdevrulad ganaviTara mxolod cnobierebisa da

azrovnbeisadmi midgoma (rac udavod udidesi wvlilia), romlis

TandaTanobiT Camoyalibebaze muSaobdnen praqtikulad mTeli XIX

saukunis ganmavlobaSi da es procesi ar mimdinareobda mxolod erTi

wertilidan.

...

sainteresoa dakvirveba imaze, Tu rogorc yalibdeba cnobierebis

axali mdgomareoba, ideologiis Sesaxeb azris sayovelTao

gavrcelebis Sedegad, kerZod, aq namdvilad saqme aRar gvaqvs mocemuli

fenomenis ubralo raodenobriv zrdasTan. swored am magaliTze xdeba

101

dialeqtikis azri xelmisawvdomi, romelic xSirad arasworad

gamoiyeneboda sqolastikis miznebisaTvis, vinaidan aq marTlac

raodenobrioba TvisobriobaSi izrdeba, kerZod im momentSi, roca

principulad yvela partias SeuZlia gaanalizos mowinaaRmdegis

azrebi maTi ideologiurobis gamosavlenad, mniSvnelobis yvela

elementi transformirdeba Tvisobrivad: upirveles yovlisa, sityva

`ideologia~ iZens sruliad axlebur mniSvnelobas. masTan erTad

transformirdeba agreTve... mcdari cnobierebis problema, sinamdvilis

problema da sxv. isinic axal azrs iZenen.

amJamad transaformaciis es tendencia araTu mxolod

SenarCunebulia, aramed Rrmavdeba kidec. sul ufro xSirad xdeba

mowinaaRmdegis siyalbis aramxolod gancdis doneze gamovlenis

tendenciis Canacvleba mowinaaRmdegis cnobierebisa da azrovnebis

sociologiuri kritikisaken swrafviT.

... ideologiistotaluri cnebis specialuri gagebis gamoyenebidan

mis sayovelTao gagebaze gadasvla xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca

gvyofnis gambedaoba ideologiurad ganvixiloT ara mxolod

mowinaaRmdegis, aramed principulad yvela, maT Soris sakuTari

poziciac.

Znelia gverdi auaro ideologiis totalur cnebas sayovelTao

gagebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianis azrovneba yvela partiasa da

yvela epoqaSi ideologiuria.

cxadia, amasTan dakavSirebiT axal azrs iZens ideologiis cneba

utopiuri cnobiereba

ZiriTadi fenemoenebis garkvevis mcdeloba: utopia, ideologia da

sinamdvilis problema

utopiuria cnobiereba, romelic misi garemomcveli `yofierebis~

Tanmxvedri ar aris. es araTanmxvedriloba yovelTvis imaSi vlindeba,

rom aseTi cnobiereba gancdis, azrovnebisa da moqmedebis procesSi

orientirebulia faqtorebze, romlebsac es `yofiereba~, rogorc

sinamdvile, ar Seicavs. magram CvenTvis yoveli araTanmxvedri, yoveli

102

`yofierebis~ mimarT transcendenturad ganwyobili) da am azriT

`sinamdviles mowyvetili~ orientacia rodia utopiuri. utopiuri Cven

SeiZleba vuwodoT mxolod `yofierebis mimarT transcendentur~ im

orientacias, romelic moqmedebaSi gadasuli, mTlianad an nawilobriv

angrevs mocemul momentSi arsebul yofierebis wyobas.

utopiuris Semofargvla sinamdvilis mimarT transcendenturi

orientaciis im saxeobiT, romelic amave dros arsebul wesrigsac

amsxvervs, ganasxvavebs utopiur cnobierebas ideologiurisagan.

SesaZlebelia sinamdvilisaTvis ucxo, yofierebis mimarT

transcendentur faqtorebze orientireba da mainc cxovrebis arsebuli

wyobis ganxorcielebis an mudmivi reproducirebis mimarTulebiT

moqmedeba. amdenad, garkveuli `yofierebis wyobis~ matareblebi da

warmomadgenlebi arsdros yofilan yofierebis mimarT

transcendenturi orientaciis mtrebi: maTi Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo

mxolod iqeTken, rom daeZliaT yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi,

anu yofierebis garkveul wyobaSi ganuxorcielebadi ideebi da

swrafvebi da amgvari ideebis sazogadoebisa da istoriis miRma

sferoSi gandevniT socialurad araqmediTad eqciaT isini.

yofierebis yoveli istoriuli safexuri gaxveuli iyo

warmodgenaTa saburvelSi, romlebic am yofierebis transcendentirebas

axdendnen, magram manam, vidre es warmodgenebi `organulad~ iyvnen

CaSenebulni anu gardatexis Zalas iyvnen moklebulni) yofierebis am

safexurze kuTvnil samyaros suraTSi, isini warmoadgendnen ara

utopiebs, aramed ufro metad yofierebis am safexuris kuTvnil

ideologiebs. manam, vidre feodalurad da eklesiurad organizebuli

Suasaukuneobrivi wyoba axerxebda aRTqmuli samoTxis sakuTari

socialuri naWuWidan istoriis mimarT transcendentur sferoSi –

imqveyniurSi gadatanas da amiT am aRTqmisaTvis gardam,qneli zalis

gamoclas, es ideebi jer kidev am wyobas ganekuTvnebodnen. mxolod

maSin, roca adamianebis garkveulma jgufebma amgvari zmaneba

moqmedebis miznad gaixades da misi xorcSesxma ganizraxes, es

ideologiebi utopiebad iqca. Tuki yovel gamovlinebul (geltende)

wyobas Segnebulad, Tanac Cveuli gansazRvrebis sapiripirod,

103

landaukris kvaldakval `topiks~ vuwodebT, maSin saocnebo xateba iq,

sadac is gardamqnel funqcias SeiZens, utopiad iqceva.

sruliad aSkaraa, rom amgvar gamijvnas `yofierebis~ garkveuli

cneba da yofierebis transcendenturobis Sesabamisi cneba udevs

safuZvlad – winapiroba, ronmelic vider ganvagrZobdeT, pirvel rigSi

unda gairkvas.

is, Tu ra aris saerTod `sinamdvile~, `yofiereba~, filosofiis

problemaa, romelic Cven aq ar gvexeba. magram is, Tu ama Tu im

SemTxvevaSi ras unda ewodos `namdvili~, istoriulad da

sociologiurad, savsebiT erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvradia.

radgan adamiani, upirveles yovlisa, istoriaSi da sazogadoebaSi

mcxovrebi arsebaa, amdenad misi garemomcveli `yofiereba~ arasdros

aris `yofiereba zogadad~, aramed yovelTvis sazogadoebrivi

yofierebis konkretuli istoriuli saxea. `yofiereba~ sociologiis

TvalTaxedviT Secnobadia mxolod da mxolod, rogorc `konkretulad

gamovlinebuli~ (`konkret geltande~), rac am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs – rogorc

cxovrebis wyoba, romelic iCens Tavs da romelic am Tvalsazrisi

namdvilad dadgenadia.

yoveli konkretuli `gamovlinebuli cxovrebis wyoba~ pirvel

rigSi yvelaze aSkarad Secnobadi da gansazRvradia meurneobis da

Zalauflebis im gansakuTrebuli saxis struqturis meSveobiT,

romelic mas udevs safuZvlad. magram is moicavs agreTve adamianebis

Tanacxovrebis yvela im formas *siyvarulis, dajgufebis (Gesellung),

brZolis da a.S. specifiuri formebi), romlis arsebobasac uSveben an

moiTxoven struqturis es formebi, dabolos, gancdisa da azrovnebis

mTel im nairsaxeobas, romelic Seesabameba cxovrebis am wyobas da am

TvalsarisiT misi Tanmxvedria... yoveli namdvilad gamovlinebuli

cxovrebis amavdroulad gaxxveulia im warmodgenaTa

samosSi9garemoculia im warmodgenebiT), romlebic imitom unda

daxasiaTdes rogorc `yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi~,

`aranamdvili~, rom isini cxovrebis mocemul wyobaSi versadros

iCenene Tavs maTi Sinaarsidan (Gehalte) gamomdinare da imitom, rom

cxovrebis am mocemul wyobaSi sinamdvileSi SeuZlebelia maT

Sesabamisad cxovreba da saqmianoba.

104

erTi sityviT, `yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi~,

aranamdvilia yvela is warmodgena, romelic ar emTxveva cxovrebis am

gamovlinebul wyobas, warmodgenebs, romlebic Seesabameba yofierebis

konkretulad arsebuls (daseinde), de facto gamovlinebul wyobas, Cven

`adekvatur~, yofierebis Tanmxvedr warmodgenebs vuwodebT. aseTi

warmodgenebi iSviaTia da mxolod sociologiurad absoluturad

naTeli cnobiereba operirebs warmodgenebiTa da motivebiT. yofierebis

Tanmxvrdri, adekvaturi warmodgenebis sapirispirod arsebobs

yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi warmodgenebis ori didi jgufi:

ideologiebisa da utopiebis.

ideologiebs Cven vuwodebT yofierebis mimarT transcendentur

im warmodgenebs, romlebic de facto verasdros aRweven maTi Semcvelobis

ganxorcielebas. marTalia, isini xSirad iqcevian xolme calkeulTa

subieqturi moqmedebis motivad, maTi gulwrfeli rwmenidan

gamomdinare, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis procesSi xdeba maTi

azrobrivi Semcvelobidan gadaxveva.

magaliTad, warmodgena qristianuli kacTmoyvareobisa

batonymobaze dafuZnebul sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis

transcendenturad, ganuxorcieleblad da am TvalsazrisiT,

`ideologiur~ warmodgenad rCeba, maSinac ki, roca is, nagulisxmevi

azris Sesabamisad, gulwrfeli rwmenidan gamomdinare, calkeul

qmedebaTa motivi xdeba. qristianuli moyvasis siyvarulis mixedviT

ganuxrelad cxovreba SeuZlebelia sazogadoebaSi, romelic ar aris

agebuli amave principze (amave princips ar efuZneba) da calkeuli

pirovneba Tavis qmedebaSi iZulebulia, Tuki is ar apirebs am

sazogadoebrivi struqturis damsxvrevas, gadauxvios Tavis

keTilSobilur motivebs.

ideologiurad ganpirobebuli qmedebis am `gandgomas~

Tavdapirveli Sinaarsisgan mravali forma SeiZleba hqondes da mas

ideologiuri cnobierebis SesaZlo tipebis mTeli Skala Seesabameba.

pirvel tipad unda dasaxeldes is SemTxveva, roca warmodgenis

matarebeli da moazrovne subieqti imitom ver aRmoaCens Tavisi

warmodgenebis araTanxvedras sinamdvilesTan, rom misi istoriulad da

socialurad ganpirobebuli azrovnebis saerTo aqsiomatika isea

105

mowyobili, rom principulad SeuZlebels xdis araTanxvedris

gamoaSkaravebas. ideologiuri cnobierebis meore tipad SeiZleba

miCneul iqnes, gansxvavebiT pirvelisagan, cant-cnobiereba (ing.

farisevluri), romelic xasiaTdeba imiT, rom sakuTari ideebis

ganxolrcielebul qmedebasTan araTamxvedris aRmoCenis istoriuli

SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSic, vitaluri instinqtebidan gamomdinare,

malavs am aRmoCenas. dabolos, ukanasknel tipad SeiZleba miCneul

iqnes Segnebul simulaciaze damyarebuli ideologiuri cnobiereba,

roca ideologia interpretirebul unda iqnes, rogorc Segnebuli

tyuili: am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara Tavis motyuebasTan, aramed

sxvebis motyuebasTan...

utopiebic yofierebis mimarT transcendenturia, radgan isinic

axdenen qmedebis orientirebas elementebze, romlebsac im droisaTvis

ganxorcielebuli yofiereba ar Seicavs. magram isini ideologiebi ar

arian, anu ar arian imitom da imdenad, ramdenadac isini

SewinaaRmdegebiT axerxeben arsebuli istoriuli yofierebis

sinamdvilis sakuTari warmodgenis mimarTulebiT transformirebas.

Tuki ideologiisa da utopiss es Cveneuli principuli da amjerad

sruliad formaluri gamijvna, mat-naklebad gareSe TvaliT danaxuli,

srulebiT araproblematurad warmoCndeba, piriqiT, imis gansazRvra,

Tu mocemul SemTxvevaSi, in concreto, ras unda ewodos ideologia da

ras – utopia, ukiduresad rTulia. aq Cven mudmivad saqme gvaqvs

Semfaseblur warmodgenebTan, romelTa ganxorcielebis procesSi

gardauvlad unda iqce istoriuli sinamdvilis daZlevisaTvis

mebrZoli mxareebis (partiebis) wadilisa da cxovrebis gancdis

Tanamonawiled.

Tu ras unda ewodos mocemul SemTxvevaSi utopia da ras

ideologia, mniSvnelovanwilad xom imazec aris damokidebuli, Tu

yofierebis, Tu yofierebis sinamdvilis ra safexurs vusadagebT sazom

erTeuls. cxadia, rom arsebuli yofierebis socialur-sulieri wyobis

warmomadgeneli fenebi sinamdviled aRqivamen im konteqsts, romlis

matareblebic Tavad arian, opoziciaSi moqceuli fenebi ki piriqiT,

orientirebulni iqnebian maTTvis sawadeli da maT mier

gansaxorcielebeli cxovrebis wyobis pirvelsave gamovlenaze,

106

romelic tendenciis maniSnebeli iqneba. garkveuli yofierebis

sinamdvilis warmomadgenlebi utopiad miiCneven yvela im warmodgenas,

romelic maTi TvalTaxedvidan principulad veradsros

ganxorcieldeba.

ase gagebuli, utopiuric ki iZens dRes dominirebul damatebiT

mniSvnelobas warmodgenisa, romelic principulad ganuxorcielebelia.

(es mniSvneloba Cven Segnebulad amovagdeT ufro viwro

gansazRvrebidan). aqedan gamomdinare, yofierebis mimarT

transcendentur warmodgenata Soris udavod arsebobs iseTebi,

romlebic principulad da verasdros ganxorcieldebian. garkveuli

yofierebis wyobis CarCoebSi moazrovne da Sesabamisi cxovrebis

gancdis mqone adamianebi ki mudam midrekilni iqnebian yofierebis

mimarT transcendenturi yvela is warmodgena daaxasiaTon rogorc

absoluturad utopiuri, romelic mxolod maT cxovrebis wyobaSi

CarmoCndeba rogorc ganuxorcielebeli. SemdegomSi, utopiaze

saubrisas Cven yovelTvis vigulisxmebT ubralod realtiur utopias,

anu mxolod iseTs, romelic garkveuli, ukve arsebuli safexuris

gadmosaxedidan cans ganuxorcieleblad...

swored imitom, rom utopiuris konkretuli gansazRvreba

yovelTvis yofierebis garkveuli safexuris gadmosaxedidan xdeba,

SesaZlebelia rom dRevandeli utopiebi xvalindel sinamdviled

iqcnen. `utopiebi zogjer mxolod umwifari sinamdileebia~

(lamartini)....

roca Tvals gadavavlebT warsuls, davinaxavT, rom arsebobs

friad sando kriteriumi imisa, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos ideologia da ra

utopia. kriteriumi ideologiisa da utopiis gansasazRvrad aris

ganxorcieleba. ideebi, romlebidanac Semdeg gamoaSkaravda, rom isini,

rogorc SemniRbavi warmodgenebi RrubeliviT dacuravdnen arsebuli

an sawadeli cxovrebis Tavze, ideologiebs warmoadgendnen da rac

maTgan SemdomSi Semnil cxovrebis wesrifSi adekvaturad

ganxorcielebadi gaxda, raelatiuri utopia iyo...

CvenTvis utopiebs warmoadgens yofierebis mimarT

transcendenturi yvela is warmodgena (anu, aramxolod survilis

proeqtebi), romalsac odesme umoqmedia matransformireblad

107

istoriul-sazogadoebriv yofierebaze. Temisadmi Cveni es midgoma

momdevno sakiTxs badebs.

radgan Cven mimarTebaSi amjerad mxolod axali drois qmnadoba

(werden) gvainteresebs, upirveles yovlisa, unda moiZebnos wertili,

romelSic yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi warmodgenebi aqtiurebi

gaxdnen, anu sinamdvilis matransformirebel Zalebad iqcnen. aseve

sakiTxavia, cnobierebis yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi

elementebidan romelma aiRo Tavis Tavze im momentSi es gamaaqtivebeli

funqcia... SemdgomSi Cven davinaxavT, rom utopiuri cnobierebaSi

yovelTvis imsxvreva yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi sxvadasxva

faqtorebis mier.

utopiis substanciisa da saxis es cvlileba socialurad

mneitralur garemoSi rodi xdeba. piriqiT, mJRavndeba, rom utopiss

yoveli Semdgomi forma (yovel SemTxvevaSi, es axali drois istoriul

procesSi sakmaod calsaxad dasturdeba), sawyisSive mijaWvulia

garkveul istoriul safexurs, am safexurze ki – garkveul socialur

fenas. Zalian xSirad xdeba, rom wamyvani utopia jer vlindeba

calkeuli individis sanatreli ocnebis, fantaziis saxiT da mxolod

Semdgom SeiTvisebs mas sociologiurad yovelTvis ufro zustad

dadgenadi fenebis politikuri neba...

sociologiis Sesaxeb mcdar warmodgenaTa Soris erT-erT

yvelaze gavrcelebulTa rigs ganekuTvneba azri imis Sesaxeb, rom

TiTqos es mecniereba individis Semoqmedebas uaryofdes. piriqiT, sad

SeiZleba iSvas axali, Tu ara calkeulis axlebur, `qarizmatul~,

yofierebis arsebuli statusis gamarRvevel cnobierebaSi. magram rac

sociologias mudam aqvs dasadgeni, aris is, rom axlis sawyisi

(Tugind xSirad arsebulis opoziciis saxiT) swored arsebulzea

orientirebuli, am ukanasknelis elementSia fesvgadgmuli da rom

Tavad arsebuli, yovelTvis Cazrdilia socialuri sxeulis ZalTa

Soris daZabulobaSi. amas garda, sociologiis dasadgenia, rom axals

`qarizmatuli~ individis RvawlSi mxolod maSin SeirTavs socialuri

dineba, rodesac mas moRvaweobis sawyisSive aqvs Sexeba ama Tu im

mimdinareobasTan da Tavidanve azrobriv-genetikuad fasgamdgaria

koleqtiuri nebis mamoZravebel tendenciaSi. Cven gadaWarbebiT ar unda

108

SevafasoT individis koleqtiuri suliskveTebidan gamoyofis

mniSvneloba, rac renesansidan moyolebuli SeiZleba datariRdes. es

gamoyofa mxolod realatiurad mniSvnelovania, magaliTad, Sua

saukuneebis suliskveTebasa an aRmosavleTisa kulturebTan

SefardebaSi da ara absoluturad. amdebnad, amSinac ki, roca Tundac

mxolod erTi SexedviT TiTqos gansalkevebuli individi erTi

romelime fenis utopias qmnis, saboloo jamSi, marTebulia misi im

fenisaTvis mikuTvneba, romlis koleqtiuri impulsebic individis

ideebs emTxveoda...

qmediTi utopia Cvei gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad ukve imitom ar

SeiZleba didi xnis manZilze calkeulis namoRvawari iyos, rom

gancalkevebuls martos ar SeuZlia daamsxvrios yofierebis

istoriul-socialuri statusi. mxolod maSin, roca calkeulis

utopiuri cnobiereba wvdeba ukve arsebul tendenciebs socialur

garemoSi da gamoTqvams maT, roca am saxiT mTeli fenis cnobierebaSi

aRwevs da misi meSveobiT qmedebad gardaiqmneba, SesaZlebelia

yofierebis arsebuli wyobis nacvlad misdami dapirispirebuli

yofierebis sinamdvile Seiqmnas...

mxolod imitom, rom arsebobs mWidro korelacia utopiis

sxvadasxva formasa da yofierebis matransformirebel fenebs Soris,

Tanamedrove utopiis transformacia sociologisaTvis Temasa

warmoadgens.

erTmaneTis miyolebiT warmoqmnili utopiebis Tavisebureba

calkeuli formebis Tavisebureba (?), imdenad aris gasagebi, ramdenadac

maT ganixilaven ara mxolod rogorc erTmaneTis gagrZelebas, aramed

mxedvelobaSi iReben imasac, rom isini erTmaneTis mZlevel

`kontrutopiebad~ yalibdebodnen da am saxiT uwevdaT maT

TviTdamkvidreba...

saubari rom yofiliyo... mxolod imaze, rom socialurad

ganpirobebuli utopia saxecvlilebas eqvemdebareba, maSin SeiZleboda

mxolod utopiis socialurad ganpirobebul transformaciaze da ara

`utopiuri cnobierebis~ transformaciis problemaze laparaki.

utopiur cnobierebaze saubris ufleba gvaqvs mxolod maSin,

roca utopiis mocemuli saxe marto sesabamisi cnobierebis cocxal

109

`Sinaarss~ ki ar warmoadgens, aramed, sul mcire, cnobierebis srulad

mocvis tendencias mainc avlens, mxolod maSin, roca utopiuri

elementi am gagebiT tendenciis Sesabamisad mTlianad avsebs mis mier

dapyrobil cnobierebas, roca aqedan gamomdinare organizdeba gancdis

forma da TvalTaxedva, SeiZleba saubari cum fundamento in re ara

mxolod utopiis sxvadasxva formaze, aramed amasTanave utopiuri

cnobierebis sxvadasxva saxeebze da safexurebze... ama Tu im

cnobierebis struqturis organizaciis umniSvnelovanesi simptomia

masSi Sinaganad mocemuli forma istoriuli drois gancdisa...

roca Cven vsaubrobT utopiuri cnobierebis garkveul formebze

da safexurebze, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs cnobierebis konkretulad

mopovebadi struqturebi im saxiT, ra saxiTac isini calkeul

adamianebSi `cocxldebodnen~. Cven ar vgulisxmobT konstruirebul

erTobas (rogorc kantis `cnobiereba zogadad~) an metad\fizikur arss,

romelic calkeulis konkretuli cnobierebis miRma unda davayenoT

(rogorc hegelis `goni~), aramed cnobierebis konkretulad moZiebad

struqturebs im saxiT, ra saxiTac isini vlindebian calkeul

adamianebSi, amasTanave, yovelTvis moiazreba azrovneba, moqmedeba,

gancda da maTi Sinagani urTierTkavSiri, rac gvxvdeba adamianis

konkretul tipebTan. utopiuri cnobierebis wminda tipebi da

safexurebi konstruirebulia mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac isini

idealur tipebad moiazreba (...maqs veberis idealuri tipebis mixedviT).

axali drois utopiuri cnobierebis saxeebi:

I. anabaptistTa orgaistuli xiliazmi.

II. liberalur-humanisturi idea.

III. konservatuli idea.

IV. socialistur-komunisturi idea.

110

raimon aroni

inteleqtualebis opiumi

ideologiuri epoqis dasasruli?

paradoqsalurad gamoiyureba laparaki ideologiuri epoqis

dasasrulze, rodesac senatori mak karti kvlav TamaSobs erT-erT

pirvel rols vaSingtonis politikur scenaze. romani `mandarinebi~

iReben gonkuris premias, xolo CineTis cocxali mandarinebi saR-

salamaTebi Cadian Tayvaniscemis gamosaxatavad moskovsa da pekinSi.

Cven ara varT imdenad gulubryviloni, rom velodoT mSvidobas

uaxloes momavalSi: damarcxebul an ganadgurebul dampyroblebs;

biurokratebi kvlav ganagrZoben batonobas.

SesaZloa dasavleTSi ocneboben politikur Semwynareblobaze,

vinaidan aq daiRalnen samsaukunovani uSedego mkvlelobebiT

erTaderTi RmerTis saxeliT, WeSmariti eklesiisTvis. magram maT

gadasces sxva xalxebs naTeli momavlis imedi. versad aziaSi Tu

afrikaSi, keTildReobis saxelmwifom ver gaavrcela sakmarisi

keTildReoba, raTa daekmayofilebina miswrafeba (ltolva) amao

ocnebebisken. evropis erebma win gauswres sxvebs industriuli

civilizaciis ganviTarebaSi. maT pirvelebma iwvnies skepticizmi da,

SesaZloa, swored isini auwyeben axali drois mosvlas.

davbrundeT warsulSi, im gasul saukuneebSi, romlebic mohyva

imanenturi filosofiisa da Tanamedrove mecnierebis gaCenas. yvela

ideologia, romelic ki arsebobda ramdenime wlis an ramdenime

aTeuli wlis manZilze, dRes avlens Tavis martiv struqturas, wamyvani

ideebis simwires.

memarcxeneebis optimizmi gaCenisTanave ikvebeboda Zlieri

grZnobiT: gonieri Zalauflebis mowonebiT, imis rwmeniT, rom

mecnierebis gamoyeneba mrewvelobaSi gadaatrialebs sazogadoebriv

wyobas da individebis cxovrebis pirobebs. suliskveTeba, mimarTuli

Zmuri sazogadoebis Camoyalibebaze, romelsac Tan sdevda pozitiuri

codnis rwmena, asuldgmulebda rogorc nacionalizms, ise

socializms.

111

arCevanis Tavisufleba, romelic mtkicdeboda eklesiis

orTadoqsiis sapirispirod, mebrZolTa Tanasworoba, romelic

mkvidrdeboda brZolis velze iaraRis wyalobiT, aryevda tradiciul

ierarqiul wyobas. momavali ekuTvnoda Tavisufal da

Tanasworuflebian moqalaqeebs. im avbediTobebis Semdeg, romlebmac

daangries evropis yvelaze brwyinvale aristokratiuli wyobilebebi,

franguli monarqiis dacemis Semdeg, mxurvale revolucionerebi,

romelTa ricxvi gazarda rogorc grandiozulma gamarjvebebma, ise

sisxlianma damarcxebam, dajgufdnen or mimdinareobad,

nacionalistebad da socialistebad.

…………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

erovnuli grZnobebi jer kidev Zlieria rkinis fardis orive

mxares. saxalxo demokratiis qveynebSi sZulT ruseTis batonoba.

Zalian advilia frangebis gaRizianebis gamwvaveba amerikuli okupaciis

winaaRmdeg. evropis TavdacviTi sabWo mxilebul da gauqmebul iqna

rogorc iseTi warmonaqmni, romelic aniWebda zeerovnul organos

suverenitetis erTgvar prerogativebs. komunisti mxardamWerebi

icavdnen moskovidan mosul miTiTebebs, maT sabotireba moaxdines 1939-

40 wlebis omis Zalisxmevisa, 1941 wlis ivnisSi ki SeuerTdnen

winaaRmdegobis moZraobas. komunisturma partiam Tavis rigebSi

gaaerTiana milionobiT adamiani im periodSi, rodesac safrangeTis

interesebi emTxveoda sabWoTa kavSiris interesebs.

erovnuli grZnoba rCeba da unda iyos sazogadoebis

gamaerTianebeli, nacionalisturi ideologiia aranakleb gakicxulia

dasavleT evropaSi. ideologia gulisxmobs garegnuli

sistematiurobiT arsebuli interpretaciebis, survilebisa,

varaudebisTvis formis Camoyalibebas. inteleqtualma, romelic Tavs

upirispirebs ncionalistebs, istoria unda warmoadginos rogorc

veluri saxelmwifoebis mudmivi brZola da iqadagos mSvidoba

damoukidebel erebs Soris, urTierTpativiscema. revoluciuri

nacionalizmisa da makiaveluri diplomatiis gaerTianeba morasis

doqtrinaSi evropuli saxelmwifoebis dasustebasTan erTad unda

gamqraliyo.

112

SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs savsebiT SeeZloT

gamoevlinaT Tavisi dominirebis pretenziebi da dampyrobluri neba.

maTi nacionalizmi ar aris im doneze, rac evropis saxelmwifoebSi,

romelSic is dakavSirebulia miwasTan, kulturasTan, enasTan.

moqalaqeoba mefis ruseTsa da sabWoTa kavSirSi msgavsia, SeerTebul

StatebSi ki dakavSirebulia rasobriobasTan, kanis ferTan, sxvadasxva

enasTan. mniSvneloba, romelsac aniWeben kanis fers, laxavs xalxebis

Tanasworobas, romelic dakanonebulia amerikis konstituciiT. erT-

erTi ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom es ukanasknelni ar iCenen sakmao

interess komunisturi mowodebisadmi da dapirebebisadmi, aris is, rom

maTi Tanasworoba konstituciiT aris damtkicebuli. rac Seexeba

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis pozicias sazRvargareTis mimarT, bolo

wlebs Tu ar CavTvliT, gasuli sauknis bolos da XX saukunis

dasawyisSi maTTvis ucxo iyo evropuli tipis imperializmi, eqspansiis

survili da mudmivi brZola saxelmwifoebs Soris. moqalaqeoba

imdenad kulturaSi monawileobas ki ar iwvevs, rac istoriulad

mkvidrdeba, rogorc cxovrebis stilis Camoyalibebas.

sabWoTa kavSirma gaagrZela carizmis tradicia, romelic

uxsnida gzas mkvidri xalxebis mebatone klasebs imperiuli

saxelmwifos aristokratiaSi Sesasvlelad. komunisturi partiis

wyalobiT, man SeinarCuna mravalerovani elitis mTlianoba. sabWoTa

moqalaqeoba, romelic uamravi erovnebis adamians eZleoda, sZenda

loialurobas saxelmwifos da aziarebda ideologias da ar

moiTxovda Tavisi erovnulobis uaryofas.

maTma metoqeobam da meore msoflio omis Semdeg SeZenilma

siZlierem isini miiyvana urTierTmowinaaRmdege supernacionaluri

sistemebis Seqmnamde. nato-Si dominirebs SeerTebuli Statebi, romelic

awvdis iaraRs mokavSireTa diviziebs da marto maT SeswevT Zala

gaawonasworon sabWoTa manqana. marSali rokosovski xelmZRvanelobs

varSavas, radganac sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba ar endoba polonelebs da

wiTeli armiis diviziebi dganan Suagul germaniaSi. didi sivrce, III

raixis Teoretikosebis sayvareli Tema, ganxorcielebulia rkinis

fardis orive mxares, magram martooden samxedro ZaliT.

113

rogorc wesi, eridebian terminis `imperia~ xmarebas. ar arsebobs

atlantikuri patriotizmis pawawina niSanic ki da ar SeiZleba

vivaraudoT, rom sabWoTa - rusuli patriotizmi gavrcelebulia mis

satelit qveynebSi komunisti umciresobis gareT. supernacionaluri

saxelmwifoebi, Teoriulad gaerTianebulni saerTo rwmenis triumfiT,

Tavad uaryofen, Tu maT ganvixilavT cal-calke, saxalxo demokratias.

srulebiTac ar aris ufro martivi mogzauroba rumineTidan

poloneTSi, vidre poloneTidan safrangeTSi. moskovma aawyo

produqciis urTierTgacvla CineTsa da aRmosavleT germanias Soris,

magram adamianTa gadaadgilebas uamravi winaaRmdegoba Seuqmna.

saxalxo demokratiebs eniWeba erTgvari damoukideblobis ieri

(simulakri) ise, rom am damoukideblobas arsi, substancia ar gaaCnia,

es demokratiebi Caketilni arian Tavis sazRvrebSi ise, TiTqos

saxelmwifo, romelic aucilebelia totaluri dagegmisTvis, unda iyos

daxuruli, Tavisi mokavSireebis mimarTac ki.

iseve rogorc sxva rasisa Tu enis adamianTa Cagvra, pirobebis

ukiduresi uTanasworoba TiTqosda winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba axali

drois suliskveTebasTan. mecnierebis saswaulebi siRaribes aZlevs

skandalur xasiaTs. TiTqosda eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom mrewvelobas

male unda Seemcirebina aTaswlovani siRaribe. adamianebi unda

gansxvavebulni yofiliyvnen martooden saSualebebis arCeviT.

socialuri sazogadoebis ideali meryeobda or models Soris, erTi,

wonasworobis modeli, romelic ganxorcieldeboda yvelasTan da

meore yvelas keTildReobis modeli, romelic erToblivi gegmis

Sedegad ganxorcieldeboda eqspluatatorebis ganadgurebiT.

liberalizmi da socializmi kvlav STaagoneben rwmenas da

acocxleben urTierTsapirispiro Teoriebs. maT sul ufro da ufro

uWirT gonivrulad warmoadginon Tavisi Canafiqri doqtrinad.

dasavluri realoba Seicavs mTel rig socialistur institutebs. ukve

aRar SeiZleba saerTo sakuTrebis an dagegmvis imedi gvqondes

adamianTa xvedris gasaumjobeseblad.

teqnikuri progresi kvlav imeds gvisaxavs: savaraudoa, rom is

kidev ufro daCqarda Cvens saukuneSi. SesaZloa, is ar SeCerdeba kidev

ramdenime wlis an ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze. magram Cven ukve

114

viciT misi fasi da misi sazRvrebi. meqanizirebuli sazogadoebebi ar

aris pacifisturi; isini agdeben adamians siRaribesa da umweobaSi,

isini milionobiT mSromels uqvemdebareben seriuli warmoebis

logikas, isini uqadian adamianebs imas, rom maT moeqcevian rogorc

sagnebs.

arc optimizmi, romelsac iwvevda Zmoba miRweuli siuxviT, arc

pesimizmi, romelsac badebda tirania, cnobierebaze sakomunikacio da

wamebis iaraRis ZaliT, ar ukuagdo XX saukunis gamocdilebam. is

dialogi, romelic daiwyo maT Soris pirveli qarxnebis dros, Cvens

droSic grZeldeba. mas ara aqvs ideologiuri debatebis saxe, vinaidan

arcerTi am urfierTsapirispiro Temidan ar ukavSirdeba arc klass da

arc partias.

ukanaskneli didi ideologia Seiqmna sami elementis SeerTebiT:

momavlis xedva, romelic Seesabameba Cvens suliskveTebas, kavSiri aseT

momavalsa da socialur klass Soris, adamianuri Rirebulebebis

rwmena muSaTa klasis gamarjvebaze metad, rac man moipova dagegmvisa

da saerTo sakuTrebis wyalobiT. socialur-ekonomikuri teqnikis

sikeTis rwmena ikargeba da amaod eZeben klass, romelic SeZlebs

institutebisa da ideebis radikalur ganaxlebas.

Teoria, romelic dResac gavrcelebulia, klasTa brZolis

Sesaxeb, gayalbebulia aralegitimuri asimilaciiT: burJuaziis da

proletariatis dapirispireba arsebiTad gansxvavdeba aristokratiis

da burJuaziis dapirispirebisgan.

franguli monarqiis dangreva da respublikis sisxliani

avbediTobebi, Tavisi teroriTa da daZabulobiT promeTeseul gmirobad

aqcies. hegels sjeroda, rom adamianis goni, cxenze amxedrebuli

Tavisi bedis gamgebeli RvTis wyalobiT gaimarjvebs. marqsi, Semdeg ki

lenini Senatrodnen iakobinelebs, aqtiur umciresobas, romelic

amoZravebs saxalxo masas, misioneruli wyobis socialisturi

revoluciis samsaxurSi. maT ar eparebodaT eWvi, rom proletariati

ganaxorcielebda burJuaziis wamowyebul moRvaweobas.

proletariatis ideologebi burJuaziis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.

burJuazia, romelsac Tavs akuTvnebdnen monteskie, volteri da Jan-Jak

ruso, legitimurad upirispirdeboda Zvel reJims, msoflios

115

kaTolikur xedvas, amkvidrebda Tavis sakuTar ideas adamianis

arsebobisa dedamiwaze da politikur wyobas. proletariats arasodes

hqonia msoflios koncefcia, romelic sawinaaRmdego iqneboda

burJuaziis koncefciisagan: arsebobda ideologia imisa, Tu vin unda

yofiliyo proletariati da ra unda ekeTebina mas, ideologia, romlis

gavlena miT meti iyo, rac ufro naklebi iyo samrewvelo muSebis

ricxvi. egreT wodebuli proletariatis partias im qveynebSi, sadac

man gaimarjva, Tavis rigebSi hyavda ufro glexebi, vidre pirveli

qarxnebis mSromelebi, xolo xelmZRvanelebad inteleqtualebi,

romlebsac ar moswondaT tradiciuli ierarqia da erovnuli Cagvra.

spontanurad gancdili Rirebulebebi muSaTa klasisTvis

gansxvavdeba burJuaziulisagan. sruliad amaoa iseTi antiTezebis

wamoyeneba, rogoricaa: solidarobis grZnoba an sakuTrebis survili,

sazogadoebaSi monawileoba an Tavisi egoizmis gaRrmaveba,

sulgrZeloba imaTi, visac ara aqvs fuli, mdidrebis sixarbe da a.S.

amiT srulebiTac ar vuaryofT im aSkara faqts, rom cxovrebis stili

da pirobebi muSaTa da mdidarTa raionebSi gansxvavebulia.

proletarulad wodebul reJimebs anu komunisturi partiebis mier

marTul reJimebs araferi aqvT aRebuli sakuTriv muSuri kulturisgan,

im partiebisa da profkavSirebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa

xelmZRvanelebi Tavad miekuTvnebian muSaTa klass.

xalxuri kultura Cvens saukuneSi imarTeba gazeT "pravdaTi",

"frans-suariTa" Tu "daijestiT". revoluciuri sindikalizmi,

anarqiuli profkavSirebi, winaaRmdegobas ar uweven patronaJuli

organizaciebis upasuxismgeblo koaliciebs, romlebic maT emuqrebian

da socialistur partiebs, gansakuTrebiT ki komunistur partiebs,

romlebsac isini sZulT. es ukanasknelni atareben inteleqtualTa

azrebisa da qmedebebis kvals.

im imediT, rom srulad ganaxorcieleben burJuaziis miznebs -

bunebis dapyroba, adamianebisa da SesaZleblobebis gaTanasworeba -

ideologebma gadasces maTi droSa proletariats. is kontrasti,

romelic arsebobs teqnikur progressa da muSaTa siRatakes Soris

iwvevs SfoTs. rogor ar dabraldes kerZo sakuTrebasa da bazris

anarqias es saSineli siRaribe, romelic sinamdvileSi gamowveulia

116

dagrovebis moTxovniT (kapitalisturi Tu socialisturi), warmoebis

ukmarisobiT, mosaxleobis zrdiT. mamaci adamianebi, amboxebulni

usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg iziareben ideas, rom kapitalizmi cudia

TavisTavad, is daingreoda Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis Sedegad da misi

msxverpli gaimarjvebda priviligirebulze. marqsma ganaxorciela

genialuri sinTezi istoriis hegeliseuli metafizikisa, revoluciis

iakobinuri variantis, pesimisturi Teoriisa da sabazro ekonomikisa,

romelic ganaviTares ingliselma avtorebma. sakmarisi gaxda

marqsistuli proletaruli ideologiis SemoerTeba, raTa daculiyo

franguli revoluciisa da rusuli revoluciis uwyvetoba. magram

sakmarisia Tvalebi gavaxiloT, raTa es iluzia gaqres.

sabazro ekonomika da sruli dagegmareba warmoadgenen modelebs,

romlebic ar awarmoeben realur ekonomikas, iseve rogorc ar

warmoadgenen evoluciis Tanmimdevrul etapebs. ar arsebobs

ucilobeli kavSiri industriuli ganviTarebis fazasa da ama Tu im

modelis upiratesobas Soris. CamorCenili ekonomika ufro uaxlovdeba

dagegmarebis models, vidre ganviTarebuli. Sereuli reJimebi ar arian

monstrebi, romlebsac ara aqvT sicocxlis unari, an gardamavali

formebi raRac wminda tipze, es normaluri mdgomareobaa. gegmian

sistemaSi SeiZleba vipovoT sabazro ekonomikis bevri kategoria met-

naklebad Secvlili saxiT. imisda mixedviT, rogor gaizrdeba

cxovrebis done, da sabWoTa momxmarebels eqneba arCevanis realuri

unari, keTildReoba da siZneleebi, romelic dasavlur mowinave

samyaroSia, maSinve warmoCindebian rkinis fardis meore mxares.

XX saukunis revoluciebi ar aris proletaruli, isini

Cafiqrebulia da marTuli inteleqtualebis mier. maT daamxes

tradiciuli Zalauflebebi, romlebic ar esadagebodnen teqnikuri eris

moTxovnebs. winaswarmetyvelebi varaudobdnen, rom kapitalizmi

daemxoboda revoluciiT, iseTive revoluciiT, romelmac SeZra

safrangeTi XVIII saukunis bolos. araferi msgavsi ar momxdara.

samagierod, iq, sadac mmarTvelma klasebma ver SesZles an ar isurves

swrafi ganaxleba, burJuaziis ukmayofilebam, inteleqtualTa

mouTmenlobam, glexTa mudmivma survilebma gamoiwvies afeTqeba.

117

arc ruseTsa da arc SeerTebul StatebSi srulad ar hqonia

adgili aristokratiisa da burJuaziis Setakebas. carizms surda

gadmoeRo teqnikuri civilizacia demokratiuli ideebis gareSe. mas

Seenacvla xelisufleba, romelmac daamkvidra sazogadoebisa da

saxelmwifos narevi, sadac administratorebi warmoadgenen erTaderT

priviligirebul klass.

SeerTubulma Statebma ufro kargad gaacnobieres XVIII saukunis

progresistuli ideebis evropuli gamocdileba. maT scades

praqtikulad gamoeyenebinaT es gamocdileba sruliad axal adgilze,

miwaze, romelic dasapyrobi iyo, ara marto indielebisgan, romlebic

sasikvdilod iyvnen ganwirulni Tavisi Temobrivi kulturis

SeusabamobiT emigrantebis kulturasTan, aramed agreTve tyeebsa da

qariSxlebTan brZoliT. arc erTi aristokratia, ar SezRudavda

gonebisa da mrewvelobis aRmavlobas. religia qadagebda moralur

simkacres, Tumca es rwmena ar atarebda eqstremistul orTodoqsul

xasiaTs. aseTi religia xels uwyobda moqnilobas, konformizms, is ar

uerTdeboda saxelmwifos, raTa SeezRuda axali azrovnebis

ganviTareba.

XVIII saukunis optimisturi naazrevi ar iyo amRvreuli aranairi

movleniT, romlis Sedareba SeiZleboda safrangeTis did

revoluciasTan da proletariatis gamoCenasTan.

samoqalaqo omi, totaluri omi, aRWurvilobis omi

interpretirebulia istorikosebis – gamarjvebulTa spikerebis mier

rogorc triumfi: sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba iyos naxevrad mona da

naxevrad Tavisufali. amerikelma muSebma daujeres amerikul ideas da

ar iwames apokalifsis aucilebloba.

SeiaraRebulni doqtriniT, romelic imTaviTve wamgebiani iyo,

bolSevikebma aaSenes industriuli sazogadoeba, romelic aqamde

ucnobi iyo. es aris saxelmwifo, romelmac Tavis Tavze aiRo saerTo

resursebis ganawilebis pasuxismgebloba, qarxnebis marTva,

danazogebis Seqmna, investiciebis zrda. dasavleTis muSaTa klasi XIX

saukuneSi aRsdga mepatroneebis winaaRmdeg da ara uSualod

saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. aq, mepatrone da saxelmwifo erTmaneTs

emTxveva, amboxeba erTis winaaRmdeg iwvevs disidentobas meoris mimarT.

118

marqsistulma ideologiam gamounaxa mSvenieri gamarTleba saxelmwifo

ekonomikis aucileblobas: proletarebi movaleni iyvnen upirobod

damorCilebuliyvnen maT nebas, gansaxierebuls partiaSi.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

kontrasts, moCvenebiTsa Tu realurs, sawarmoo saSualebebis zrdasa

da xalxis tanjvas Soris unda gamoewvia utopiebi, romlis Tanaxmad,

progresi iqneba ucremlo da didi katastrofebis gareSe.

dabolos, rogori programa SeiZleba daepirispirebinaT

revolucionerebs sabWoTa sinamdvilesTvis? isini moiTxovdnen

politikur Tavisuflebas, muSaTa kontrols, warmoebis iaraRis

individualur apropriacias martooden soflis meurneobaSi.

kapitalisturi reJimis dros masebs SeuZliaT warmoidginon, rom

saxalxo sakuTreba gaajansaRebda an gaanelebda mrewvelobis

xarvezebs, koleqtivisturi reJimis dros maT ar SeuZliaT elodon

kerZo sakuTrebis restavraciis saswauls. ukmayofiloebi ocneboben

leninizmis dabrunebaze, WeSmaritad proletarul saxelmwifoze, sxva

sityvebiT, isini mimarTulni arian iseT instituciebze, romelTa

arseboba ufro kargad gamoxatavs mmarTvel ideologias.

SeerTebul StatebSi proletariati Tavis Tavs ver iazrebs

rogorc aseTs. muSaTa organizaciebi moiTxoven da aRweven bevr

reformas, rasac evropaSi akavSireben Welfare State (keTildReobis

saxelmwifo) an socializmTan: masebis liderebi kmayofilni arian im

adgiliT, romelsac arsebuli reJimi maT miuCens da Tavad masebi ar

miiltvian arc sxva sazogadoebisken da arc sxva Rirebulebebisken.

erTsulovneba `Tavisufali moqmedebis sakiTxSi~, konkurencia,

elitebis monacvleoba aRniSnavs martooden imas, rom amerikuli

sinamdvile ar esadageba am ideebs, iseve rogorc marqsizm-leninizmis

savaldebulo ganaTleba ar uzrunvelyofs rusuli sazogadoebisa da

oficialuri ideologiis Sesabamisobas.

amgvarad, gansxvavebuli gzebiT spontanurad Tu policiis

daxmarebiT orma didma sazogadoebam mospo yvela piroba ideologiuri

debatebisaTvis, gaaerTiana mSromelebi, erTianad moaxvia maT qalaqis

principebi.

119

______

garegnuli paradoqsis mixedviT, erTi da igive teqnikuri

civilizaciis gavrceleba mTel planetaze badebs gansakuTrebul

problemebs, rac erTmaneTs upirispirebs sxvadasxva erebs Cvens droSi.

Cveni drois politikuri cnobiereba gayalbebulia misi

Taviseburebebis gauTvaliwineblobiT.

liberaluri, socialisturi, konservatoruli Tu marqsistuli

Cveni ideologiebi warmoadgenen im saukunis memkvidreobas, rodesac

evropam ar icoda civilizaciebis mravalferovneba da ar epareboda

eWvi imaSi, rom misi mowodeba universaluria. dRes qarxnebi,

parlamentebi, skolebi gaCndnen mTel dedamiwaze, masebi moqmedeben,

inteleqtualebi xelSi iReben Zalauflebas. evropas, romelic aRar

ipyrobs teritoriebs da Tavad aris daTrgunuli Tavisi gamarjvebiTa

da monebis amboxiT, uWirs imis aRiareba, rom misma ideebma daipyres

samyaro, magram ver SeinarCunes Tavisi forma, romelic hqondaT

sxvadasxva skolis Setakebisa da debatebisas.

marqsistul-leninuri orTodoqsis tyveebs, aRmosavleTis

inteleqtualebs ara aqvT ufleba aRiaron aSkara faqtebi: industriul

(samrewvelo) civilizacias aqvs mravali modaluroba, romelTa Soris

arc istoria da arc goni ar avaldebulebs radikalur arCevans.

dasavleTis inteleqtualebs zogjer uWirT sapirispiro azris

aRiareba: arCevanis Tavisuflebis, individualuri moRvaweobis, vaWarTa

da mrewvelTa iniciativis suliskveTebis gareSe SeeZlo aseT

civilizacias Camoyalibeba? aris Tu ara aseTi sikeTeebi aucilebeli

da gansaviTarebeli? ucnauri saukune - rodesac SesaZlebelia

dedamiwas Semouaro ormocda rva saaTSi, magram amave dros dramis

ZiriTadi protagonistebi iZulebulni arian, ise rogorc homerosis

gmirebi, Soridan gaugzavnon erTmaneTs wyevla-krulva.

indoeTs ar SeuZlia gadaiRos arc Tanamedrove da arc 1810 wlis

evropis modeli. savaraudoa, rom Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze da

mSromelTa ganawileba indoeTSi 1950 wels iseTive iyo, rogoric es

iyo evropaSi erTnaxevari saukunis win, magram ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis fazebi ar SeiZleba yofiliyo erTgvarovani. indoeTma

gadmoiRo teqnikuri receptebi, imis nacvlad, rom Seeqmna isini, is

120

Rebulobs ideebs, romelic Camoyalibda leiboristul inglisSi, is

iyenebs medicinasa da higienaSi damkvidrebul Tanamedrove

gamocdilebas. mosaxleobis zrda da ekonomika XX saukunis aziaSi ar

aris ise mWidrod urTierTdakavSirebuli, rogorc es iyo XIX saukunis

evropaSi.

Taviseburi, qveynis ekonomikuri da demografiuli asakis gamo,

politika agreTve gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, rogoria TiToeuli

qveynis tradiciebi da kulturis calkeuli sferoebi. yvelgan egreT

wodebul Tavisufal samyaroSi asambleebi sruliad damoukidebelia

qveynis ZiriTadi sferoebisgan. pirvelsave dRidan dasavleTSi maT

gadaeca demokratiuli moRvaweobis prerogativa. parizSi, gasul

saukuneSi legitimurad gamocxadda universaluri arCevnebi,

parlamentis suvereniteti; saxelmwifo ukve gaZlierebuli iyo

monarqiuli saukuneebis periodidan, eri gamowrTobili saukunovani

gamTlianebuli cxovrebiT, inteleqtualTa klasi, gaaqtiurebuli

oratoruli saqmianobiT, miiltvoda Zalauflebis gansaxorcieleblad.

dasavleTis ideologebi ar cdebodnen, rodesac miiCnevdnen, rom maTi

parlamentebi gaivlidnen mTels planetaze imave triumfaluri marSiT,

rogorc avtomobili an eleqtroenergia. isini cdebodnen marto imaSi,

rom aniWebdnen am ideologiebs, romlebmac gaimarjves maT

institutebSi, universalur mniSvnelobas. . . . . . politikuri Tu

ekonomikuri doqtrinebis meTodi samarTliania da gonivruli manamde,

sanam mxedvelobaSi miiReba am meTodis naklovanebebi da sazRvrebi.

Tavisufali samyaro fatalur Secdomas dauSvebs, Tu CaTvlis, rom

misi ideologia iseTive erTaderTia, rogorc marqsistul-leninuri.

stalinisturi meTodi, yovel SemTxvevaSi mis pirvel fazaSi,

gamoyenebadia yvelgan, sadac partia rusuli an erovnuli armiis

wyalobiT ipyrobs saxelmwifos. mcdari doqtrinaa, magram is iwvevs

qmediT Sedegebs, radganac isini ganisazRvreba taqtikuri

mosazrebebiT, romelic efuZneba naxevarsaukunovan gamocdilebas.

am doqtrinis simcdare warmoCindeba bevri qveynis mier am

fsevdo-gaTavisuflebis ukugdebiT. ararusul evropaSi, komunisturi

reJimebi ver damkvidrdeboda da ver SenarCundeboda wiTeli armiis

Zalisxmevis gareSe. droTa ganmavlobaSi erovnuli Taviseburebebi -

121

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis baza, tradiciebi - ganmtkicdebian sabWoTa

samyaroSi. komunisturi Zalauflebis eqspansia ar amtkicebs doqtrinis

WeSmaritebas, iseve rogorc muhamedis gamarjvebebi ar asabuTebs

islamis WeSmaritebas.

sabWoTa sazogadoeba ar aris Secdomebis msxverpli. dasavleTia

misi msxverpli. idea diskusiebis, Tanxmobisa da kompromisebis

mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb albaT idealia, arCevnebisa Tu asambleebis

praqtika martooden erT-erTi praqtikaa sxva mravals Soris. Tu

vecdebiT mis danergvas viTarebebis gauTvaliswineblad,

aucileblobiT marcxs vigemebT. demokratiuli praqtikis marcxs ver

damalavs teroristuli organizacia da enTuziazmi, is gancxaddeba

erT mSvenier dRes da Camoyalibdeba despotizmad.

arcerTi inteligencia ar ganicdis universalurobis dakargvas

ise mwared, rogorc franguli inteligencia, aravis ar uWirs uaryos

Tavisi iluziebi ise jiutad, rogorc mas da veravin moigebda

safrangeTis namdvili problemebis aRiarebiT rogorc is.

safrangeTi miekuTvneba arakomunistur msoflios da man rom

moindomos banakis Secvla, katastrofa moxdeba, rasac is erideba

mTeli Zal-RoniT. misi aseTi arCevani srulebiT ar gamoricxavs

memarcxened wodebul zomebs, iqneba es sxvadasxva dawesebulebebis

nacionalizacia Tu CrdiloeT afrikis statusis dadgena.

mTeli rigi amocanebi, romelic daawva safrangeTs XX saukunis

Sua wlebSi, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT scildeba mis sazRvrebs:

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigeba frangebsa da musulmanebs

Soris Crdilo afrikaSi, dasavleT evropis erebis gaerTianeba, raTa

isini naklebad iyvnen damokidebulni amerikis Zalaze, teqnikuri

CamorCenis daZleva, rac ekonomikas daatyda - am istoriulma saqmeebma

SeiZleba gamoaRviZos naTeli suliskveTeba. arcerTi am qmedebebidan

ar Searyevs adamianTa cxovrebas dedamiwaze, arcerTi ar gaxdis

safrangeTs idealis jariskacad, arcerTi ar mogvwyvets aziis im

patara gojisgan, romelTanac safrangeTi Tavisi bediTaa Sekruli,

arcerTi ar daamarcxebs metafizikur ideebs (Tavisufleba,

Tanasworoba), arcerTi ar daaxloebs mas socialistur Tu

nacionalistur ideologiasTan. vimyofebiT ra Cvens adgilze planetis

122

koniunqturaSi, vmoqmedebT ra socialuri mecnierebis gakveTilebis

Sesabamisad, Cven velodebiT erTaderT politikur universalobas,

romelic misaRebia Cveni epoqisTvis. Cven unda mivceT meqanizirebul

civilizacias is forma, romelic Seesatyviseba mis warsulsa da eris

asaks, Cven unda movutanoT warmateba da mSvidoba planetis im zonebs,

sadac vrceldeba Cveni Zala da Cveni naazrevi.

momavlis aseTi perspeqtivebisadmi ganaTlebuli adamianebi,

rogorc Cans, ugrZnobni arian. iseTi grZnobaa, rom isini eZeben

imanentur filosofiaSi dakarguli usasrulobis ekvivalents da

CurCuleben: `ra aris yovelive is, rac aris universaluri?~.

______

nostalgia universalur ideaze da erovnuli ampartavnoba - ai

ra gansazRvravs frangi inteleqtualebis ganwyobas. aseT ganwyobas

gamoxmaureba qveynis gareTac aqvs, rac ar aris martooden mwerlebis

niWis Sedegi. Tu kulturis moRvaweni mTeli guliT aRar iwameben

WeSmaritebas yvelasTvis, xom ar Cavardebian isini gulgrilobaSi?

inteleqtualebis religia, komunizmi ikrebs momxreebs aziisa da

afrikis inteleqtualebs Soris, maSin, rodesac dasavleTis gonivruli

demokratia xSirad imarjvebs Tavisufal arCevnebze, magram ver

poulobs iseT mebrZolebs, romlebic mzad iqnebian wavidnen

yvelaferze maTi saqmis gamarjvebisTvis.

`SevTavazeT ra CineTsa da iaponias Cveni dasavluri

civilizaciis versia, Cven maT miveciT qva, maSin, roca isini

gvTxovdnen purs. amave dros SesTavaza ra maT erTdroulad

komunizmi da teqnika, ruseTma raRac saxiT maT misca puri: Savi

da qviani puri, Tu gnebavT, magram puri; es mainc sakvebia,

romelic akmayofilebs cotaTi sakveb substancias sulieri

cxovrebisaTvis, ris gareSec adamians ar SeuZlia cxovreba~.2

komunizmi warmoadgens dasavluri Setyobinebis degradirebul

versias. is Seicavs pretenzias daTrgunos buneba, gaaumjobesos

RaribTa xvedri, is msxverplad swiravs imas, rac iyo da aris mudmivi

ganviTarebis suli: arCevanis Tavisufleba, sawinaaRmdego azris 2 Arnold Toynbee, Le Mond et l'Occident, Paris 1953. gv. 144.

123

Tavisufleba, moqalaqeTa kenWisyris Tavisufleba. is umorCilebs

ekonomikis ganviTarebas mkacr dagegmvas, socialistur mSeneblobas

saxelmwifos orTodoqsias.

Rirs ki imis Tqma, rom komunisturi versia imarjvebs

inteleqtualuri sisustis gamo? namdvili Teoria ar krZalavs awmyos

cdomilebebs, is gulisxmobs kamaTs partiebs Soris, is neli

progresis imeds iZleva, is ar aTavisuflebs aziis inteleqtualebs

maTi kompleqsebisgan. sekularuli religia inarCunebs prestiJs da

winaswarmetyvelur samociqulo Zalas, is badebs fanatikosTa mcire

ricxvs da es ukanasknelebi, Tavis mxriv, axdenen masebis mobilizebasa

da darazmvas, romlebic moxiblulebi arian ara imdenad momavlis

xedviT, rogorc amboxebulni arian arsebuli ubedurebebis winaaRmdeg.

komunisturi rwmenis arsi ar gansxvavdeba sxva ideologiebis

arsisagan, romelsac iziareben memarcxene inteleqtualebi mTels

plnetaze. am ukanasknelTa umravlesoba imyofeba zRurblze, seqtis

disciplinisadmi amboxebis grZnobiT. umciresoba, vinc gadamwyvet

nabijs akeTebs da axerxebs uxerxulobisa da daurwmuneblobis

gadalaxvas, Sepyrobilia iseTi rwmeniT, romelic `mTebs sZravs~.

liberalebs Tavis Tavze eparebaT eWvi da ganicdian yru da usiamovno

SegrZnebas, rom imyofebian zogjer borotebis banakSi (memarjveneoba,

reaqcia, feodalizmi). dasavluri universitetebis klimatma gaxada

yvela kontinentidan mosuli studentebi mgrZnobiare marqsistul-

leninuri doqtrinis mimarT, romelic aris ara saboloo Sedegi,

aramed dogmaturi gamkacreba progresistuli filosofiisa.

komunizmi, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris pirveli evropis ZiriTadi

rwmenebidan, romelmac warmatebas miaRwia da moaqcia milionobiT

adamiani aziaSi. isini ver moaqcia qristianobam, romelic uaryofda

dampyrobelTa qmedebas da ar egueboda mecnierul azrs, samxedro da

imperialistur principebs. komunizmiT isini moixiblnen ara imitom,

rom is aris qristianuli eresi, aramed imitom, rom mas aqvs

racionaluri da optimisturi filosofiis eqstremistuli forma.

124

daniel beli

ideologiis dasasruli dasavleTSi

adamianTa Secdoma mdgomareobs imaSi,

rom maT ar ician, Tu rodis unda SezRudon Tavisi imedebi.

makiaveli

istoriam cota icis iseTi periodi, rodesac adamianebs egonaT rom

maTi samyaro drois gamocdas gauZlebda, rom is myarad iyo ganfenili,

rogorc qristianul alegoriaSia, qaossa da samoTxes Soris. oTx aTas

wels gadacilebul egviptur papirusSi weria: ”. . . mefobs urcxovoba

. . . qveyana brunavs da brunavs rogoc sameTuneo borbali . . masebi

waagaven mSiSara cxvrebs, romlebsac ar miuZRvis mecxvare. . . is, vinc

guSin iyo mawanwala, dRes gamdidrda, xolo uwin mdidari mas xotbas

asxams.” gilbert miureis aRweriT, elinisturi periodi iyo “simamacis

ukmarisobis” xana, rodesac “izrdeboda pesimizmi, ikargeboda

TviTdajerebuloba, am cxovrebis imedi da normaluri adamianuri

moqmedebis rwmena”. xolo gaiZvera taleirani amtkicebda, rom mxolod

maT, visac 1789 wlamde ucxovria, hqonda SesaZlebloba cxovreba mTeli

misi sitkboTi egema.1

Cvens drosac SeuZlia msgavsi citatebis rigis gavrcoba – miT ufro

mware da winaaRmdegobrivebisa, rom am dros win uZRvoda naTeli

imedebis grZeli xana – 1930 welsa da 1950 wels Soris mdebare im ori

dekadis gamo, romlebic gamirCeoda werilobiT istoriaSi aqamde

lamis arnaxuli intensiobiT: msoflio ekonomikuri depresia da mZafri

klasobrivi brZolebi; faSizmisa da rasobrivi imperializmis zrda

qveyanaSi, romelic sakacobrio kulturis maRal safexurze

imyofeboda; im revoluciuri Taobis tragikuli Tavganwirva, romelic

kacobriobis uwmindes idealebs qadagebda; manamde ucnobi gaqanebisa

da masStabis damangreveli omi; milionebis biurokratizirebuli

mkvleloba sakoncentracio banakebsa da sikvdilis kamerebSi.

125

radikaluri inteleqtualebisaTvis, vinc moaxdina winamorbedi saukune

naxevris revoluciuri impulsebis artikulireba, yovelive es niSnavda

qiliasturi imedebis, mileniaristuli, apokalifsuri azrovnebis – da

ideologiis dasasruls. is ideologia, romelic uwin moqmedebis gzas

saxavda, CixSi moiqca.

ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ram warmoSva igi frang filosofebTan,

ideologia, rogorc moqmedebaSi ideebis translirebis gza, yvelaze

mkveTrad iqna formulirebuli memarcxene hegelianelebTan,

foierbaxTan da marqsTan. maTTvis filosofiis funqcia mdgomareobda

kritikaSi, awmyos warsulisgan ganTavisuflebaSi. (marqsi werda: “yvela

warsul TaobaTa tradicia aw mcxovrebTa tvins Ramis koSmariviT

awveba”) foierbaxi, memarcxene hegelianelTagan yvelaze radikaluri,

sakuTar Tavs luTer meores uwodebda. adamianebi Tavisuflebi

iqnebodnen, rom SegvZleboda religiis demiTologizeba. azrovnebis

istoria warmoadgenda mzardi gulgatexilobis istorias; da Tu

sabolood qristianobaSi RmerTi paroqiuli RvTaebisagan universalur

abstraqciad gardaiqmna, kriticizmis funqcia iyo – dapirispirebis an

TviTgaucxoebis radikaluri iaraRis gamoyenebiT - Teologiis

anTropologiiT Canacvleba, RmerTis adgilas adamianis moTavseba.

filosofia unda mimarTuliyo cxovrebaze, adamiani

ganTavisuflebuliyo “abstraqciaTa speqtrisgan” da

gamonTavisuflebuliyo superbunebrivis marwuxebisgan. religias

mxolod “yalbi cnobierebis” Seqmna ZaluZda. filosofias unda

gamoevlina “namdvili cnobiereba”. cnobierebis centrSi RmerTis

adamianiT CanacvlebiT foierbaxs undoda “usasrulos sasrulze”

dayvana.2

Tuki foierbaxi “CauRrmavda samyaros”, marqsi mis gardaqmnas

cdilobda. maSin, roca foierbaxma anTropologias miemxro, marqsma

gadaakeTa hegelis sakvanZo debulebebi da yuradRebis centrSi

istoria da istoriuli konteqsti moaqcia. msoflio ar iyo krebiTi

adamiani, aramed adamianebi, da adamianebi rogorc adamianTa klasebi.

adamianebi gansxvavdebodnen maTi klasobrivi poziciis Sesabamisad.

126

xolo WeSmariteba iyo klasobrivi WeSmariteba. amdenad, yvela

WeSmariteba iyo niRabi, an nawilobrivi WeSmariteba, xolo namdvili

WeSmariteba iyo revoluciuri WeSmariteba. da es realuri WeSmariteba

iyo racionaluri.

amdenad, rogorc ideologiis analizSi, aseve axali ideologiis

SeqmnaSi Semotanil iqna dinamika. religiis demiTologizirebam

gamoanTavisufla (RmerTisgan, codvisgan) potenciali adamianSi.

istoriis msvelobaSi gamomJRavnda racionaloba. klasTa brZolaSi

unda gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli yalbis nacvlad WeSmariti TviTSegnebis

miRweva. magram Tu WeSmariteba moqmedebaSia, aucilebelia moqmedeba.

memarcxene hegelianelebi, marqsis TqmiT, mxolod litterateurs Tu iyvnen.

marqsisTvis erTaderTi namdvili qmedeba iyo politika. magram qmedeba,

revoluciuri qmedeba, rogorc is marqss esmoda, ar iyo mxolod

socialuri cvlileba. is iyo, Tavis mxriv, anabaptistebis yvela Zveli

mileniaristuli, qiliasturi ideebis ganaxleba. is iyo, Tavisi axali

TvalsawieriT, axali ideologia.

ideologiis analizi wesiT inteligenciis diskusiebSi xdeba. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom rac mRvdeli aris religiisTvis, is aris inteligencia

ideologiisaTvis. es TavisTavad gvaZlevs gasaRebs sityvis sazomad da

xsnis mis mravalferovan funqciebs. sityva ideologia gamoigona

frangma filosofosma de tresim meTvramete saukunis bolos.

ganmanaTleblobis xanis sxva filosofosebTan erTad, gansakuTrebiT

iseT materialistebTan, rogorebic iyvnen helveciusi da holbaxi, de

tresi cdilobda ganesazRvra “WeSmaritebis” aRmoCenis iseTi gza,

romelic ar eyrdnoboda rwmenas an Zalauflebas (authority) –

tradiciul sayrdenebs, romlebsac eklesia da saxelmwifo

asazrdoeben. da, amasTan, frensis bekonis gavleniT, isini eZebdnen

raime gzas raTa gaeqarwylebinaT mikerZoebulobis SemTxveviToba,

crurwmenis damaxinjeba, aRzrdiT Seqmnili idiosinkrazia, piradi

interesisa an ubralod darwmunebis survilis SemoWra - romlebic

yvela, rogorc Crdilebi platonis gamoqvabulSi, qmnian WeSmaritebis

iluziebs. maTi mizani iyo ideebis “ganwmenda” raTa miRweul yofiliyo

127

“obieqturi” WeSmariteba da “swori” azrovneba. zogierT maTgans,

magaliTad, helveciuss, sjeroda, rom saWiroa ideebis sawyisebTan da

ganviTarebasTan dabruneba, raTa gairkves, Tu rogor moxda maTSi

areuloba. de tresis sjeroda, rom ideebis “gaWeSmariteba”

SesaZlebeli iyo maTi dayvaniT grZnobiT movlenebze - britanuli

empiricizmis dagvianebuli franguli varianti, romelSic igrZnoba

antireligiuri ganwyoba – da ideebis am axal mecnierebas man uwoda

“ideologia”.

cnebis negatiuri konotacia napoleonis dros warmoiqmna. moaxdina ra

sakuTari Zalauflebis konsolidireba, man akrZala moralisa da

politikuri mecnierebis swavleba nacionalur institutSi da

gamoacxada “ideologebi” upasuxismgeblo spekulatorebad, romlebic

amaxinjebdnen moralsa da patriotizms. iyo ra respublikeli,

napoleoni TanaugrZnobda filosofosTa ideebs; xolo rogorc

imperators, mas esmoda religiuri orTodoqsiis mniSvneloba

saxelmwifos SesanarCuneblad.

magram mxolod marqsis dros sityva “ideologiam” ganicada saocrad

gansxvavebuli transmutacia. marqsisTvis, rogorc es mocemulia mis

naSromSi “germanuli ideologia”, ideologia ukavSirdeboda

filosofiur idealizms, anu Sexedulebas, rom ideebi avtonomiurebi

arian, da rom ideebs, damoukideblad, aqvT WeSmaritebisa da

cnobierebis gamovlenis Zala. marqsisTvis, misi materializmis gamo, es

iyo siyalbe, vinaidan “yofiereba gansazRvravs cnobierebas” da ara

piriqiT; nebismier mcdelobas realobis suraTis daxatvisa mxolod

ideebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba moyves mxolod “yalbi cnobiereba”. ase,

magaliTad, foierbaxis kvalobaze – romlisganac marqsma gadmoiRo

ideologiisa da gaucxoebis analizis ZiriTadi elementebi – is

religias yalb cnobierebad miiCnevda: RmerTebi adamianTa gonis

qmnilebaa da maTi arseboba mxolod moCvenebiTadaa damukidebeli da

adamianTa bedis ganmsazRvreli; amdenad religia aris ideologia.

128

magram marqsi erTi nabijiT win wavida. ideologiebi, misi TqmiT, ara

mxolod yalbi ideebia, aramed isini gansakuTrebul interesebs

niRbaven. ideologiebs WeSmaritebis warmoCenis pretenzia aqvT, magram

isini konkretuli jgufebis saWiroebebs asaxaven. Tavis adreul

eseebSi “ebrauli sakiTxis Sesaxeb” - im sul ramodenime naweridan erT-

erTSi, sadac is swored saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis filosofiur

sakiTxebs exeba, marqsi mkveTrad akritikebs “bunebrivi uflebebis”

cnebis im formas, romelic mocemulia franguli revoluciis

adamianTa uflebebis deklaraciaSi da imas, Tu rogor iyo es

uflebebi gansazRvruli pensilvaniisa da niu hempSiris Statebis

konstituciebSi. igulisxmeboda, rom “bunebrivi uflebebi” – sindisis

Tavisufleba an sakuTrebis ufleba – iyo “absoluturi” an

“transcendentuli”; marqsisTvis isini mxolod istoriulad miRweul

“burJuaziul uflebebs” warmoadgendnen, romlebsac hqondaT yalbi

pretenzia universaluri validurobisa. saxelmwifos funqcia,

miuTiTebda marqsi, iyo “saerTo nebis” garkveuli bazisis Seqmna.

“samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi”, romelic Seqmna burJuaziam, saxelmwifo

unda yofiliyo neitraluri an negatiuri. TiToeul adamians unda

ezruna sakuTar interesebze, da unda damkvidrebuliyo socialuri

harmonia. magram realurad, amtkicebda marqsi, saxelmwifo

gamoyenebuli aRmoCnda sfecifiuri jgufis interesebis

gansaxorcieleblad. ase, “bunebrivi uflebebis” moTxovna ubralod

niRbavs burJuaziis saWiroebas gamoiyenon materialuri qoneba sakuTar

interesebSi. marqss sjeroda, rom bunebrivi uflebebis individualizmi

iyo yalbi, vinaidan adamianebs sakuTari Tavis “realizeba” SeuZliaT

mxolod sazogadoebaSi, da namdvili Tavisufleba ar aris sakuTrebisa

an religiis aRsarebis Tavisufleba, aramed Tavisufleba

sakuTrebisgan da religiisgan – mokled, ideologiisgan. amdenad

mcdeloba universalur Rirebulebad gamocxadebuliyo is, rac

arsebiTad klasobriv interess warmoadgenda, iyo ideologia.

marqsi gansxvavdeboda bentamisgan da sxva utilitarianelebisgan imiT,

rom mas esmoda, rom individebis motivacia araa yovelTvis

ganpirobebuli uSualo kerZo interesiT. (rac “vulgarul hedonizms”

129

warmoadgenda). ideologia, misi TqmiT, mniSvnelovan Zalas

warmoadgenda. “Tvramet briumerSi” is werad: “ar unda vifiqroT

ubralod, rom wvril burJuazias surs principSi egoisturi

klasobrivi interesebis ganxorcieleba. mas ufro hgonia, rom misi

emansipaciis specialuri pirobebi aris zogadi pirobebi, mxolod

romelTa meSveobiTac SeiZleba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gadarCena da

klasobrivi brZolis Tavidan acileba.” amdenad ideologiis “niRbis

axda” warmoadgens ideis miRma mdgomi “obieqturi” interesebis

warmoCenas da im funqciebis danaxvas, romlebsac ideologia

emsaxureba.3

yovelive amisgan gamomdinareobs uSualo daskvnebi. jer erTi,

politikis analizi mxolod racionalistur safuZvelze dayrdnobiT

araadeqvaturia. is, rasac adamianebi maTive TqmiT aRiareben, yovelTvis

ar SeiZleba pirdapiri gagebiT gavigoT da ideebis ukan interesTa

struqtura unda veZeboT. saWiroa davakvirdeT ara ideebis Sinaarss,

aramed maT funqcias. meore, ufro radikaluri daskvna aris is, rom Tu

ideebi niRbaven materialur interesebs, maSin doqtrinis “WeSmaritebis

sazomi” aris is, Tu romel klasobriv interesebs emsaxureba igi.

mokled, WeSmariteba warmoadgens “klasobriv WeSmaritebas”. amdenad,

arsebobs ara obieqturi filosofia, aramed mxolod “burJuaziuli

filosofia” da “proletaruli filosofia”; ara obieqturi

sociologia, aramed mxolod “burJuaziuli sociologia” da

“proletaruli sociologia”. magram marqsizmi ar aris mxolod

relativisturi doqtrina; arsebobs socialuri samyaros “obieqturi”

wesrigi, romelic warmoCindeba istoriis meSveobiT. marqsisTvis, iseve

rogorc hegelisTvis, istoriis mamoZravebelia progresi, romlis

ZaliTac sazogadoeba, adamianis mier bunebaze gabatonebisa da yvela

miTologiisa da crurwmenis dangrevis gziT “Semdgomi stadiebisken”

miiltvis. amdenad doqtrinis “WeSmariteba” unda ganisazRvrebodes

imiT, Tu ramdenad esadageba igi istoriis ganviTarebas; praqtikulad

aRmoCnda, rom “WeSmaritebis” sazomi gaxda misi wvlili (an misi

usargebloba) revoluciis warmatebisTvis.

130

“ideebis socialuri determinaciis” Teoria bevr sirTules awydeba.

erT-erTia mecinerebis roli. marqsi ar laparakobs bunebriv

mecnirebebze rogorc ideologiaze. magram bevri marqsisti,

gansakuTrebiT 30-iani wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi, amtkicebda, rom

arsebobs “burJuaziuli mecniereba” da “burJuaziuli fizika” da

“proletaruli mecniereba” da “proletaruli fizika”. ase, albert

ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoria iyo dagmobili rogorc

“idealisturi”. da Tumca dRevandel sabWoTa kavSirSi aravin

laparakobs “burJuaziul fizikaze”, zigmund froidis Teoriebi

oficialurad uaryofilia rogorc “idealisturi”. magram Tu

mecniereba ar aris klasobrivad ganpirobebuli, exeba Tu ara igive

socialur mecnierebebs? mecnierebis avtonomiurobis idea arasdros

yofila damakmayofileblad warmodgenili marqsistul azrovnebaSi.

meore sirTules warmoadgens deterministuri winaswari ganwyoba,

romlis mixedviTac ideebis erTobliobasa da “klasobriv” saWiroebebs

Soris erTierTze Sesabamisoba arsebobs. es iSviaTad xdeba xolme.

empiricizmi Cveulebrivad asocirebulia liberalur kvlevasTan. Tumca

ki devid iumi, yvelaze radikaluri empiricisti, iyo tori, xolo

edmund berki, romelic yvelaze mtkiced upirispirdeboda axali

sazogadoebis dagegmarebisadmi racionalistur midgomebs, iyo

konservatori. hobsi, erT-erTi yvelaze ganTqmuli materialisti, iyo

roialisti, xolo t.h. grini, didi britaneTis idealisturi

aRorZinebis erT-erTi lideri, iyo liberali.

mesame sirTules warmoadgens klasis ganmarteba. marqsisTvis (Tumca ki

klasi arasdros yofila mkacrad ganmartebuli mis naSromebSi)

sazogadoebis sakvanZo socialur dayofas aCens sakuTrebis ganawileba.

magram politikur-teqnologiur samyaroSi sakuTrebam

mniSvnelovanwilad dakarga Zalauflebis, da zogjer keTildReobisac

ki, determinantis mniSvneloba. TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi teqnikuri unarebi memkvidreobasTan SedarebiT sul

ufro mniSvnelovnad sazRvraven dasaqmebis perspeqtivebs, da

131

politikuri Zalaufleba jabnis ekonomikurs. ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba

mieniWos klass am viTarebaSi?

miuxedavad amisa SeuZlebelia sruliad uarvyoT mtkicebuleba imis

Taobaze rom “azrovnebis stili” ukavSirdeba istoriul klasobriv

jgufebsa da maT interesebs, an rom ideebi Cndeba rogorc

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva jgufebis gansxvavebuli

Sexedulebebis an msoflmxedvelobebis Sedegi. amocana mdgomareobs

imaSi, Tu rogor unda ganvsazRvroT urTierTkavSiri egzistencialur

bazissa da “gonebriv produqcias” Soris. sociologi maqs veberi,

magaliTad, amtkicebda, rom ideebsa da interesebs Soris arsebobs

“SerCeviTi miziduloba (affinity)”. ideis, an Teoretikosis, an

revolucioneris socialuri fesvebi naklebad mniSvnelovania im

viTarebasTan SedarebiT, rom xdeba zogierTi ideis, ase rom vTqvaT,

“amorCeva” socialuri jgufebis mier, romlebic Tvlian am ideebs

kongenialurad da amdenad emxrobian maT. es iyo “protestantuli

eTikis” Teoriis sawyisi; is amtkicebda, rom kalvinisturi azrovnebis

zogierTi Tviseba da individualobis tipi, romelic amgvari

doqtrinidan momdinareobda, gaxda aucilebeli da ganmapirobebeli

kapitalizmis ganviTarebaSi, miuxedavad am ideebis “saiqio”

safuZvlebisa. . .

. . . yoveldRiur leqsikonSi sityva ideologia rCeba bundovan cnebad,

romelic, rogorc Cans, aRniSnavs msoflmxedvelobas, SexedulebaTa

sistemas an kredos, romelsac iziarebs socialuri jgufi

sazogadoebis socialur mowyobasTan dakavSirebiT, da romelic

moralurad gamarTlebulia im argumentiT, rom is sworia. Sesabamisad

adamianebi msjeloben “patara biznesmenis ideologiaze” an

liberalizmsa an faSizmze ideologiis gagebiT. an zogierTma

mweralma SeiZleba ilaparakos “ideologiis ocnebaTa samyaroze,

(romlis Sesabamisad) amerikelebs warmoudgeniaT Tavisi qveyana im

adgilad, sadac TiToeuli bavSvi ibadeba “SesaZleblobaTa

TanasworobisaTvis”, sadac yoveli adamiani arsebiTad iseTive kargia,

132

rogorc yvela sxva, Tu ara ukeTesi”. am gagebiT ideologia ufro

esadageba miTs, vidre ideebis sistemas.

cxadia, amgvari gamoyeneba, romelic erTmaneTSi bevr sxvadasxva

sakiTxs urevs, qmnis mxolod gaugebrobas. amdenad saWiroa garkveuli

gansxvavebebis dafiqsireba.

Cven, albaT, SegviZlia davesesxoT gansxvavebas manhaims da ganvasxvaoT

is, rasac is eZaxis “ideologiis viwro cnebas” “ideologiis

totaluri cnebisgan”. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ideologiis pirveli gageba

gulisxmobs, rom individebs, romlebsac gaaCniaT garkveuli

Rirebulebebi, aqvT aseve garkveuli interesebi. . . totaluri

ideologia aris kompleqsuri realobis yovlismomcveli sistema, es

aris emociebiT gaJRenTili SexedulebaTa wyeba, romelsac unda

cxovrebis mTeli wesis Secvla. . . am gagebiT, da im gagebiT, rasac Cven

aq vxmarobT, ideologia sekularuli religiis tolfasia.

ideologia aris ideebis sazogadoebriv berketebad gadaqceva. . .

is, rac ideologias mis Zalas aniWebs aris misi mgznebareba.

abstraqtuli filosofiuri kvleva yovelTvis ganixileboda rogorc

grZnobebis da pirovnulobis uarmyofi, yvela ideis racionalizebis

gza. ideologiisTvis WeSmariteba ibadeba moqmedebaSi, xolo

gamocdileba iZens mniSvnelobas “transformirebis momentis”

saSualebiT. is sicocxles iZens ara dakvirvebaSi, aramed “qmedebebSi”.

SeiZleba iTqvas, faqtobrivad, rom ideologiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

latenturi funqcia aris emociis CarTva. religiis garda (da omisa da

nacionalizmis garda) sul ramdenime formas Tu uarsebia emociuri

energiis marTvisa. . . ideologia axdens am energiis SekavSirebas da

politikaze mimarTvas. . .

sazogadoebriv moZraobas SeuZlia xalxis ayolieba, Tuki mas sami ram

ZaluZs: ideebis gamartiveba, WeSmaritebis gamoxatvaze pretenziis

gamocxadeba da, am oris safuZvelze, moqmedebisaken mowodeba. amdenad,

ideologiebi ara marto gardaqmnis ideebs, isini aseve gardaqmnian

133

adamianebs. mecxramete saukunis ideologiebs, gardauvalobis

xazgasmiTa da Tavis mimdevrebSi emociebis gamowveviT, SeeZloT

religiasTan konkurireba. gardauvalobis progresTan identificirebiT

isini daukavSirdnen mecnierebis pozitiur Rirebulebas. magram rac

ufro mniSvnelovania, es ideologiebi ukavSirdeboda aseve

inteleqtualTa mzard klass, romelic cdilobda sazogadoebaSi

adgilis damkvidrebas.

saWiroa gavigoT gansxvaveba inteleqtualsa da mkvlevars Soris . . .

mkvelvars gaaCnia codnis Semofargluli sfero, tradicia, is eZebs

masSi Tavis adgils imiTi, rom warsulSi akumulirebul Semowmebul

codnas axal codnas amatebs mozaikis principiT. mkvlevari rogorc

mkvlevari naklebadaa dainteresebuli Tavisi “meobiT”. inteleqtuali

iwyebs sakuTari gamocdilebiT, sakuTari individualuri

warmodgenebiT, sakuTari privilegiebiT da uuflebobiT da sjis

samyaros am grZnobebidan gamomdinare. vinaidan mis statuss aqvs

maRali Rirebuleba, sazogadoebis miseuli Sefaseba asaxavs misadmi

damokidebulebas. biznesiT formirebul civilizaciaSi

inteleqtualebi grZnobdnen, rom xdeboda araswori Rirebulebebis

dafaseba da uaryofdnen sazogadoebas. amdenad, arsebobda “CaSenebuli”

iZuleba damoukidebeli inteleqtualebis politizebisa. amdenad im

ideologiebs, romlebic warmoiSva mecxramete saukuneSi, zurgs

umagrebdnen inteleqtualebi. maT aiRes kursi imaze, rasac viliam

jeimsi “rwmenis gzas” uwodebda, romelic, momavlis Tavisi xedviT, ver

asxvavebs SesaZlebels savaraudosgan, xolo am ukanasknels ucilobel

faqtad gardaqmnis.

dResdReobiT am ideologiebma sakuTari Tavi amowures. am

mniSvnelovani sociologiuri cvilebis miRma rTuli da

mravalferovani movlenebi dgas. iseTi ubedurebebi, rogorebic iyo

moskovis sasamarTlo procesebi, nacistur-sabWouri paqti,

koncentraciuli banakebi, ungreli muSebis moZraobis CaxSoba, erT

jaWvs miekuTvneba; iseTi socialuri cvlilebebi, rogorebicaa

kapitalizmis modificireba, sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos

134

zrda, meore jaWvis nawilebia. filosofiaSi SeimCneoda

simplicisturi, racionalisturi Sexedulebebis daknineba da adamianis

axali stoikur-Teologiuri saxis warmoqmna, mag. froidi, tilixi

(Tillich), iaspersi, sxva. . . mTeli am istoriidan warmoiSva erTi faqti:

radikaluri inteligenciisTvis Zvelma ideologiebma dakarges Tavisi

“WeSmariteba” da darwmunebis unari.

cotaa seriozuli moazrovne, visac jer kidev sjera, rom

SesaZlebelia “gegmis monaxazis” gakeTeba da “socialuri inJineriis”

gziT socialuri harmoniis axali utopiis wamoyeneba. amave dros,

ufro Zvelma “kontr-rwmenebma” aseve dakarges Tavisi inteleqtualuri

Zala. cotaa “klasikuri” liberali, visac miaCnia, rom saxelmwifom

aranairi roli ar unda iTamaSos ekonomikaSi, da cotaa seriozuli

konservatori, inglisSi da kontinentze mainc, visac sjera, rom

sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo aris “gza monobisaken”. . .

magram gasaocari faqtia is, rom im dros, rodesac amoiwura Zveli

mecxramete saukunis droindeli ideologiebi da inteleqtualuri

debatebi, aziisa da afrikis mzard saxelmwifoebSi modaSi Semovida

axali ideologiebi, romlebsac aqvT Tavisebuli mimzidveloba

sakuTari xalxebisTvis. es aris ideologiebi industrializaciis,

modernizaciis, pan-arabizmis, rasizmis da nacionalizmis. im sxvaobaSi,

romelic arsebobs ideologiis Zvelsa da axal tips Soris

mdgomareobs meoce saukunis meore naxevris didi politikuri da

socialuri problema. mecxramete saukunis ideologiebi iyo

universalisturi, humanisturi da inteleqtualebis mier formirebuli.

aziisa da afrikis masobrivi ideologiebi aris paroqiuli,

instrumentuli, da Seqmnili politikuri liderebis mier. Zveli

ideologiebis mamoZravebeli Zala iyo socialuri Tanasworoba da,

farTo gagebiT, Tavisufleba. axali ideologiebis impulsia

ekonomikuri ganviTareba da erovnuli Zalaufleba. . .

ideologiis dasasruli ar aris – da ar unda iyos – imavdroulad

utopiis dasasruli. sxva Tu araferi, utopiis Sesaxeb diskusiis

135

ganaxleba SesaZlebelia mxolod ideologiis xafangis mxedvelobaSi

miRebiT. problema imaSia, rom ideologiebi arian “ukiduresi

gamamartiveblebi”. ideologia adamians uqrobs saWiroebas gaumklavdes

sakuTar problemebs individualuri sargeblis misaRebad. is ubralod

mimarTavs ideologiur savaWro avtomats da misgan amodis mza

formula. xolo rodesac es rwmenebi imoseba apokalipsuri

SemarTebiT, ideebi iqceva iaraRad momakvdinebeli SedegebiT.

dResdReobiT arsebobs, ufro metad, vidre odesme adre, utopiis

garkveuli saWiroeba, im gagebiT, rom adamianebs sWirdebaT - rogorc

maT yovelTvis sWirdebodaT – maTi potencialis raRac xedva, raRac

gza grZnobebisa da gonivrulobis Sezavebisa . . . utopiam unda

gansazRvros, sad unda adamians misvla, rogor unda miaRwios, ra

iqneba safasuri da imis gansazRvrac, vin gadaixdis safasurs, da,

Sesabamisad, gamarTlebac.

. . . da Tuki warsulis inteleqtualur istorias gaaCnia raime azri –

da gakveTili – is mdgomareobs jefersonis sibrZnis gaxsenebaSi

(romelic mimarTulia warsulis mkvdari xelis acilebaze, magram

romelic aseve SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc gafrTxileba momavlis mZime

xelis Taobaze) rom “awmyo ekuTvnis mcxovreb adamianebs”. es aris

sibrZne, romelsac revoluciis momxreebi, Zveli da axali, romlebic

mgrZnobiareni arian sakuTari TanamemamuleTa bedisadmi, axlidan

pouloben yovel TaobaSi. “me verasrdros davijereb” ambobs

protagonisti sarkastul dialogSi, romelic dawerilia galanturi

poloneli filosofosis leSek kolakovskis mier, “rom kacobriobis

moraluri da inteleqtualuri cxovreba misdevs ekonomikis kanonebs,

anu dRes dazogviT xval SeiZleba meti movigoT; rom iseTnairad unda

gamoviyenoT dRevandeli sicocxle, rom momavalSi WeSmaritebam

gaimarjvos, an rom unda miviRoT mogeba danaSaulebrivi gziT raTa

keTilSobliebas gavukafoT gza.”

1 karl iaspersma moagrova STambeWdavi koleqcia yvela epoqis filosofosTa Civilebisa, romlebic sakuTar epoqas udgebodnen rogorc krizisis xanas, xolo warsuls – rogorc oqros xanas. es koleqcia, iseve rogorc citata egvipturi papirusidan da taleiranis SeniSvna, SeiZleba naxoT mis naSromSi Man in the Modern Age

136

(rev. ed., London, 1951), II Tavi. gilbert miureis citata mocemulia naSromSi Five Stages of Greek Religion (2d ed.; New York, 1930) Tavi IV. 2 Karl Marx. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louise Napoleon 3 am gagebiT “ideologiis niRbis axda” garkveulwilad waagavs “racionalizaciis” Teorias freidistul sistemaSi. racionalizacia faravs namdvil motivs. es ar niSnavs rom is aucileblobiT yalbia. faqtobrivad efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis racionalizacia unda iyos “mWidro kavSirSi” realobasTan. Tumca ki faruli motivi aseve arsebobs, da analizi cdilobs mis moZiebas.

137

jon stiuart mili

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb

am esses Tema e.w. nebis Tavisufleba ki ar aris, romelsac esoden

uiRblod upirispirebdnen arasworad saxeldebul filosofiuri

aucileblobis doqtrinas, aramed samoqalaqo, an socialuri

Tavisufleba; Zalauflebis buneba da sazRvrebi, romelsac

sazogadoeba kanonierad axorcielebs individze. es kiTxva iSviaTad

dausvamT da ganuxilavT, zogadad, magram igi Rrma zegavlenas iqoniebs

Cveni saukunis problemebze, maTSi latenturi mocemulobis gamo da

Cans Zalze male iqneba gacnobierebuli rogorc momavlis vitaluri

sakiTxi. igi imdenad Zvelia, rom garkeuli azriT, man kacobriobac ki

dahyo ukve uZvelesi droidan; Tumca progresis im safexurze,

romelsac miaRwies kacobriobis yvelaze civilizebulma nawilebma, es

kiTxva sakuTar Tavs axal pirobebSi warmogvidgens, moiTxovs

gansxvavebul da ufro fundamentur interpretacias.

Tavisuflebasa da xelisuflebas Soris brZola yvelaze

RisrSesaniSnavi movlenaa istoriis garkveul monakveTebSi, romelTac

Cven bavSvobidanac kargad vicnobT, kerZod saberZneTis, romis da

inglisis istoriebidan. magram Zvel droSi es brZola iyo calkeul

individebs an individebis zogierT klasebs da mTavrobas Soris.

Tavisuflebis qveS maSin esmodaT politikur mmarTvelTa tiraniisagan

dacva. Tavad mmarTvelebi aRiqmebodnen (saberZneTis zogierTi

popularuli mTavrobis garda), rogorc maT mier marTuli xalxis

mimarT antagonistur poziciaze mdgomni. isini Seadgenen mmarTvel

erTeuls, mmarTvel toms an kastas, romelTac xelisufleba miiRes an

memkvidreobiT, an ZaladobiT, da, visac, yvela SemTxvevaSi, ar

gamouyenebia es Zalaufleba marTulTa sasargeblod da romelTa

sawinaaRmdegod mosaxleobas ar ganuxorcielebia raime kontrzomebi

da ar surda Cabmulni yofiliyo SejaxebebSi rogori winaswari

zomebic ar unda iyos miRebuli mmarTvelTa Zalmomreobis winaaRmdeg.

138

maTi Zalaufleba miCneuli iyo rogorc aucilebeli, Tumca, amave

dros, rogorc uaRresad saxifaTo, rogorc iaraRi, romelic maT

aranakleb SeuZliaT gamoiyenon qveSevrdomebis winaaRmdeg, vidre

gareSe mteris winaaRmdeg. (...) patriotebis mizani, yovelive amis

gaTvaliswinebiT, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sazRvrebi dauweson

Zalauflebas, romlis Temze gavrcelebasac dasjerdeboda mmarTveli

_ da es sazRvrebi aris is rac Tavisuflebad iwodeba. igi ori gziT

SeiZleba ganxorcieldes: pirveli, politikuri Tavisuflebebisa da

garkveuli uflebebis xelSeuxeblobis aRiarebiT, romlis darRvevac

mmarTvelis Rirsebis Selaxvad iTvleboda da, rac Tu ki moxdeboda,

amarTlebda gansakuTrebuli saxis winaaRmdegobas, saerTo ajanyebas.

meore da bolo dros ganmtkicebuli konstituciuri meqanizmebis

erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac, rogorc fiqroben, Temis saerTo

azri an garkveuli politikuri sxeuli, gamoxatavs Tavis interesebs.

amiT iqmneba mmarTveli xelisuflebis bunebis garkvevis TvalsazrisiT

Zalze mniSvnelovani pirobebi. SezRudvis aRniSnuli ori formidan,

rac Seexeba pirvels, evropis qveynebis umravlesobaSi, mmarTveli Zala

iZulebuli gaxda daTmobaze wasuliyo. igive ar iTqmis meoreze; mis

misaRwevad, an Tuki sadme raRac xarisxiT mocemuli iyo is, ufro

srulyofili saxiT mis misaRwevad, igi yvelgan xdeboda Tavisuflebis

moyvarulTa principuli ganxilvis sagani. da imdenad, ramdenadac

kacobrioba kmayofildeboda, erTi mtris meoresTan ganuwyveteli

brZolis pirobebSi, marTuli yofiliyo batonis mier im pirobiT, rom

amave dros met-naklebad daculi yofiliyo misi tiraniisagan, igi ar

zrunavda imaze, rom mieRwia amaze metisaTvis.

cxovrebis ganviTarebam moitana dro, rodesac adamianebi bunebis

aucileblobad aRar miiCnevdnen sakuTari mTavroba damoukidebel da

maTi interesebis sapirispiro Zalad aReqvaT. maT ukeTesad CaTvales

saxelmwifos sxvadasxva saxis legislaturebSi Tanamoqalaqeebi an

delegatebi exilaT, romlebic nebismier momentSi maTi mowonebisda

mixedviT gadayenebadni iqnebodnen. Tvlidnen, rom mxolod am gziT

iqnebodnen isini sruliad daculni imisgan, rom mTavrobis

xelisufleba arasdros iqneboda borotad gamoyenebuli.

TandaTanobiT, arCeviTi da droebiTi mmarTvelebis axali moTxovna

139

xalxis partiis Zalisxmevis TvalsaCino obieqtad iqca yvelgan, sadac

ki aseTi partia arsebobda da saidanac am moTxovnam gamodevna

mmarTvelTa Zalauflebis SezRudvis moTxovna. (...) rac axla surdaT,

is iyo, rom mmarTvelebi identificirebulebi yofiliyvnen xalxTan;

rom maTi interesebi da neba eris neba da interesebi yofiliyo. ers

aRar Wirdeboda dacva misi sakuTari nebisagan. AaRar arsebobda misi

sakuTar Tavze tiraniis ganxorcielebis SiSi. dae mmarTvelebs

miscemodaT neba pasuxismgebelni yofiliyvnen TavianT namoqmedarze, da

yofiliyvnen swrafad gadayenebulni am pasusismgeblobis safuZvelze.

aseT SemTxvevaSi Seiqmneboda pirobebi savsebiT sando yofiliyo maT

xelT arsebuli Zalaufleba. maSin marjved koncentrirebuli maT

xelT arsebuli Zalaufleba, Tavad eris Zalaufleba iqneboda. am

tipis azrovneba an, albaT, ufro grZnoba, saerTo iyo evropeli

liberalebis ukanaskneli TaobisaTvis da aseTad rCeba igi dResac

maTi kontinentaluri nawilisaTvisac. isini, vinc iziarebda

Tvalsazriss, rom unda arsebobdes sazRvrebi imisa, Tu risi gakeTeba

SeuZlia mTavrobas, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac maTi azriT aseT

mTavrobas saerTod ar unda earseba, cnobilni arian rogorc

kontinentis politikur moazrovneTa brwyinvale gamonaklisebi.

Mmsgavsive ganwyobebi iyo gabatonebuli amave periodSi Cvens

qveyanaSiac, vidre ucvleli rCeboda maTi wamaxalisebeli garemoebebi.

Tumca, politikur da filosofiur TeoriebSi, iseve rogorc

calkeul pirovnebebSi, warmatebebma gamoavlines aqamde

dakvirvebebisaTvis ucnobi siZneleebi da aramyari poziciebi.

Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom xalxs ar Wirdeboda maTive

Zalauflebis SezRudva sakuTar Tavze, aqsiomaturad gamoiyureba,

vidre saxalxo mTavroba mxolod ocnebis sagani iyo, an iTvleboda

rom msgavsi ram mxolod odesRac, warsulSi arsebobda. Aamgvari

Tvalsazrisi aucileblobiT ver Sescvala verc imgvarma droebiTma

gadaxrebma, romlebic safrangeTis revolucias mohyva, romlis yvelaze

uaresi Sedegic umciresobis batonobaSi gamoixata da, romelic, yvela

SenTxvevaSi miekuTvneboda ara mudmivad momuSave saxalxo institutebs,

aramed moulodnel da konvulsiur gamosvlebs monarqiuli da

aristokratuli despotizmis winaaRmdeg. mas Semdeg, rac demokratiuli

140

respublika dedamiwis farTo nawilze gabatonda da igrZno, rom erTa

Tanamegobrobis yvelaze ufro Zlieri wevria, arCeviTi da

pasuxismgebeli mTavroba dakvirvebis da kriticizmis sagani Seiqmna.

rogorc axla aRiqvamdnen, “TviT-mmarTveloba” da “xalxis Zalaufleba

sakuTar Tavze” sulac ar gamoxatavda saganTa namdvil arss.

Zalauflebis mqone xalxi yovelTvis rodi emTxveoda im xalxs,

viszedac es Zalaufleba xorcieldeba da, rom “TviT-marTva” razedac

ase xSirad laparakobdnen, ar warmoadgenda TiToeulis mier sakuTari

Tavis marTvas, aramed ufro TiToeulis marTvas yvela danarCenis mier.

Uufro metic, xalxis neba, praqtikulad niSnavda adamianTa ufro meti

raodenobis, an xalxis yvelaze ufro aqtiuri nawilis nebas,

umravlesobas, an imaT nebas, vinc umravlesobad asaRebda Tavs;

Sedegad xalxma SeiZleba isurvos danarCeni nawilis daTrgunva. AaseT

SemTxvevebSi ki Tavis dazRveva aranaklebaa saWiro, vidre

Zalauflebis sxva araswori gamoyenebisas. amitom xelisuflebis

individze Zalauflebis SezRudva sulac ar kargavs aqtualobas arc

maSin, rodesac Zalauflebis matareblad Cveulebriv mTeli Temi, an,

rac igivea, misi uZlieresi nawili iTvleba. aseT Tvalsazrisebs,

yvelaze gonieri moazrovneebis mier gamoTqmulebis eqvivalenturebad

rom iTvlebodnen da amave dros gamoxatavdnen evropuli sazogadoebis

im klasebis miswrafebebs, romelTa realuri, Tu savaraudo interesebi

demokratias upirispirdeboda, sulac ar gasWirvebiaT TviTdamkvidreba.

Ppolitikuri spekulaciebi “umravlesobis tiraniis” Sesaxeb, amieridan

miCneuli iyo im borotebad, romlisagan dacvas saWiroebda

sazogadoeba.

sxva tiraniis msgavsad, umravlesobis tirania, upirveles

yovlisa da savsebiT vulgarulad, SiSis momgvrelad, moqmedebda

saxalxo xelisuflebis mier gamocemuli aqtebis saSualebiT.

dakvirvebuli adamianebi mixvdnen, rom rodesac Tavad sazogadoebaa

tiranuli _ sazogadoeba aRebuli koleqtiurad, rogorc mis

Semadgenel calkeul individebze maRla mdgari _ es niSnavs, rom

tiraniis saSualebebi ar SemoizRudeba aqtebiT, romlebic politikuri

funqcionerebis xeliT aRsruldeba. sazogadoebas SeuZlia da

axorcielebs kidec Tavis sakuTar mandats: da Tu is axorcielebs

141

araswor mandats sworis nacvlad, an mandats im movlenebis mimarT,

romlebic ar unda iyvnen gaSualebulni mis mier, maSin is socialur

tiranias eweva gacilebiT ufro mZime formiT, vidre amas akeTebs

aTasnairi saxis politikuri zewola. radgan, miuxedavad imisa, rom

Cveulebrivad ar iTvleba aseTi saxis eqstremaluri sanqciebi, am

sanqciebisagan Tavis daRwevis Zalze cota saSualebebia gadarCenili,

xolo sazogadoeba ufro Rrmad aRwevs cxovrebis detalebSi da

imonebs Tavad suls. Aaqedan cxadia, rom magistratebis tiraniisagan

dacva ar aris sakmarisi; aucilebeli xdeba gabatonebuli

Sexedulebebisa da grZnobebisagan dacvac; dacva sazogadoebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli im tendenciisagan, romelic gulisxmobs samoqalaqo

sajarimo sanqciebisagan gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT, sxvagvarad

moazrovnes Tavs moaxvios misi sakuTari ideebi da praqtikebi rogorc

qcevis sayovelTao wesebi; daimonos da, Tu es SesaZlebelia, saerTod

xeli SeuSalos yovelgvari individualurobis Camoyalibebas, romelic

ki harmoniulad ver ewyoba sazogadoebaSi adaptirebul gzebs;

aiZulos yvela moiqces ise, rogorc es miRebulia am sazogadoebaSi.

arsebobs koleqtiuri Sexedulebis individis damoukideblobaSi

Carevis sazRvari da am sazRvris povna da dacva masSi Carevisagan iseve

mouwyvetelia kargi sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisagan, rogorc dacva

politikuri despotiisagan.

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom SemoTavazebuli Tvalsazrisi ar SeiZleba

ganxiluli iyos zogad terminebSi, praqtikuli kiTxva imis Taobaze,

Tu sad movaTavsoT sazRvari _ individualur damoukideblobasa da

socialur kontrols Soris urTierTobebis saWiro daregulireba _

aris sakiTxi, romelic yvelas zrunvis saqmed unda iqces. yvelaferi

is, rac individualur arsebobas Rirebulebas sZens TiToeulisaTvis,

mdgomareobs sxva adamianebis masze zemoqmedebis SezRudvaSi. qcevis

zogierTi wesi, amitom, SeiZleba individzec gavrceldes, jer kanonis,

xolo Semdeg Sexedulebebis zegavleniT im SemTxvevebSi, Tu es qceva

ar eqvemdebareba kanonis moqmedebis sferos. is, Tu rogori unda iyos

es wesebi, adamianur urTierTobaTa principuli sakiTxia; magram Tuki

Cven gamovricxavT ramdenime yvelaze ufro naTel SemTxvevas, es iqneba

problema, romlis gadawyvetaSic yvelaze naklebi progresi

142

ganvicadeT. Arc erT or epoqas da or qveyanas ar gadauwyvetia is

msgavsad; erTi epoqis an qveynis mier sakiTxis gadawyveta gaocebas

iwvevs meoreSi. arsebul wesebs isini TavisTavad cxad da TviT-

gamarTlebulad miiCnevdnen. yovelive es, rac sxva araferia, Tu ara

universaluri iluzia, warmoadgens Cvevis marginaluri zegavlenis

Sedegs, romelic, andazis sapirispirod adamianis meore buneba ki ar

aris, aramed arasworad miCneulia pirvelad. Cvevis Sedegi, qcevis im

araswori wesebis prevenciasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic kacobriobam

erTmaneTs moaxvia Tavs, gansakuTrebiT Zneli SesaTanxmebelia, radgan

es iseT sakiTxTa wyebaa, romlis irgvlivac ar moiZebna raime

aucilebeli Tvalsazrisi, romelsac vinme warudgenda sxvebs an

sakuTar Tavs. xalxs Cvevad aqvs irwmunos raRac da gansakuTrebuli

xalisiT sjera xolme maTi, vinc cdilobs filosofosebs daemsgavsos.

praqtikuli principi, romelsac isini mihyavs Sexedulebamde, romelic

aregulirebs adamianis qcevis standartebs, TiToeuli pirovnebis

gonebaSi arsebuli grZnobebia, romlis mixedviTac yvelas SeuZlia

moiTxovos maTi msgavsi qceva da adamianebi visac maT mimarT simpaTia

aqvT, mibaZaven kidec maT. sinamdvileSi sakuTar Tavsac ki aravin

utydeba, rom msjelobis misi standartebi mxolod misive mosawoni Tu

aris. rac Seexeba Sexedulebebs adamianis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT,

romelic mxardaWerili ar aris Sesabamisi mosazrebebiT, isini

SeiZleba mxolod erTi pirovnebis preferenciebad CaiTvalon. im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac amgvari mosazrebebi mainc warmodgenilia, magram

ise, rom isini eyrdnobian sxva adamianebis preferenciebs, msgavsi

argumentacia, pirveli SemTxvevisagan gansxvavebiT, erTis magier

mxolod bevris preferencias emyareba. (...)

Aamrigad, sazogadoebisaTvis an misi uZlieresi nawilisaTvis

mosawoni, Tu ar mosawoni ram, im ZiriTad sagans warmoadgens, romelic

safuZvlad edeba dakvirvebad wesebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,

gansazRvraven sajarimo sanqciebs, kanoni da Sexeduleba rom

amkvidrebs. amasTan, maT vinc sazogadoebis mowinave poziciebze iyvnen,

gansazRvravdnen ra mis azrebsa da grZnobebs, aRniSnul pirobebis

kritikisaTvis mTlianobaSi Tavi ar SeuwuxebiaT, Tumca akritikebdnen

mis calkeul detalebs. isini ufro imis kvleviT iyvnen dakavebulni,

143

Tu ra moswons sazogadoebas da ra ara, nacvlad imisa rom

gamoekvliaT, Tu ra SeiZleba sazogadoebisaTvis am mosawoni da ar

mosawoni sagnebidan qceuliyo kanonad individisaTvis. isini ufro

amjobineben win waiwion kacobriobis grZnobebis Sesacvlelad im

calkeul sakiTxebze, romelTa mimarT Tavad eretikuli azrebi aqvT,

vidre imas, rom warmoadginon zogadi safuZveli Tavisuflebis

dasacavad eretikosebTan erTad. erTaderTi SemTxveva, romlis drosac

warmodgenili iyo ufro maRali donis safuZveli principis saxiT da

gatarebuli iqna mtkiced individebis mier yvelgan, aris Tavad

religiuri rwmena. (...)

inglisSi, sxva evropuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, Cveni

politikuri istoriis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis gamo, SexedulebaTa

borkilebi albaT ufro mZimea, vidre kanonebi; amasTan arsebobs

angariSgasawevi eWvi imisa, rom sakanonmdeblo an aRmasrulebeli

xelisufleba pirdapir ereva individis privatuli qcevis sferoSi, ara

ise umarTebulod rom SezRudos individis damoukidebloba, aramed

ufro gavrcelebuli Cvevis gamo, raTa xelisuflebam gaataros

privatulisagan gansxvavebuli interesebi. umravlesobam aqamde ver

iswavla, rom mTavrobis xelisufleba sakuTar xelisuflebad aRiqvas,

an misi Sexedulebebi Tavis Sexedulebebad CaTvalos. da, rodesac

isini amas axerxeben, maSin individualur Sexedulebebs iseve emuqreba

xelisuflebis mxridan Careva, rogorc sazogadoebis mxridan. Tumca,

am mimarTulebiT dRemde SemorCenilia grZnobebis angariSgasawevi

sfero, romelic mimarTulia kanonis mier individebis kontrolis

winaaRmdeg im sakiTxebSi, raSiac xelisufleba aqamde arasdros

Careula. (...)

am esses sagani Zalze martivi principis mtkicebaa, risTvisac

SegveZlo gvewodebina individTan erTad sazogadoebis moqmedebaTa

absoluturi marTva iZulebisa da kontrolis saSualebiT, sul erTia

amisaTvis gamoiyeneba fizikuri Zala samarTlebrivi sasjelis saxiT,

Tu sazogadoebrivi azris moraluri Zaladoba. es principi ambobs, rom

erTaderTi mizani, rac kacobriobas moqmedebis TavisuflebaSi

Caurevlobis garantias aZlevs, individulaurad Tu koleqtiurad, aris

TviT-dacva. da, rom erTaderTi mizani, romlisaTvisac Zala SeiZleba

144

marTebulad iyos gamoyenebuli civilizebuli sazogadoebis nebismier

wevrze, misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod, aris sxvebisaTvis zianis miyenebis

prevencia. misi sakuTari saTnoeba, fizikuri, Tu moraluri, ar

warmoadgens sakmaris garantias. ar SeiZleba adamiani iZulebuli

gavxadoT, Zala davatanoT moiqces ase, mxolod imitom rom es misTvis

umjobesi iqneboda, imitom rom es mas ufro bedniers gaxdida; mxolod

imitom, rom rogorc sxvebs miaCniaT aseTi qceva ufro brZnuli da

marTebulia. amas gacilebiT sjobs vcadoT misi darwmuneba,

vimsjeloT masTan erTad, vubiZgoT moiqces amgvarad, magram ara

vaiZuloT an raime boroteba movwioT mas mxolod imitom, rom

Cveulebriv is sxvagvarad iqceva. imisaTvis rom gavamarTloT

individis qcevis SezRudva, jer unda gamoviTvaloT is, Tu ra zianis

motana SeuZlia mas sxvebisaTvis. nebismieri adamianis qcevis

erTaderTi saxeoba, romlis gamoc is pasuxismgebelia sazogadoebis

winaSe, aris is riTac igi sxva adamianebs exeba. im nawilSi, sadac igi

mxolod sakuTar Tavs exeba, misi damoukidebloba, ra Tqma unda,

absoluturia. sakuTar Tavze, Tavis sxeulze da gonebaze individs

sruli suvereniteti aqvs.

Y

145

edmund berki

berkis werili nacionaluri ansambleis wevrs;

pasuxi safrangeTis movlenebisadmi miZRvnili

misi wignis mimarT gamoTqmul zogierT

SeniSvnaze

ser,

pativi mqonda mimeRo 17 noembris Tqveni werili, romelSic

Tqven, zogoerTi gamonaklisis garda, keTilganwyobilad ganixilavT

Cems wigns safrangeTSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb. mxardaWeris

yovelgvar niSans, Tundac mas axsna ganmartebebi axldes, me yovelTvis

ufro meti siamonebiT viReb, vidre zogadi da gaurkveveli saxis qebas.

am ukanasknels mxolod Cveni pativmoyvareobis dakmayofileba Tu

SeuZlia maSin, rodesac pirveli Sromis STagonebiT, winsvlas

gviiolebs.

zogierTi Secdoma, romelTa Sesaxeb Tqven miuTiTeT Cems

gamoqveynebul werilSi, marTlac arsebobs. maTgan mxolod erTi

mimaCnia arsebiTad. is gasworebulia gamocemaSi romelsac gigzavniT.

rac Seexeba ukmarisobas, romelic Tan axlavs Cemi SeniSvnebis

garkveul nawils, Tqveni saxelmwifo mowyobis gradaciebs rom Seexeba,

isini, rogorc amas Tavadve aRniSnavT zegavlenas ar iqonieben Cemi

argumentebis arsze. rodesac mTeli Skala yalbia, mniSvneloba ara

aqvs kibis calkeul safexurs, romliTac Tqveni mSromelebi adian

adgilobriv tiraniamde, Tu federalur anarqiamde.

me gamovaqveyne Cemi mosazrebebi am saxelmwifo mowyobis

Sesaxeb imitom, rom Cems Tanamemamuleebs saSualeba hqonodaT

SeefasebinaT im gegmebis goniereba, romelic maT waredginaT rogorc

misabaZi magaliTi. vfiqrobdi am gegmebis WeSmariti xasiaTis Sesaxeb

ufro marTebulad vimsjelebdiT im komitetis mixedviT maT

SesamuSaveblad rom Seiqmna. Senobis sqemas ukeT gavigebT

arqiteqtorebis proeqtiT, vidre xuroebis saqmianobaze dakvirvebiT. ar

iqneboda swori Cemi mkiTxvelis yuradReba momecdina SesworebebiT,

romliTac uxeSi praqtika absurduli Teoriis gamosworebas cdilobs.

146

msgavsi gamokvleva usasrulod gagrZeldeboda, radgan warsulis

yoveldRiurma praqtikam ukve miiyvana, xolo amJamindeli kidev miiyvans

am xalxs axal wamowyebebTan, romlebic kidev ufro metad gasakicxi

iqneba vidre Zveli. am xalxis Zalisxmevaze dakvirveba sasargebloa

imdenad, ramdenadac yovel dRes moaqvs axali sabuTi maTi dapirebebis

moCvenebiTobis da maTi yalbi rwmenis Sesaxeb. me rom aRmenusxa mTeli

es cvlilebebi, Cemi werili gadaiqceoda maTi xetialis biuletenad,

erTi Secdomidan meorisaken mimarTuli marSis amsaxvel dRiurad,

marSisa, romelic ar xelmZRvanelobs arc zecis naTeliT, arc raime

gegmiT, romelic gonierebis mowme iqneboda.

mudmivad vrwmundebi imaSi, rom adamianebis mimarT

gamoyenebul nebismier mcdelobas - ra formisac ar unda iyos is -

daTrgunvis, titulebis CamorTmevis, gakotrebis, qonebis rekvizirebis

da didgvarovanTa amoxocvis, Tu mTeli erisaTvis miwis sakuTrebis

CamorTmevis _ araviTari gamarTleba ara aqvs. absoluturad

darwmunebuli var, rom didi imperiis saTemo mmarTvelobad an amgvar

mmarTvelobaTa gaerTianebad gadaqceva, nebismieri formiT da

argumentaciiT absurduli da yovelgvar azrs moklebulia. uryevad

mjera, rom eklesiis damlageblebis, Ramis darajebis an msgavsi rangis

CinovnikebisaTvis umaRlesi xelisuflebis gadacemis sqema, vinc

mosamarTle-advokatebis da ebraeli birJis spekulantebis

gonivrulobiT sargebloben da iTvaliswineben urcxvi da dacemuli

dedakacebis, sastumroebis, tavernebis da saroskipoebis mflobelebis,

xelosnebis TanaSemweebis, klerkebis, fostalionebis, parikmaxerebis,

quCis musikosebis da Teatris mocekvaveebis gemovnebas, _ aucileblad

gamoiwvevs raRac samarcxvinos da damangrevels. ...

aseT saSinel pirobebSi savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom Tqveni

ubedurebis Semoqmedni daaCqareben TavianTi gegmebis cxovrebaSi

gatarebas da angariSs ar gauweven kritikas romelic maTi sistemis

absurdulobis saCvenebladaa mimarTuli da amxels sistemis calkeuli

nawilebis srul SeuTavseblobas amosaval principebTan. piriqiT, unda

velodeT, rom Tqveni batonebi TavianTi sqemebis meti

TanmimdevrulobiT gamarTvas Seecdebian, rac maT kidev ufro

danaSaulebrivad aqcevs. unda momitevoT Cemi gadaWarbebuli siTamame,

147

romelic mxolod imiTaa gamowveuli, rom maSin rodesac kacobriobis

bedi wydeba, mxolod aseT bnel winaswar molodins Tu SeuZlia

aRudges win Cveni Zalebis sakacobrio doneze daZabvas.

Zalis saxeldaxelo demonstracia gaumarTlebelia maSin,

rodesac Sen sinamdvileSi susti xar. aseTi mcdeloba yovelTvis

konfuziT sruldeba, xolo warumatebloba ki gvabnevs da iwvevs ufro

gaazrebuli Zalisxmevis paralizebas. goneba sarisko viTarebebSi unda

gamoviyenoT, Tumca aseT dros arsebobs safrTxe, rom mas daabnevs

sofisturi argumentacia. gonebam xom arc danaklisi icis da arc

sircxvili da amitom, savsebiT SesaZlebelia man xeli ar SeuSalos

politikaSi dasaxuli sasargeblo gegmebis ganxorcielebas. nebismieri

qmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi, qmedebisa,

romelic xorcieldeba adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli

gonivrulobiT, araferia ufro ukeTesi saSualeba siyalbis

winaaRmdeg, vidre masze miTiTeba. Tumca, isec xdeba, rom swored amis

Semdeg eguebian siyalbes da eguebian mas ufro didi moSurneobiT

swored rogorc siyalbes. adamianebi xSirad Rirsebis saqmed Tvlian

ar aRiaron rom isini borotad gamoiyenes da Sedegad isini

amjobineben asobiT axali Secdoma Caidinon, vidre aRiaron erTaderTi

Cadenili.

da mainc, Tu arc Cveni principebi da Cvevebi, arc Cveni

talantebi ar gvaZleven uflebas siyalbes siyalbiT vupasuxoT, maSin

Cven valdebulni varT saukeTeso argumentebi warvudginoT maT, visac

gonier arsebebad miviCnevT da amiT CaverioT saqmis msvlelobaSi. Cven

SegviZlia adamianebis gonebaSi gamefebuli am anomaliebis gamosworeba.

Tumca, sulac ar vfiqrob, rom SesaZlebelia yovelive amis momwyobi

adamianebis gaumjobeseba sityvebis daxmarebiT. isini ar eqvemdebarebian

gonier Segonebebs. magram drodadro, aq da iq, zogierTma maTganma,

vinc dasawyisSi atacebuli iyo dauokebeli saukeTeso survilebiT, mas

Semdeg, rac Zalisxmeva gauneldeba, SesaZloa Tavisi adreuli

Secdomebis gadasinjva daiwyos. mxolod maT (miuxedavad imisa, rom

maTi raodenoba ar iqneba didi) vexmianebiT mciredi imediT.

darwmunebiT, absolutur codnas TiTqmis rom esazRvreba, SemiZlia

ganvacxado, rom arsad araferi _ TviT saxelmwifoebis

148

Camoyalibebamdec ki _ Seqmnila winaswari gegmis gareSe. Nulla nova mihi

res inopinave surgit.1 es isev is xalxi da igive Canafiqrebia, Tumca sxva

samosSi gamowyobili. igive cxovels, Tavdapirvelad rom muxluxas

formiT micocavda, Tqven axla akvirdebiT mzisken mimarTuli frTebiT

haerSi monavardes.

amitom, Tu iseve gavagrZelebT rogorc vapirebdiT, anu Tu

amovalT daSvebidan, rom gonier adamianebs vesaubrebiT, SegviZlia

vikiTxoT: SeiZleba Tu ara ufro meti warmatebiT vamxiloT yalbi

politikuri principebi vidre imiT, rom vaCvenoT, Tu ras warmoadgenen

misi Sedegebi, romlebic sruliad SeuTavsebelia im safuZvlebTan

romlebsac isini emyarebian? Tu am saxis dasabuTeba gvekrZaleba, maSin

gansjis process, deductio ad absurdum-ad rom iwodeba, romelsac gverds

ver uvlis mTeli misi simkacris miuxedavad TviT geometriac ki,

saparlamento debatebSiac ver gamoiyenebdnen. es ki xelidan

gamogvaclida sibriyvis winaaRmdeg mimarTul uZlieres da

uavtoritetules iaraRs. ...

zogjer arsebobs situacia, rodesac adamians rcxvenia ar

iyos motyuebuli. adamianur urTierTobebs Tan unda axldes garkveuli

ndoba, romlis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi gacilebiT ufro

zaraldebian sakuTari undoblobiT, vidre sxvisi veragobiT. margam,

rodesac isini, visi veragoba CvenTvis kargadaa cnobili, wamdauwum

gvatyueben, maSin Cven briyvebze uaresebi varT. mxolod erT

SemTxvevaSi iqneboda sisulele ar dagvejerebina cnobili

crupentelasaTvis _ es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac igi Riad acxadebs Cvens

mimarT mtrul damokidebulebas. ...

maT ar gaaCniaT arc saTnoeba da arc sibrZne, romelsac

daubrundebodnen eSmakobiTa da sicruiT wonis moxveWis warumatebeli

mcdelobisas. isini iZulebulni arian axali iluziebi Segviqmnan mas

Semdeg, rac viTareba sruliad uimedo xdeba. magram, samwuxarod

briyvebis ndoba iseve amouwuravia, rogorc yalbismqmnelTa

gamomgonebloba. isini arasdros arafers aZleven xalxs da mxolod

imas cdiloben, rom mas raimes SeZenis imedi SeunarCunon. Tqveni

saxelmwifo doqtorebi gamudmebiT cdiloben yvelas STaagonon, rom

1 "araferi warmomidgeba moulodnelad"

149

yovelgvari sikeTe maTi Zalisxmevis nayofia da, rom xalxis

mdgomareobis yoveli odnavi gaumjobeseba swored maTi damsaxurebaa.

eri ufro da ufro avaddeba maTi wamlebis wyalobiT. am dros ki

Sarlatanebi mas arwmuneben, rom momxdars ukan veRar daabruneb da mas

Semdeg, rac wamali miRebulia, xalxs isRa darCenia, rom moTminebiT

elodos mis amoqmedebas; wamlis zemoqmedeba, dasawyisSi, ra Tqma unda

arasasiamovnoa, magram Tavad avadmyofobaa mowme imisa, rom dozam ukve

daiwyo moqmedeba; rom saxelmwifo mowyobis revoluciuri gardaqmnebi

yovelTvis mtkivneulia; rom sxeulma unda daiTminos tkivili, raTa

Semdeg igrZnos Sveba; da, rom is vinc wamali gamowera primitiul

gamocdilebaze damyarebuli empirikosi ki ar aris, aramed isaa visi

praqtikac emyareba saeqimo xelovnebis myar codnas, rac warmatebuli

mkurnalobis garantias iZleva.2

Tqven icnobT, ser, nacionaluri asambleis bolo manifests _

am Sarlatanur kanonproeqts. rogorc xedavT Tavxedurma dapirebebma,

miuxedavad mTeli rigi warumateblobebisa, sulac ar iklo. SeadareT

asambleis es ukanaskneli mimarTva da Tqveni dRevendeli mdgomareoba

imas, rasac es mmarTvelebi gpirdebodnen adre, SeadareT im

valdebulebebs, romlebsac isini ara mxolod aRiarebdnen, aramed

sazeimod daifices, rom mxardaWeris SemTxvevaSi TavianT qveyanas

ayvavebul da bednier mxared aqcevdnen. axla Tavadve gansajeT, Tu

SeiZleba vinc msgavs rames wers, an kiTxulobs, misi gonivruli

azrovnebis an moqmedebis gzaze dayeneba.

rac Seexeba mTlianad xalxs, mas Semdeg, rac ubedurma

cxvarma farexis kari gaarRvia da gaTavisuflda me vityodi ara

borkilebisagan, aramed ufro bunebrivi avtoritetis da legitimuri

daqvemdebarebis principebis erTobliobis mfarvelobisagan _ isini

TviTmarqviebis bunebrivi msxverpli gaxdnen. igemes ra erTxel am

matyuarebis pirmoTneoba, isini metad aRar eqvemdebarebian gonebas,

romelic maT mxolod gakicxvad da sayvedurad uCanT. samyaros

dasabamidan mis dasasrulamde, arasdros ar yofila da arc iqneba,

rom yvelaze mware gawbilebas sasargeblo gakveTili Caetarebinos

2 nacionaluri asambleis frangi xalxisadmi bolo Sarlatanur mimarTvaSi naTqvamia, rom maTi Zalisxmeva emyareba ara vulgarul praqtikas, aramed Seucdomel Teorias da a.S.

150

kacobriobisaTvis. adamians Tanabrad abrmavebs rogorc ukiduresad

gamouvali mdgomareoba, aseve gadaWarbebuli keTildReoba. gamouvali

mdgomareoba warmoSobs aragonivrul rCevebs da ganwirul nabijebs.

praqtikulad safrangeTis mTeli xalxi SeeCvia imas, rom gamosavali

SeiZleba daiZebnos yvelgan wesrigis, momWirneobis da

Sromismoyvareobis garda. Tavidan fexebamde SeiaraRebul am xalxs

aCveven irwmunos, rom ptaqtikulad yvelaferi iaraRis ZaliT SeiZleba

gadaiWras. Nihil non arrogant armis.3 ra Tqma unda, aris kacobriobis

warsul cxovrebaSi raRac iseTi, rac gvizidavs. avanturistebis,

azartuli TamaSebis moyvarulebis, boSebis, maTxovrebis da

mZarcvelebis cxovreba rodia moklebuli garkveul xibls. saWiroa

simkacre, raTa win aRvudgeT adamianis miwrafebas msgavsi

cxovrebisaken. SiSis da imedis, gaqcevis da gamodevnebis, safrTxis da

xsnis, SimSilis da qeifis monacvleoba veluris da qurdis

cxovrebaSi, garkveuli xnis Semdeg aucileblad daasvams yovelive amas

moyirWebis, modunebis da mowyenilobis daRs, im yoveldRiur,

gegmazomier SromasTan SedarebiT, romelic Tavis Sedegebs mxolod

bolos aCvenebs xolme. isini, visac Zalauflebam erTxel mainc aubnia

Tavgza da isini, vinc amiT Tundac mxolod erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi

miiRo misi wyalobiT jildo, sakuTari nebiT ukve aRarasodes ityvian

masze uars. Zalauflebis saTaveSi myofebi, isini SeiZleba siZneleebis

winaSe dadgnen, magram gamosavlis ZiebaSi isini yovelTvis isev

Zalauflebas mimarTaven. Tu yofila SemTxveva xelmwife taxtidan

gadamdgariyos sirTuleebis gamo? rogor zemoqmedebas moaxdenda es

maTze, vinc daajeres, rom isini warmoadgenen xalxs, romelSiac yvela

xelmwifea?

mmarTvelobis da naZarcvis gankargvis uflebis xelSi Cagdebis

Semdeg, umdablesi wodebebis yvelaze ufro aqtiuri da meamboxe

nawili gamoiyenebs yvela SesaZleblobas, raTa yovel municipalitetSi

TavianTi momxreebi gaamravlos. es mmarTvelebi da maTi xelisSemwyobni

sakmarisad Zlierni arian saimisod, rom SezRudon ukmayofiloTa is

fena, romelmac ver moaswro nadavlidan Tavisi wilis miTviseba.

albaT, yvelaze nakleb moxerxebulebi, agreTve bandis ufro pasiuri

3 "iaraRs akisreben yvelafris gadaWras"

151

da nakleb radikaluri nawili ufro warumatebeli aRmoCndeba Zarcvis

am yalTabandur latareaSi. da, Tuki gawbilebulebi amboxs gabedaven,

maTive TanamoZme-meamboxeebi maT gauswordebian, rogorc amboxebulebsa

da buntis Tavebs. erTi periodi nadavlis mwiri wiliT nakveb da

raodenobrivad Zalze Semcirebulebs, maT virTxebiviT usaxelo

sikvdili elodebaT TavianT soroebsa da kuTxeebSi.

ar unda vendoT warumatebeli meamboxeebis da aqeT-iqeT

gafantuli qurdebis iZulebiT aRsarebas. Tavad mTavroba, romelic

valdebulia SeaCeros am mZarcvelTagan yvelaze ufro Tavxedi da

moxerxebuli nawili, faqtiurad maTi xelisSemwyobia. misi

aRWurviloba, xazina, yvelaferi rac mTavrobas ekuTvnis, faqtiurad

maT xelTaa. isini Tavad qmnian da manipulireben sasamarTloTi,

romelic valdebulia, upirveles yovlisa, Tavad maT dasaSinebladve

moqmedebdes. me meCveneba, rom araferi ar amZimebs ise Tqvens saSinao

mdgomareobas, rogorc samarTlis es gamouvali mdgomareoba. didi

dro rodi gavida mas Semdeg, rac Cven vixileT adamianebi, romlebic

Tqvenma mmarTvelebma wamoayenes umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifoebrivi

amocanebis gadasaWrelad. adamianebi, romelTac Seunelebeli

konfiskaciisa da ZarcvisaTvis mZime Sroma gaswies. adamianebi,

romelTa profesiaa _ gamoWedon mZarcvelebis, mkvlelebis,

moRalateebis da borotismqnelTa gamamarTlebeli argumentaciis

iaraRi dasacavad. eseni arian adamianebi, visi gonebac mimarTulia im

Teoriebze esoden kargad rom exameba maT praqtikas, isini vinc

yovelTvis dascinoda sakuTrebas da kanonebs, vinc yovelTvis

gamomwvevad eqceoda samarTalwarmoebis bazisur cnebebs. frangi eris,

ufro metic _ yvela eris patiosani warmomadgenelis SesaZrwuneblad

da gasakvirad, maT gasakviradac ki, vinc xedavs, Tu ra xdeba iq, Cven

aRmovaCenT am xalxs, Tqveni awgardacvlili samefos sataxto qalaqSi

TavianTi miznebis ufro srulyofilad aRsasruleblad

samarTlianobis wminda adgilze rom mokalaTebulan. Cven ukve kargad

gvesmis, rom amieridan Tqven gagJleten yvela normisa da wesis dacviT.

axla mSvidoba ki ara, maTi mtruli moqmedebebisaTvis mxolod meti

organizebulobis micemaa damkvidrebuli. maTi tirania Tavis saboloo

wertils samarTalwarmoebaSi poulobs im wesiT, rom mis fonze

152

saxrCobelad gamoyenebuli Ramis ganaTebis boZebi mxolod sanaxevrod

Tu aris Zrwolis momgvreli.

SegveZlo gvevarauda, rom ubralo wesierebis grZnobis karnaxiT

isini mosamarTleebad daginiSnavdnen im pirebs nacionaluri

asambleidan, romlebsac Cvevad ar hqondaT kanonisa da samarTlianobis

xelyofa. mosalodneli iyo, rom mosamarTleebad, visac Tqveni

sicocxle da qoneba abaria, im adamianebs daginiSnavdnen, vinc

neitraluria, an Tundac moCvenebiTad aris neitraluri.

kromveli, rodesac is cdilobda sakuTari xelisuflebis

dakanonebas da dapyrobil qveyanaSi wesrigis damyarebas, samarTlis

warmoeba ar miabara im xalxs, vinc misi xelmZRvanelobiT

monawileobda xelisuflebis xelSi CagdebaSi. piriqiT, is didi

mzrunvelobiT da sicxadiT eZebda mosamarTleebs TviT im partiis

wevrebs Soris, vinc yvelaze Seurigebeli iyo misi Canafiqrebis mimarT.

eZebda adamianebs, romlebic gamoirCeodnen Seuryeveli reputaciiT,

vinc ar dasvrila im periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZaladobiT,

monawileoba ar miuRia konfiskaciebsa da siwmindeebis SebRalvaSi.

swored am principebze dayrdnobiT SearCia man heili umaRles

mosamarTled, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ukanasknelma gadaWriT uari

sTqva samoqalaqo ficze da imaze rac ama Tu im firmiT aRiarebda

kromvelis xelisuflebis kanonierebas. am did iurists kromvelma

uTxra, rom ramdenadac igi mas ar aRiarebda kanonier mmarTvelad,

erTaderTi rasac misgan moiTxoven aris samarTlis, ris gareSe

adamianTa sazogadoebas arseboba ar SeuZlia, warmoeba mis amaRlebul

grZnobebTan da unaklo cxovrebis wesTan srul SesabamisobaSi da, rom

mas Txoven mxolod sazogadoebrivi wesrigis mxardaWeras da ara

kromvelis konkretuli mTavrobis mxardaWeras.

kromveli erTmaneTSi ar urevda dawesebulebebs, romlebic mas

gamoadgeboda xelisuflebis dapyrobaSi da Tavis qveyanaSi samarTlis

warmoebis sistemas. kromveli iyo adamiani, romelSiac

pativmoyvareobam srulad ver daTrguna, aramed mxolod moaduna misi

religiuri grZnobebi da miswrafeba imisken (ramdenadac es SeTavsebadi

iyo mis ganzraxvebTan), rom keTilSobili da patiosani adamianis

reputacia hqonoda. ...

153

bunebrivi iqneboda gvevarauda, rom samarTliani da aucilebeli

revoluciis Semdeg, Tqveni batonebi misabaZ magaliTad gaixdidnen maT

politikas, vinc xelmZRvanelobda aseTive revoluciebs. berneti

mogviTxrobs, rom araferma ar Seuwyo xeli ingliseli eris Serigebas

mefe uiliamis mTavrobasTan ise, rogorc mefis zrunvam episkoposebis

vakantur adgilebze moxvedriliyvnen gamorCeuli ganswavlulobis,

maxvilsityvaobis, keTilSobilebis mqone da upirveles yovlisa iseTi

adamianebi, vinc cnobilni iyvnen saxelmwifosTan momrigebeli

saqmianobiT. Tqven ki, vin daniSneT Tqven ganmwmendi revoluciis

procesSi eklesiis mmarTvelad? batoni mirabo _ kargi oratori, kargi

mwerali da kargi, Zalian kargi adamiani; magram damerwmuneT, rom Cven

aq yvela Zalze gakvirvebulni davrCiT, rodesac igi Tqveni eklesiis

saqmeebis umaRlesi mmarTvelis postze aRmovaCineT.

Tqveni asamblea safrangeTs mimarTavs manifestiT, romelSiac

misi wevrebi Seuracmyofeli ironiiT acxadeben, rom maT eklesia

pirvelyofil mdgomareobas daubrunes. es gancxadeba mxolod erTi

TvalsazrisiTaa marTebuli, radgan maT eklesia, marTlac, devniT

gamaTxovrebamde miiyvanes. risi imedi SeiZleba viqonioT amis Semdeg?

iqneb swored amis gamo _ axali molodinebis da eklesiis axali

mmarTvelis moRvaweobis talRaze _ dainiSnen episkoposebad adamianebi

(Tuki isini saerTod imsaxureben am saxels), romlebic aTeistebis

iaraRs ufro warmoadgendnen da ZaRlebs kvebavdnen bavSvebisaTvis

warTmeuli puriT? iqneb mflangvelebis, wvrilvaWrebis da moxetiale

ebraelebis mTeli am xrovis muclis amosayorad aSimSilebdnen

TavianTi qristianuli samwysos Raribebs? gana ar dainiSnen es xalxi

episkoposebad taZrebSi, sadac eklesiis morige valdebulia

xeluxleblad Seinaxos sakurTxeveli da ar gadasces ziarebis fiala

siwmindeebis SembRalvel xelebs _ ebraelebs, romlebic asignaciebze

(qaRaldis fulze), romelic gamagrebulia eklesiisaTvis warTmeuli

miwebiT, yiduloben isev eklesiebidan moparul vercxls?

me macnobes, rom episkoposebad dainiSnen swored am ebraeli

spekulantebis Svilebi _ adamianebi, romelTac ver davwamebT

qristianul crumorwmunoebas, xdebian otenis uwmindesi prelatis

TanamSromlebi. Cven viciT vin gandevna taZridan vaWrebi. da Cven viciT

154

isini, vinc es vaWrebi ukan daabruna. CvenTan londonSi cxovroben

ebraeli eris Rirseuli warmomadgenlebi da maT Cven davitovebT.

magram CvenTan am eris sul sxva saxis warmomadgenlebic arian -

qurdebi, moparulis Semsyidvelebi, yalbi fulis mWrelebi da yvela

isini Zalze bevrni arian saimisod, rom yvela CamovaxrCoT. maT

safrangeTisaTvis SemovinaxavT episkoposebis kaTedrebis Sesavsebad. es

xalxi daficebaSi gamowvrTnilia da uyoymanoT fics dadeben yvela

imis winaSe, rasac ki gamoigonebs Tqveni reformatorebis nayofieri

genia. ...

mesmis, rom safrangeTis mefe Tanabrad aris rogorc politikis,

aseve TanagrZnobis obieqti, rogorc Tavisi provinciebis Grand

Seignor-i. me ara mgonia, rom safrangeTis sruli ganadgureba (Tuki

aseTi ram SesaZlebelia saerTod) evropisaTvis da Tundac Cemi,

safrangeTTan metoqe, qveynisaTvis iyos sasargeblo. Sors mWvreteli

patriotebi romisaTvis sasargeblod ar miiCneven karTagenis srul

ganadgurebas. msgavsadve, berZnebs Soris swored is iyo yvelaze brZeni

da mamaci sparteli-dampyrobeli, visac saberZneTis saerTo interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, ar surda aTenis dangreviT calTvalad eqcia

saberZneTi. ...

me sulac ar vSiSob (Tqven msgavsad), rom safrangeTis mefeze da

samefoze Ria saubriT xels wavaSveleb maT mtrebs ganaxorcielon

moRalaturi gegmebi maT mimarT. ... me mxolod imis Cveneba mwads, rom

amgvari postis arseboba maTi respublikuri sistemis aRmasrulebel

xelisuflebaSi umaRleswilad absurdulia. Tumca, amis CvenebiT, me

araviTari aRmoCena ar gamikeTebia, yovel SemTxvevaSi maTTvis. maT

SeinarCunes mefis wodeba rogorc satyuara im frangebisaTvis, vinc

jer kidev pativiT epyroba mefis saxels. isini fxizlad adevneben

Tvalyurs amgvar ganwyobebs da, rogorc ki darwmundebian, rom msgavsi

ganwyobebi praqtikulad aRar asebobs, swrafad ipovnian sababs raTa

moispos saxeli imisa, vinc ukve xelT hyavT. ... mizezebi iSviaTad

WirdebaT tiranebs. sicrue _ usamarTlobis msaxuria, romelic

yovelTvis xelTa aqvT da vidre yalbi ganzraxvebis da sofisturi

dasabuTebebis "qaRaldis fuli" uzrunvelyofda maTi ganzraxvebis

aRsrulebas, maT azradac ki ar mosdiodaT, rom me isini uzrunvelmeyo

155

"naRdi monetiT". magram axla sababebi da sofizmebi warsuls Cabarda;

maT TavianTi saqme gaakeTes. uzurpacia metad aRar eZebs jerovan

sababs. is mTlianad Zalazea damyarebuli.

araferi iqedan, rac me vTqvi an rac SegiZliaT TqvaT Tqven, erTi

saaTiTac ki ar moaaxloebs maTi didi xnis ocnebis aRsrulebas.

sazeimo deklaraciebis, yalbi mimarTvebisa da mravalricxovani ficis

miuxedavad, romelic Tavadac dades da sxvac aiZules daedo, isini

moklaven mefes maSinve, rogorc ki gaqreba maTi gegmebisaTvis mefis

saxelis saWiroeba. SeiZleba ufro adre dedofalic moklan maSinve,

rogorc ki msgavs safrTxeze bunebrivi reaqcia daekargeba mis

moyvarul meuRles. amJamad ki sargebeli, romelsac isini naxuloben

dedoflis sicocxlis yoveldRiurad safrTxeSi CagdebiT, misi

sicocxlis SenarCunebis erTaderTi garantiaa.

isini cocxals toveben monarqs imisaTvis, rom veluri mxeciviT

bazris moedanze saCveneblad gamoiyvanon ise, TiTqos galiaSi baiazeTi

hyavdeT. maT gadawyvites xalxSi monarqiisadmi siZulvili aRagznon

imiT, rom TavianTi mefeebidan yvelaze ufro keTilSobili,

sayovelTao dacinvis obieqtad aqcies.

maTi Tavxedoba me ufro met sibinZured mimaCnia, vidre maTi

danaSaulebani. 5 da 6 oqtombris saSinelebani naklebad sazizRari iyo,

vidre 14 ivlisis dResaswauli.4 arsebobs garemoebani, rodesac

saukeTesos adamianebs Soris, sibnelesa da aurzaurSi, ureven yvelaze

uaresSi. qaosisa da areulobis dros maTi garCeva yovelTvis ioli

rodia. am ambebs albaT daiviwyebdnen, Tuki damnaSaveni amjobinebdnen

ar gaexsenebinaT is da Tavisi ukanono moqmedebebis mudmivi mogonebiT

Tavi ar SeemzadebinaT axali ukanonobisaTvis. adamianebis namdvili

xasiaTi swored Znelbedobis Semcirebis Jams, maSin vlindeba, rodesac

keTildReobisas guli ixsneba da msubuqdeba mxiarulebisa da

tkbobisaTvis. Tuki adamianebs raime sikeTe gaaCniaT, is swored aseT

Jams vlindeba. TviT mxecebi xdebian uxifaTo mas Semdeg, rac nadavls

miirTmeven. ...

4 parizis revoluciurad ganwyobilma brbom 1789 wlis 14 ivliss xelSi Caigdo bastiliis cixe da Caqola cixis mcvelebi, romelic ZiriTadad invalidebisagan Sedgeboda. igive 1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombris Rames parizeli mdabiorebi daiZrnen versalisaken da datyvevebuli mefe lui XVI da dedofali maria-antuaneta ZaliT daabrunes parizSi.

156

Tqveni mousvenari despotizmis moqmedebis wesSi arsebobs aSkara

niSnebi imisa, rom isini ar cdiloben ZiriTadi miznebis Secvlas. me

mxedvelobaSi maqvs mozardi Taobis aRzrdis zogadi sqema, principebi

da simpaTiebi, romlebic surT, rom STaunergon axalgazrdobas im

periodSi, rodesac isini yvelaze ufro amyolebi arian.

nacvlad imisa, rom axalgazrdobis gonebrivi wyoba Camoayalibon

im morCilebisa dazomierebis grZnobis mixedviT, romelic

axalgazrdobis graciozulobas da momxibvlelobas Seadgens da

zizRiT ganimsWvaleba yvelaferi imis mimarT rasac axasiaTebs

ampartavneba, TavSeukavebloba da TviTmotyueba, isini Segnebulad

axdenen msgavsi cudi Tvisebebis provocirebas da axalgazrdebis maTi

karnaxiT moqmedebas. amaSi gvarwmunebs im wignebis xasiaTi, romlebic

oficialuradaa rekomendirebuli. asTi rekomendaciiT, isini

ayalibeben epoqis suls.

saxelmwifo moxele, vinc pativs scems sityvis Tavisuflebas,

ormagad pasuxismgebelia imaze, Tu romeli mwerlebis publikaciis neba

SeiZleba gaices. Sesabamisad rekomendirebuli SeiZleba iyos is

literatura, romelic sazogadoebis mowonebas da mxardaWeras

iqoniebs. is Zalze frTxili unda iyos, rodesac saqme Seexeba

moraluri TvalsazrisiT orazrovan da bundovani sentenciebis

avtorebs. is unda ufrTxodes axalgazrdobis xelSi ar moxvdnen is

avtorebi, gadaWarbebiT rom afaseben sakuTari xasiaTis zogierT

Tviebebs, raTa moswavleebma mecnierebis mtkice safuZvlebis nacvlad

TavianTi profesoris ganwyobebi ar Seiswavlon. gansakuTrebiT

mosafrTxilebelia defeqturi gansjis avtorebis rekomendireba,

radgan ar arsebobs namdvili saTnoeba saRi gonebis gareSe, xolo

ugnureba ki yovelTvis naklovani da zianis momtania.

nacionaluri asamblea sruliad sapirispiro Tvalsazrisidan

gamodis. igi axalgazrdobas urCevs Seiswavlon moralis sferoSi

TavaSvebuli eqsperimentatorebi. kargadaa cnobili, rom deputatebs

Soris cxare kamaTia imis Taobaze, Tu romeli Camohgavs rusos.

simarTle iTqvas _ isini yvelani mas hgvanan. maT rusos sisxli

gadaisxes. mxolod mas Seiswavlian, mxolod masze msjeloben, mas

erTs eZRvneba is Tavisufali dro uweso Ramis deboSebs rom paraven.

157

ruso aris maTi wminda werili. misi sicocxle polikletes

kanonad miuCanT. mTlianobaSi aRebuli, is aris usrulyofilesi saxe

misabaZad. am adamianisa da mwerlis biustis Camosxmis uflebas _

rogorc sxva avtorebisa da saerTod frangebisaTvis misabaZi nimuSis _

erTmaneTs ecileba parizis yvela saamqro, romlebic saamisod ar

indoben arc TavianTi Raribebis qvababs da arc eklesiebis zarebs.am

avtors Tuki raime aqvs dawerili genialuri geometris sadari, maSin

misi moraluri Sexedulebebis da praqtikuli yofis ukiduresi

mankierebis gaTvaliswinebiT, safiqrebelia, rom misi biustis

Camomsxmelebi masSi mxolod geometrs afaseben. magram ruso _ an

moralistia, an araferi. amitom, viTarebebis mTeli erTianobis

gaTvaliswinebiT, Zalze Znelia SevcdeT mis ganzraxvebSi, rodesac

saqme exeba avtors vis Seswavlasac pirvel rigSi uweven rekomendacias.

maTi mTavari problemaa ipovnon im principebis Semcvleli,

romliTac aqamde imarTeboda adamianis neba da qcevebi. isini eZeben

adamianis sulSi iseTi Zalis midrekilebebs, romlebic gamodgebodnen

_ da gacilebiT ukeT, vidre Zveli morali _ maTi saxelmwifos

miznebisaTvis da, amasTan iqnebodnen gaumjobesebadni maTi

Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisa da maTi mtrebis Sesamusravad. swored

amitom maT SearCies TavisTavis moyvaruli, mexotbe, macduri da

TvalsaCino mankierebani ubralo valdebulebebis nacvlad. WeSmariti

qedis modreka _ qristianobis sayrdeni _ Cumi, magram Rrma da saimedo

safuZvelia yvela danarCeni saTnoebisa. magram is maT Tavidan

moiciles, rogorc yoveldRiur cxovrebisaTvis sruliad uvargisi da

garegnulad nakleb momxiblavi ram. maTi mizania SeaerTon yvela

bunebrivi da socialuri grZnoba usazRvro pativmoyvareobaSi.

es didi profesori da pativmoyvareobis filiosofosi namyofia

CvenTan, inglisSi. ramdenadac mqonda praqtikuli SesaZlebloba

yoveldRe masTan urToerTobisa, me iotis odena eWvic aRar damrCa

imis Taobaze, rom erTaderTi principi, romelic mis gulze

zemoqmedebda da ganagebda mis gansjas, pativmoyvareoba iyo. am

mankierebiT is TiTqmis gonebis dakargvamde iyo daavadebuli.

swored misma eqscentrulma pativmoyvareobis grZnobam ubiZga

nacionaluri krebis am SeSlil sokrates gamoeqveynebina misi SeSlili

158

cdomilebebis SeSlili aRsareba da ecada saxeli moepovebina imiT,

rom dRis sinaTleze gamoetana faruli da bilwi mankierebani,

romlebic, rogorc CvenTvis kargadaa cnobili, zogjer Tanaarseboben

mniSvnelovan talantebTan. mas ver Seucvnia pativmoyvareoba, visac ar

esmis, rom is yovlismomcveli da momspobi iseTi ramaa, rac adamians

zogjer aiZulebs isaubros Tavis gzasacdenilobasa da mankierebebze,

miT ufro Tu amgvari Txroba aucileblad miiqcevs yuradRebas, uares

SemTxvevaSi ki gasaRdeba gulwrfelobad da Riaobad. swored aseTma

pativmoyvareobam ukarnaxa rusos gamoeqveynebina sakuTari cxovrebis

aRwera iseTi saxiT, rom masSi sruliad ar Cans Tundac erTi saTnoeba,

Tundac erTi saTno qceva. es biografia sxva araferia, Tu ara

Semoqmedis mZvinvare da Tavxeduri gamowveva, romelsac igi mxolod

imdenad aRiarebs, ramdenedac Tavisi simamacis gamovlena surs. Tqvenma

asambleam, romelsac kargad esmis, Tu ramdenad ufro Zlier moqmedebs

adamianze konkretuli magaliTi, vidre abstrqtuli gaazrebani, es

adamiani SearCia modelad. ...

ruso sinaziT pasuxobs mxolod maT, visac saerTod ar icnobs

da Semdeg ise, rom erTi ZarRvic ki ar auTamaSdeba saxeze, Tavidan

icilebs misi sazizRari sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavlebis nayofs,

upatrono bavSvebis priutSi gzavnis sakuTar Svilebs. daTvic ki

efereba da zrdis Tavis Svils, Tumca, daTvi xom filosofosi ar

aris. pativmoyvareoba aq imaSi poulobs gamarTlebas, rom sruliad

amaxinjebs adamianuri grZnobebis Cveulebriv rigs. aTasobiT frangi

ixris qeds am sentimetaluri mwerlis winaSe, magram isin ar icnoben

erT moyvarul mamas maTi Temidan. pativmoyvareobis eTikis

maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT maT scades ganexorcielebinaT

safrangeTSi zogadad adamianis sruli moraluri saxecvlileba.

Tqvenma praqtikosma filosofosebma, vinc sistematikosia

detalebamde, sworad SearCia yvelafris pirvelwyaro. ramdenadac

urTierToba mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris Seadgens Cveulebrivi,

bunebrivi zneobis pirvelsafuZvels, maT Zegli daudges velur, mkacr,

gulmxec mamas, romelsac zogadi saxis amaRlebuli grZnobebi gaaCnia

_ uyvars adamianis modgma, magram amave dros axloblebis moZulea.

Tqveni batonebi uaryofen Cveulebriv adamianTSorisi urTierTobebis

159

valdebulebebs im motiviT, rom Turme isini ewinaaRmdegebian

Tavisuflebas, ar arian damyarebulni sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze

da rogorc adamianis uflebebTan SeuTavsebeli ram, ar atareben raime

valdebulebas. marTlac es urTierTobebi ar warmoadgenen Tavisufali

arCevanis Sedegs: arasdros _ Svilebis mxridan da ara yovelTvis _

mSoblebis mxridan.

adamianTSorisi urTierTobis Semdegi saxe, romelic rusos

Zeglebis daxmarebiT, aseve radikalur cvlilebas eqvemdebareba is

gaxlavT, romelic Tavisi wminda xasiaTiT mamaSvilur urTierTobebs

mosdevs. ... isini mouwodeben safrangeTis mzard Taobas simpaTiiT

ganimsWvalon iseTi cxovrebis wesis mimarT, romlebic

Tavgadasavlebisa da moulodneli warmatebebisagan Sedgeba. isini

cdiloben axalgazrdebi im maswavleblebis sasargeblod ganawyon,

vinc ojaxis wminda saZirkvlebs angrevs da ryvnis Tavis

aRsazrdelebs. isini aCveven xalxs, rom maTi qalwulebis mSoblebis

cxvirwin macduneblebs ara mxolod maTi ojaxebis mSvidi binadari

SeuZliaT iyvnen, aramed savsebiT gamosadegni arian maTi qmrebis

Rirsebis damcvelebad, romelsac literatorebma iseTi funqcia

daakisres, romlisaTvisac arc kanonia saWiro da arc sindisi.

ase iolad uswordebian isini ojaxur urTierTobebs mSoblebsa

da Svilebs Soris, colebsa da qmrebs Soris. amis Semdeg isini

gemovnebis SelanZRvas cdiloben igive mwerlis daxmarebiT, romelic

maT daexmara xalxis zneobis gaxrwnaSi. marTalia gemovnebasa da

eleganturobas moralur TvisebebSi meorexarisxovani adgili uWiravs,

mainc did rols TamaSobs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. moralur

gemovnebas ar SeuZlia gadaaqcios mankiereba saTnoebad. samagierod is

saTnoebas mimzidvelobas aniWebs, xolo mankierebas nakleb sazianos

xdis.

ruso, didi Zalis da cxoveli weris maneris mqone mwerali

absoluturad ugemovnoa nebismieri azriT. Tqveni batonebi, romlebic

moswavleebad miebarnen mas, Tvlian rom yovelgvari daxvewiloba

aristokratizmis gamovlinebaa. am saukunis miwuruls dauZlurda

Tqveni bunebrivi midrekilebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli momxibvleloba

160

da keTilSobileba. Tqveni batonebi rusos daxmarebiT mxolod imas

cdiloben, rom daangrion es aristokratuli crurwmenebi. ...

me absoluturad darwmunebuli var imaSi, ra saxis samarcxvino

borotebasTan miiyvana sazogadoeba rusos nawerebma. xSirad mikvirda,

rom misiT ufro metia aRfrTovanebuli da mas gacilebiT meti

mimdevari hyavs kontinentze, vidre CvenTan. SesaZloa es aixsnas enis

idumali xibliT. Cven, ra Tqma unda, SevigrZnobT am mwerlis cocxal

da aRmgzneb stils, Tumca amave dros misi Txzulebebi, kompoziciis

TvalsazrisiT, uxeSad, fragmentalurad da ugemovnod migvaCnia. yvela

misi personaJi erTnairadaa warmodgenili da ar eqvemdebareba Txrobis

nawilebis mimdinareobis dinamikas. Cven sulac ar varT rmelime mis

Txzulebaze uzomoT Seyvarebulni, Tumca TiToeulSi moiZebneba

dakvirvebebi, romlebic dro da dro avlenen adamianis bunebis

siRrmeebis naTel Wvretas.. magram misi moZRvreba imdenad Sors aris

realuri cxovrebidan da realuri manerebidan, rom aq aravis mosvlia

TavSi, maTgan aeRo sakanonmdeblo an qcevis wesebi, iseve rogorc

Tavisi Sexedulebebis gasamyareblad CvenSi aravin axdens misi

nawerebis citirebas. ...

gamovtydebi, me ufro nakleb maRelvebs Tavad mwerali, vidre

nacionaluri asamblea., romelic misi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT

sistematurad cdilobs moralis dangrevas. sasowarkveTilebamde

mivyavar imis Segnebas, rom sruliad uimedoa maTi mimdevrebis sulze

gonebis, Rirsebis an sindisis daxmarebiT zemoqmedebis mcdeloba.

Tqveni tiranebis grandiozul amocanas safrangeTis keTilSobili

wodebis ganadgureba warmoadgens. am mizniT isini yovelmxriv

cdiloben im urTierTobaTa mospobas, rac am wodebas Zalas an,

Tundac usafrTxoebas SesZenda. am wesrigis dasangrevad, maT

mankierebiT daasneules mTeli sazogadoeba. ...

Tqven msayvedurobT, rom Tqveni katastrofuli situaciis

aRwerisas, gankurnebis araviTar gegmebs ar gTavazobT. samwuxarod,

ser, gegmebis SeTavazeba viTarebebis gauTvaliswineblad, Tqveni

ubedurebebis mTavari mizezia. ...

gegmebi adamianebisaTvis unda Sedges. tyuili imedi gveqneba imisa,

rom Cven movaxerxebT adamianebisa da bunebis Cveni ganzraxvebisaTvis

161

morgebas. gverdidan macqerali yovelTvis Secdeba adamianebze

msjelobisas. uaxloesi ganxilvisas, isini yovelTvis sxva aRmoCndeba,

vidre Cven Soridan gvegona. icvleba perspeqtiva da maT imis

sapirispirod warmogvidgens, vidre isini Soridan gamoiyurebodnen.

Cveni msjelobebi, Sori manZilidan, romlebic ganusazRvrelia

adamianebTan dakavSirebiT, unda amodiodes uaresi daSvebebidan,

romlebic Semdgom RrublebiviT gaifanteba. ... Tavad aRiareba imisa,

rom mTavroba saWiroebs garkveuli saxis gardaqmnas, rac

Seamsubuqebda sayovelTao ukmayofilebas, pirdapir migviyvans

mTavrobis reputaciis sanaxevrod dakargvamde, radgan mTavrobis Zala

mis reputaciaSi mdgomareobs. swored amitom, pirvel rigSi,

aucilebeli iyo Tavad mTavrobis usafrTxoebaze zrunva, romelmac

Tavadve aRiara iseTi operaciis aucilebloba, rogoricaa sayovelTao

reforma. ...

me mTlianad viziareb im princips, rom saxelmwifos

reformirebisas, xelT arsebuli masalidan unda gamovideT. amitom,

mimaCnia, rom calke saxiT warmodgenili sasuliero wodeba is

instituti

iyo, romelsac gacilebiT ufro mWidro kavSiri hqonda yvela sxva

wodebebTan; is savsebiT vargisi iyo maT gasaerTianeblad, rac

damaxasiaTebelia yvela gonivrulad mowyobili monarqiuli

saxelmwifosaTvis. me xSirad vaxsenebT Tqvens pirvel konstitucias,

radgan mimaCnia, rom igi marTlac gonivrulia da amis gancxadebisas,

sulac ar vcdilob raime gamonagoniT gagarToT. inteleqtis

arazomiereba Cveni drois avadmyofoba da danarCeni avadmyofobebis

wyaroa. yovelmxriv vcdilob Tavi davaRwio mas. Tqveni arqiteqtorebi

fundamentis gareSe aSeneben. me mzad var xeli SevaSvelo zednaSens,

rogorc ki amgvari ram aRimarTeba _ magram, upirveles yovlisa,

getyodiT: Tavadve uSveleT sakuTar Tavs.

162

robert nisbeti

konservatizmi: ocneba da realoba

konservatizmi erT-erTia bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi

dasavleTSi sam yvelaze gavrcelebul ideologias Soris. danarCeni

ori, konservatizmis garda, aris liberalizmi da socializmi. me vici,

rom zogierTi avtori Tavs aridebs sityva “ideologiis” gamoyenebas

konservatizmis aRsaniSnavad, ZiriTadad im mosazrebiT, rom am

filosofias, misi bunebidan gamomdinare, aklia aqtivizmi da

midrekileba reformebisaken, rac savaraudod namdvili

ideologiisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

magram es aris sityva “ideologiis” viwro da mcire mniSvneloba.

gverdiT rom gadavdoT am sityvis istoriuli mniSvnelobebi,

saxeldobr isini, romlebic eyrdnobian damamcirebeli daxasiaTebebis

mTel klass napoleonis epoqaSi rom gavrcelda da agreTve marqsis

mier terminis garkveuli socialuri klasis koleqtiuri cnobierebis

aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebas, “ideologiis” mniSvneloba Cvens saukuneSi

savsebiT naTeli da, amasTanave, sasargebloa. mokled, rom avRniSnoT,

ideologia aris moraluri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli

ideebis koherentuli sistema, romelsac gaaCnia soliduri da kargad

cnobili mimarTeba politikasTan da politikur ZalasTan. ufro

konkretulad, am Zalis amocana aRniSnuli ideebis ganxorcielebis

uzrunvelyofaSi mdgomareobs. ideologia, gardamavali Sexedulebebis

sapirispirod, cocxlobs drois angariSgasawevi periodis

ganmavlobaSi, hyavs damcvelebi da adamianebi, romlebic xsnian da

ganmartaven mas, gaaCnia institucionalizaciis mniSvnelovani

elementebi. rogorc konservatul, aseve liberalur da socialistur

ideologiebs hyavda iseTi qarizmatuli liderebi istoriaSi,

rogorebic iyvnen berki, dizraeli, CerCili da sxv.

yoveli ideologia cdilobs asociaciebis praqtikul

politikisaTan dakavSirebas _ politikosebis, politikuri partiebis,

163

manifestebis da kanonebis sferosTan _ iseve, rogorc wignebTan,

statiebTan da leqciebTan dakavSirebas. erTi SexedviT, Cven pirveli

sferosaken ufro unda miviwevdeT vidre meore sferosaken; unda

vamjobinebdeT kampaniebis, arCevnebis, xelisuflebis mqone

mTavrobebisa da oficialuri moxsenebebisaken svlas. magram amgvari

ram SecdomaSi Semyvani da arasandoc ki aris. Cveulebriv arsebobs

mimarTeba praqtikul politikasa da ideologias Soris, magram am

mimarTebas simyare aklia, arafri aqcevs yvelaze kargi disciplinis

mqone partias da mis liders romelime ideologiis mudmiv

mxardamWerad. usafrTxoebis mosazrebebi, SemTxveviTi movlenebi,

taqtikuri gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba da sinamdvileSi iwveven kidec

doqtrinaluri xasiaTis gadaxvevas. ramdenadac amgvar SemTxvevebSi

xSiri gameoradoba normaluria rogorc individis, aseve partiisaTvis,

is ar iwvevs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas. bolos da bolos, arsebobs

politikuri partiis erTi mTavari amocana _ gamarjveba. igive iTqmis

individualuri politikosis mimarTac.

mxolod didi politikosebis gadawyvetilebebidan da

moqmedebebidan ideologiis gamoyvanis mcdeloba umeteswilad

SecdomaSi Semyvania. ara imitom, rom ideologiebi ucvleli da

SeuRwevelia maTze adamianebis da movlenebis zegavlenisagan. magram,

meore mxriv, arc erTi politikosi ar cxovrobs mxolod ideologiiT;

yovelive erTdroulad ufro didia da mcirec, vidre ideologiaSia

warmodgenili. anTeosis msgavsad, politikosi ideologiasTan

garkveuli sababis safuZvelze unda mivides, Tumca arc gadaWarbebuli

Sefaseba varga xelisufebis mopovebis ltolvisa, opoziciis liderad

gaxdomis survilisa an, dro da dro wamoWrili SurisZiebis impulsisa.

linkolnis mier emansipaciis gamocxadeba, bismarkis mier

umuSevarTaTvis dazRvevis daweseba, dizraeilis mier 1870 wlis kanonis

reforma, CerCilis liberalebTan daaxloeba 1900 wels da misive

kanoni aristokratiis winaaRmdeg, sasmelis gadaWarbebuli miReba an,

bolos de golis mier misive alJiruli politikis radikaluri

cvlileba, yvela es Tamami nabiji damaxasiaTebelia xangrZlivi

sicocxlis mqone konservatizmisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, imis

mcdeloba, rom TiToeuli es politikuri nabiji dayvanili iyos

164

gabatonebul konservatiul ideologiaze, absurdulia. es iqneboda

aSkara ver danaxva yoveli didi politikosis mier kargad dawerili

piesisa, politikosisa, visTvisac ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvs mis

sakuTar survilebs, an qveynis imperativebs.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, dizraeli ambobs:

"WeSmariteba, jentlmenebo is gaxlavT, rom saxelmwifo

moRvawe

misi epoqis mier aris Semnili, is garemoebaTa Svilia,

misi

drois qmnilebaa. saxelmwifo moRvawis xasiaTi

arsebiTad praq-

tikulia. da rodesac mas sTavazoben daikavos posti, is

rodi

iZiebs sxvadasxva Sexedulebebs ama Tu im konkretul

sakiTxze;

misTvis mniSvnelovania mxolod saWiro da mosaxmari da

yvelaze

Sesrulebadi ram, is rac ganxorcielebadia."

CerCili werda, rom WeSmariti patriotizmi zogjer moiTxovs

imis sapirispiros keTebas garkveuli drois manZilze, rasac

Cveulebriv ar gavakeTebdiT. ar unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan arc

pirovnebis WeSmariti mamoZravebeli Zala, rogorc ityvian, egoizmi.

yovelTvis amarTlebs is, rac biverbrukma Tqva loid jorjze: "mas

sulac ar aRelvebs xolme, Tu romeli mimarTulebiT midis mas Semdeg

rac mmarTveloba igdebs xelT". robespieri "koloniebis kvdomas

amjobinebda principebis Ralats". magram, arc erT WeSmarit politikur

liders, arc kromvels, linkolns, de gols an sxvas arasodes uTqvams

aseTi sisulele.

maS sadamde mivdivarT ideologiis arsis Ziebisas. ocdaaTi wlis

win T.s. eliotma Tavis leqciaSi literaturisa da politikis Sesaxeb,

warmogvidgina, rogorc me meCveneba, sakmarisi pasuxi rogorc

konservatizmis, aseve nebismieri sxva ideologiis bunebis gasagebad.

elioti ambobda, rom praqtikuli politikis bunebis gasagebad unda

gadavinacvloT resursebis gansxvavebuli fenisaken, fenisaken,

romelsac elioti, misi megobris, v.a.demantis kvalad "pre-politikurs

uwodebda". es, eliotis mixedviT aris fena, sadamdec fesvi unda iyos

165

gadgmuli da saidanac unda ikvebebodes yovelgvari politikuri

azrovneba. es aris fena, romelic Seiqmna xangrZlivi periodis

ganmavlobaSi sxva da sxva adamianis, socialuri kritikosis,

politikis filosofosis, eseistis da Tavad uaRresad praqtikosi

politikosebis mier. is, rac yvela maTgans saerTo aqvs, aris

politikuri amocanebis farTo speqtri, romlis sxvadasxva saxeobebi

dasavleTSi yvelaze ukeT warmodgenilia konservatizmis,

liberalizmis da socializmis mier. elioti gvarwmunebda, rom

arsebobs "tipebis gradacia azrebsa da moqmedebebs Soris". erT

ukidures mxares aris politikuris gonebrivi ganWvreta, meore mxares

politikis rigiTi mebrZolebi; "pre-politikuri" am or ukidures

mxares Soris Zevs.

Cemi kvlevis sagani am wignSi "pre-politikuria", Tumca amiT

absoluturad rodia uaryofili politikuri. me Sevexebi politikuri

azrovnebis umetes nawils edmund berkidan dawyebuli, iseTi

Tanamedrove avtorebiT dasrulebuli, rogoricaa rasel kirki, maikl

oukSoti da bertran de Juvenli. es, ra Tqma unda, aris politikuri

azrovnebis sxvadasxva warmomadgenelTa saerTo ideebi da

Rirebulebebi, wesebi da dogmebi romlebic umeteswilad am tipis

wignebSia Tavmoyrili da ara imdenad pirovnebebi da maTi xasiaTebis

garemomcveli garemoebebi. es wigni ar aris Sroma konservatizmis

istoriaSi, aramed ufro ideologiis anatomia an, rogorc me vuwode

me-2 TavSi, dogmatika. Cemi miznebisaTvis mniSvnelovania gamokveTili

perspeqtivebi, arsobrivi dakvirvebebi, propoziciebi da konservatuli

azrovnebis inteleqtualuri WeSmaritebebi, romlebic dasavleTSi

arsebobs bolo 200 welia.

me miznad davisaxe konservatizmis im elementebis naTelyofa,

romlebic ara mxolod mniSvnelovania, aramed yvelaze ufro

gamorCeulic im fonze, romelsac sxva ideologiebi ayalibeben.

SeiZleboda konservatizmisaTvis "Tavisuflebis politika" an

"politikuri Rirsebis Zieba" gvewodebina, rogorc bolo dros

gavrcelebuli daxasiaTebebi gveubnebian, Tumca isini me

aradamakmayofilebeli mgonia, radgan msgavs daxasiaTebebze SeiZleba

aranaklebi pretenzia hqondeT liberalizmsa da socializms. swored

166

amitom me Sevexebi Temebs, romlebic konservatizms, jer erTi

sxvebisagan gamoarCevs da meore, isini arseboben bolo 200 wlis

ganmavlobaSi. (...)

konservatizmis wyaroebi

daaxloebiT 1830 wlamde konservatizms ingliselebis

politikuri leqsikoni saerTod ar icnobda. Tumca misi filosofiuri

mxare ukve Seqmnili hqonda 1790 wels edmund berks mis “gaazrebebSi

safrangeTis revoluciis Sesaxeb”. azrovnebis istoriaSi iSviaTad

yofila ideebis mTeli korpusi esoden damokidebuli erT kacsa da

erT movlenaze ise, rogorc Tanamedrove konservatizmia damokidebuli

edmund berkze da mis cecxlovan reaqciaze safrangeTis revoluciis

mimarT. mniSvnelovanwilad konservatizmis centraluri Tematika bolo

ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi mxolod damatebas warmoadgens im Temebze,

rac gamokveTa edmund berkma safrangeTis reviluciaze specifikur

komentarebSi.

is Tavad naTlad acnobierebda, rom safrangeTis revolucia

evropuli revoluciebis fskers warmoadgenda, magram amis WeSmariti

warmoCineba detaluri argumentaciisaTvis elodeboda iseTi mgznebare

tradicionalistis kalams, rogoric iyo bonaldi, de mestri da

tokvili. berkisa da maT nawerebSi Cven vxvdebiT istoriis filosofiis

monaxazs, romelic diametralurad upirispideboda vigebs an

progresul filosofias da, amasTanave, feodalizmis da istoriulad

Camoyalibebuli iseTi struqturebis mniSvnelobis araorazrovan

gamarTlebas, rogoricaa patriarqaluri ojaxi, Temi, eklesia, gildia

da kuTxe, romlebic maindividualizirebeli da centralizebadi

bunebiTi samarTlis filosofiis zegavlenis wyalobiT saerTod gaqra

meCvidmete- meTvramete saukuneebis politikuri azrovnebidan. hobsis,

lokis da rusos nawerebSi tradiciuli sazogadoeba da misi

istoriulad Camoyalibebuli jgufebi da tradiciebi saukeTeso

SemTxvevaSi Zlivs da isic yovelTvis mtrulad iyo SemCneuli.

167

centralur sakiTxad ganixileboda individi; SedarebiT naklebad

institutebi.

berkma, yvela sxvisagan gansxvavebiT ganze mdgarma moazrovnem,

Secvala mTeli es individualisturi perspeqtiva. misma "gaazrebebma"

erTdroulad rogorc revoluciis, aseve revolucionerebisaTvis

gzisgamkvalavi bunebiTi samarTlis Teoretikosebis uaryofiT, iTamaSa

gadamwyveti roli meTvramete saukunidan mecxramete saukuneze

gardamavali evropis xedvis velis SemobrunebaSi. niSandoblivia, rom

"gaazrebebis" gamoqveynebis Semdeg mTeli Taobebi muSaobdnen

"ganmartebebze", romelTa birTvs sxva araferi warmoadgenda, Tu ara

anti-ganmanaTlebloba. iseTi avtorebi, rogoricaa bonaldi, de mestri

da Satobriani safrangeTSi, kolriji da souti inglisSi, haleri,

savini da hegeli germanul azrovnebaSi, donoso i kortesi da balmesi

espaneTidan aqtiurad ganixilavdnen Sesabamis problemebs mTel

dasavleTSi. evropis msgavsad amerikaSi sakuTari gafrTxilebani da

winadadebebi gamoTqves jon adamsma, aleqsandre hamiltonma da

rendolfma. yvela es evropeli da amerikeli avtori erTxmad

aRiarebda da winaswarmetyvelad saxavda edmund berks.

imisaTvis rom srulyofilad gaviazroT is zegavlena, romelic

uSualod iqonia evropul gonebaze berkis "gaazrebebma", frTxili

SeniSvna unda gavakeToT tradicionalizmis, rogorc principis

mamoZravebeli ZarRvis Sesaxeb iseve, rogorc im emociebis Taobaze,

romlebic izrdebodnen evropaSi mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi. Tu

gavagrZelebT Cvevad qceuli upiratesobis miniWebas volteris,

didros, holbaxis ufro metad ganTqmuli ganmanaTlebluri

mentalitetis mimarT, gagviWirdeba SevamCnioT uaRresad racionaluri

da individualisturi ganmanaTleblobis sawinaaRmdego Zalebi. Tumca,

aq yvelaferi igivea, anu aris produqti erTsa da imave dros eklesiisa

da filosofosebis da Teologebis jer kidev angariSgasawevi

raodenobisa, romlebic nacvlad bunebiTi religiisa da eTikisa,

romelic, Tavis mxriv warmoiSva meCvidmete saukunis bunebiTi

samarTlis momxre moZraobisagan, orTodoqsias uWerdnen mxars. isini

ufro metni iyvnen, vidre filosofiebi, romlebic bunebiTi uflebebis

ganmanaTleblobas qadagebdnen. iyvnen amave dros Zalze bevri

168

universitetis swavluli filosofosebi da istorikosebi - ra Tqma

unda yvelani religiurad orientirebulni - romlebic mxars uWerdnen

tradicias, romelmac ukve myarad moikida evropaSi fexi.

elesias unda davumatoT istoriuli qalaqebi da gildiebi,

romlebic iseve intensiurad izrdebodnen mTels evropaSi, rogorc

kosmopolituri ganmanaTlebloba, magram romelTac hqondaT sakuTari

istoriebi, tradiciebi, wmindanebi, gmirebi, mTavrobebi da xelosnoba.

arsebobdnen poetebi, kompozitorebi, msaxiobebi, mxatvrebi, xelosnebi,

mkvlevarebi da JamTaRmwerlebi, romelTa interesi ZiriTadad TavianTi

Temis irgvliv trialebda nacvlad imisa, rom evropis dedaqalaqebi

SemoevloT bedisa da saxelis saZieblad. adgilobrivi dialeqtebis,

xalxuri literaturis, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ignorirebuli

xelovnebis nimuSebis, Soreuli warsulis samxedro gmirebis kvleva-

Zieba da yovelive amis urTierTSedareba srulad gaiSala meTvramet

saukunis germaniaSi. Sua saukuneebiT aRfrTovaneba, riTac esoden

bevri iyo daavadebuli inglissa da safrangeTSi mecxramete saukuneSi,

meTvramete saukuneSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo germaniasa da

aRmosavleT evropaSi. germaniaSi ar arsebobda arc erTi qalaqi,

romelic parizis da londonis msgavsad Tavis inteleqtualur Zalas

da gavlenas gaavrcelebda mTel erze. tradicionalizmi sruliad

gadaulaxavi iyo lokalizmiT savse sulisaTvis, riTac gaJRenTili

iyo germania da rac arc inglissa da safrangeTis bevr regionSi iyo

ignorirebuli.

safrangeTis revoluciamde didi xniT adre, berki Tavis "wliur

registrSi" _ wignebis mimoxilvaSi, romelsac is Tavad werda _ da

sxvadasxva werilebSi, is naTlad amJRavnebda gaRizianebas franguli

ganmanaTleblobis tipiuri racionaluri gonebiT ara nakleb, vidre

rusoTi, vis talantsac berki aRiarebda, magram sruliad miuReblad

sTvlida mis moralur da politikur Sexedulebebs. berks ar uyvarda

londonis, farizis iseve, rogorc sxva qalaqebis, niu-iorkis da

bostonis CaTvliT, quCis mentaliteti. samagierod, inglisSi Tavisi

karieris dasawyisSi is mxars uWerda, rogorc Tavad uwodebda, "did

tradicias" britaneTis politikur istoriaSi.

169

amrigad, rogorc Tavad berkSi, seve inglissa da dasavleT

evropaSi arsebobda saWiro foni im saxis filosofiisaTvis, rogoric

berkma warmoadgina "gaazrebebSi". Zalze cota, Tuki saerTod vinme

Seedreba berks im sityvis damajereblobaSi, romliTac is utevda

iakobinelebs da maT kanonSemoqmedebas safrangeTSi, magram 1789

wlisaTvis evropelebis soliduri raodenobis gonebisaTvis Tanmdevi

arsebiTi konservatizmi Rrmad iyo Secvlili revoluciis mier.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sityvebi "konservatuli" da "konservatizmi"

dasavleTSi aravis gamouyenebia politikaSi 1830 wlamde, Tavad

movlenebis msvlelobam didi xniT gauswro sityvebs. (...)

berks Zviri daujda mTel evropaSi tradicionalistebisadmi

antirevoluciuri mowodebebi. mas aTasgvari brali dasdes rogorc

sazRvargareT, aseve Sin, misi im principebis SezRudvel RalatSi,

romlebic gamovlinda safrangeTis revoluciis mimarT misi poziciis

gamomuSavebisas. rogor moxda, gamudmebiT ekiTxebodnen mas, rom igi

mxars uWerda kolonistebs da sxva tiranebs mTels msoflioSi da

axla gadainacvla safrangeTisaken, romelic monarqiuli

despotizmisagan gaTavisuflebas cdilobs? vigebma inglisSi, Zveli

megobris, Carlz foqsis CaTvliT, revoluciisadmi misi

damokidebulebis gamo kavSiri gawyvites masTan. Tumca, aq adgili araa

am sakiTxebis detaluri angariSis warmosadgenad; unda mokled

SavajamoT berkis precendenti. safrangeTSi is icavda igive bazisur

principebs, ramac aqtualuri gaxada mis mier amerikelebis, indielebis

da irlandielebis daecva britaneTis mTavrobis “sakamaTo

xelisuflebis” sawinaaRmdegod. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, is icavda

adgilobriv, xalxis istoriul tradicias ucxo Zalis Semotevisagan.

SeuZlebelia racionaluri msjeloba amerikelebis Tavisuflebis

Sesaxeb _ bolos da bolos, isini warmoSobiT sazRvargareT myofi

ingliselebi iyvnen, romlebic igive wesebiT da konvenciebiT

cxovrobdnen, riTac britaneTi imarTeboda _ amerikelTa

SesaZleblobebis bunebrivi ganviTarebis sakmarisi avtonomiisaTvis

wanamZRvrebis gareSe. igive marTebulia irlandiis da indoeTis mimarT,

rodesac TiToeul SemTxvevaS Tavs esxmian adgilobriv mcxovrebTa

morals.

170

safrangeTSi tradiciul xelisuflebaze da moralze Tavdasxma

frangebis patara jgufebis, iakobinelebis mier xorcieldeboda, Tumca,

rogorc berki amtkicebda, saqmis arsebiTi mxareebi sruliad

ganusxvavebuli iyo mis mier amerikeli kolonistebis dacvisagan.

Sedegi iyo Tavisufleba maSin da igivea axlac; Tavisuflebaze

ZaladobisaTvis mniSvneloba ar hqonda imas, rom umciresobis

mmarTvelebs franguli sisxli hqondaT. berkis mixedviT iakobinelebi

safrangeTis istoriis mimarT iseTive agresorebi iyvnen, rogoric iyo

indoelTa kulturis mimarT vest indoeTis kompania. iakobinelTa qveS

myofi safrangeTi Zalze Camohgavda dapyrobil qveyanas. ufro metic,

dampyroblebiviT qcevisas, iakobinelebi iseve iyenebdnen Zalas,

rogorc amas izavda SemoWrili armia.

berkis TvalSi iakobinelebis saqmianoba srutis miRma imis

sapirispirod gamoiyureboda, rac amerikelma kolonistebma

ganaxorcieles. es ufro iyo gaTanabreba Tanasworobis saxeliT,

nihilizmi Tanasworobis saxeliT; Zalauflebis, absoluturi da

totaluri Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba xalxis saxeliT. amerikuli

revolucia ganixilavda Tavisuflebas namdvili,cocxali adamianebis,

maTi Cvevebis da Cveulebebisadmi mimarTul raimed. amisagan

gansxvavebiT, franguli revolucia gacilebiT naklebad interesdeboda

namdviliTa da sicocxlisunarianiT _ glexebiT, burJuaziiT,

samRvdeloebiT, keTilSobili wodebiT da a. S. _ vidre im adamianebiT,

romlebic revoluciis liderebis meoxebiT Camoyalibdnen ganaTlebis,

Segonebebis da roca saWiro iyo, ZaliTa da teroriT. reformaciis

Semdeg, fiqrobda berki, amboxebas RmerTis saxeliT evropaSi, aqamde ar

mouwyvia iseTi revolucia, romelic adamians da mis sulierebas

imgvarad koncentrirebuli saxiT daimonebda, rogorc es safrangeTis

revoluciam moaxerxa. msgavsad anabaptistebisa, visac surda

daedanaSaulebina yvela, vinc ki Caereoda maT mier axali qristiani

adamianis SeqmnaSi, aseve surdaT iakobinelebs daengriaT yvela

instituti, romelic ki Caereoda axali revoluciuri adamianis

SeqmnaSi. swored amitom SeniSnavda berki, rom “yovelive amis

gaTvaliswinebiT, safrangeTis revilucia aris yvelaze gasaocari ram,

rac ki aqamde momxdara msoflioSi”. ...

171

exmaureba ra berks, tokvili wers, rom werilobiTi istoriis

manZilze, Cven ver vxvdebiT moxseniebas raime politikuri istoriisa,

romelic am formiT muSaobdes, anu muSaobdes fraguli revoluciis

formiT. warsulis religiur afeTqebas tokvilic franguli

revoluciis uaxloes winamorbedad ganixilavda. amasTan is aRniSnavda

politikuri inteleqtualebis aqtiur rols revoluciaSi _ amerikul

revoluciasTan TvalsaCino kontrastSi. maT berki “mwerlebs”

uwodebda. tokvilic analogiur frazas iyenebs. “arasdros aqamde,

ambobs tokvili berkis sityvebis Zalze ironiuli gamoyenebiT, (frangi

xalxis ) politikuri ganaTleba ar yofila esoden damokidebuli

“mwerlebze”.

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani TvalsazrisiT iyo tokvili berkis

memkvidre; es aris safrangeTis revoluciis trans-galiuri,

zogadevropuli mniSvnelobis aRiareba. berki werda “gaazrebebSi”:

evropis bevr nawilSi areulobaa. sxva adgilebSi ki jer-jerobiT

mxolod xmebi dadis. igrZnoba mosalodneli areuloba, rac imuqreba

didi miwisZvrebiT politikur samyaroSi”. tokvilma gansakuTrebiT

aRniSna mis “Zvel reJimsa da frangul revoluciaSi” , rom es unda

yofiliyo pirveli naSromi tomebis mTeli seriidan saxelwodebiT

“evropuli revoluciebi”. (...)

berkma ruso revoluciis mTavar avtorad gamoacxada. tokvilma,

ufro TavSekavebulad, braldeba moxsna rusos imiT, rom

revoluciisaTvis pasuxismgebloba “mwerlebs” daakisra, vinc

revoluciamde aTiode wliT adre xalxs STaagones Tavisuflebis,

Tanasworobis da absoluturi samarTlianobis gaumarTlebeli

fantaziebi. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom tokvili ver acnobierebda rusos

mniSvnelobas. sxva vin, Tu ara ruso, amtkicebda xalxisaTvis aseTi

grZnobiTa da mWermetyvelebiT, rom maT yofaSi RvTaebrivi xeli

urevia, rakiRa maTi borkilebi daimsxvra, amtkicebda yvela

istoriulad Camoyalibebuli institutebis usamarTlobas da

“kanonmdeblis” absolutur saWiroebas, vinc xalxis saxeliT, ufro

siRrmiseulad da Zlierad SeanjRrevda adamianebis cnobierebas. berki

am SemTxvevaSi ufro uxeSi iyo: “me kargad mesmis, rom rusos Sromebs

pirdapir mivyavarT am saxis samarcxvino borotebisaken”. rac CvenTvis

172

cnobilia gaxlavT is faqti, rom iakobinelebi robespieri da sen-

Jiusti, revoluciis mwvervalze yofnis periodSi, agznebiTa da

gamudmebiT kiTxulobdnen rusos. maTi ltolva gaiziares, rogorc

Tanamedroveebi gvarwmuneben, frangi moqalaqeebis angariSgasawevma

raodenobam, romlebsac xSirad dainaxavdiT quCebis gzajvaredinebze

xmamaRla rom kiTxulobdnen da kamaTobdnen rusos “socialuri

kontraqtis” calkeul pasaJebze, romelsac dRemde rusos Sromebs

Soris yvelaze nakleb kiTxuloben.

ruso wyevlida tradiciul jgufebs _ gildiebs, monastrebs da

yvela sxva saxis korporaciebs imisaTvis, rom miRweuli yofiliyo

wminda saerTo neba da individis piradi avtonomia. yvela isini unda

momspariyo an daqvemdebareboda ers. aristokratias, ra Tqma unda,

gadaSenebas uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen. Tumca, es mxolod dasawyisi iyo.

1791 wels yvela gildia gauqmda _ mizani, TavSesaqcevia misi gaxseneba,

maSindeli safrangeTis “RvTaebrivi uflebis mqone”, “absoluturi”

monarqiisagan Tavis daRweva iyo. “qveynis SigniT aRar arsebobs raime

korporacia _ acxadebda le Sapelies kanoni _ aramed mxolod

calkeuli individebis interesebi da saerTo interesi”.

revoluciis zegavlenas ver gascda verc patriarqaluri ojaxi.

filosofosebis saerTo rwmeniT, tradiciuli sanaTesao struqturebi

“mimarTuli iyo bunebis winaaRmdeg da upirispirdeboda gonebas”. am

Tvalsazriss aSkarad iziarebda bevri iakobineli mmarTveli. 1792 wels

qorwinebam samoqalaqo kontraqtis saxe SeiZina da gacilebiT gaiolda

ganqorwineba (1794 wels ganqorwinebebis raodenobam gacilebiT

gadaaWarba qorwinebaTa raodenobas). pirdapiri SezRudvebi dauweses

mamis avtoritets, maT Soris, xazgasasmelia yovelgvari avtoritetis

dakargva, rogorc ki vaJiSvilebi miaRwevdnen srulyofil asaks.

pirveli vaJis tradicili uflebebi, aqedan gamomodinare SedegebiT,

maT Soris sakuTrebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli wesebiT iseve, rogorc

zogadad ojaxiT, samudamod mieca daviwyebas.

Tavis mxriv, sakuTrebasac specialuri kanonmdebloba Seexo.

ZiriTadi damTrgunveli mizani iyo yovelgvari kavSiris morRveva

sakuTrebaze pretenziasa da iseT korporaciul organizaciebs Soris,

rogoricaa ojaxi, eklesia, gildia da monasteri, romlebic xangrZlivi

173

drois ganmavlobaSi sakuTrebis esoden didi wilis mflobelebi iyvnen

safrangeTSi iseve, rogorc mTel evropaSi. swored am mizniT

ganxorcielda SesaZleblobis farglebSi sakuTrebaze uflebis

individualizacia, rac ufro farTo miznis, mTeli sazogadoebis

individuaciis erTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo. ufro metic,

aristokratiis parazituli cxovrebis wesis morRvevis misiam

aucileblobiT moiTxova maT xelT arsebuli uZravi qonebis miTviseba

an atomizacia. gasaqani mieca sakuTrebis gacilebiT ufro moZrav,

dinamiur da fulis Semomtan formebs, rogorc revoluciis erT-erT

produqts, ramac aamaRla mTeli axali klasis ekonomikuri Zala.

Znelad Tu ipovnis adamiani konservatiuli tradiciisaTvis ufro

miuRebel sakiTxs, vidre revoluciis damokidebulebaa sakuTrebisadmi.

aq adgili ar aris im zegavlenis detaluri angariSisaTvis,

romelic revoluciurma mTavrobam iqonia tradiciul frangul

sazogadoebaze. zogadad, nacionaluri asambleis, nacionaluri

konventis da sazogadoebrivi xsnis komitetis mTeli Zalisxmeva

mimarTuli iyo iqeT, rom erTsa da imave dros, ganexorcielebinaT

sazogadoebis individualizacia da yvelafris racionalizacia

dawyebuli wvrili fulis moWridan, sasworebidan da sakuTrebis

zomebidan, dasrulebuli ganaTlebiT, religiiT da marTvis sxvadasxva

saSualebebiT. religia mainc xelisuflebis gansakuTrebuli

yuradRebis qveS aRmoCnda. sxvadasxva dros mTavrobam gaauqma yvela

samonastro da sxva religiuri wesebi, moaxdina eklesiis

nacionalizacia, saxelmwifo xelfasi dauwesa samRvdeloebas imis da

mixedviT, iZleoda Tu ara is revoluciisadmi loialobis fics da,

bolos, 1793 wels miiRo safrangeTis sruli deqristianizaciis

sulisSemZvreli gegma, raTa RvTismosavurad SeevsoT vakuumi gonebisa

da Rirsebisadmi miZRvnili sxva religiebiT. axali religiebisa da

adamianis gonebis moTxovnilebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, detalurad

damuSavda ritualebi, liturgia, romelic iTvaliswinebda axali

religiis moTxovnilebebs iseve, rogorc SemoRebuli iqna axali

kalendari aseve Rrma gonebrivi transformaciis aRsaniSnavad. drois,

warsulis da misi saxeebis kontroli Zalze mniSvnelovania, rogorc

amas aRniSnavda orueli “1984”-Si, safrangeTis revolucionerebma mas

174

gauswres. Semotanil axal kalendars unda Seemko warsulis axali

istoria, unda amoZirkvaT da moespoT didi xnis manZilze

gabatonebuli miTiuri da tiranuli personaJebi da SeecvalaT isini

axali, iakobinelebisaTvis mosawoni gmirebiT. sazogadoebrivi xsnis

komitetma pirdapir gamoxata es: “Tqven mTlianad unda gadaakeToT

xalxi, vinc gindaT rom Tavisuflebi gaxadoT, unda daungrioT

crurwmenebi, SecvaloT maTi Cvevebi, SezRudoT maTi moTxovnilebebi,

amoZirkvoT uzneoba, ganwmindoT maTi survilebi. robert palmeri

werda: “1792 wels revolucia TavisTavad sagnad gadaiqca. igi iqca

arakontrolirebad Zalad, romelic sakuTari kanonebiT viTardeboda

da romlis warmarTva da gaZRola aravis SeeZlo”. palmeris mier

citirebuli robespieri ki Semdegs ambobda: “Tu saxalxo

mTavrobisaTvis safuZvels mSvidobianobis Jams Rirseba qmnis,

revoluciis Jams saxalxo mTavrobis safuZvelia Rirseba da terori;

Rirseba teroris gareSe Zalasmoklebulia; terori Rirsebis gareSe

mkvlelobaa”.

es iyo terori, ramac Searyia evropa. margam berki iyo erTi

maTgani, vinc teroris danaxvis gareSec masSi dainaxa gacilebiT

nakleb veragi ram, vidre kanonmdebloba, romelic miRebuli iyo

revoluciuri asambleis mier.swored aq Canda yvelaze ukeT

revoluciis WeSmariti da aRviraxsnili saxe. berki fiqrobda, rom

kanonebi romlebic anadgurebdnen an azianebdnen tradiciul

socialur wesrigs da imavdroulad avsebdnen saxelisuflebo vakuums,

warmoadgenda saxelmwifos axal iaraRs.

ugro momakvdinebeli iyo, rogorc berki amtkicebs, manifesti

romelic iakobinel liderebs surdaT gaevrcelebinaT mTel evropaSi

da, saboloo jamSi, mTel msoflioSic. aq berki mxurvaled da

ganmeorebiT amarTlebs kontr-revolucias, romelsac dauyovnebliv

unda mimarTon evropis saxelmwifoebma. is werda: “Tu marTebulad

SevafasebT, es ar aris omi safrangeTTan, aramed iakobinizmTan., Cven

omis mdgomareobaSi vimyofebiT principebTan ... da is sulac ar aris

gamoketili cixe-simagreSi”.

175

es iyo damokidebuleba romelic konservatorebma SeinarCunes 1917

wels, rodesac bolSevikebma daamxes caristuli reJimi ruseTSi.

leninizmma Secvala iakobinizmi.

arsebobda meore revoluciac, romelmac warmoSva konservatizmi

da romantizmi. me mxedvelobaSi maqvs industriuli revolucia

pirvelad rom ewvia evropas da mis mier gaCenili orTqlis Zrava,

saqsovi dazga da rogorc maTi swrafi Sedegi mtroba meqanikuri

monstrebis mimarT, romlebic xmauris demonuri simfoniis, garegnobis

da sunis imitirebas axdendnen, romelic aqamde ucnobi iyo inglisis

mTa-barisaTvis. safiqrebelia, rom dasawyisSi xalxi ufro amgvarad

aRiqvamda am axal fabrikebs, romlebic saocar ritmSi muSaobdnen dRe

da Rame, weliwadis droebis ganmavlobaSi, mSral da wvimian amindSi,

sicxesa da siciveSi. albaT isini fiqrobdnen gaTavisuflebas

adamianisaTvis misjili xangrZlivi, mZime Sromisagan.

dasawyisidanve mxatvrebisa da mwerlebis didi jgufi

daupirispirda inglisis meqanizacias da proletarizacias. “rwmena

meqanizmisadmi _ werda karlaili _ fizikuri sagnebis uaRresad didi

mniSvnelobis mimarT, yovel epoqaSi aris saerTo tyve sisustisa da

brma daukmayofileblobisa”. Tavis “warsulsa da awmyoSi” Cvens winaSe,

arc pirvelad da arc ukanasknelad, warmodgenilia TvalsaCino

kontrasti Sua saukuneebis Temisa da karlailis mier momavlis

wesrigis da uwesrigobis Wvreta, romelSiac igi Tanamedroveobis

avadmyofobas xedavda. kolriji, souti da bleiki kidev sami avtoria,

vinc SiSiT aRiqvamda imas, rasac bleiki “Sav, satanur fabrikebs

uwodebda”, xolo kolriji “komerciis katexizmos”.

ra Tqma unda, inglisSi arsebobda sakmarisi materialuri

cvlilebebi, romlebic amarTleben msgavs reaqcias. Znelad Tu darCa

institucionaluri cxovrebis romelime fena an sfero, romelsac ar

Seexo erTdroulad meqanikuri da ekonomikuri revolucia. am dromde

manufaqturuli warmoeba Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo muSaTa ojaxebSi

ise, rom mSvenivrad erwymoda saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolis

ekonomikas. magram axla, axal fabrikebSi, muSebi individualurad

Sediodnen mTel agregatebSi da erTmaneTTan ar iyvnen dakavSirebulni

arafriT, garda Tavad manufaqturuli procesisa.

176

ra Tqma unda, aman Secvala inglisis demografiuli mdgomareoba.

mcired dasaxlebuli raionebi axla mosaxleobiT gadaitvirTa

niadagis marginaluri ganoyierebis gamo _ muSebi fabrikebis mier

SeTavazebuli samuSaosken moiltvodnen, rac xSirad SesaZlebeli

xdeboda im saxsrebiT, rac axlomdebare qvanaxSiris safuZvelze

miRebuli depozitebi iZleoda. rogori unda yofiliyo proporcia

miwasa da radikalurad Secvlil mosaxleobas Soris mas Semdeg, rac

gaimarjva axalma warmoebam.

moxda individualizmis axali formebis da intensivobis

materializeba, romlis drosac rogorc dacema, aseve warmateba

Sesabamisad aisaxa socialur Skalaze: muSebma soflebidan dabebis

jurRmulebSi gadainacvles; esec im SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, rac

SeTavazebuli iyo fabrikebis mier ama Tu im zedamxedvelze, an sulac

menejerze damokidebulebiT. tradiciul statusis sistemaze

ganxorcielebuli efeqti Zalze Rrma iyo. manufaqturis mflobelebma,

fabrikebis bosebma, vaWrebma, kontraqtorebma, damxmare

profesionalebma Secvales sofluri sazogadoebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli Zveli da gacilebiT ufro martivi ierarqiuli

sistema. axalma gemovnebebma da axalma ambiciebma didi zegavlena

moaxdines saSualo klasis sazogadoebaze, romelic aqamde

monotonuri da uferuli iyo. ostrogorskis mier “Zveli sazogadoebis

msxvrevis” aRwera ufro nakleb dramatuli, magram amisda miuxedavad,

saukunis sami meoTxedis Semdegac uaRresad STambeWdavi rCeba:

“kapitalis axali aristokratiis wevrebi, romelTa

simdidre

metoqeobda da xSirad aWarbebda Zvel gvaris

aristokratias,

SeSfoTebuli iyo ukanasknelTan aRreviT. napoleoniis

omebis

epoqasTan axlo droSi, rodesac Seicvala bevris bedi,

adgili

hqonda did dapirispirebas. bevrma axalma adamianma

TavisiT

gaikvala gza sazogadoebaSi da mTlianad ariv-daria

rangebis

177

Zveli sistema. sruliad uSedego iyo Zveli sazogadoebis

mcdeloba daecva sakuTari Tavi aristokratuli

gamorCeulobis

barierebiT”.

(...) konservatorTa reaqcia jer inglisSi mimdinare industriul

cvlilebebze da Semdeg kontinentze mimdinare omTan dakavSirebiT

Zalze swrafi iyo da Cven konservatorTa ideologiaze bevr rames

swored maTi ekonomikur da politikur cvlilebebTan

dapirispirebidan vigebT. dizraelim Tavis TxzulebebSi gamorCeulad,

Tumca ara xazgasmiT, msxverplebis mimarT humanuri damokidebulebiT,

gadmogvca, bevri ram masze, rasac is socialur ubedurebas an Wirs

uwodebda. inglisis mefeze is fiqrobda zustad im modelis mixedviT,

rogorc berki fiqrobda safrangeTis mefeze: romelic, rogorc

suvereni, liberaluri reformebis wyalobiT izolirebuli aRmoCnda

Tavisi xalxisagan. cvlileba, romelic bumerangiviT daubrunda

sazogadoebas. “me ver vxedav sxva wamals _ acxadebda dizraeli _

klasebsa da Sexedulebebs Soris omis pirobebSi, romelsac axla Cven

Tavs gvaxveven da romliTac gvemuqrebian, Tu ara gulwrfel

ukandabrunebas sistemisaken, romelic SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc

saxalxo uflebebisa da socialuri midrekilebebisadmi loialoba da

pativiscema.

saukunis ori sxva didi moZraoba, romelTac gansazRvres

konservatorebis cudi winaTgrZnobebi, iyo pirveli _ religiuri,

meore _ filosofiuri. pirveli warmoiSva diadi jon veslis Sromis

safuZvelze. veslianizmi, rogorc mas Tavidan uwodebdnen, meTodizmi,

rogorc is mokle saxelwodebiT gaxdeba cnobili. evropuli

reformaciis bolo amofrqvevam,rogorc konservatorebi fiqrobdnen,

warmoSva safrTxe, arsebuli anglikanuri eklesiisaTvis britaneTSi da

SedarebiT naklebi safrTxe samoqalaqo keTildReobisa da socialuri

struqturebisaTvis. xSirad amboben, rom veslianelebi warmoadgendnen

gamajansaRebel Zalas meTvramete da mecxramete saukuneebis

inglisisaTvis, muSaTa klasisaTvis, TavianTi ararevoluciuri

qadagebebiT, ramac am klasebs Tavidan aacila revolucia. imisgan

damoukideblad, Tu ramdenad marTebulia es dakvirvebebi, ar iqneboda

swori imis gancxadeba, rom veslianelebi yvelani Tavisufalni arian

178

revoluciuri impulsebisa da zegavlenebisagan, romelTac safuZvlad

edoT religiuri da ara politikuri motivebi. revoluciuri

potenciali, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo adreul xanaSi puritanuli

moZraobisaTvis, aseve mocemuli iyo veslianelebisaTvisac.

vesli Tavis moZraobas ganixilavda rogorc pirdapir

gagrZelebas, marTlac gacocxlebas puritanuli TavSekavebulobisa.

isic amCnevda eklesiis korumpirebulobas misi formalizmiT da

rZmenis siwmindis araswori gamoyenebiT; da amCnevda agreTve, rom

arsebuli eklesiis gverdis avliT, mTeli socialuri organizacia

gaucxovda WeSmariti qristianuli idealebisagan da miswarfebebisagan.

misi motivebi da moZraoba wminda spiritualisturi da ara

politikuri iyo, riTac sulac ar mcirdeba veslianizmis zegavlena

ojaxze, Temze da samoqalaqo wesrigze. rodesac religiur moRvaweebs

uCndebaT rwmena, rom maTi principebi unda gavrceldes kerZo, sulier

da moralur cxovrebaze iseve, rogorc, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia,

isini unda gavrceldes mTeli qveynis moqalaqeebis cxovrebaze, xdeba

raRac Zalze msgavsi revoluciisa. me ukve SevniSne, rom iakobinelebs

Tavis droze sjerodaT, TiTqos maTi saqmianoba emTxveoda pirdapir im

xazs, romelsac inglisSi samoqalaqo omis periodSi atarebdnen

puritanebi.

179

karl marqsiK

1884 wlis ekonomikur-filosofiuri

xelnawerebi

[gaucxoebuli Sroma]

politikuri ekonomia gamodis kerZo sakuTrebis faqtidan. mis axsnas

igi ar iZleva. im materialur process, romelsac gadis sinamdvileSi

kerZo sakuTreba, is aTavsebs zogadad, abstraqtul formulebSi,

romlebic SemdgomSi iReben kanonis mniSvnelobas. am kanonebs is ar

iazrebs, anu ar ganmartavs, Tu rogor gamomdinareoben isini kerZo

sakuTrebis arsidan. politikuri ekonomia ar gvaZlevs gasaRebs Sromis

gasamijnad kapitalisagan da miwis kapitalisagan. ase magaliTad,

rodesac is gansazRvravs kavSirs xelfassa da kapitalidan mogebas

Soris, misTvis ukanasknel mizezs warmoadgens kapitalistebis

interesi; sxva sityvebiT, is gulisxmobs rogorc mocemuls imas, rac

unda yofiliyo dadgenili analizis Sedegad. zustad aseve yvelgan

erTveba konkurencia. mis axsnas cdiloben gare movlenebiT. amasTan,

politikuri ekonomia arafers ambobs imaze, Tu ramdenad es

garegnulad SemTxveviTi garemoebebi warmoadgenen martooden erTgvari

aucilebeli ganviTarebis gamoxatulebas.

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Cven ar gavimeorebT politekonomiis magaliTs, romelic gadadis mis

mier gamogonil pirvelyofil mdgomareobaSi, rodesac cdilobs raimes

axsnas. aseTi pirvelyofili mdgomareoba arafers ar ganmartavs.

rodesac politekonomisti axsenebs pirvelyofil mdgomareobas, is am

sakiTxs axvevs nacrisfer Soreul gaugebrobaSi. is movlenis faqtis

formis qveS gulisxmobs imas, rac unda iyos deducirebuli mis mier,

kerZod ki _ aucilebel urTierTdamokidebulebas or movlenas Soris,

magaliTad, Sromis ganawilebas da gacvlas Soris. zustad aseve

Teologi xsnis borotebas pirveli codviT, anu is rogorc faqts

uSvebs istoriuli movlenis formiT imas, rac man unda axsnas.

180

Cvens amosaval wertilad Cven viRebT Tanamedrove ekonomikur faqts.

muSa xdeba miT ufro Raribi, rac met simdidres awarmoebs, rac

metad izrdeba im produqciis simZlavre da moculoba romelsac is

awarmoebs. muSa xdeba miT ufro iafi saqoneli, ra met saqonels qmnis.

nivTTa (saganTa) Rirebulebebis zrdis pirdapirproporciulad

izrdeba adamianis Sromis gaufasureba. Sroma awarmoebs ara marto

saqonels: is awarmoebs Tavis Tavs da muSas, rogorc saqonels,

amasTan, zustad iseTive proporciiT, rogorc is awarmoebs zogadad

saqonels.

es faqti niSnavs martooden Semdegs: SromiT warmoebuli sagani

(nivTi), misi produqti upirispirdeba Sromas, rogorc erTgvari ucxo

arseba, rogorc Zala, romelic ar aris damokidebuli mwarmoebelze.

Sromis produqti aris Sroma, Cadebuli raRac nivTSi (saganSi),

ganivTebuli masSi, es aris ganivTebuli Sroma. Sromis ganxorcieleba

warmoadgens mis ganivTebas. im wesebis pirobebSi, romelic igulisxmeba

politikur ekonomiaSi, Sromis es ganxorcieleba, misi es gansaxiereba

sinamdvileSi gamodis, rogorc muSis gamoTiSva sinamdvilidan,

ganivTeba gamodis, rogorc sagnis dakargva da damoneba sagniT, sagnis

aTviseba _ rogorc gaucxoeba.

Sromis gaucxoeba Tavs iCens rogorc sinamdvilidan gaTiSva im

zomamde, rom muSa SeiZleba sinamdvilidan gamoTiSvis gamo SimSiliT

mokvdes. ganivTeba Tavs iCens rogorc sagnis dakargva im zomamde, rom

muSas arTmeven yvelaze aucilebel sagnebs, romelic aucilebelia ara

marto sicocxlisaTvis, aramed SromisTvisac ki. Tavad Sromac

gadaiqceva iseT sagnad, romlis flobas man SeiZleba miaRwios Zalebis

ukiduresi daZabviT da metad araregularuli wyvetiT. sagnis floba

Tavs iCens rogorc gaucxoeba im zomamde, rom rac met sagans

awarmoebs muSa, miT naklebi raodenobis sagnis floba SeuZlia mas da

miT ufro eqceva is Tavis produqtis, kapitalis tyveobaSi.

yvela es Sedegi ukve mocemulia im gansazRvrebaSi, rom muSa eqceva

Tavisi Sromis produqts rogorc ucxo sagans. vinaidan aseTi

daSvebidan naTelia: rac metad ixarjeba muSa samsaxurSi, miT ufro

Zlieri xdeba misTvis ucxo sagnebis samyaro, romelsac is Tavad qmnis

181

Tavisi Tavis sawinaaRmdegod, miT ufro Raribi xdeba is, misi Sinagani

samyaro, miT nakleb qonebas flobs. zustad asevea religiaSi. rac mets

awers adamiani RmerTs, miT naklebi rCeba masze damokidebuli. muSa

saganSi aqsovs mTeli Tavis cxovrebas da amieridan misi sicocxle

ekuTvnis ara mas, aramed sagans. amgvarad, rac metia misi aseTi

moRvaweoba, miT ufro usagnoa muSa. is, rac Caido misi Sromis

produqtSi, masSi aRar aris. amitom, rac metia es produqti, miT

naklebia Tavad is. muSis gaucxoebas mis produqtSi aqvs ara marto is

mniSvneloba, rom misi Sroma xdeba sagani, Rebulobs gare arsebobas,

aramed is mniSvnelobac, rom misi Sroma arsebobs mis gareT, misgan

damoukideblad, rac misTvis raRac ucxoa da es Sroma upirispirdeba

mas, rogorc damoukidebeli Zala, sicocxle, romelic man misca sagans

gamodis mis winaaRmdeg, rogorc mtruli da ucxo.

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muSas arafris Seqmna ar SeuZlia bunebis, gare grZnobieri samyaros

gareSe. es is masalaa, romlidanac xorcieldeba misi Sroma, romelSic

iSleba misi SromiTi miRvaweoba, romlidanac da romlis meSveobiTac

Sroma awarmoebs Tavis produqtebs.

magram imis msgavsad, rogorc buneba aZlevs Sromas sicocxlisTvis

aucilebel saSualebebs, im azriT, rom sagnebis gareSe, romelic

SromiT iqmneba, SeuZlebelia sicocxle, aseve meores mxriv, bunebave

iZleva sicocxlis saSualebebs ufro viwro mniSvnelobiT, anu Tavad

muSis fizikuri arsebobis saSualebebs.

amgvarad, muSa rac metad iTvisebs Tavisi Sromis meSveobiT gare

samyaros, grZnobier bunebas, miT ufro ukargavs Tavis Tavs sicocxlis

saSualebebs ori mniSvnelobiT: pirveli, grZnobieri gare samyaro sul

ufro da ufro naklebad rCeba is sagani, romelic aucileblad

miekuTvneboda mis Sromas, aRar aris misi Sromis sasicocxlo

saSualeba; meore, es gare samyaro sul ufro naklebad aZlevs mas

sicocxlis saSualebebs pirdapiri azriT _ muSis fizikuri arsebobis

saSualebebs.

amgvarad, muSa xdeba Tavisi sagnis mona ormxriv: pirveli, is

Rebulobs sagans SromisTvis anu samuSaos; meore, is Rebulobs

arsebobis saSualebebs. marto es sagani aZlevs mas SesaZleblobebs

182

iarsebos jer rogorc muSam da mere rogorc fizikurma subieqtma. am

monobis gvirgvini imaSia, rom mas amieridan martooden rogorc muSas

SeuZlia SeinarCunos Tavisi rogorc fizikuri subieqtis arseboba da

rom amieridan is warmoadgens muSas martooden rogorc fizikuri

subieqti.

(politikuri ekonomiis kanonebis Tanaxmad, muSis gaucxoeba mis

saganSi gamoixateba imaSi, rom, rac ufro mets awarmoebs muSa, miT

naklebis moxmareba SeuZlia; rac met Rirebulebas qmnis is, miT metad

xdeba misi gaufasureba da Rirsebis dakargva; rac ufro kargadaa

gaformebuli misi produqti, miT metadaa damaxinjebuli muSa; rac

ufro kulturulia mis mier Seqmnili nivTi, miT metad hgavs TviTon

muSa barbaross; rac ufro mZlavria Sroma, miT ufro sustia, umweo

muSa. rac ufro mravalferovania, daxvewili mis mier Sesrulebuli

Sroma, miT ufro met gonebriv dacarielebas da miT met daCagvras

ganicdis TviT muSa bunebis mxridan).

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aqamde Cven vixilavdiT muSis gaucxoebas martooden erTi mxridan,

kerZod ki, misi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT misi Sromis

produqtebis mimarT. magram gaucxoeba vlindeba ara marto saboloo

SedegSi, aramed TviT warmoebis aqtSic, TviT warmoebiT urTierTobaSi.

SeZlebda muSa dapirispirebas Tavisi moRvaweobis produqtTan, rogorc

raRac ucxosTan, Tu is ar gaucxovdeboda Tavisi Tavisagan TviT

warmoebis aqtis dros? produqti warmoadgens martooden moRvaweobis,

warmoebis Sedegs. amgvarad, Tu Sromis produqti gaucxoebaa, maSin

TviT warmoebac unda iyos moRvaweobiTi gaucxoeba, moqmedebis

gaucxoeba, gaucxoeba qmedebiT. Sromis sagnis gaucxoebaSi xdeba im

gaucxoebis Sejameba, romelic xdeba TviT SromiT moqmedebaSi. maS

raSi mdgomareobs Sromis gaucxoeba?

upirveles yovlisa, imaSi, rom Sroma warmoadgens muSisTvis raRac

garedan mosuls, rac mis arss ekuTvnis, imaSi, rom is Tavisi SromiT

ver mtkicdeba Tavis TavSi, aramed uaryofs Tavs, Tavs grZnobs ara

bednierad, ubedurad, ar aviTarebs Tavisuflad Tavis fizikur da

sulier energias, piriqiT, amwirebs Tavis fizikur bunebas da

anadgurebs Tavis sulier Zalebs. amitom muSa marto Sromis gareT

183

grZnobs Tavis TviTobas, xolo Sromis procesSi is Tavs ganicdis

Tavis Tavisgan mowyvetilad. Tavis TavTan is maSinaa, rodesac ar

muSaobs, xolo rodesac muSaobs is Tavis TavSi aRar aris. amis gamo

misi Sroma ar aris nebayoflobiTi, aramed is iZulebiTia; es

iZulebiTi Sromaa. es ar aris SromiTi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba,

es martooden saSualebaa yvela sxva moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebisa

da ara SromiTi moTxovnilebisa. Sromis gaucxoeba naTlad aisaxeba

imaSi, rom rodesac wydeba fizikuri an sxva saxis SromiTi iZuleba,

Sromisgan garbian, rogorc Savi Wirisgan. gare Sroma, Sroma, romlis

drosac adamiani ucxovdeba, warmoadgens Tavis msxverplad Sewirvas,

TviTwamebas. da bolos, Sromis gare xasiaTi muSisTvis Tavs iCens

imaSi, rom es Sroma mas ki ar ekuTvnis, aramed ekuTvnis sxvas da

TviTonac Sromis procesSi ekuTvnis ara Tavis Tavs, aramed sxvas.

iseve, rogorc religiaSi adamianis fantaziis, adamianis tvinisa da

adamianis gulis TviTSemoqmedeba zemoqmedebs individze misgan

damoukideblad, anu raRac ucxo moqmedebis saxiT, RvTiuris Tu

eSmiseulis, aseve muSis moRvaweoba ar aris misi TviTSemoqmedeba. is

ekuTvnis sxvas, es warmoadgens muSis mier Tavisi Tavis dakargvas.

amis Sedegad gvaqvs aseTi viTareba: adamiani (muSa) Tavs Tavisuflad

grZnobs marto maSin, rodesac Tavis cxovelur funqciebs asrulebs _

Wamisas, smisas, sqesobrivi aqtisas da ukeTes SemTxvevaSi Tavis

sacovrebelSi yofnisas, Tavis morTvisas da a.S. _ xolo Tavisi

adamianuri funqciebis Sesrulebisas, is Tavs martooden cxovelad

ganicdis. is rac axasiaTebs cxovels, xdeba adamianis xvedri, xolo

adamianuri gadaiqceva iseT ramed, rac cxovelisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli.

Tumca, Wama, sma, sqesobrivi aqti da a.S. agreTve WeSmaritad

adamianuri funqciebia. magram abstraqciaSi, romelic wyvets maT sxva

danarCeni adamianuri saqmianobisgan da gadaaqcevs maT ukanasknel da

erTaderT miznad, isini atareben cxovelur xasiaTs.

Cven ganvixileT praqtikuli adamianuri qcevis, Sromis gaucxoebis

aqti ori mxridan: pirveli, muSis damokidebuleba (mimarTeba) Sromis

produqtebisadmi, rogorc ucxo sagnisadmi, romelic masze batonobs.

es damokidebuleba (mimarTeba) amasTan erTad warmoadgens

184

damokidebulebas (mimarTebas) gare samyarosadmi, bunebis sagnebisadmi,

rogorc samyarosadmi, romelic ucxoa da mtrulad upirispirdeba.

meore, Sromis mimarTeba warmoebis aqtisadmi TviT Sromis procesSi. es

mimarTeba warmoadgens muSis mimarTebas sakuTari moRvaweobisadmi

rogorc raRac ucxosadmi, rac mas ar ekuTvnis. moqmedeba aq gamodis

rogorc tanjva, Zala _ rogorc ususuroba, Casaxva _ rogorc

gasaWuriseba, muSis sakuTari fizikuri da sulieri energia, misi

piradi cxovreba (winaaRmdeg ra aris cxovreba, Tu ara moRvaweoba!) _

rogorc mobrunebuli TviT mis winaaRmdeg, misgan damoukidebeli, mis

sakuTrebaSi armyofi moRvaweoba. es aris TviTgaucxoeba, maSin, roca

zemoT saqme exeboda sagnis gaucxoebas.

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adamiani saxeobrivi arsebaa ara marto im azriT, rom

praqtikuladac da Teoriuladac is aqcevs Tavis sagnad saxeobas _

rogorc sakuTars, ise sxva nebismieri sagnisa, aramed im azriTac, rom

_ da es warmoadgens igive mosazrebis sxva gamoxatulebas _ misi

mimarTeba Tavisi Tavisadmi iseTia, rogoric arsebuli cocxali

saxeobisadmi, is Tavs ganixilavs rogorc universalur arsebas da

amdenad Tavisufal arsebas.

rogorc adamianis, ise cxovelis saxeobrivi cxovreba fizikurad

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adamiani (iseve, rogorc cxoveli) cxovrobs

araorganuli bunebiT, da rac ufro universaluria cxovelTan

sedarebiT, miT ufro universaluria im araorganuli bunebis sfero,

romliTac is cxovrobs. iseve, rogorc Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT,

mcenareebi, cxovelebi, qvebi, haeri, sinaTle da a.S. warmoadgens

adamianis cnobierebis nawils, nawilobriv rogorc bunebismetyvelebis

obieqtebi, nawilobriv rogorc xelovnebis obieqtebi warmoadgens mis

sulier araorganul bunebas, sulier sakvebs, romelic man winaswar

unda moamzados, raTa SeiZlebodes misi gasinjva da moneleba, _ aseve

praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, isini Seadgenen adamianis cxovrebisa da

moRvaweobis nawils. fizikurad adamiani cxovrobs martooden bunebis

am produqtebiT, iqneba is sakvebis, gaTbobis, tansacmlis,

sacxovreblis Tu sxva formiT. praqtikulad adamianis universaloba

Tavs iCens swored im universalurobaSi, romelic mTel bunebas

185

gadaaqcevs mis araorganul sxeulad, vinaidan is emsaxureba, pirvel

rigSi rogorc adamianis uSualo sasicocxlo saSualeba da meore,

rogorc materia, misi cxovelqmedebis sagani da iaraRi. buneba aris

adamianis araorganuli sxeuli, saxeldobr, buneba im zomiT, ra

zomiTac TviT is ar aris adamianis sxeuli. adamiani cxovrobs bunebiT.

es niSnavs, rom buneba misi sxeulia, romelTanac adamiani unda

rCebodes mudmivi urTierTobis procesSi, raTa ar mokvdes. is, rom

adamianis fizikuri da sulieri cxovreba ganuyrelad dakavSirebulia

bunebasTan, niSnavs sxva arafers, Tu ara imas, rom buneba ganuyrelad

dakavSirebulia Tavis TavTan, radganac adamiani bunebis nawilia.

adamianis gaucxoebuli Sroma, aucxovebs ra misgan 1) bunebas,

2)TviTon mas, mis sakuTar samoqmedo funqcias, mis cxovrebas, amiT

aucxovebs adamianisgan mis saxeobas; monur cxovrebas is gadaaqcevs

adamianisTvis saSualebad, romelic aucilebelia individualuri

cxovrebis SenarCunebisTvis. upirveles yovlisa, is aucxovebs

saxeobriv cxovrebas individualuri cxovrebidan, meore mxriv,

gadaaqcevs individualur cxovrebas, aRebuls misi abstraqtuli

formiT saxeobrivi cxovrebis miznad, agreTve misi abstraqtuli da

gaucxoebuli formiT.

saqme imaSia, rom erTi mxriv, TviT Sroma, TviT cxovelmoqmedeba,

TviT sawarmoo cxovreba xdeba adamianisTvis martooden saSualebad

misi erTaderTi moTxovnilebis, fizikuri moTxovnilebis

dasakmayofileblad. sawarmoo cxovreba warmoadgens kidec saxeobriv

cxovrebas. es aris cxovreba, qmnadi cxovreba. cxovelmoqmedebis

xasiaTSi mdgomareobs mocemuli saxeobis xasiaTi, misi saxeobrivi

xasiaTi, xolo Tavisufali cnobieri moRvaweoba warmoadgens swored

adamianis saxeobriv xasiaTs. TviTon cxovreba xdeba martooden

cxovrebis saSualeba.

cxoveli pirdapir igivuria Tavisi cxovelqmedebis. is ar asxvavebs

Tavis Tavs cxovelqmedebisgan. is aris es cxovelqmedeba. adamiani

Tavis cxovelmoqmedebas xdis Tavisi nebisa da cnobierebis sagnad. misi

cxovelqmedeba _ cnobieria. es ar aris iseTi gansazRvruloba,

romelsac is erwymis. cnobieri cxovelqmedeba asxvavebs adamians

cxoveluri cxovelqmedebisgan. swored amis (ZaliT) wyalobiT is

186

warmoadgens Tavisi saxeobis arsebas. SeiZleba asedac iTqvas: is aris

cnobieri arseba anu misi sakuTari cxovreba warmoadgens misTvis

sagans martooden imitom, rom is aris gvarovnuli arseba. da

martooden amis ZaliT misi moqmedeba aris Tavisufali moqmedeba.

gaucxoebuli Sroma am urTierTmimarTebas Semoabrunebs iseTnairad,

rom adamiani, swored imitom, rom is aris cnobieri arseba, gadaaqcevs

Tavis cxovelqmedebas, Tavis arss martooden saSualebad Tavisi

arsebobis SesanarCuneblad.

sagnobrivi samyaros praqtikuli qmnadoba, araorganuli bunebis

gadamuSaveba warmoadgens adamianis, rogorc cnobieri – saxeobrivi

arsebis TviTdamtkicebas, anu iseTi arsebisa, romlis mimarTeba

gvarTan iseTivea, rogorc Tavis sakuTar arsTan, an mimarTeba Tavis

TavTan iseTivea, rogorc saxeobriv arsebasTan. marTalia, cxovelis

awarmoebs. is aSenebs budes an sacxovrebels, rogorc amas akeTebs

futkari, Txunela, WianWvela da sxva. magram cxoveli awarmoebs marto

imas, rac uSualod sWirdeba mas an mis Svils; is calmxrivad

awarmoebs, maSin roca adamiani awarmoebs maSinac ki, rodesac

Tavisufalia fizikuri moTxovnilebelisagan da am sityvis namdvili

mniSvnelobiT, marto maSin awarmoebs kidec, rodesac misgan

Tavisufalia. cxoveli awarmoebs marto Tavis Tavs, maSin roca

adamiani axdens mTeli bunebis aRwarmoebas; cxovelis produqti

uSualod dakavSirebulia mis fizikur organizmTan, maSin, roca

adamiani Tavisuflad upirispirdeba Tavis produqts. cxoveli aSenebs

martooden im saxeobis sazomisa da moTxovnilebis mixedviT, romelsac

is miekuTvneba, maSin, roca adamians SeuZlia awarmoos nebismieri

saxeobis sazomiT da yvelgan mas ZaluZs miuyenos sagans Sesabamisi

sazomi; amis gamo adamiani aSenebs agreTve silamazis kanonebiTac.

amitom, swored sagnobrivi samyaros gadamuSavebisas adamiani

pirvelad amkvidrebs Tavs, rogorc saxeobrivi arseba. am warmoebas

Seadgens misi SemoqmedebiTi saxeobis warmomadgenlis cxovreba. am

warmoebis wyalobiT, buneba xdeba misi nawarmoebi da misi sinamdvile.

Sromis sagani amitom aris adamianis gasagnebuli gvarovnuli cxovreba:

adamiani iormagebs Tavs ara marto inteleqtualurad, rogorc amas

adgili aqvs cnobierebaSi, aramed realurad, qmediTad da Tavs

187

Sehyurebs mis mier Seqmnil samyaroSi. amitom gaucxoebuli Sroma,

arTmevs ra adamians misi warmoebis sagans, amiT arTmevs mas saxeobriv

cxovrebas, mis namdvil saxeobriv sagnobriobas, xolo im

upiratesobas, romelic adamians aqvs cxovelTan SedarebiT, gadaaqcevs

misTvis uaryofiT raobad, vinaidan adamians arTmeven mis araorganul

sxeuls, bunebas.

zustad aseTive gaucxoebuli Sroma, akninebs ra TviTSemoqmedebas,

Tavisufal qmedebas, ubralo saSualebamde, amiT gadaaqcevs adamianis

gvarovnul cxovrebas saSualebad, romelic aucilebelia misi

fizikuri arsebobis SesanarCuneblad.

adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cnobiereba gvarovnuli arsisa saxes

icvlis gaucxoebis Sedegad ise, rom gvarovnuli cxovreba gadaiqceva

misTvis saSualebad.

amgvarad, Sromis gaucxoeba iwvevs Semdeg Sedegebs:

3) adamianis saxeobrivi arsi _ rogorc buneba, aseve misi sulieri

gvarovnuli monapovari _ gadaiqceva misTvis ucxo arsad, saSualebad

misi individualuri arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. gaucxoebuli Sroma

aucxoebs adamianisgan mis sakuTar sxeuls, iseve, rogorc mis gare

bunebas, iseve, rogorc mis sulier arss, mis adamianur arss.

4) uSualo Sedegs imisa, rom adamiani gaucxoebulia Tavisi Sromis

produqtisgan, Tavisi cxovelqmedebisgan, Tavisi gvarovnuli arsisgan,

warmoadgens adamianis gaucxoeba adamianisgan. roca adamiani

upirispirdeba Tavis Tavs, mas upirispirdeba sxva adamiani. is, rac

SeiZleba iTqvas adamianis mimarTebaze Tavisi Sromisadmi, Tavisi

Sromis produqtisa da Tavisi Tavisadmi, igive SeiZleba gameordes

adamianis mimarTebaze sxva adamianisadmi, iseve, rogorc Sromisa da

sxva adamianis Sromis Sedegisadmi.

sazogadod, debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianisgan gaucxoebulia

misi gvarovnuli arsi, niSnavs, rom erTi adamiani gaucxoebulia

meorisgan da TiToeuli gaucxoebulia adamianuri arsisgan.

188

devid istoni

politikuri sistemebis analizi

1. politikuri mecnierebis zogierTi niSan-

Tviseba

erT adrindel naSromSi me xazs vusvam saerTo, empiriulad

orientirebuli Teoriis ganviTarebis aucileblobas, rogorc yvelaze

ekonomiur gzas politikuri cxovrebis gagebis grZel gzaze. aq me

vaxden Tvalsazrisis miTiTebis SemoTavazebas, romelic tramplinad

mainc SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos alternatiuli midgomebis Sesaxeb

diskusiisaTvis, da yvelaze metad, iyos erTi patara nabiji saerTo

politikuri Teoriis mimarTulebiT. minda xazi gavusva, rom is, rac

saTqmeli maqvs, ubralod orientaciia Teoriis problemisaken;

ekonomikis da, SesaZloa, fsiqologiis farglebs gareT,

TviTdajerebulobis gamovlena iqneboda socialur mecnierebaSi

`Teoriis~ xSiri xseneba, am terminis zusti mniSvnelobiT.

amas garda, me Cemi Tvalsazrisis mxolod nimuSis (Gestalt)

SemoTavazebas movaxden, ise rom SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mis Suqze im

nawilebis Sefaseba, romlebzedac yuradReba unda gavamaxvilo. vici,

rom amis gakeTebisas SeiZleba Seviqmna imis garkveuli riski, rom am

Tvalsazrisis mniSvneloba da implikaciebi urTierTkavSirSi mxolod

xelovnurad iyos; magram es is riskia, romelic unda gavwio,

ramdenadac ar vici, Tu rogor unda avarido mas Tavi.

politikis Seswavla exeba imis gagebas, Tu rogor miiReba da

xorcieldeba avtoritaruli gadawyvetilebebi sazogadoebisaTvis. Cven

SegviZlia SevecadoT politikuri cxovrebis gagebas misi TiToeuli

aspeqtis calke ganxilviT. Cven SeiZleba davakvirdeT iseTi

institutebis qmedebebs, rogoricaa politikuri partiebi, interesTa

jgufebi, mTavroba da arCevnebi. Cven SegviZlia SeviswavloT am

politikuri praqtikebis buneba da Sedegebi, rogoricaa manipulacia,

propaganda da Zaladoba; Cven SegviZlia SevecadoT gavarkvioT

189

struqtura, romelSic es praqtikebi xorcieldeba. Sedegebis

kombinirebiT, Cven SegviZlia miviRoT imis uxeSi suraTi, Tu ra xdeba

nebismier TviTkmar politikur erTobaSi.

am Sedegebis kombinirebisas, miuxedavad amisa, ukve implicituria

cneba, rom farTo politikuri suraTis TiToeuli nawili ar dgas

gancalkevebiT da kavSirSia TiToeul sxva nawilTan; an, pozitiurad

rom gadmovceT, arc erTi nawilis qmedeba ar SeiZleba srulad iyos

gagebuli im gzis gareSe, romliTac is TavisTavad moqmedebs. Cems

wignSi, politikuri sistema3, azrs gamovTqvam, rom Rirebulia am

implicituri varaudis gamoyeneba, rogorc mkafio wanamZRvrisa

kvlevisaTvis da, politikuri cxovrebis aRqma urTierTkavSirSi myof

saqmianobaTa sistemad. es saqmianobebi maT urTierTkavSirs an sistemur

bmebs iReben im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom isini yvelani met-naklebad

gavlenas axdenen im gzaze, romliTac avtoritaruli gadawyvetilebebi

formulirebuli da ganxorcielebulia sazogadoebisaTvis.

daviwyeT ra saubari politikur cxovrebaze, rogorc

saqmianobis sistemaze, amas zogierTi Sedegi mohyveba im gzisaTvis,

romliTac Cven SegviZlia SevudgeT sistemis muSaobis analizs.

sakuTriv sistemis idea gulisxmobs, rom Cven SegviZlia gamovyoT

politikuri cxovreba danarCeni socialuri saqmianobisagan, yovel

SemTxvevaSi analitikuri miznebisaTvis da gamovikvlioT is, TiTqos

mocemuli momentisaTvis iyos TviTkmari erToba, romelic

garSemortymulia, magram mkafiod aRqmadia, garemoTi an garemomcveli

pirobebiT, romelSic is moqmedebs. didwilad igive gziT, astronomebi

miiCneven mzis sistemas movlenaTa kompleqsad, romelic izolirebulia

garkveuli mizezebis gamo danarCeni samyarosagan.

miuxedavad amisa, Tu Cven miviCnevT politikuri qmedebebis

sistemas, rogorc erTobas Cveni gonebis Tvalsawieris winaSe,

SegviZlia davinaxoT, rom is, rac uzrunvelyofs sistemis moqmedebas,

sxvadasxva saxis informaciuli Senatania. sistemaSi mimdinare

procesebiT xdeba am sawindrebis gardaqmna gamomdinare Sedegebad, da

am ukanasknelT, Tavis mxriv Sedegebi moaqvs rogorc sistemisaTvis, ise

im garemosaTvis, romelSic sistema arsebobs. aq formula metad 3 wyaro: David Easton, “An Approach to the Anaysis of the Political Systems”, World Politics 9, no. 3 (April

1957), pp. 383-400.

190

martivia, magram, da amis Cvenebas vimedovneb, aseve metad mkafioa:

sawindrebi – politikuri sistema an procesebi – Sedegebi. es

urTierTkavSiri diagramis saxiT naCvenebia suraTze 1. es diagrama

warmoadgens metad `primitiul~ models – rom is gavakeTilSobiloT

moduri saxeliT politikuri cxovrebis Seswavlis midgomisaTvis.

politikur sistemebs gaaCniaT garkveuli Tvisebebi, radganac

isini sistemebia. am midgomis yovlismomcveli Tvalsazrisis

warmodgenisaTvis, ufleba momeciT, movaxdino umTavresi niSan-

Tvisebebis identifikacia, vTqva oriode sityva TiToeuli maTganis

Sesaxeb.

1. identifikaciis Tvisebebi. imisaTvis, rom ganvasxvavoT

politikuri sistema sxva socialuri sistemebisgan, Cven unda gvqondes

unari misi identificirebisa misi fundamenturi erTobebis aRweriT da

im sazRvrebis dadgeniT, romelic mas gamoyofs sistemis gareT

arsebuli erTobebisgan.

a) politikuri sistemis erTobebi. erTobebi warmoadgenen

elementebs, romlebiTac, rogorc Cven vambobT, Sedgenilia sistema.

politikuri sistemis SemTxvevaSi es aris politikuri qmedebebi.

Cveulebriv sasargebloa maTi ganxilva im saxiT, romliTac isini

sakuTari Tavis struqturirebas axdenen politikur rolebsa da

politikur jgufebSi.

b) sazRvrebi. zogierT yvelaze mniSvnelovan kiTxvas, romlebic

exeba politikuri sistemebis funqcionirebas, SeiZleba pasuxi gaeces

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki gvemaxsovreba ueWveli faqti, rom sistema

ar arsebobs vakuumSi. is yovelTvis CarTulia specifikur pirobebSi an

garemoSi. gza, romliTac sistema muSaobs, nawilobriv SeiZleba iyos

funqcia misi pasuxisa totalur socialur, biologiur da fizikur

garemoze. specialuri problema, romelsac Cven vawydebiT, aris is, Tu

rogor unda gatardes gansxvaveba sistemurad politikur sistemasa da

mis garemomcvel pirobebs Soris. aqvs garkveuli mniSvneloba imis

Tqmas, rom politikur sistemas aqvs sazRvari, romelic mas gamoyofs

misi garemomcveli pirobebisgan? Tuki asea, maSin rogor unda

movaxerxoT sademarkacio xazis identifikacia?

191

garemo

gadawyvetilebebi anu

moTxovna politikis keTeba

Senatani politikuri sistema Sedegi

mxardaWera

ukugeba

suraTi 1

sakiTxis ganxilvis Sewyvetis gareSe, minda azri gamovTqva, rom

sasargebloa politikuri sistemis aRqma, rogorc sazRvris mqonisa

igive mniSvnelobiT, rogoriTac es gaaCnia fizikur sistemas.

politikuri sistemis sazRvrebi yvela im qmedebiT ganisazRvreba,

romlebic met-naklebad pirdapir kavSirSia sazogadoebis Sekvrisaken

mimarTuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebasTan; nebismieri socialuri

qmedeba, romelic ar pasuxobs am maxasiaTebels, unda gamoiricxos

sistemidan da aqedan gamomdinare, avtomaturad ganxiluli unda iyos

garemoSi garegan cvladad.

2. Senatani da monagari. savaraudod, Tuki Cven avirCevT

politikur sistemebs specialuri SeswavlisaTvis, Cven amas vakeTebT im

mizeziT, rom maT gaaCniaT sazogadoebisaTvis saxasiaTod

mniSvnelovani Sedegebi, kerZod, avtoritaruli gadawyvetilebebi. am

Sedegebs me vuwodebdi monagars. Tuki CavTvliT, rom politikur

sistemebs ar moaqvT mniSvnelovani monagari sazogadoebisaTvis, Cven

albaT saerTod ar unda davinteresdeT am sistemebiT.

yovel SemTxvevaSi sistema aris miaxloeba entropiis

mdgomareobasTan – da Cven SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom es simarTles ar

Seefereba politikuri sistemebis umravlesobisaTvis – mas unda

hqondes mudmivi Senatanebi misi qmediTunarianobis SesanarCuneblad.

Senatanebis gareSe sistemam SeiZleba ar imuSavos; monagarebis gareSe

Cven ar SegviZlia sistemis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos identifikacia.

amasTan dakavSirebiT specifikuri kvleviTi amocanebi unda gaxdes

192

Senatanebis da im Zalebis identifikacia, romlebic saxavs da cvlis

maT, im procesebis gamosaxva, romelTa saSualebiTac isini

gardaiqmnebian monagarad, zogadi pirobebis aRwera, romelTa drosac

SesaZlebelia am procesebis arsebobis SenarCuneba da

kavSirurTierTobis damyareba Senatansa da sistemaSi maT momyol

monagars Soris.

am TvalsazrisiT, politikuri sistemis moqmedebas ufro meti

sinaTle SeiZleba moefinos, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom

umravlesi, rac xdeba sistemaSi, saTaves iRebs sistemis wevrebis

Zalisxmevisgan gaejibron cvalebad garemos. Cven unda saTanadod

SevafasoT es amosavali wertili, Tuki ganvixilavT iseT nacnob

biologiur sistemas, rogoricaa adamianis organizmi. mudmivi

daZabuloba momdinareobs misi garemomcveli pirobebisgan, romelSic

man adaptireba unda moaxdinos raime gziT, raTa mTlianad ar

ganadgurdes. nawilobriv, ra Tqma unda, is gza, romliTac sxeuli

`muSaobs~, warmoadgens pasuxs im moTxovnilebebze, romelsac qmnis

misi anatomiis organizacia da funqciebi; magram didwilad, sxeulis

rogorc struqturis, ise muSaobis gasagebad, Cven metad mgrZnobiare

unda viyoT garemodan momdinare Senatanebis mimarT.

imave gziT, yoveli politikuri sistemis qceva garkveulwilad

Tavsmoxveulia im sistemis saxeobiT, romelsac is warmoadgens, misi

sakuTari struqturiT da Sinagani moTxovnilebebiT. magram misi qceva

aseve asaxavs im Tvisebebs, romlebic gamowveulia specifiuri

garemomcveli pirobebiT, romelSic sistema moqmedebs. SeiZleba imis

mtkiceba, rom politikuri sistemis SigniT mniSvnelovan cvlilebaTa

umravlesoba saTaves iRebs garegan cvladebs Soris monacvleobebidan.

ramdenadac me unda mivuZRvna am statiis umetesi nawili zogierTi

problemis garkvevas, romlebic ukavSirdeba gacvlebs politikur

sistemebs da maT garemos Soris, me momiwevs politikuri sistemebis

sxva Tvisebebis aRwera.

3. diferenciacia sistemis SigniT. rogorc Cven davinaxavT sul

male, garemodan momdinareobs rogorc energia sistemis

aqtivizaciisaTvis, ise informacia, romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac sistema

gamoiyenebs am energias. am gziT sistema qmediTunarianobas iZens. mas

193

gaaCnia monagaris garkveuli saxe, ganxvavebuli Senatanisagan, romelic

momdinareobs garemodan. Cven SegviZlia miviRoT sasargeblo hipoTezis

saxiT, rom Tuki politikuri sistema aris garkveuli samuSaos

Sesruleba arafrisagan drois SezRudul monakveTSi, mis struqturaSi

SeiZleba ganxorcildes diferenciaciis minimaluri raodenoba.

faqtobrivad, empiriulad SeuZlebelia mniSvnelovani politikuri

sistemis moZieba, romelSic yvela erTi da igive erToba asrulebs

erTi da igive saqmianobas erTdroulad. sistemis wevrebi, yvelaze

mcire, CarTulni arian Sromis minimalur danawilebaSi, romelic

uzrunvelyofs struqturis arsebobas, romlis SigniTac qmedeba

xorcieldeba.

4. sistemis integracia. diferenciaciis es faqti xsnis ZiebisaTvis

farTo vels politikur sistemebTan dakavSirebiT. struqturul

diferenciacias moZraobaSi mohyavs Zalebi, romlebic potenciurad

dezintegraciulia sistemisaTvis motanili maTi Sedegebis mixedviT.

Tuki ori an meti erToba asrulebs saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxes

erTdroulad, rogor unda davides es saqmianobebi artikulaciis

minimalur doneze, Tu sistemis wevrebi ar emxrobian daskvnas sruli

dezorganizaciis Sesaxeb CvenTvis saintereso monagaris wyaroebis

Sesaxeb? Cven SegviZlia gamovTqvaT varaudi, rom Tu struqturirebuli

sistema TviTon inarCunebs sakuTar arsebobas, man unda Seqmnas

meqanizmebi, romlebiTac misi wevrebi integrirebulni arian, an xeli

Seuwyos maT kooperirebas Tundac minimalur doneze, rom maT

SeimuSavon avtoritaruli gadawyvetilebebi.

II . Senatanebi: moTxovnebi

axla, rodesac me ukve vaxsene politikuri sistemebis zogierTi

niSan-Tviseba, romelTa mimarTac gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis

gamaxvilebas moviTxov, Tuki gvsurs CamovayaliboT ganzogadoebuli

midgoma, me minda ufro detalurad ganvixilo is gza, romliTac

dakvirveba Senatanebze da gamomdinare Sedegebze garkveul sinaTles

mohfens am sistemebis funqcionirebas.

194

politikuri sistemis sawindrebs Soris ori sabaziso saxeobaa:

moTxovnebi da mxardaWera. es sawindrebi aniWebs politikur sistemas

mis dinamiur xasiaTs. isini mas amarageben rogorc pirveladi masaliT

an informaciiT, romelic sistemam unda moimsaxuros procesisaTvis,

ise energiiT, romelmac is moZraobaSi unda moiyvanos.

mizezi, Tu ratom Cndeba politikuri sistema sazogadoebaSi,

igivea, ratomac erTveba adamiani politikur saqmianobaSi – es aris

pirovnebebis an jgufebis moTxovnebi sazogadoebaSi, rac ar SeiZleba

mTlianad dakmayofildes. yovel sazogadoebaSi erTi faqti dominirebs

politikur cxovrebaze: nakluloba prevalirebs yvela Rirebul

saganTan dakavSirebiT. zogierTi moTxovna am SedarebiT iSviaT

sagnebTan dakavSirebiT verasdros moiZiebs sakuTar gzas politikur

sistemaSi, magram dakmayofileba xdeba kerZo molaparakebebis an

SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze maTSi CarTuli pirovnebebis mier.

moTxovnebi prestiJTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba dakmayofildes

sazogadoebis statusuri urTierTobebis gziT; moTxovnebi

keTildReobisa nawilobriv kmayofildeba ekonomikuri sistemiT;

Zalauflebis survili gamoxatulebas poulobs saganmanaTleblo,

samegobro, SromiT da sxva msgavs kerZo organizaciebSi. mxolod maSin,

rodesac survilebi moiTxovs garkveul specialur organizebul

Zalisxmevas sazogadoebis mxridan maTi avtoritaruli gziT

gadawyvetisaTvis, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom isini gaxdnen politikuri

sistemis sawindrebi.

sistemuri kvleva Segviqmnis saWiroebas sakuTar Tavs davusvaT

zogierTi fuZemdebluri kiTxva am moTxovnebTan dakavSirebiT:

1. rogor wamoiqmneba moTxovnebi da rogorc amyareben isini Tavis

gansakuTrebul xasiaTs sazogadoebaSi?am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad

Cven SegviZlia mivaniSnoT, rom moTxovnebi warmoiqmneba gamocdilebis

or seqtorSi: an sistemis garemomcvelobaSi an sakuTriv sistemaSi.

amas Cven mivaniWebT Sesabamisad garegani da Sinagani moTxovnebis

saxelebs.

pirvel rigSi davakvirdeT garegan moTxovnebs. sasargeblod

meCveneba garemos danaxva ara movlenebis aradiferencirebul masad,

aramed ufro sistemebad, romlebic mkafiod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan

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da politikuri sistemisgan. garemoSi Cven gvaqvs iseTi sistemebi,

rogoricaa ekologia, ekonomika, kultura, pirovnuloba, socialuri

struqtura da demografia. TiToeuli maTgani Seadgens cvladTa

mniSvnelovan rigs garemoSi, rac saSualebas iZleva gamikveTos

moTxovnaTa saxe, rac Sedis politikur sistemaSi. imis

ilustrirebisaTvis, Tu ras vgulisxmob, ramdenime sityva unda vTqva

kulturis Sesaxeb.

nebismieri sazogadoebis wevrebi moqmedeben arsebuli kulturis

CarCoebSi, romelic gamokveTs maT saerTo miznebs, specifiur

samizneebs da procedurebs, romlebsac wevrebi grZnoben, rom

gamoyenebuli unda iyos. nebismieri kultura warmoSobs sakuTari

unikaluri Tvisebis nawils im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom is

gamoxatavs erT an met specialur aspeqts qcevisa da es strategiuli

gamoxatuleba emsaxureba mis diferencirebas sxva kulturebisgan im

moTxovnebis pativiscemiT, romelsac is gamoimuSavebs. ramdenadac saqme

exeba saxalxo masebs, zogierTi kultura, rogoricaa magaliTad Cveni,

sakmaod didi wonisaa ekonomikuri survilebis, warmatebis,

privatulobis, dasvenebis, racionaluri efeqturobis gverdiT. sxvebi,

rogorica magaliTad foqsis tomis indielebisa, cdilobs harmoniis

SenarCunebas, Tundac rom am procesSi msxverplad iqnes gaRebuli

efeqturobisa da racionalurobis miznebi. sxvebi kvlavindeburad,

magaliTad kaCinebi birmis mTianeTSi, iRwvian Zalauflebisa da

prestiJis mosapoveblad. kultura ganasaxierebs Rirebulebis

standartebs sazogadoebaSi da aqedan gamomdinare, kveTs potenciuri

konfliqtis sferoebs, Tuki Rirebuli sagnebi moTxovnasTan SedarebiT

mcirea. tipuri moTxovnebi, romlebmac gza SeiZleba monaxon

politikur procesebSi, Seexeba konfliqtis sagnebs, romlebsac

mniSvneloba aqvT miniWebuli kulturis mier. am mizeziT Cven ar

SegviZlia imedi viqonioT, rom gavigebT moTxovnebis bunebas, romlebic

sakuTar Tavs warmoaCenen politikuri mowesrigebisaTvis, Tuki ar

viqnebiT mzad sistematurad da intensiurad vikvlioT maTi kavSiri

kulturasTan. ai, es mqonda saTqmeli kulturis damatebebis Sesaxeb,

Sesaferisi modifikaciebiT, politikuri sistemis garemos sxva

nawilebisadmi.

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magram yvela moTxovna rodi iRebs saTaves an gaaCnia sakuTari

mTavari adgilmdebareoba garemoSi. mniSvnelovani tipebi yalibdeba

sakuTriv politikuri sistemis SigniT momxdari situaciebidan.

tipurad, nebismier gangrZobad sistemaSi moTxovnebi SeiZleba

warmoiqnas sakuTriv wevrebis politikuri urTierTobebis

cvalebadobisgan, rogorc Sedegi daukmayofileblobisa, romelic

yalibdeba am urTierTobebis Sedegad. magaliTad, politikur

sistemaSi, romelic warmomadgenlobiTobas efuZneba, romelSic

Tanabari warmomadgenloba mniSvnelovani politikuri normaa,

moTxovnebi SeiZleba gaCndes saqalaqo da sasoflo saarCevno

adgilebis warmomadgenlobis gaTanabrebasTan dakavSirebiT. msgavsad,

moTxovnebi formaluri politikuri liderebis rekrutirebis procesis

cvlilebebisa, im gzis modificirebisa, romliTac konstuticiebi

umjobesdeba da sxva mravali msgavsi, SeiZleba iyos Sinaganad

ganpirobebuli moTxovnebi.

me sasargeblod da aucileblad vTvli maT gamosxvavebas

garegani moTxovnebisgan, vinaidan isini warmoadgens, sizuste rom

davicvaT, ara Senatanebs, aramed raRacas, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT

`Tanmxlebi Senatanebi~, Tu Cven miviRebT am damabrkolebel

neologizms da vinaidan maTi Sedegebi politikuri sistemis

xasiaTisaTvis ufro pirdapiria, vidre garegani moTxovnebis

SemTxvevaSi. amas garda, Tuki Cven ar gvecodineba moTxovnaTa am

klasebis gansxvavebis Sesaxeb, Cveni Zieba amao iqneba Sinagani

moTxovnebis rigis warmoqmnis axsnisa, Tuki Cven SemovtrialdebiT

mxolod garemosaken.

2. rogor gardaiqmneba moTxovnebi Sedegebad? ra gansazRvravs,

Tu rodis xdeba moTxovna seriozuli politikuri diskusiis sagani an

rCeba raRacad, romelic unda gadawydes privatulad sazogadoebis

wevrebs Soris? moTxovnis SemTxveva, iqneba is garegani Tu Sinagani,

aqedan gamomdinare, sulac ar gardaqmnis mas avtomaturad politikur

Sedegad. mravali moTxovna CanasaxSive kvdeba anda arafrismomatanad

arsebobs sazogadoebis mniSvnelobas moklebuli nawilis mxardaWeriT

da arasodes aRwevs SesaZlebeli politikuri gadawyvetilebis dones.

sxvebi gardaiqneba monagarad, Sedegad, romelic moTxovnaa, romelsac

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politikuri sistemis wevrebi amzadeben morigebisaTvis, rogorc

mniSvnelovan dRis wesrigis sakiTxs diskusiisaTvis sistemaSi arsebul

aRiarebul arxebSi.

gansxvaveba moTxovnebsa da Sedegebs Soris warmoSobs mTel rig

kiTxvebs, romelTa Sesaxebac Cven gvesaWiroeba monacemebi Tuki unda

gavigoT procesebi, romelTa gziTac moTxovnebi tipurad

transformirdeba Sedegebad. magaliTad, Cven unda gvindodes raimes

codna moTxovnasa da misi iniciatorebis an mxardamWerebis adgils

Soris sazogadoebis Zalauflebis struqturebSi, gasaidumloebis

mniSvneloba, rogorc Sedarebuli warmodgenili moTxovnebis

reklamirebasTan, moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis drois sakiTxi, politikuri

ostatobis an know-how-s floba, komunikaciebis arxebTan daSvebuloba,

SesaZlebeli wreebis ganwyobebi da gonebrivi mdgomareoba da

moTxovnebis iniciatorTa mier Seqmnili imijebi, konkretul

politikur sistemaSi Tu rogor unda moxdes maTi ganxorcieleba.

amgvar sakiTxebze pasuxis gacema SesaZloa gamoimuSavebs konversiul

indeqss, romelic asaxavs im moTxovnaTa rigis albaTobas, romelic

gardaisaxeba mimdinare politikur cxovrebaSi.

Tu Cven CavTvliT, rom politikuri mecniereba pirvel rigSi

dakavSirebulia gzasTan, romliTac avtoritaruli gadawyvetilebebi

miiReba sazogadoebisaTvis,maSin moTxovnebi imsaxurebs gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas, rogorc politikuri sistemebis Senatanis umTavresi tipi.

me azri gamovTqvi, rom moTxovnebi gavlenas axdens sistemis qcevaze

araerTi gziT. isini qmnian masalis mniSvnelovan nawils, romliTac

sistema moqmedebs. isini aseve warmoadgenen erT-erT wyaros

cvlilebisa politikur sistemebSi, ramdenadac garemos meryeobani

qmnis moTxovna-sawindrebis axal tipebs sistemisaTvis. Sesabamisad, am

yuradRebis gamaxvilebis gareSe moTxovnaTa warmomavlobasa da

determinantebze yovelgvari danakargis gareSe mkacrad ganvixiloT

ara mxolod sistemis operireba drois mocemul momentSi, aramed aseve

misi cvlileba specifiur intervalSi. politikuri sistemis rogorc

statikuri, ise istoriuli dinamika damokidebulia moTxovnebis

detalur gacnobierebaze, kerZod, maTi garemomcveli pirobebis

koliziaze.

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III . Senatanebi: mxardaWera

moTxovnaTa sawindrebi calke aRebuli araa unaris mqone

aamoqmedos sistema. isini warmoadgens mxolod pirvelad masalas,

romlebidanac produqcia, gadawyvetilebebad wodebuli, warmoebulia.

energia qmedebaTa an orientaciaTa formiT, rac xels uwyobs an

ewinaaRmdegeba politikur sistemas, masSi warmoqmnili moTxovnebi, da

misgan gamomdinare gadawyvetilebebi aseve unda Sevides sistemaSi mis

asamoZraveblad. am Senatans me vuwodebdi mxardaWeras. mxardaWeris

gareSe, moTxovnebi ar SeiZleba dakmayofildes an iqces konfliqtis

gamomwvevi miznebad. Tu moTxovnebze zemoqmedeba xdeba, sistemis

wevrebi, romlis movaleobacaa moTxovnaTa pilotireba maTi

transfomirebis gziT savaldebulo gadawyvetilebebSi da isini, vinc

miznad isaxavs gavlena moaxdinos Sesabamis procesebze nebismieri

gziT, unaris mqone unda iyos imedis damyarebisa sistemaSi sxvebisgan

mxardaWeraze. swored is, Tu ra donisaa mxardaWera, ramdenisgan da

politikuri sistemis romeli wevrebisgan, aris calkeuli da

mniSvnelovani kiTxvebi, romlebsac mokled Sevexebi.

ras vgulisxmobT mxardaWeraSi? SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom A mxars

uWers B-s, rodesac A moqmedebs misi saxeliT, anda rodesac is sakuTar

Tavs B-s miznebisadmi sasargeblod ganawyobs. mxardamWeri qceva aqedan

gamomdinare ori saxis SeiZleba iyos. is SeiZleba Sedgebodes

qmedebebisgan, romelic xels uwyobs sxva pirovnebis miznebs,

interesebsa da qmedebebs. Cven SegviZlia xma mivceT politikur

kandidats an davicvaT gadawyvetileba qveynis uzenaes sasamarTloSi,

am SemTxvevebSi mxardaWera gamoxatulebas poulobs Ria qmedebiT.

meore mxriv, mxardamWeri qceva SeiZleba Seicavdes ara garegan

aRqmad faqtebs, aramed qcevis im Sinagan formebs, rasac vuwodebT

ganwyobaTa orientaciebs; rogorc me viyeneb frazas, mxardamWeri

ganwyoba aris Rrmad fesvgamdgari damokidebulebaTa an

winaswarganwyobaTa rigi, an warmoadgens mzadyofnas qmedebisaTvis sxva

pirovnebis sasargeblod. is arsebobs, rodesac Cven vambobT, rom

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adamiani erTgulia Tavisi partiisa, erTgulia demokratiisa an

gansmWvalulia patriotizmiT. is, rac am frazebs aqvT saerTo, aris,

rom isini Seexeba pirovnebis grZnobaTa mdgomareobas. aranairi Ria

qmedeba araa CarTuli aRweris am doneze, magram CarTva is aris, rom

individma SeiZleba ganaxorcielos qmedebebi, romlebic Seesatyviseba

mis damokidebulebebs. rodesac CarTuli qmedeba ar momdinareobs Cveni

ganwyobis aRqmisgan, Cven vadasturebT, rom Cven sakmarisad Rrmad ar

SevWrilvarT pirovnebis WeSmarit grZnobebSi, aramed mxolod Tvali

gadavavleT mis zedapirul ganwyobebs.

mxardamWer ganwyobebs sasicocxlo sawindrebi aqvs politikuri

sitemis funqcionirebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis. magaliTad, xSiradD

iTqmis, rom brZola saerTaSoriso sferoSi warmoadgens daxelovnebas

adamianis gonebis zemoT. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, es WeSmaritebas

Seesabameba. Tu politikuri sistemis wevrebi myarad arian mijaWvulni

sistemas an idealebs, maTi monawileobis albaToba, rogorc saSinao,

ise sagareo politikaSi im gziT, romliTac Ziri eTxreba sistemas,

Semcirebulia didi faqtoriT. savaraudod, Tundac mniSvnelovani

provokaciis winaSe, fesvebgadgmuli mxardamWeri grZnobebi an

erTguleba SeiZleba prevalirebulad CaiTvalos.

Cven unda dagvWirdes tipuri meqanizmebis identifikacia,

romelTa saSualebiTac mxardamWeri damokidebulebebi

fesvebgadgmulia da gangrZobiTad gaZlierebulia politikuri sistemis

SigniT. magram Cveni upirvelesi amocana aris politikuri miznebis

gansazRvra da maTze dakvirveba imasTan kavSirSi, riTac mxardaWera

vrceldeba.

1. mxardaWeris sfero

mxardaWera sazrdoobs politikur sistemaSi sam obieqtTan

urTierTobaSi: sazogadoeba, reJimi da mTavroba. aq unda iyos rogorc

damokidebulebis da Tvalsazrisis daaxloeba, ise garkveuli

mondomeba qmedebisa TiToeul am sam obieqtTan dakavSirebiT.

ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani TanmimdevrobiT:

200

1. politikuri sazogadoeba. arc erT politikur sistemas ar

SeuZlia ganagrZos arseboba, Tu mis wevrebs ar surT mxari dauWiron

jgufis arsebobas, romelic miznad isaxavs moawesrigos gansxvavebebi

an gamoitanos gadawyvetilebebi mTlianobaSi mSvidobiani qmedebiT. es

Tezisi imdenad aSkaraa – saqmis qona Cveulebrivad erovnuli erTobis

aRmavlobis faqtTan – rom is SeiZleba mxolod zedapirulad iyos

mimoxiluli; da is jer kidev warmoadgens pirobas, romelzec

damokidebulia nebismieri politikuri sistemis gangrZobadoba. am

fenomenTan dakavSirebiT Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT politikur

sazogadoebaze. mxardaWeris am doneze Cven ar gvexeba sakiTxi, Tu

ramdenad arsebobs mTavroba da erTguleba konstituciuri

wesrigisadmi. am SemTxvevaSi Cven mxolod is sakiTxi gvainteresebs, Tu

ramdenad sakmarisad arian gansaxilveli jgufis wevrebi erTmaneTis

mimarT orientirebulni rom surdeT gaaerTianon koleqtiuri energia

maTi cvladi moTxovnebis mSvidobiani gadawyvetisaTvis...

2. reJimi. politikuri sistemis meore mniSvnelovani nawilis

mxardaWera energiis miwodebis saSualebas iZleva sistemis

moqmedebisaTvis. sistemis am aspeqts me vuwodebdi reJims. is Seicavs

yvela im mowesrigebas, romelic aregulirebs gzas, romliTac

sistemaSi CarTuli moTxovnebi gadawyvetilia da gzas, romliTac

gadawyvetilebebi efeqturi xdeba. arsebobs e.w. TamaSis wesebi, romlis

Suqzec sistemis wevrTa qmedebebi legitimizebulia da miRebulia

wevrebis didi raodenobis mier, rogorc avtoritaruli. Tuki arsebobs

Tundac minimumi poziciebis daaxloebisa am fuZemdebluri wesebis

mxardaWeris TvalsazrisiT – konstituciuri principebi, rogorc Cven

maT vuwodebT dasavlur sazogadoebaSi, sakmarisi harmonia ar

iarsebebs sistemis wevrTa qmedebebSi gadaitanon problemebi,

romlebic gamomuSavebulia politikuri sazogadoebisadmi maTi

mxardaWeris Sedegad. moTxovnebis mowesrigeba mTlianobaSi niSnavs,

rom cnobili unda iyos im gzis marTvis principebi, romelSic adgili

aqvs moTxovnebs Soris gansxvavebebis gadawyvetas.

3. mTavroba. Tuki politikuri sistema mzadaa gamoavlinos masSi

Cadebuli konfliqturi moTxovnebis gadawyvetis unari, ara marto

sistemis wevrebi unda iyvnen mzad moawesrigon konfliqtebi

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mTlianobaSi da miaRwion garkveul konsensuss mowesrigebis formis

marTvis wesebis Sesaxeb; isini aseve mzad unda iyvnen mxari dauWiron

mTavrobas, Tuki is ikisrebs konkretuli amocanebis Sesrulebas,

romlebic CarTulia molaparakebebsa da mowesrigebebSi. rodesac Cven

mivdivarT sistemis Sedegebamde, Cven unda davinaxoT jildo, romelic

mTavrobis gankargulebaSia mxardaWeris mobilizaciisaTvis. am

TvalsazrisiT, me mxolod is msurs, rom yuradReba gavamaxvilo am

saWiroebaze mTavrobisaTvis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, Tu is mzad

aris gamoavlinos gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis unari moTxovnebTan

dakavSirebiT. ra Tqma unda mTavrobas SeuZlia gamoiwvios mxardaWera

mravali gziT: da, daTmobiT an manipulaciiT. man aseve SeiZleba Tavs

moaxvios moTxovnaTa aramxardaWerili mowesrigebebi Zalis muqariT.

magram politikur mecnierebis Cveulebriv aqsiomas warmoadgens, rom

mxolod Zalaze damyarebul mTavrobas amqveynad didi xnis arseboba

ar uweria; unda arsebobdes misi poziciisaTvis sayrdeni sasurveli

ganwyobebis SetaniT mis subieqtebSi samarTliani an arawesieri

saSualebebiT.

faqti, rom politikuri sistemisadmi mimarTuli mxardaWera

SeiZleba konceptualurad daiyos sam elementad – mxardaWera

sazogadoebisaTvis, reJimisaTvis da mTavrobisaTvis – ar niSnavs, ra

Tqma unda, rom konkretul SemTxvevaSi mxardaWera TiToeuli am sami

obieqtisadmi damoukidebelia. sinamdvileSi, Cven unda SegveZlos da

normalur viTarebaSi SegviZlia davinaxoT, rom mxardaWeris samive

saxeoba mWidrodaa erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli, imdenad, rom erT-erTi

arseboba TavisTavad ganapirobebs erT-erTis an orive danarCenis

arsebobas...

2. raodenoba da mxardaWeris are

ramdenad esaWiroeba mxardaWeras, rom CarTuli iyos sistemaSi

da ramden mis wevrs esaWiroeba xeli Seuwyos am mxardaWeras, Tuki

sistemas aqvs unari Seasrulos Tavisi saqme moTxovnebis gardaqmnisa

gadawyvetilebebad? aranairi mza pasuxi ar arsebobs. arsebulma

situaciam nebismier mocemul SemTxvevaSi unda gansazRvros saWiro

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raodenoba da are. Tumca Cven SegviZlia vizualurad warmovidginoT

situaciebis garkveuli raodenoba, romlebic sasargeblo iqneba Cveni

yuradRebisaTvis SesaZlebeli ganzogadoebebisaTvis mimarTulebis

micemaSi.

zogierT garemoebebSi metad mcire raodenobis wevrebs

esaWiroebaT sistemis mxardaWera nebismier doneze. wevrebi SeiZleba

iyvnen zarmaci an apaTiuri, indiferentuli sistemis saerTo qmedebebis,

misi progresisa da gadawyvetilebebis mimarT. iseT mWidrod

SekavSirebul sistemaSi, rogoric indoeTs hqonda, es SeiZleba iyos

wevrebis udidesi segmentis ganwyoba. im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom maT

ar exebaT nacionalur doneze gadawyvetilebebi an rom isini ver

grZnoben, rom maT es gadawyvetilebebi exebaT. maT SeiZleba mxolod

mcire mniSvneloba hqondeT arsebul reJimTan an mTavrobasTan amas

garda moTxovnaTa sawindrebTan identifikaciisaTvis da, sistemas ki

SeuZlia unaris mqoned iyos dasavleTze orientirebuli cnobili

politikosebisa da inteleqtualebis 3 procentis mxardaWeris

safuZvelze, romlebic politikurad aqtiurni arian. sxva sityvebiT,

Cven winaSe SeiZleba iyos patara umciresoba, romelic raodenobrivad

sakmaris mxardamWer energias debs, sistemam rom imuSaos. miuxedavad

amisa, Cven SegviZlia gavwioT hipoTezis riski, romlis Tanaxmadac

sistemis wevrebi CarTulni arian mraval moTxovnaSi da arsebobs didi

albaToba imisa, rom isini aqtiurad dauWeren mxars an

SeewinaaRmdegebian sistemis samidan erT-erT doneze, rac

damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra donezea es moTxovnebi ganxorcielebuli

aTvisebuli gadawyvetilebebiT.

alternatiuli gziT, Cven SegviZlia davinaxoT, rom sistemis

yvela wevri CarTulia mxardaWeris procesSi, magram raodenoba

imdenad mcire SeiZleba iyos, rom sistemis erTi an yvela aspeqti

safrTxeSi Cavardes. Tanamedrove safrangeTi SesaZloa amis klasikuri

ilustraciaa. mxardaWeris Senatani politikuri sazogadoebis doneze

SesaZloa adekvaturia safrangeTis SenarCunebisaTvis erovnul

politikur erTobad. magram mravalferovani istoriuli da

Tanamedrove mizezebis gamo, arsebobs safuZvliani eWvi imisa, rom

franguli politikuri sistemis wevrebi araferSi an mxolod mcired

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arian CarTulni, reJimis an nebismieri kerZo mTavrobis mxardaWeraSi.

mxardaWeris es dabali done, Tundac rom moicavdes mosaxleobis

SedarebiT farTo segments, frangul politikur sistemas ufro

naklebad usafrTxo safuZvlebiT tovebs, vidre es iyo indoeTis

SemTxvevaSi. am ukanasknelSi mxardaWera naklebad gavrcelebulia,

magram ufro aqtiuria, raodenobrivad didia umciresobis mxridan.

rogorc es magaliTi aCvenebs, mxardaWeris odenoba araa aucileblad

proporciuli misi gavrcelebis arealisa.

SeiZleba zemoTmoyvanili diskusiidan gamoCndes, rom politikur

sistemaSi ar aqvs mniSvneloba wevrebi mxars uWeren Tu Tavs ikaveben,

rom es aCvenebs mtrul ganwyobas an apaTias. faqtobrivad, wevrebs

SeuZliaT, da normalurad asec unda gaakeTon, erTdroulad CarTulni

iyvnen mxardamWer da mowinaaRmdege saqmianobaSi. is, rac aq Cven

gvainteresebs, aris mxardaWeris sufTa balansi.

IV. mxardaWeris meqanizmebi

am TvalsazrisiT, me gamovTqvam azrs, rom arc erT politikur

sistemas ar SeuZlia gamoiRos mniSvnelovani Sedegebi, romelTac Cven

vuwodebT avtoritarul gadawyvetilebebs, Tu ki moTxovnebis

damatebiT mxardaWera ar gamonaxavs gzas sistemaSi. me ganvixile

SesaZlebeli obieqti, romliskenac SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos

mxardaWera da zogierTi problema mxardaWeris sferosTan,

raodenobasa da aresTan dakavSirebiT. amjerad Cven mzad varT

SemovtrialdeT mTavari kiTxvisaken, romelic warmoiSva Cven

yuradRebis gamaxvilebidan mxardaWeraze, rogorc gadamwyvet

sawindarze; tipurad rogor axerxebs sistema mxardaWeris mudmivi

nakadis SenarCunebas? mis gareSe sistema ver miiRebda sakmaris

energias Tavisi wevrebisagan, raTa unari hqonoda gardaeqmna

moTxovnebi gadawyvetilebebad.

TeoriaSi, SeiZleba arsebobdes saSualebaTa dausrulebeli

mravalsaxeoba, romlebiTac wevrebi SeiZleba midrekilni iyon sistemis

mxardaWerisken; praqtikaSi, meqanizmebis zogierTi kargad gamocdili

saxe gamoiyeneba. kvlevas am sferoSi esaWiroeba iyos mimarTuli im

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zusti gzis aRmoCenisaken, romelzec konkretuli sistema iyenebs am

meqanizmebs da Cveni warmodgenebis daxvewa im gzis Sesaxeb, romelzec

isini xels uwyoben avtoritaruli politikis ganxorcielebas.

sazogadoeba mxardaWeras gamoimuSavebs politikuri

sistemisaTvis ori gziT: Sedegebis gziT, romlebic emTxveva

sazogadoebis wevrebis moTxovnebs da politizaciis procesebis

saSualebiT. pirvel rigSi ganvixiloT Sedegebi.

1. Sedegebi, rogorc mxardaWeris meqanizmi

unda gavixsenoT, rom politikuri sistemis monagari SeiZleba

iyos politikuri gadawyvetileba an politikis gatareba. erT-erTi

mTavari gza wevrebis maT sistemasTan kavSiris gaZlierebisa aris im

gadawyvetilebebis miReba, romlebic avlens tendencias misi wevrebis

yoveldRiuri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebisa. fundamenturad simarTles

Seefereba erT aforizmSi motanili sicrue, romlis Tanaxmadac mavans

SeuZlia moatyuos mavani xalxidan garkveuli drois manZilze, magram

ara yvela dausruleblad. moTxovnaTa garkveuli minimaluri

dakmayofilebis gareSe, yvelasi, yvelaze fanatikuri patriotis

enTuziazmic ki, SeiZleba Caiferflos. Sedegebi, romlebic emTxveva

politikur gadawyvetilebebs, qmnis specifiuri stimulebis erTobas

sistemis wevrebisaTvis, raTa maT mxari dauWiron sistemas.

am saxis stimulebi SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri an negatiuri.

negatiuri saxiT, isini Seexeba sistemis wevrebs sanqciebis sxvadasxva

saxiT, dawyebuli fuladi jarimidan fizikur dakavebamde,

ostrakizmamde da sicocxlis xelyofiT damTavrebuli, rogorc Cven

sistemaSia kanoniT gansazRruli Ralatis mimarT. nebismier sistemaSi

mxardaWera energias iRebs sanqciebis an iZulebis SiSisgan;

avtokratiul sistemebSi iZulebiTi mxaradaWeris proporcia maqsimums

aRwevs. sivrcis moTxovnis Sesabamisad, me sakuTar Tavs mivandob im

SemTxvevebs, romlebSic pozitiuri stimulebi ufro farTo zomisaa.

ramdenadac sistemis specifiuri Sedegebia politikis

ganxorcielebis gadawyvetilebebi, mTavrobas ekisreba pasuximgebloba

gazardos Sedegebi an moaxdinos maTi balansireba moTxovnis

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sawindrebis winaaRmdeg. magram naTelia, rom sistemis wevrebis

mxardaWeris mosapoveblad pozitiuri stimulebiT, mTavrobas ar

esaWiroeba yvela moTxovnis dakmayofileba, Tundac misi yvelaze

gavleniani da Tavgadakluli momxreebisa. mTavrobaTa umravlesoba, an

jgufebisa, rogoricaa politikuri partiebi, romlebic miznad isaxaven

mTavrobaTa kontrols, erTmaneTs enacvlebian mxardaWeris rezervis

SeqmnaSi. es rezervi mTavrobas win waiyvans Tundac misi mimdevrebis

survilis sawinaaRmdegod, imdeni xnis manZilze sanam gagrZelebuli

mcire drois manZilze es mimdevrebi aRiqvamen kerZo mTavrobas im

raRacad, rac saerTo jamSi pasuxobs maT interesebs. erTi forma,

romelsac es sarezervo mxardaWera iRebs dasavleTis sazogadoebaSi

aris partiuli erTguleba, ramdenadac partia warmoadgens masobrivi

industriuli sazogadoebis tipur instruments mobilizaciisa da

mTavrobis mxardaWeris SenarCunebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, specifiuri

jildoebis aRmavali nakleboba politikis ganxorcielebis

gadawyvetilebebidan gamomdinare ganuxrelad iwvevs safrTxes, rom

yvelaze Rrma partiuli erTgulebac SeiZleba Seiryas.

aqedan gamomdinare, sistemas ar esaWiroeba daakmayofilos misi

wevrebis yvela moTxovna imdenad, ramdenad xangrZlivadac man moaxdina

mxardaWeris rezervireba mravali wlisaTvis. mas aseve ar esaWiroeba

Tundac misi yvela wevris zogierTi moTxovnis dakmayofileba. mxolod

maTi moTxovnebi, romelTa dakmayofilebac sistemam miznad unda

daisaxos, maTi moTxovnebis raodenoba da dro da pirobebi aris

sakiTxebi specialuri kvlevisaTvis. Cven winaswar SegviZlia vTqvaT,

rom yvela gavleniani wevrebis moTxovnebi mainc moiTxovs

dakmayofilebas. magram es Cven gveubneba mxolod mcires, Tu Cven ar

viciT, Tu rogor unda aRmovaCinoT gavlenis mqoneni politikur

sistemaSi da Tu rogor aRwevs wevrTa axali rigi gavlenis poziciebs.

mTavrobaTa gadawyvetilebebis kritikuli mniSvneloba sistemis

sxva ori aspeqtis mxardaWerisaTvis – kerZod politikuri

sazogadoebisa da reJimisaTvis – naTelia iqedan gamomdinare, rac

zemoT vTqvi. mxardaWeris yvela am ukandaxevas mTavrobisgan Sedegebi

moaqvs reJimis an sazogadoebis warmatebisa Tu warumateblobisaTvis.

magram mTavrobis myari uunaroba gamoiwvios damakmayofilebeli

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Sedegebi SeiZleba Tavisuflad gaxdes reJimis Secvlis an politikuri

sazogadoebis daSlis moTxovnebis mizezi. swored am mizeziTaa, rom

sawindari-Sedegis balansi sasicocxlo meqanizms warmoadgens

politikuri sistemis cxovrebaSi.

2. mxardaWeris meqanizmis politizacia

mcdari iqneboda imi miCneva, rom sistemis gankargulebaSi

arsebuli mxardaWeris done eqskluziurad gamomdinareobaTa funqcias

warmoadgens sanqciebis an jildoebis formiT. Tu Cven amgvarad

davaskvniT, Cven gaWirvebiT Tu gamovalT mravali politikuri sistemis

SenarCunebis mxardamWerad, romlebSic moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba

TvalsaCinod dabalia, sadac sazogadoebrivi iZuleba SezRudulia da

Sesabamisad, is gamyarebulia epoqaTa ganmavlobaSi. damatebiT, rTuli

iqneboda imis axsna, Tu rogor SeuZliaT politikur sistemebs

gamyareba da Sesabamisad marTva gadaudebeli moTxovnebisaTvis

arafrad Cagdebis an xelis SeSlisa, aqedan gamomdinare sakmarisad

aqcion quid pro quo mxardaWeris sawindrisaTvis. faqts is warmoadgens,

rom rogorc ar unda moxdes mxadaWeris maragis akumulireba

warsulis gadawyvetilebebiT, is gazrdili da gamyarebulia rTuli

meTodis mudmivad warmoebuli mxardaWeriT, romelsac unda vuwodo

politizaciis procesi. es mouxerxebeli terminia, magram miuxedavad

amisa gamocdil aRwerilobiT termins warmoadgens.

rogorc TiToeuli pirovneba izrdeba sazogadoebaSi

jildoebisa da sasjelebis erTobis saSualebiT, ise sazogadoebis

sxva wevrebi kavSirSi arian masTan da masSi deben sxvadasxva

institucionalur miznebs da am sazogadoebis normebs. es kargadaa

cnobili socialur kvlevaSi, rogorc socializaciis procesi. misi

moqmedebiT pirovneba swavlobs Tavis sxvadasxva socialuri rolebis

TamaSs. am miznebisa da normebis nawili kavSirSia imasTan, rasac

sazogadoeba sasurvelad Tvlis politikur cxovrebaSi. gza,

romliTac es politikuri modelebi Seiswavleba sazogadoebis

wevrebis mier, qnis imas, rasac me vuwodeb politizaciis process. misi

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saSualebiT pirovneba swavlobs sakuTari politikuri rolebis

TamaSs, romelic Seicavs saxasiaTo politikuri poziciebis SeTvisebas.

ufro axlodan davakvideT imas, rac xdeba politizaciis

procesis dros. ramdenadac sazogadoebis wevrebi izrdebian da

mwifdebian, maT unda SeiTvison sxvadasxva orientaciebi politikuri

sakiTxebis mimarT, romelTagan erTic miCneulia am sazogadoebaSi

arsebulad. Tu sazogadoebis wevrebis Sexedulebebi arCeul gzasTan

dakavSirebiT gansxvavebulia specifiur politikur situaciebSi

garkveul doneze, SeuZlebeli iqneboda erToblivi moqmedeba

savaldebulo gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. mowesrigebuli politikuri

sistemis sicocxlisunarianobisaTvis arsebiTia Sexedulebebis

garkveuli saerTo safuZveli im standartebTan dakavSirebiT,

romlebic gamoyenebulia politikuri SefasebebisaTvis, gzis Sesaxeb,

romelsac xalxma unda misdios sxvadasxva politikur sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT da gzis Sesaxeb, romliTac sistemis wevrebma unda

aRiqvan politikuri fenomeni da misi interpretireba moaxdinon.

meqanizmi, romliTac es swavla xdeba, TvalsaCino mniSvnelobisaa imis

gagebisaTvis, Tu rogor gamoimuSavebs da axdens akumulirebas

politikuri sistema mxardaWeris Zlieri maragisa. miuxedavad imisa,

rom, Cven ar SegviZlia CaveZioT detalebs, SeiZleba vaxsenoT mcire

nawili kavSirSi myofi ganzomilebebisa. pirvel adgilze, ra Tqma

unda, dgas is, rom politizaciis procesis swavla ar wydeba

individisTvis nebismier calke aRebul periodSi; is iwyeba bavSviT da

swavlebis Cveni codnis Suqze, SeiZleba hqondes Rrma Sedegebi ukve

siymawvilis xanaSi...

meore adgilze, politizaciis Tanamedrove procesi mis yvelaze

zogad doneze rTavs moqmedebaSi jilodoebis da sasjelebis

kompleqsur qsels. swori politikuri damokidebulebebis

aTvisebisaTvis da swori politikuri qmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad,

politikuri miznebis zogadad gaziarebuli interpretaciebis

SesabamisobisTvis da mocemuli sistemis wevris

institucionalizebuli movaleobebis Sesasruleblad, Cven sxvadasxva

gzebiT viRebT jildoebs an sasjelebs. SesabamisobisaTvis Cven Tavs

unda vgrZnobdeT Rirseulad, survilis mqoned, pativcemulad da

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xSirad miviRoT materialuri sargebeli, rogoricaa simdidre, gavlena,

SesaZleblobebi. dasaSvebi zRvaris qvemoT aRmoCenisas, Cven unda

vgrZnobdeT Tavs pativayrilad, uaryofilad, Rirseba Selaxulad da

xSirad vitanjebodeT materiluri danakargebis gamo...

mesame adgilze, saSualebebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba miznebisa da

normebis sxvebTan dakavSirebisaTvis avlens tendencias, rom

ganmeorebadi iyos yvela sazogadoebaSi. sxvadasxva politikuri miTebi,

doqtrinebi da filosofiebi gadascemen yovel Taobas miznebisa da

normebis gansakuTrebul interpretacias. transmisiis an jaWvSi

gadamwyveti damakavSirebeli rgolebia mSoblebi, da-Zma, Tanatolebi,

maswavleblebi, organizaciebi da socialuri liderebi, ise rogorc

fizikuri simboloebi, rogoricaa droSebi an totemebi, ceremoniebi da

ritualebi, datvirTuli politikuri mniSvnelobiT.

es procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac kuTvnileba politikuri

sistemisadmi yalibdeba sazogadoebis momwifebuli wevris gonebaSi, me

avurie erTad politizaciis rubrikis qveS...

rodesac sabaziso politikuri kuTvnilebebi Rrmad

fesvegamjdari an institucionalizebuli xdeba, Cven vambobT, rom

sistema miRebulia, rogorc legitimuri. aqedan gamomdinare

politizacia efeqturad ajamebs im gzas, romliTac legitimacia

iqmneba da gadaicema politikur sistemaSi. da es empiriuli

dakvirvebaa, rom im instanciebSi, sadac politikuri sistema yvelaze

xangrZlivad inarCunebs arsebobas, mxardaWera sazrdoobs gazrdili

rwmeniT Sesabamisi mTavrobebisa da reJimebis legitimurobisa.

is, ris SemoTavazebasac aq vaxden, aris, rom mxardaWera, rCeba ra

mTavrobis legitimurobis mniSvnelobiT, reJimisaTvis gamoimuSavebs

aucilebel rezervs, Tu sistema ganicdis xSir qariSxlebs, rodesac

yvelaze TvalsaCino gamomdinareobebi sistemisa Cans, rom iwvevs ufro

did siZneleebs, vidre jildoebs. pasuxebi kiTxvebze, romlebic Seexeba

formirebas, SenarCunebas, transmisias da legitimurobis standartebis

Secvlas zogadad xels Seuwyobs im gzis gacnobierebas, romliTac

mxardaWera sakmarisad institucionalizebulia da amdenad sistemas

SeuZlia regularulad da Zalisxmevis zedmeti danaxarjis gareSe

moTxovnis sawindrebi gardaqmnas gadawyvetilebis Sedegebad.

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amgvarad, aq TvalsaCinod Cans politikuri cxovrebis

SeswavlisaTvis zogadi Teoriis aucilebloba. erTaderTi kiTxvaa, Tu

rogor unda ganxorcieldes es saukeTeso gziT. ar arsebobs

erTaderTi `samefo~ gza, romelzec SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze

swori an saukeTesoa. arsebobs mxolod sakiTxi, Tu ra aris xelT

arsebuli codnis mocemul doneze gamovlenilidan yvelaze

gamosadegi. am stadiaze Cans, rom sistemebis Teoria misi

mgrZnobelobiT Senatani-Sedegis gacvlebis mimarT sistemasa da mis

garemomcvel pirobebs Soris nayofier midgomas iZleva. es ekonomiuri

gzaa amJamad kavSirgawyvetili politikuri monacemebis

oraganizebisaTvis da iZleva saintereso dividendebis dapirebas.

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mankur olsoni

koleqtiuri moqmedebis logika

“eqskluziuri” da “inkluziuri” jgufebi

[avtori iwyebs jgufSi Sesvlisa da misgan gamosvlis sakiTxebis

ganxilvas]. es aris mniSvnelovani momenti; ekonomikis dargSi momuSave

firmebi, anu sabazro jgufebi, fundamenturad gansxvavdeba arasabazro

jgufebisgan Tavisi damokidebulebiT jgufSi Sesvlisa da misgan

gamosvlis sakiTxebze. dargSi momuSave firmas urCevnia ar dauSvas

axali firmebis imave bazarze Semosvla da unda, rom rac SeiZleba

metma amave dargSi momuSave firmam datovos igi. misi survilia dargSi

momuSave firmaTa jgufi maqsimalurad Semcirdes - sasurvelia jgufSi

mxolod erTi firma darCes: misi idealia monopolia. amdenad, mocemul

bazarze firmebi arian konkurentebi an mopaeqreebi. koleqtiuri

sikeTis (produqtis, good) maZiebel arasabazro jgufebSi an

organizaciebSi ki sapirispiro viTarebaa. Cveulebriv, rac meti

monawilis CarTvaa SesaZlebeli danaxarjebisa da mogebis gaziarebaSi,

miT ukeTesi. jgufis zomis zrda ar iwvevs vinmesadmi konkurenciis

gaCenas, magram man SeiZleba moitanos ufro dabali fasebi maTTvis,

vinc ukve jgufSia. am xedvis WeSmariteba aSkaraa yoveldRiuri

dakvirvebebidan. im dros, rodesac dargSi momuSave firmebi dastirian

konkurenciis yovelgvar zrdas, asociaciebi, romlebic awarmoeben

koleqtiur sikeTeebs arasabazro viTarebaSi, rogorc wesi,

miesalmebian axali wevrebis Semosvlas. amgvari organizaciebi zogjer

cdiloben gaxadon maTi wevroba savaldebuloc ki.

. . . [rogorc wina TavSi iyo naCvenebi sabazro da arasabazro jgufebi

saocrad hgvanan erTmaneTs] Tuki bazarze momuSave biznesmenica da

lobisturi organizaciis wevric waagaven erTmaneTs imiT, rom orives

azriT jgufis miznebis misaRwevad gaweuli nebismieri Zalisxmevis

Sedegi ZiriTadad jgufis danarCen wevrebs adgeba, maSin ratom

gansxvavdebian isini amdenad, rodesac saqme jgufSi Sesvlasa da misgan

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gamosvlas exeba? pasuxi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sabazro viTarebaSi

“koleqtiuri sikeTe” – ufro maRali fasi [firmebis mier warmoebul

produqciaze – red.] – iseTi bunebisaa, rom Tu erTi firma met

produqcias yidis am fasad, sxvebma unda gayidon naklebi, amdenad

sargebeli, romelsac is iZleva, gansazRvrulia miwodebiT; xolo

arasabazro viTarebaSi koleqtiuri sikeTisgan miRebuli sargebeli ar

aris gansazRvruli miwodebiT. fasis dagdebis gareSe mocemul

bazarze SeiZleba gaiyidos produqtis mxolod SezRuduli raodenoba;

sapirispirod, adamianTa nebismier raodenobas SeuZlia lobisturi

organizaciis wevroba imis gareSe, rom Semcirdes sxvebis mier

miRebuli sargebeli. sabazro viTarebaSi imas, rasac iRebs erTi firma,

Cveulebriv sxva veRar miiRebs. rogorc wesi arasabazro viTarebaSi is,

rasac moixmars erTi, SeiZleba moixmaros sxvamac. Tu sabazro

viTarebaSi firma yvavis, is xdeba ufro Zlieri metoqe; magram Tu

arasabazro jgufis wevria ayvavebuli, mas SeiZleba gauCndes stimuli

gadaixados koleqtiuri sikeTis Rirebulebis ufro didi nawili.

imis gamo, rom sargebeli, romelic sabazro viTarebaSi “koleqtiuri

sikeTisgan” - ufro maRali fasisgan – SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli,

gansazRvrulia, da, amdenad, SezRuduli, – rac sabazro jgufis

wevrebs ubiZgebs ecadon Seamciron jgufis sidide - am tipis

koleqtiur sikeTes aq davarqmevT “eqskluziur koleqtiur sikeTes”.

vinaidan koleqtiuri sikeTeebis miwodeba arasabazro viTarebaSi, amis

sapirispirod, avtomaturad izrdeba rodesac jgufi izrdeba, am tipis

sazogadoebriv sikeTes unda davarqvaT “inkluziuri koleqtiuri

sikeTe”.

amdenad, aris Tu ara jgufis qceva inkluziuri Tu eqskluziuri,

damokidebulia im miznis bunebaze, romelsac misdevs jgufi, da ara

misi wevrobis raime maxasiaTebelze. sinamdvileSi firmebisa an

individebis erTi da igive erToba SeiZleba iyos eqskluziuri jgufi

erT konteqstSi da inkluziuri jgufi meoreSi. dargSi moqmedi

firmebi qmnian eqskluziur jgufs, rodesac isini iswrafvian gazardon

fasebi dargSi warmoebis SezRudviT, magram isini qmnian inkluziur

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jgufs, da izidaven nebismier mxardaWeras, rasac gaswvdebian, rodesac

maT undaT gadasaxadebis an tarifebis Semcireba, an mTavrobis

politikis nebismieri sxva cvlileba. is, rom jgufis inkluziuroba

Tu eqskluziuroba damokidebulia konkretul mizanze, da ara

wevrobis raime mowyobaze, mniSvnelovania, vinaidan bevri organizacia

muSaobs rogorc bazarze (raTa aswios fasebi warmoebis SemcirebiT),

aseve politikur da socialur sistemebSi sxva saerTo interesebis

dasacavad. . .

Semdgomi gansxvaveba inkluziur da eqskluziur jgufebs Soris cxadi

xdeba maSin, rodesac dagegmilia formalurad organizebuli, an

Tundac araformalurad koordinirebuli moqmedeba. Tuki organizebul

an koordinirebul moqmedebas adgili eqneba inkluziur jgufSi, am

saqmianobaSi CarTuli iqneba imdeni monawile, ramdenis saSvelad

mozidva gaxdeba SesaZlebeli. Tumca ar iqneba aucilebeli (garda

marginaluri SemTxvevebisa, rodesac koleqtiuri sikeTe daaxloebiT

tolia masze danaxarjebis) rom jgufis yvela monawile CaerTos

organizaciaSi an SeTanxmebaSi. arsebiTad es xdeba imitom, rom imaT,

vinc monawileobs, aramonawilis gamo ar akldeba inkluziuri sikeTis

mogeba. inkluziuri koleqtiuri sikeTe ganmartebiT aris imdagvari,

rom mogeba, romelsac iRebs aramonawile ar iwvevs wagebas imaTTvis,

vinc monawileobs.

rodesac jgufi mimarTulia eqskluziuri saerTo sikeTis miRebaze

bazarze moqmedi firmebisa an organizaciebis SeTanxmebis gziT, anu Tu

adgili aqvs cxad an Tundac farul SeTanxmebas bazarze – viTareba

didwilad sxvaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi Tumca ki sasurvelia, rom dargSi

momuSave firmebis raodenoba iyos rac SeiZleba naklebi, TiTqmis

yovelTvis arsebiTia, paradoqsulad, rom iyos 100-procentiani

monawileoba imaTi, vinc rCeba jgufSi. arsebiTad es xdeba imitom, rom

Tundac erT aramonawiles SeuZlia miiTvisos mTeli mogeba, romelic

moyveba firmebis farul SeTanxmebas. Tuki aramonawile firmis xarjebi

ar izrdeba zedmetad swrafad misi warmoebis zrdasTan erTad, mas

SeuZlia zardos da zardos warmoeba raTa gamoiyenos upiratesoba,

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romelsac qmnis faruli SeTanxmebiT dadgenili maRali fasebi, manam,

sanam SeTanxmebuli firmebi, Tuki isini sulelurad SeinarCuneben

maRal fass, ar Seamcireben Tavis warmoebas nulamde aramonawile

firmis sasargeblod. aramonawile firmas SeuZlia waarTvas farulad

SeTanxmebul firmebs maTi SeTanxmebiT miRweuli yvela upiratesoba,

vinaidan mogeba, romelic moaqvs nebismier mocemul superkonkurentul

(konkurentulze ufro maRal – red.) fass aris gansazRvruli

moculobis; ase rom rasac is miiRebs, imas SeTanxmebuli firmebi

waageben. amdenad eqskluziur jgufebs axasiaTebT yvela-an-aravin

Tviseba, anu an unda iyos firmebis 100- procentiani monawileoba, an

SeTanxmeba ver Sedgeba. 100 procentis monawileobis es saWiroeba

warmoebaSi imave Sedegebis momtania, rac kenWisyris sistemisTvis aqvs

konstituciur normas imis Taobaze, rom yvela gadawyvetileba unda

iyos erTsulovani. rodesac moTxovnilia erTsulovani monawileoba,

nebismier erTeulovan “gajiutebuls” aqvs eqstraordinaruli gavlena

savaWrod; man SeiZleba miaRwios SesaZleblobas moiTxovos TavisTvis

udidesi nawili im mogebisa, romelic SeiZleba warmoqmnas nebismierma

jgufurma qmedebam. metic, jgufSi nebismier wevrs SeuZlia iswrafvos,

rom is “gajiutdes” da moiTxovos meti wili misi (aucilebeli)

mxardaWeris sanacvlod. “sijiutis” am stimulis gamo nebismieri

jgufuri qmedeba xdeba naklebad savaraudo, vidre is sxva viTarebaSi

iqneboda. is aseve gulisxmobs, rom TiToeul wevrs aqvs Zlieri

stimuli CaerTos vaWrobaSi; warmatebuli vaWrobiT mas yvelafris

mogeba SeuZlia, xolo warumatebliT – yvelafris wageba. es imas

niSnavs, rom bevrad meti vaWrobaa mosalodneli nebismier viTarebaSi,

romelSiac moiTxoveba 100-procentiani monawileoba, vidre imaSi,

rodesac raime sxva naklebma procentma SeiZleba miiRos monawileoba

jgufur moqmedebaSi.

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom urTierTobebi individebs Soris

inkluziur da eqskluziur jgufebSi aris metad gansxvavebuli,

maSinac ki, rodesac jgufebi imdenad pataraa, rom erTi wevris

moqmedebas aqvs sagrZnobi gavlena nebismier sxva wevrze, da, amdenad,

pirovnul urTierTobebs aqvs mniSvneloba. eqskluziuri jgufis

214

firmebs undaT, rom jgufSi iyos rac SeiZleba naklebi sxva wevri, da

amitom fxizlad akvirdebian sxva firmebs imis SiSiT, rom isini

Seecdebian mis amogdebas dargidan. TiToeulma firmam unda gaTvalos,

nebismieri moqmedebis warmarTvamde, xom ar gamoiwvevs is “fasebis oms”

an “mkvlelebis konkurencias”. es niSnavs, rom eqskluziur jgufSi

Semavali yvela firma mgrZnobiare unda iyos jgufSi Semavali sxva

firmebis mimarT, da mxedvelobaSi unda iRebdes maT SesaZlo reaqciebs

mis moqmedebaze. amave dros nebismieri jgufuri moqmedeba eqskluziur

jgufSi Cveulebrivad moiTxovs 100 procentian monawileobas. amdenad

dargSi CarTuli yvela firma aris ara mxolod mopaeqre danarCeni

firmebis, aramed aucilebeli partniori nebismier farul SeTanxmebaSi.

amdenad, Tuki dgeba nebismieri, ragind faqizi SeTanxmebis sakiTxi,

nebismieri firma dargSi SeiZleba monawileobdes vaWrobaSi an

“jiutobdes” ufro didi wilis misaRebad. firmas, romelsac sxvebze

ukeT SeeZleba gamocnoba, Tu ra reaqcia eqnebaT sxva firmebs mis

nebismier moZraobaze, miiRebs am vaWrobaSi mniSvnelovan upiratesobas.

. . . sxva sityvebiT, orive – jgufis sididis Semcirebis survili da

Cveulebrivi moTxovna nebismier farul SeTanxmebaSi 100 precentis

monawileobisa, zrdis oligopoluri reaqciebis intensiobasa da

sirTules. daskvna imis Taobaze, rom dargebi, romlebSiac firmebis

mcire raodenobaa CarTuli, iqneba oligopoluri erTmaneTze

damokidebuli firmebiT, rasakvirvelia nacnobia yvela

ekonomistisTvis.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ar aris kargad gagebuli, rom inkluziur jgufSi,

Tundac pataraSi, vaWroba an strateguli urTierToba bevrad

naklebadaa gavrcelebuli da mniSvnelovani. es nawilobriv imitom

xdeba, rom ar arsebobs vinmes inkluziuri jgufidan gagdebis

survili. aseve nawilobriv imitom, rom Cveulebriv araa moTxovnili

erTsulovani monawileobis msgavsi ram, amdenad inkluziur jgufSi

CarTul monawileebs ar axasiaTebT mcdeloba daikavon “jiutis”

pozicia, raTa miiRon mogebis ufro didi wili. es amcirebs vaWrobis

sixSires (da ufro savaraudos xdis jgufur moqmedebas). Tumca ki,

problema metad rTulia da ar arsebobs xerxebi zustad

215

ganvsazRvroT, Tu rogori intensivobis vaWrobaa mosalodneli ama Tu

im viTarebaSi, mainc metad sarwmuno Cans mtkiceba, rom inkluziur

jgufebSi bevrad naklebia strategiuli interaqcia, da damoukidebeli

qcevis hipoTeza xSirad aRwers am jgufis wevrebs sakmaod kargad.

216

maqs veberi

meurneoba da sazogadoeba

legitimurobis safuZveli

aqtorebma socialur wesrigs legitimuroba SeiZleba miaweron

Semdeg safuZvelze:

1) tradiciis: Zalis mqonea is, rac yovelTvis iyo;

2) afeqturi, gansakuTrebiT emociuri rwmenis: Zalis mqonea is,

rac axlaxans gacxadda an samagaliToa;

3) Rirebulebriv-racionaluri rwmenis: Zalis mqonea is, rac

deduqciis gziT gamoyvanilia absolutad;

4) pozitiuri dakanonebis, rac legaluradaa miCneuli;

5) aseTi legaluroba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc

legitimuri Semdegi mizezebis gamo:

a) is warmodgeba dainteresebul mxareTa nebayoflobiTi

SeTanxmebidan;

b) is dadgenilia xelisuflebis mier, romelic legitimuradaa

miCneuli da amitom mas emorCilebian.

1. Tu sazogadoebrivi wesrigis validuroba ganpirobebulia

tradiciis xelSeuxebeli siwmindiT, es legitimurobis

uZvelesi da yvelaze universaluri tipia. SiSi magiuri

ubedurebebis winaSe ganamtkicebs fsiqologiur TavSekavebas

adaTwesismieri qmedebis yovelgvari cvlilebisagan. amave

dros, mravalferovani interesTa jgufebi, romlebic

dadgenili wesrigis morCilebis aRiarebisaken ixrebian,

xels uwyoben mis samaradisod SenarCunebas...

2. axali wesrigis Seqmnisas Segnebulad tradiciidan amosvla,

Tavdapirvelad TiTqmis mTlianad ganpirobebuli iyo

winaswarmetyvelebis wminda WeSmaritebebiT, an, yovel

SemTxvevaSi, gancxadebebiT, romlebic winaswarmetyvelurad

iyo Seracxuli da siwminded aRiarebuli. es exeba berZnuli

217

aisymnetai-s principebsac. amdenad, morCilebas ganapirobebda

winaswarmetyvelebis legitimurobis rwmena. mkacri

tradicionalizmis xanaSi axali wesrigi, ufro zustad

wesrigi, romelic aseTad aRiqmeboda, SeuZlebeli iyo

xilvis gareSe, vidre ar gamocxaddeboda, rom es wesrigi

mudam WeSmariti, magram aqamde Seucnobeli iyo, an, rom is

droebiT miCqmaluli iyo, axla ki aRdgenili kuTvnil

adgilze.

3. Rirebulebriv-racionalurobaze dafuZnebuli legitimurobis

yvelaze sufTa tipi bunebiTi samarTalia. misi logikurad

gamoyvanili debulebebis gavlena realur qmedebebze

mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba mis idealur moTxovnebs, Tumca ar

SeiZleba imis uaryofa, rom maT mainc hqondaT garkveuli

gavlena. bunebiTi samarTlis debulebebi unda ganvasxvavoT

zevidan movlenili, dadgenili da tradiciuli samarTlis

normebisgan.

4. dRes legitimurobis yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli forma

legalurobis rwmenaa, dadgenili wesebis morCileba,

romlebic formalurad sworia da Seqmnilia Cveuli formiT.

am mxriv, gansxvaveba nebayoflobiT SeTanxmebaze dafuZnebul

wesrigsa da zemodan dadgenils Soris mxolod SefardebiTia.

imdenad, ramdenadac SeTanxmeba, romelic safuZvlad udevs

wesrigs, ar aris erTsulovani ise, rogorc es adre miaCndaT

saWirod sruli legitimurobisaTvis, wesrigi faqtobrivad

Tavs moxveulia umciresobisaTvis. am sakmaod gavcelebul

SemTxvevaSi wesrigi mocemuli jgufis SigniT damokidebulia

imaT damTmoblobaze, vinc gansxvavebuli azrisaa. meore

mxriv, umciresobisaTvis Zalze Cveulia ZaliT, an sxva, ufro

ulmobeli da windaxeduli meTodebiT wesrigis damkvidreba,

romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi legitimurad ganixileba maT

mier, vinc Tavidan mas ewinaaRmdegeboda. imdenad, ramdenadac

kenWisyra gamoiyeneba gamoiyeneba wesrigis Secvlis legalur

xerxad, umciresobisaTvis metad damaxasiaTebelia formaluri

umravlesobis mopovebis neba, xolo umravlesobisaTvis –

218

damorCilebis survili. am SemTxvevaSi umravlesobis

mmarTveloba sruli iluziaa. wesrigis, rogorc

nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Seqmnilis,

legalurobis rwmena SedarebiT Zvelia da drodadro

gvxvdeba e.w. primitiul xalxebSi. magram mocemul SemTxvevaSi

am rwmenas TiTqmis yovelTvis emateba winaswarmetyvelebaTa

avtoriteti.

5. imdenad, ramdenadac erTi adamianis an mcire jgufis mier

dadgenili wesrigis morCilebis survili mxolod SiSisa da

mizanSewonilobis motivebidan ar gamomdinareobs, is

yovelTvis gulisxmobs wesrigis damdgeni wyaros

Zalauflebis legitimurobis rwmenas. (...)

6. ama Tu im wesrigisadmi morCileba TiTqmis yovelTvis

ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva interesebiTa da tradiciis mkacri

mimdevrobisa da legalurobis rwmenis najvariT, im

SemTxvevis garda, roca saqme gvaqvs sruliad axal

regulirebasTan. uamrav SemTxvevaSi, raRa Tqma unda, verc ki

dgindeba, Tu ramdenad aris damokidebuli aqtorTa wesrigs

daqvemdebareba adaT-wesebze, SeTanxmebaze Tu samarTalze.

aseT SemTxvevaSi sociologi unda ecados Camoayalibos

validurobis tipuri safuZveli.

219

bernard manini

warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis principebi

Tavi VI - warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis

metamorfozebi

zogjer amboben, rom dasavleTis qveynebSi warmomadgenlobiTi

mmarTveloba ganicdis kriziss. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda, rom

warmomadgenloba efuZneboda mZlavr da stabilur urTierTobas (ndobaze

damyarebul urTierTobas) amomrCevlebsa da politikur partiebs Soris;

didi umravlesoba amomrCevlebisa sakuTari Tavis identificirebas axdenda

partiebTan, da rCeboda loialuri calkeuli, konkretuli partiisa. magram

dRes, sul ufro meti da meti adamiani icvlis arCevans erTi arCevnebidan

meoremde, da sazogadoebrivi azris, Sexedulebis Seswavla aCvenebs mzard

raodenobas iseTi xalxisa, romelnic uaryofen identurobas romelime

arsebul partiasTan. partiebs Soris gansxvavebebi maTi warmoSobisas iyo

refleqsia socialuri dayofisa. Cvens droSi, piriqiT, iseTi STabeWdileba

iqmneba, rom swored partiebi iwveven (gansazRvraven) dayofebs (gayofebs,

danawevrebas) sazogadoebaSi, iseT dayofebs, romlebsac damkvirveblebi

miiCneven "xelovnurad". yoveli partia sTavazobda eleqtorats detalur

programas RonisZiebebisa, romelTa ganxorcielebasac pirdeboda

xelisuflebaSi mosvlis SemTxvevaSi. dRes partiebisa da kandidatebis

eleqtoraluri strategia dafuZnebulia nacvlad bundovani imijis

konstruqciebisa, gamokveTil Tvisebebze liderTa pirovnebebisa.

sabolood, Sedegad, isini, vinc dRes modian politikur wreebSi

gansxvavdebian danarCeni mosaxleobisagan Tavisi saqmianobiT, kulturiTa

da cxovrebis wesiT. sajaro scena aris aRmatebulad (sul ufro metad)

dominirebuli mediis specialistebiT, arCevnebis eqspertebiTa da

JurnalistebiT, romlebSic Znelia dainaxo sazogadoebis tipiuri,

adeqvaturi refleqsia. politikosebi Cveulebriv aRweven Zalauflebas maTi

media-talantebis gamo, da ara Tavis amomrCevlebTan socialuri msgavsebis,

an maTTan siaxlovis gamo.

ukanaskneli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki XIXs-is II

naxevarSi, warmomadgenlobiTma mmarTvelobam ganicada mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi. yvelaze aSkara maTgan (cvlilebaTagan), romelzec

koncentrirebulia warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis istoriaTa

umravlesoba, exeba xmis micemis, anu saarCevno uflebebs: sakuTreba da

kulturuli cenzi aRar iyo aucilebeli da xmis micema, kenWisyraSi

monawileoba ki gafarTovda. es cvlileba xdeboda kidev erT cvlilebasTan

220

erTad, paralelurad: masebze dafuZnebuli (masiuri) partiebis rolis

zrdasTan erTad. modernuli (Tanamedrove - igulisxmeba moderni - XVII-

XVIII ss-idan) warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba Camoyalibda organizebuli

politikuri partiebis gareSe. metic, bevri fuZemdebeli

warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobisa partiebs an "fraqciebs" ganixilavda,

rogorc saSiSroebas, xifaTs im sistemisaTvis, romelic maT Camoayalibes.

magram XIX saukunis meore naxevridan arsebobas iwyebs politikuri

partiebi, organizebulni eleqtoratis miswrafebebis safuZvelze, rogorc

konstituciuri, Semqmneli elementi warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobisa.

kidev meti, rogorc Cven ukve vnaxeT, damfuZnebeli mamebi uaryofiTad

ekidebodnen imperatiul mandats da warmomadgenelTa "instruqtirebis"

praqtikas, da maT hqondaT Rrma undobloba eleqtoraluri dapirebebis

mimarT, Tundac "ara-Semkvreli" (non-binding) tipisa - dapirebebisa. masiurma

partiebma, sapirispirod, aqcies politikuri platforma mTavar instumentad

eleqtoraluri Sejibrisa.

masiuri partiebisa da politikuri programebis rolisa da mniSvnelobis

zrdam, Cans, Secvales Tavad "warmomadgenloba" - misi gageba:

"warmomadgenloba" gaigeboda rogorc damakavSirebeli rgoli ori

punqtisa - erTdroulad - rogorc Tvisobrivi urTierToba

warmomadgenlebsa da warmomdgenebs Soris, da rogorc

urTierTdamokidebuleba marTulTa survilebsa da mmarTvelTa

gadawyvetilebebs Soris. amgvari gagebisas pirvelyovlisa,

warmomadgenlobiTi personali, nacvlad imisa, rom yofiliyvnen

warmoSobilni - gamorCeulni niWierTa da mdidarTa elitebidan, rogorc

es surdaT damfuZnebel mamebs, unda Sedgebodes principulad Cveulebriv

moqalaqeTagan, romelTac miaRwies Tavisi partiebis saTaveebs mebrZoli

aqtivobebis meSveobiT da saqmisadmi, miznisadmi erTgulebiT. metic,

warmomadgenlebi, ukve arCeulni, rCebodnen partiuli menejerebisa da

aqtivistebis kontrolis qveS, partiis Sida disciplinis Sedegad, da amdenad

warmomadgenelTa avtonomia, romliTac isini adre sargeblobdnen, Tavisi

mandatis periodis ganmavlobaSi, ganicdida zewolas. da polikuri

platformebi warmoCindeboda, rogorc damatebiTi Semdgomi SezRudva

warmomadgenelTa moqmedebis Tavisuflebisa.

swored es aris is, ris gamoc gviani XIX s-is damkvirveblebi axdendnen

axali rolis, romelsac partiebi da platformebi asrulebdnen,

interpretacias, rogorc dadasturebas, gamovlenas warmomadgenlobis

krizisisa. Sedegad, aqedan moyolebuli, warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba

identificirebuli iyo, rogorc "parlamentarizmi", an "liberaluri

parlamentarizmi". inglisuri sistema, rogorc is funqcionirebda 1870

221

wlamde ganixileboda, rogorc yvelaze ufro srulyofili forma

warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobisa. XX s-is dasawyisisTvis refleqsiebi

"parlamentarizmis krizisze" mravldeba. magram, TandaTanobiT xdeba

naTeli, rom Tu masiurma partiebma namdvilad moitanes "parlamentarizmis"

dacema da Sesusteba, warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba ar iqna dangreuli

da mospobili am procesSi. misi Semqmneli, fuZemdebluri makonstruirebeli

principebi, maT Soris warmomadgenelTa nawilobrivi avtonomia, jer kidev

agrZelebda arsebobas.

Semdeg damkvirveblebi mividnen im azramde, rom warmoiSva

warmomadgenlobis axali da sicocxlisunariani forma. is ar iyo

konceptualizebuli ise aSkarad da araorazrovnad, rogorc iyo

parlamentarizmi, magram misi identifikacia, rogorc Sinagadan Semqmnelisa

(makonstruirebelisa) da SedarebiT (relatiurad) stabiluri fenomenisa,

gamovlinda (iseTi axali terminebis CamoyalibebiT, SeqmniT, rogoric iyo

"partiuli mmarTveloba" anglo-amerikul TeoretikosebTan da

"Parteiendemokratie" (partiuli demokratia) germanel avtorebTan. yoveli am

terminTagani gamiznuli iyo imisTvis, rom gaeerTianebina erTi saTauris,

saxelwodebis qveS maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic ganasxvavebdnen

warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis axal formas parlamentarizmisgan.

miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi avtori Tavdapirvelad wuxda, Cioda

parlamentarizmis dacemis gamo, warmomadgenlobis axali forma sabolood

aRiarebul iqna progresad. is gansazRvrulad, mtkiced aRqmul iqna, rogorc

winsvla demokratiis mimarTulebiT, ara mxolod gafarToebuli

eleqtoratis, aramed im axali gzebis da saSualebebis gamoc, romlebiTac

warmomadgenlebi iyvnen dakavSirebulni eleqtoratTan. partiebma

moaxdines warmomadgenelTa miaxloeba miwierebasTan, dabal fenebTan,

gaxades ra SesaZlebeli nominireba kandidatebisa, romelTa socialuri

poziciebi, cxovrebis gza da saqmianoba iyo miaxloebuli maT (dabali

fenebis) CarCoebTan (formebTan). es cvlilebebi interpretirebul iqna,

rogorc progresi meti demokratiuli identurobisa da marTulTa da

mmarTvelTa Sesabamisobis (msgavsebis) mimarTulebiT. ufro metic,

ramdenadac saarCevno platformebi SesaZleblobas aZlevda amomrCevlebs

aerCiaT mTavrobis mimarTuleba, da ramdenadac, kidev meti, partiuli

organizaciebi axorcielebdnen gangrZobiT kontrols Tavis wevrebze

parlamentSi, CaiTvala, rom "partiulma demokratiam" gaaZliera roli

saxalxo nebisa sajaro saqmeebis warmarTvaSi. rodesac gaxda naTeli, rom

masiuri partiebi ar uTxridnen Zirs warmomadgenlobiT institutebs,

cvlilebebi, romelnic Tavdapirvelad saxifaTod Canda

warmomadgenlobisaTvis, reinterpretirebul iqna, rogorc xelSemwyobi

misi (warmomadgenlobis) gademokratiulobisaTvis. ise Canda, rom

222

warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba miemarTeboda (moZraobda)

warmomadgnlebisa da warmomdgenTa identurobis mimarTulebiT. uaryofil

iqna ra dawvrilebiTi SeCereba yuradRebisa imaze, Tu ramdenad Sors iyo

sistema wasuli, komentatorebi ufro metad iyurebodnen momavlisaken.

warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba, SeiZleba, ar iyo demokratiuli Tavidan

(dasawyisidan), magram axla (im dros) Canda, rom is aseTi xdeboda.

demokratia iyo horizontze. es progresi demokratiis mimarTulebiT

interpretirebul iqna, rogorc gavrcoba (gafarToeba) vigebis (Whig) istoriisa, an tokviliseburad, rogorc nabiji gardauvali winsvlisaken

Tanasworobisa da saxalxo mmarTvelobis mimarTulebiT, romelic mxolod

nawilobriv da arasrulad iyo implementirebuli liberaluri

parlamentarizmis mier.

ase rom, saintereso kuriozuli simetria warmoiSoba erTis mxriv

dRevandel, xolo meore mxriv XIX s-is bolosa da XX s-is dasawyisis

viTarebas Soris. axla, rogorc maSin, poulobs gavrcelebas idea, rom

warmomadgenloba aris krizisis viTarebaSi. es paraleli gvkarnaxobs

hipoTezas, rom Cven dRes mowmeni varT, albaT ufro naklebad politikuri

warmomadgenlobiTobis krizisisa sazogadod, aramed, ufro metad

warmomadgenlobis im kerZo, gansakuTrebuli formisa, romelic

Camoyalibda masiuri partiebis kilvaterSi. SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom

ganviTarebis tendenciebi, romelnic zemoqmedeben warmomadgenlobiTobaze

dRes, mianiSneben warmoSobas warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis mesame

formisa, iseTisa, romelic flobs iseTive zomis Sinagan erTianobas

(koherentulobas, Tanmimdevrulobas), rogorsac parlamentarizmi da

partiuli demokratia?

kidev ufro sainteresoa da kuriozulia, rom gamocxadebuli an

dadasturebuli krizisi warmomadgenlobiTobisa miewereba erozias bevri

maxasiaTeblisa (Tvisebisa), romelnic ganasxvaveben partiul demokratias

parlamenterizmisagan. es aris Tvisebebi, romlebic TiTqosda aaxloebda

warmomadgenlobiT mmarTvelobas saxalxo mmarTvelobasTan, kerZod,

amomrCevelTa identificirebas calkeul partiebTan da maT

warmomadgenlebTan parlamentSi, da warmomadgenelTa arCevas

platformebis safuZvelze. iTvleboda, rom tipi warmomadgenlobisa,

romelic iyo Semqmneli (makonstituirebeli) warmomadgenlobiTi

mmarTvelobisa misi warmoSobisas, samudamod iyo gadalaxuli (Secvlili).

masiuri partiebisa da platformebis roli Canda, rom iyo Sedegi

kenWisyris uflebis gafarToebisa, da ramdenadac ar iyo mosalodneli, rom

sayovelTao kenWisyra eWvis qveS dadgeboda (safrTxe daemuqreboda)

momavalSi, iTvleboda, rom warmomadgenlobis buneba daubruneblad

sabolood Seicvala. mimdinare ganviTareba gavfiqrebinebs, rom aseTi

223

prognozi SeiZleba iyos arakoreqtuli. masiuri partiebis mier motanili,

an maTi gavleniT momxdari cvlilebebi iyo albaT naklebad fundamenturi,

vidre iTvleboda. Cven ufro dakvirvebiT unda SevxedoT, davakvirdeT

bruns (cvlilebas, Semotrialebas), romelic asocirebulia partiul

demokratiasTan da SevadaroT is cvlilebebs, romelic xdeba dRes.

warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis istoria warmogvidgens, albaT,

Tanmimdevrobas, rigs, Sedegs or Stod gayofili sami formisa.

224

janfranko poji

saxelmwifo

misi buneba, ganviTareba da perspeqtivebi

Tanamedrove saxelmwifos buneba

organizacia, romelic akontrolebs garkveul teritoriaze mcxovreb

mosaxleobas, aris saxelmwifo, Tuki is: 1. gamocalkevebulia sxva

organizaciebisgan, romlebic moqmedeben imave teritoriaze; 2 aris

avtonomiuri; 3 aris centralizebuli; 4 misi qvedanayofebi

formalurad koordinirebulia erTimeoresTan.1

[Semdgom avtori komentars ukeTebs saxelmwifos am ganmartebas,

romelic Carlz tilis ekuTvnis, da, garda amisa, damatebiT ixilavs

saxelmwifos damaxasiaTebel im Tvisebebs, romlebic am ganmartebaSi

naxsenebi ar aris, da romlebic saxelmwifos ganviTarebis SedarebiT

gviandel etapze gaCnda]

1.

organizacia

. . . imisaTvis, rom politikuri Zalaufleba saxelmwifod iqnas

formirebuli, mas unda flobdes da axorcielebdes am miznisTvis

Camoyalibebul warmonaqmnTa erToblioba – wesebis erToba, rolTa

rigi, resursebis nakrebi – romelic mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli,

gamaerTianebeli da gaerTianebuli interesebisa da miznebis miRwevas

emsaxureba . . .

Tanamedrove saxelmwifos Camoyalibebamde politikuri Zalauflebis

floba qristianul dasavleTSi iyo xolme sxva tipis socialuri

Zalauflebis atributi; misi ganxorcieleba iyo privilegirebuli

adamianebis prerogativa . . . rac maTi maRali socialuri statusis

225

erT-erT gansaxierebas warmoadgenda. imave mizeziT erTguleba,

romelic mas unda warmoeqmna, danarCen adamianTa socialuri

damokidebulobis saerTo mdgomareobis ganuyofeli nawili iyo.

Tanamedrove saxelmwifo, warmoadgens ra organizacias, Tavs uyris

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis politikur aspeqtebs, asxvavebs, acalkevebs

maT sxva aspeqtebisgan da abarebs maT TvalnaTlivad Camoyalibebul

specializebul warmonaqmns. . .

diferenciacia

diferenciaciis cneba aracxadad warmodgenilia organizaciis cnebiT

– is maqsimalurad xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac mocemuli organizacia

asrulebs uklebliv yvela politikur funqcias da Tanac mxolod maT.

istoriulad, diferenciaciis yvelaze TvalnaTlivi da yvelaze didi

kamaTebis gamomwvevi magaliTi sekularuli saxelmwifos warmoqmna iyo.

saxelmwifo sekularulia . . . maSin, Tuki is icilebs nebismier

pasuxismgeblobas Tavis qveSevrdomTa/ moqalaqeTa sulieri cxovrebis

problemebis mogvarebaze da religiuri dawesebulebebis

keTildReobaze, xolo moqalaqeTa religiur rwmenasa da konfesiur

mikuTvnebulobas eqceva rogorc Tavisi saqmianobis mimarT

irelevanturs.

“saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gamijvna” aris sxva, ufro

farTo xedva saxelmwifos organizaciuli diferencirebulobis

Camoyalibebisa, romelic ukavSirdeba mis dasavleTevropul

ganviTarebas meTvramete da mecxramete saukuneebSi. masSi

gansaxierebulia saxelmwifos mxridan aRiareba imisa, rom mis

Zalauflebas daqvemdebarebul qveSevrdomebs, aseve, SeiZleba hqondeT

arapolitikuri xasiaTis unarebi da interesebi, romelTa gamoxatva da

miRweva maT avtonomiurad SeuZliaT, da saxelmwifos mzadyofnas

areguliros da warmarTos Sesabamisi kerZo aqtivoba mxolod zogadi

da abstraqtuli gziT. pirvel rigSi es exeba moqalaqeTa ekonomikur

aqtivobas, vinaidan dovlaTis warmoeba da ganawileba metwilad kerZo

sakuTrebis institutis, kontraqtuli urTierTobebisa da bazris

226

prerogativaa, romlebTanac mimarTebaSi saxelmwifo funqcionirebs

ufro rogorc gare garanti, vidre rogorc dainteresebuli mxare.

kontroli iZulebis gziT

. . . saxelmwifos mier mosaxleobis kontroli, rogorc wesi, efuZneba

iZulebas. . . vinc da rac ar unda iyos CarTuli mosaxleobis

kontrolirebaSi saxelmwifos garda, saxelmwifo flobs saboloo

kontrolis uflebas, romelic potenciurad gavlenas axdens

individebis im interesebze, romlebic ukavSirdeba

keTilsindisierobas, usafrTxoebas, tkivilisgan da fizikuri

SezRudvebisgan Tavisuflebas TavisTvis da Tavisi axloblebisTvis. . .

suvereniteti

. . . saxelmwifo acxadebs da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mzadaa

daamtkicos, rom igi Tavis kontrols mocemul mosaxleobaze

axorcielebs sakuTari, da ara sxva romelime Zalauflebis meSveobiT.

is aranairi sxva organizaciis winaSe ar aris angariSvaldebuli am

kontrolis xasiaTisa da Sedegebis Taobaze. is axorcielebs am

kontrols Tavisi saxeliT, sakuTari resursebiT, upirobod. . . es

kontroli ar SeiZleba SeizRudos an Semcirdes samarTlebriv wesebze

apelirebiT, vinaidan amgvari wesebi Tavad warmoadgenen saxelmwifos

makontrolebeli saqmianobis aspeqts da mis suverenobas ganasaxiereben.

realuri ganxorcielebisTvis, saxelmwifos ufleba gaakontrolos

Tavisi mosaxleoba da teritoria SeiZleba SeizRudos mxolod misTvis

am kontrolis unaris de facto warTmeviT. anu, rodesac yvelaferi

naTqvamia da gakeTebuli, nebismieri SezRudva unda iRebdes

SeiaraRebuli konfrontaciis, Zalismieri Setakebis formas.

teritoria

. . . saxelmwifos mimarTeba sakuTar teritoriasTan orgvaria Tavisi

bunebiT. mas gaaCnia “materialuri” mxare: kerZod, teritorias tipiurad

unda gaaCndes geografiulad gamokveTili, fiqsirebuli, uwyveti

sazRvari, da iyos dacvadi samxedro ZaliT. magram mas aseve

“aramaterialuri“ mxarec axasiaTebs: dedamiwis zedapiris Sesabamisi

227

nawili xSirad idealizirebulad warmodgenilia “samSoblod” da

moiazreba saxelmwifos dedaazrad da mosaxleobis akvnad da

mSobliur saxlad. Tanamedrove saxelwifos ganviTarebis procesSi am

ukanasknelma mimarTebam dakarga sakuTrebis flobis Sinaarsobrivi

datvirTva: rogorc italiel iuristebs miaCniaT, saxelmwifos ar

gaaCnia teritoria, is Tavad warmoadgens teritorias.

rogorc wesi, saxelmwifos teritoria aris uwyveti, ar gaaCnia

anklavebi da aris SedarebiT farTo. evropaSi Tanamedrove

saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebis yvelaze TvalnaTlivi aspeqti iyo

kontinentis politikuri ruqis mkveTri gamartiveba; 1500 wels is

Sedgeboda daaxloebiT 150 damoukidebeli politikuri erTobisgan,

xolo 1900 wlisTvis daaxloebiT 25 –gan.

[centralizacia, nawilebis formaluri koordinireba, saxelmwifoTa

sistema]

saxelmwifos “modernuloba”

. . . rodesac laparakia “Tanamedrove (modernul) saxelmwifoze”

zedsarTavi “modernuli” (Tanamedrove) arsebiTad zedmetia, vinaidan

saxelmwifos zemoTCamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebi ar moiZebneba arc erT

sxva farTomasStabian politikur erTobaSi, garda im erTobebisa,

romelTa formireba daiwyo evropis istoriis adreuli

Tanamedroveobis (modernis) xanaSi.

winamorbed farTomasStabian politikur warmonaqmnebSi politikuri

Zalaufleba sxvagvarad, da Tanac naklebad mkafiod iyo

institucionalizebuli. es warmonaqmnebi umTavresad gamoxatavdnen da

icavdnen ama Tu im mmarTvelebisa Tu dinastiebis konkretul

Zalauflebasa da interesebs. maTSi politikuri prerogativebi

warmoadgendnen privilegirebuli socialuri statusis ganuyofel

nawils. rogorc wesi, es warmonaqmnebi iyo struqturirebuli

Zlevamosili pirovnebebisa da maT mimdevarTa da momxreTa jgufebis

aramyar konfederaciebad, romlebsac hqondaT gaurkveveli an

228

cvalebadi sivrciTi sazRvrebi. Sesabamisad, politikur saqmianobas

aklda intensiobis, uwyvetobisa da miznobriobis is maxasiaTeblebi,

romlebic momdinareobs am saqmianobis miniWebisgan mkafiod

Camoyalibebuli, konkretuli teritoriisadmi mibmuli

organizaciisadmi.

garda amgvari warmonaqmnebisa arsebobdnen rTuli, organizaciulad

ganviTarebuli warmonaqmnebic, romlebic asrulebdnen politikur

prerogativebs SedarebiT mkafiod gansazRvrul teritoriebze. magram

eseni mowyobili iyvnen “imperiis”2 yaidaze, anu, rogorc aseTebi, ar

ganixilavdnen sakuTar Tavs sxva amgvarive warmonaqmnebis gverdigverd

arsebulad. . . amasTan, politikuri saqmianoba, romelsac aseTi

warmonaqmni misdevda, mxolod samxedro da fiskaluri miznebiT

Semoifargleboda,… . . da ar warmarTavda sazogadoebriv cxovrebas im

mizandasaxulobiTa da intensiobiT, rogorc amas Tanamedrove

saxelmwifo akeTebs.

[samSoblo. demokratiuli legitimuroba. moqalaqeobrioba]

saxelmwifo da kanoni

pirvel rigSi (magram ara marto) dasavlur sazogadoebebSi meTvramete

da mecxramete saukuneebSi saxelmwifos institucionaluri ganviTareba

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aniWebda saxelmwifosa da kanonis

urTierTmimarTebas. es iyo mravalmxrivi movlena, romelic

aerTianebda or aSkarad sapirispiro aspeqts. erTis mxriv, kanoni [or

SedarebiT Cveul socialur funqciasTan erTad iRebs mesame funqcias]

– organizebas ukeTebs politikur Zalauflebas da awesebs misi

ganxorcielebis gzebs3. meores mxriv, saxelmwifo, romelic didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi kanonis dacvaSi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda, sul ufro

srulad da eqskluziurad iTvisebs kanonis Seqmnis prerogativas.

amdenad, im dros rodesac kanoni iwyebs monawileobas mniSvnelovani

politikuri procesebis formirebaSi, is imavdroulad kargavs Tavis

damoukideblobas mmarTvelebisgan, romelic adre gaaCnda rogorc im

229

wesTa da normaTa erTobas, romlis Sinaarsi da validuroba

momdinareobs religiidan, tradiciidan da korporatiuli jgufebis

spontanurad ganviTarebuli praqtikidan; is Riad xdeba politikis

keTebis produqti (da uciloblad instrumentic).

balansi, ase rom vTqvaT, politikis samarTlebriv kalapotSi Casmasa

da kanonis politizirebas Soris aris arastabiluri da cvalebadi; . .

. am ori movlenis, politikis da kanonis urTierTSerwyma sul ufro

Rrmavdeba (gansakuTrebiT mecxramete saukuneSi) da mniSvnelovan

gavlenas axdens am ori fenomenis bunebaze. amis maniSnebelia, sxvasTan

erTad, iseTi gamonaTqvamebis ideologiuri datvirTva, rogorebicaa

kanonis mmarTveloba, Rechtsstaat, samarTlebrivi pozitivizmi. (es

ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT cdilobs gaaqarwylos sapirispiro, Zveli

droidan momdinare xedva kanonis bunebasa da sawyisebze, romelsac

qmnis “bunebiTi samarTlis” Teoria. unda gasces ra pasuxi saukunovan

kiTxvas imis Taobaze, Tu saidan momdinareobs kanonis (jus) validuroba

– imisgan, rom is aris samarTliani (jus quia justum), Tu imisgan rom is

aris gabatonebuli (jus quia jussum) is mkveTrad meore variants emxroba).

. . . rogorc Sedegi, gansakuTrebiT mecxramete saukunisa da meoce

saukunis dasawyisis kontinenturi evropis srulyofilad

ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi, saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

gadawyvetilebis miRebis mravali procesi xorcieldeba

maRalganviTarebul samarTlebriv ritorikaze dayrdnobiT; es

ritorika aseve xdeba instrumenti sajaro kamaTisa saxelmwifos

saqmianobis bunebis, masStabis, da zogadi an specifiuri miznebis

Taobaze. swored amitom xedavda maqs veberi Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi

par excellence imis gansaxierebas, rasac is “samarTlebriv-racionalur

batonobas” uwodebda. saxelmwifos erT-erT yvelaze grZel

ganmartebaSi, romelic mas ekuTvnis, pirvel rigSi man Semdegi

maxasiaTebeli daasaxela: “mas [saxelmwifos] gaaCnia administraciuli

da samarTlebrivi wesrigi, romelic SeiZleba Seicvalos

kanonmdeblobiT, da romelzedac orientirebulia aseve

230

samarTlebrivad kontrolirebuli administraciuli aparatis

organizebuli saqmiqnoba.”4

biurokratia

. . . [organizaciis biurokratiul modelSi] nebismieri Tanamdebobis

dasakaveblad aucilebel ZiriTad kvalifikacias warmoadgens

Sesabamisi direqtivebis codna da aseve im inteleqtualuri

teqnologiebis floba, romlebic Svelis am direqtivebis

interpretirebas, naklebad zogad direqtivebad konkretizebas, im

viTarebis formirebas, romlebsac isini unda eyrdnobodnen, da,

sabolood, maT ganxorcielebas. igulisxmeba, rom TanamdebobaTa

sistemis ierarqiuli mowyoba SesabamisobaSia amgvari codnisa da

teqnikuri unarebis flobis ierarqiasTan. igulisxmeba, rom orive aris

Seswavladi, swavlebadi da Semowmebadi.

mravali evropuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebis msvlelobaSi arsebobda

warmodgena, rom saxelmwifos administraciuli saqmianobis

gansaxorcieleblad yvelaze saWiro codna iyo samarTlebrivi codna.

amgvari warmodgenis arseboba nairnairi mizezebiT SeiZleba aixsnas:

sistematizebis maRali done, romelsac samarTlebriv codnas

universitetebi aniWeben; samarTlebrivi codnis inteleqtualuri

daxvewiloba da kulturuli prestiJi . . .Sinagani kavSiri, romelsac

pouloben politikur saqmianobasa da kanonis fenomens Soris.

Tumca, ar unda gadavafasoT kanonis mniSvneloba administraciuli

saqmianobis warmarTvaSi. jer erTi, inglisurenovan qveynebSi mas

arasdros hqonia iseTi gavlena, rogorc sxva dasavlur qveynebSi.

metic, am qveynebSic ki, gansakuTrebiT ki meoce saukuneSi, mas mouwia

konkurireba codnis arasamarTlebriv formebTan. . . ase, saxelmwifos

ganviTarebis SedarebiT adreul stadiebze calkeuli saxelmwifoebi

cdilobdnen SeegrovebinaT monacemebi demografiul da ekonomikur

mdgomareobaze . . . da yofiliyvnen saqmis kursSi warmoebis

materialuri da organizaciuli teqnologiis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. . .

231

liberaluri demokratiebi meoce saukuneSi

saxelmwifos saqmianobis gafarToeba

[meoce saukunis industrializebul sazogadoebebSi saxelmwifoTa

saqmianobis tipisa da struqturuli dizainis modificireba]:

saxelmwifos Semadgenel institutTa zomisa da mravalferovnebis

zrda da maTi aqtiuri monawileoba uzomod gafarToebul da

diferencirebul sazogadoebriv aqtivobaTa rigSi. . .

ganvixiloT, magaliTad, indikatorebi, romlebic asabuTeben

egreTwodebul vagneris kanons; am kanonis Tanaxmad saxelmwifos

xarjebs aqvT tendencia ufro swrafad gaizardon, vidre izrdeba

mTlianobaSi erovnuli ekonomika. did britaneTSi mTavrobis xarjebi

wlebis mixedviT mTliani Sida produqtis Semdeg procentul wilebs

Seadgenda:

1890 – 8,9%

1920 – 20,2%

1938 – 30,0%

1960 – 36,4%

1970 – 43,0%

1981 – 50,3%

1983 – 53,3%

an, Tu SevxedavT aSS-s, aq 1926 wlidan 1979 wlamde periodSi TiTqmis

gasammagda saxelmwifo xarjebis (federaluri, Statis da

adgilobrivi) wili mTlian erovnul prodiuqtSi.

1953 wlidan 1973 wlamde euTos wevr qveyanaTa mTavrobebis xarjebis

Tanafardoba erovnul warmoebasTan saSualod 34 procentidan 49

procentamde gaizarda.5

232

aseve arsebobs indikatorebi, romlebic asaxaven saxelmwifo

samsaxurSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobas. . . [wyaro: riCard rouzi]

tabula 1. saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli samuSao Zalis procenti

qveyana TariRi

1914 wlamde 1939 wlamde 1951 1981

didi

britaneTi

7.1 10.8 26.6 31.4

safrangeTi 7.1 8.9 16.0 32.6

germania 10.6 12.9 11.9 25.8

italia 4.7 7.8 11.4 24.4

aSS 1.5 7.7 11.8 18.3

R.Rouse, “The significance of public employment”, in Public employment in Western Europe, ed. R.Rose

(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987).

saxelmwifos saqmianobis diferencireba

saxelmwifos Sinagani diferenciaciis da misi saqmianobis

mravalferovnebis zrdis dasaxasiaTeblad Tavidan moviyvan

klasifikacias, romelic SemuSavebulia germaneli sociologebis mier.

renat menicis (Mayntz) Tanaxmad amocanebi, romlebsac saxelmwifos

saqmianoba pasuxobs, Semdeg xuT ZiriTad kategorias SeiZleba

mivakuTvnoT:

1. mocemul erovnul sazogadoebasa da sxva sazogadoebebs Soris

urTierTobaTa regulireba;

2. sazogadoebis SigniT calkeul an koleqtiur subieqtebs Soris

urTierTobebis regulireba;

3. politikur-administraciuli sistemis resursebiT uzrunvelyofa;

4. im momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa, romelic SesabamisobaSia

koleqtiur saWiroebebTan, magram ar Sedis pirvel or

kategoriaSi;

5. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis warmarTva gansazRvruli miznebis

misaRwevad, rogorebicaa erovnuli integraciis zrda,

sazogadoebrivi Tanasworoba, ekonomikis zrda, jandacvisa da

ganaTlebis gaumjobeseba;6

233

saqmianobis pirveli sami sfero gansazRvravs saxelmwifos, rogorc

aseTs; evropul saxelmwifoTa “klasikuri” saministroebi Camoyalibda

swored am amocanebis sistematuri ganxorcielebisTvis. ase, samxedro

da sagareo saqmeTa saministroebs saqme hqondaT pirveli klasisadmi

mikuTvnebul amocanebTan, iusticiisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebs

– meoresTan, xolo finansTa saministros mesamesTan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom udidesi nawili momsaxure TanamSromelTa da

danaxarjebis im zrdisa, romelsac mecxramete saukunis bolosa da

meoce saukunis dasawyisSi hqonda adgili, da aseve saministroTa da

maT qvedanayofTa Semdgomi ganviTareba, Sedegia saxelmwifos CarTvisa

momdevno ori sferos problemebSi, romlebsac manamde is ar

iTavisebda. sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos cneba, farTo

gagebiT. . . Seicavs bevr im saqmianobas, romelic am or klasterSi

vardeba. . .

safrTxe, romelic emuqreba erTobas da racionalobis

adgilis cvlileba

rogorc me avRniSne, saxelmwifos mWidro mimarTeba omTan da

garkveul teritoriasTan Sinaganad Seesabameba sakuTriv misi, rogorc

politikuri warmonaqmnis, arss. am mxriv SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

dResdReobiT ganviTarebuli movlenebi safrTxes uqmnian misi

instituciuri identurobis “myar” aspeqtebs. sxva movlenebi, SeiZleba

iTqvas, exeba mis zogierT “rbil” aspeqts, anu im - ufro kulturulad

ganpirobebul – da ufro Tanamedrove – gzebs, romlebiTac

saxelmwifo sazRvravs da amarTlebs sakuTar Tavs. . .

Tanamedrove viTarebis ramdenime aspeqtma saZirkveli gamoacala

saxelmwifos or maxasiaTebels, romlebmac adre ganapirobes misi

gansakuTrebuloba - da uzenaesoba – rogorc politikuri

Zalauflebis institucionalizebuli centrisa: esenia erToba da

racionaloba7. am or cnebas Soris arsebobs mniSvnelovani

konceptualuri gadakveTa da bevri konkretuli movlena, romelic

234

exeba erTs, mJRavndeba aseve meoreSic. magram isini aseve im zomamde

gansxvavdebian erTimeoresgan rom imsaxurebdnen cal-calke ganxilvas .

. .

erToba umTavresad axasiaTebs saxelmwifos struqturas, romelic

Camoyalibebulia mocemul teritoriaze politikur saqmianobaSi

CarTuli yvela sazogadoebrivi erTeulis erTaderT centrTan

sistemuri dakavSirebisTvis. am konfiguraciaSi centri flobs uzenaes

politikur iniciativas, aaqtiurebs da akontrolebs yvela am sxva

erTeuls, rogorc politikuri samuSao Zalis rTuli danawilebis

komponentebs, romlebsac igi erTianad marTavs da akontrolebs.

racionaloba umTavresad axasiaTebs saxelmwifos saqmianobis wess.

arbitrium da tradiciaze apelireba, rac saxelmwifoSi xangrZlivi

periodis ganmavlobaSi mmarTvelTa saqmianobis mTavar orientirsa da

sazoms warmoadgenda, unda Seicvalos moqmedebis racionalurad

awonil alternativaTa Soris gamiznuli, refleqsurad

artikulirebuli arCevanis gakeTebiT.

rac Seexeba erTobas – da aq Cven mxolod liberalur-demokratiuli

saxelmwifoebiT SemovifarglebiT – SeiZleba davinaxoT, rom meoce

saukunis ramdenime siaxlem seriozuli kiTxvis qveS daayena

saxelmwifos es nagulisxmevi Tviseba da upiratesoba. . . kerZod,

sruliad ararealisturi gaxda saxelmwifos warmodgena organizaciad.

. . maSinac ki, rodesac mxolod saxelmwifos administraciul aparats

vixilavT, masSi unda vigulismoT farTo, mravalferovani, kompleqsuri

organizaciuli garemo8. misi erTeulebi TavisTavad aris diskretuli,

didwilad avtonomiuri organizaciebi. . .

saxelmwifos struqturaSi Semaval administraciul komponentebs

Soris erTobis es rRveva gamowveulia ara marto maTi raodenobrivi

zrdiT da diversifikaciiT, . . is aseve momdinareobs im faqtidan, rom

bevri administraciuli erTeuli mWidro privilegirebul kavSirebs

amyarebs organizebul sazogadoebriv interesebTan, an TviT eseni,

235

Tavis mxriv, cdiloben gamoiyenon administraciuli erTeulebi

rogorc sakuTari placdarmi saxelmwifo aparatis SigniT.

es ori movlena, romlebic xSirad erTad Cndeba, sawyisebs qmnis

egreTwodebuli neo-korporativizmisTvis – termini, romelic farulad

miuTiTebs Tanamedrove saxelmwifo struqturebis tendenciaze ukan

daixion iseTi politikuri mowyobisken, romelic waagavs saxelmwifos

warmoSobamde an daxvewamde arsebul modelebs. Suasaukunovani da

Zveli reJimebis korporativizmis arsi xom yovelTvis mimarTuli iyo

politikuri Zalauflebis gadanawilebaze Zalauflebis metnaklebad

avtonomiur centrebze, gamoxatavda da icavda ra mosaxleobis

sxvadasxva seqciebis gansakuTrebul da winaaRmdegobriv interesebs.

igive gageba gamosWvivis, ufro gamokveTiladac ki, feodaluri

terminologiis gaTanamedrovebul moSveliebaSi. . . romelic

miuTiTebs, erTis mxriv, imaze, Tu ra zomamde gaxdnen saxelmwifo

institutebi erTimeoresgan izolirebuli da erTmaneTTan

konkurenciaSi myofi, xolo meores mxriv, imaze, rom sazogadoebrivi

prerogativebi uzurpirebulia kerZo (gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikuri)

Zalauflebis centrebis mier.

TiTqmis yvela liberaluri demokratiis originaluri konstituciuri

mowyoba gulisxmobs, rom sakanonmdeblo warmomadgenlobiTi organo

(xSirad ori palatisgan Semdgari) upirispirdeba administraciuli

aparatis am feodalur tendenciebs saxelmwifos yvela moqmedebis

warmarTvis, avtorizebisa da monitoringis gziT. magram am mowyobam . .

. ar gaamarTla.

. . . saxelmwifo aseve Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc sazogadoebrivi

procesebis racionalizatori; politikuri funqciebis

ganxorcielebaSi, rac misi eqskluziuri prerogativa gaxda, misgan

moelodnen Sinaganad validuri kriteriumebis SeTvisebasa da

midevnebas. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom didi evropuli debatebi ratio status

(raison d’etat)-is Sesaxeb Tanadrouli iyo termini “saxelmwifos” da misi

eqvivalentebis difuziisa sxvadasxva evropul enebSi. magram am

236

debatebis samizne metad viwro iyo: arsebiTad igi daiyvaneboda

negatiur daskvanze imis Taobaze, rom mmarTvelma ar unda miiRos

mxedvelobaSi religiuri da moraluri mosazrebebi rodesac zrunavs

sivrcis sidiadeze da usafrTxoebaze; pozitiurad igi am saqmianobis

racionalobis sawyisebs xedavda umTavresad mmarTvelis pirovnul

TvisebebSi (mis virtu-Si, makiavelis terminologias Tu moviSveliebT).

politikuri Zalauflebis sul ufro mtkice institucionalizebis

kvalobaze, politikuri saqmianobis mravalferovnebisa da uwyvetobis

zrdasTan erTad, racionalobas, romelsac unda waremarTa igi, unda

moeZebna sxva wyaro, naklebad personificirebuli, ufro sajaro, ufro

miswavdomi saxelmwifos sxvadasxva agentebisTvis da sistemuri

saqmianobisadmi ufro mgrZnobiare. Cemi SexedulebiT, Ziebam – Tu ra

sawyisebs unda dafuZneboda saxelmwifos saqmianobis

racionalizebisTvis saWiro kriteriumebi - oTxi erTmaneTis

miyolebiTi gadawyveta hpova; es pasuxebi iyo miyolebiTi, vinaidan

Tumca ki TiToeuli pasuxi garkveulwilad gamoCnda saxelmwifos

Senebis procesis specifiur, mniSvnelovan aspeqtebsa da fazebSi,

TiToeuli maTgani droTa ganmavlobaSi gaxda naklebad misaRebi da

win wamoiwia Semdgomis moZiebis problema.

pirveli wyaros moZebna asocirebuli iyo umTavresad absolutizmis

xanasTan; gansakuTrebiT srulyofili artikulireba man hpova

germanul teritoriebze: is ixilavda kanons saxelmwifos

racionalobis ZiriTad wyarod. kanonebis codna da samarTlebrivi

meTodebis floba iyo is ZiriTadi xelobebi, romlebic yvela donis

saxelmwifo agentebs aZlevdnen saSualebas CamoeyalibebinaT da

gamoeyenebinaT swori pasuxebi im kiTxvaTa umravlesobaze, romlebic

politikur praqtikaSi Cndeboda. kanonebis formireba unda yofiliyo

suverenobis upirvelesi niSani, xolo maTi sawyisi unda yofiliyo

racionaluri samarTlebrivi principebi, romlebic RmerTis da/an

bunebis diqtatiT iyo ganpirobebuli. mocemul saxelmwifoSi moqmed

kanonTa erToblioba qmnida erTian koherentul sistemas, da, rogorc

aseTi, Tavis mxriv saxelmwifos erTianobas uzrunvelyofda.

237

kanonis am xedvam da masze dayrdnobam saxelmwifos saqmianobis

racionalizebis uzrunvelsayofad TandaTan diskreditacia ganicada

misi warmoqmnis drois Semdgom periodSi. amJamad CvenTvis imis

warmodgenac ki Znelia, Tu ra donemde ganasaxierebda kanoni

meTvramete saukunis evropel inteleqtualTa da saxelmwifo

moRvaweTa ramdenime Taobis TvalSi universalurad validur codnas

par excellence. saxelmwifoebi kvlavac ayalibeben da iyeneben kanonebs,

magram iuristebic ki aRar ityueben Tavs imiT, rom es kanonebi qmnian,

am sityvis raime gonivruli mniSvnelobiT, sistemas. sazogadoebis

TvalSi, kanonTa umravlesoba ar gamoiyureba raime Sinagani

racionalobis Semcvelad, aramed erT seqtorul interess gamoxataven,

romelmac sxvebze upiratesoba wmindad Tavisi gavlenisa da zewolis

ukeTesi Tvisebebis meSveobiT moipova.

im droisaTvis, rodesac gaqra kanonis, rogorc Sinaganad racionaluri

sistemis, rwmena, kanonze apelireba kvlavac SeiZleba gamoiyurebodes

saxelmwifos yoveldRiuri saqmianobis racionalizebis gzad (piradad

me mas kvlavac am miznisaTvis farTod gamosadegad vixilav), Tuki

mxedvelobidan ar gavuSvebT imas, rom is ver pasuxobs winmswreb

problemas imis Taobaze, Tu ranairi kanoni unda Camoyalibdes da,

ufro farTod, ra politika unda gatardes saxelmwifos mier. ra tipis

racionaloba unda daedos safuZvlad am gadawyvetilebebs? am kiTxvaze

pasuxis gacema ukavSirdeba saxelmwifos formirebis liberalur fazas

da misTvis es gadawyvetilebebi arian formirebuli SexedulebebiT, da

ara damkvidrebuli codniT; magram arCevanis gakeTebas moqiSpe

Sexedulebebs Soris igi andobs diskusiis Ria process, sxvadasxva

Sexedulebis mqone mxareTa diskursiul konfrontacias.9

racionalurad moqmedi saxelmwifos Seqmnis gasaRebi aris

ganaTlebuli, informirebuli, moazrovne sazogadoeba, romlis

TiToeuli wevri Tavisufalia mimarTos sxvebs raTa Camoayalibos

sakuTari Sexeduleba da moaxdinos gavlena sxvebze. es procesi,

gansakuTrebiT rodesac igi gvirgvindeba ufro farTo sazogadoebis

xmebis mopovebaze mimarTuli sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa sistemebis

238

konkurenciiT, sabolood qmnis - arCeul warmomadgenelTa aqedan

gamomdinare gadawyvetilebaTa gziT – racionalur Senatans politikis

formirebaSi, da, rogorc ki politika formirebulia, iqmneba

samarTlebrivi racionaloba.

kidev erTxel avRniSnav, rom es iyo istoriulad mniSvnelovani pasuxi,

magram es samudamod ar gagrZelebula. mas safuZvlad edo warmodgena,

rom racionaluri politikuri diskursi SeiZleba warmarTuliyo

mxolod qveynis zrdasruli mamrakacebis umciresobaSi, romelic

iqmneboda qonebisa da ganaTlebis parametrebiT – warmodgena, romelic,

jer erTi, iyo qedmaRluri, xolo SemdgomSi nebismier SemTxvevaSi

gaxda irelevanturi - politikaSi masebis CarTvis gamo da

organizebuli partiebis Tanmdevi ganviTarebis mizeziT, ramac

saparlamento procesze Tavisi zegavlena moaxdina.

metic, dResdReobiT, debuleba, romlis mixedviTac sapirispiro

politikuri Sexedulebebis Ria diskursul konfrontacias

uciloblad moyveba racionaluri arCevanis gakeTeba Sesabamis

politikur gadawyvetilebaTa Soris, iseTive aradamajerebeli gaxda,

rogorc racionaluri, erTiani samarTlebrivi sistemis cneba. rogorc

ukve avRniSne, masobrivi sazogadoebis informirebis, garTobisa da

dajerebis urTierTdakavSirebuli saqmianobebi gaxda didi biznesis

sagani, xolo sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis procesze gabatondnen

organizebuli interesebi da manipulirebaSi daspecializebuli maTi

saagentoebi. zedmetad xSirad, saarCevno kampaniis konteqstSic ki,

politiis winaSe mdgari mniSvnelovani problemebi arc ki moixsenieba,

aramc Tu xdeba sakmarisad mkafio msjelobis sagani, romelic

SesaZleoblobas miscemda sazogadoebas maTze sakuTari erToblivi

Sexeduleba SeemuSavebina. sanacvlod, kampaniebis yuradRebis centrSi

liderebis e.w personaliebi imyofeba.

mesame midgoma imisadmi, Tu ranairad unda moxerxdes saxelmwifos

saqmianobis racionalizeba, SesaZloa davinaxoT demokratizaciis

procesis garkveul konstruqciaSi, romelsac SeiZleba kibernetikuli

239

vuwodoT10. am procesis arsi dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu ra zomiT

ixsneba saxelmwifo yvela doneze sazogadoebis mxridan moTxovnisa da

mxardaWerisaTvis ise, rom misma saqmianobam upasuxos mosaxleobis

mravalferovan, nairnair interesebsa da arCevanebs . . . am Sexedulebis

Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos saqmianobis racionalizebas axdens ufro misi

unari upasuxos socialur saWiroebebs, vidre misi angariSvaldebuleba

sazogadoebrivi azris winaSe . . .[es Sexeduleba] safuZvlad daedo

sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos. . .

meoTxe pasuxs Cvens problemaze aqvs SedarebiT adrindeli fesvebi

sazogadoebis saqmianobaze ganmanaTlebluri azrovnebis garkveul

aspeqtebSi, romlebic periodulad aqtualuri xdeboda xolme momdevno

periodSic da gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda meore msoflio omis

Semdeg. am midgomis mixedviT, romelsac SeiZleba teqnokratuli

vuwodoT, mxolod mecnierebas SeuZlia politikis keTebis procesSi

racionaluri sawyisebis Setana.11

rawams am procesis dominanturi mizani identificirdeba ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis xelSewyobasTan, am miznis saukeTesod miRwevis, Tanmdevi

socialuri da garemos dacviTi daZabulobebis minimizirebis, misi

upiratesobebisa da movaleobebis gadanawilebis, misi xelSewyobis

warmarTvis sakiTxebis gadawyveta SesaZlebeli xdeba eqspert -

konsultantebis Statis mier. es eqspertebi iyeneben ekonomikuri

gegmarebis, socialuri aRricxvisa da prognozirebis, politikis

analitikuri keTebis da a.S. axal teqnologiebs da Tavisi

gamokvlevebis Sedegebs miawodeben im saagentoebs, romlebisTvisac

isini muSaoben. politikosTa amocana xdeba im politikuri kursis

irgvliv konsesusis konsolidireba, romlis Sedegebi

identificirebulia rogorc optimaluri, da romlis midevneba,

amdenad, Sinaganad racionaluria imisda miuxedavad, esmis Tu ara

sazogadoebas Tu rogor (ris safuZvelze) ganisazRvra es kursi.

. . . teqnologiuri midgoma dainerga Tanamedrove liberalur -

demokratiuli saxelmwifos struqturisa da saqmianobis mniSvnelovan

240

aspeqtebSi. ase magaliTad, . . man gaawonaswora Tavdapirveli

uklebrivi mindoba kanonze codnis sxva wyaroebisa da sazogadoebrivi

saqmianobis viTarebebis, miznebisa da Sedegebis Taobaze msjelobis

sxva formebis sapirispirod. man Seqmna ufro cocxali kavSiri

mecnierebis samyarosa da politikis sferos Soris da Seamcira

politikosTa mindoba partiul Sexedulebebze an moZvelebul

ideologiur diskursebze.

miuxedavad amisa, kvlavac saeWvoa, rom saxelmwifos radikaluri

racionalizacia momdinareobs am da amdagvari teqnologiuri

ganviTarebisgan. arsebiTad, Cveni mecnieruli codna socialuri

garemosi da sxva garemoebTan (gansakuTrebiT bunebisa da

fsiqologiurTan) misi urTierTqmedebisa ubralod jer ar aris

sakmarisad ganviTarebuli, ase rom politikosebs is ver uqmnis

saqmianobis sando safuZvels. . . .

metic, maSinac ki, rodesac gadawyvetilebebis mimRebebsa da maT

mrCevelebs marTlac gaaCniaT mniSvnelovani codna politikuri

strategiis SesamuSaveblad, es codna xSirad Sinaganad emsaxureba

ubralo moqalaqeTa saTqmelis gaqarwylebas . . . amdenad . . .

teqnologiur racionalizaciaze mindoba xdeba is faqtori, romelic

erTimeores aSorebs politikuri strategiis SemuSavebasa da

demokratiul politikas12. . .

1 C.Tilly, “Reflections on the history of European state-making”, in The formation of nation sates in Western Europe ed. C., Tilly (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1975), 70 2 am warmonaqmnebze ix. S.Breuer, Imperien der Alten Welt (Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, 1982) 3 G.Tarello, “Organizzazione giuridica e società moderna”, mis Cultura giuridica e politica del diritto (Mulino, Bologna, 1988), 143-72 4 Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 30 (Economy and Society, 56) 5 John Burton, Why not cuts? (Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 1985), 26 6 R.Mayntz, Sociologia dell’amministrazione pubblica (Mulino, Bologna, 1982), 62-3 7 ix. R.Ruffilli, “Introduzione”, in Crisi dello stato e storiografia contemporanea, ed. R.Ruffilli (Mulino, Bologna, 1979), 7ff 8 R.Mayntz, Sociologia dell’amministrazione pubblica (Mulino, Bologna, 1982), 103ff 9 ix. J.Habermas, Strukturwandel der Offentlichkeit (Luchterhand, Neuwied, 1962) 10 es midgoma iyo moxazuli – rasakvirvelia, termini “kibernetikulis” xsenebis gareSe – diurkhaimis mier mis leqciebSi sociologiaze. ix. E.Durkheim. Professional ethics and civic morals, (Routledge, London, 1958) 11 teqnokratiis sakiTxebze ix. W.Schluchter, Aspekte burokratischer Herrschaft Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, 1984) 12 S.Wolin, Politics and vision (Little, Brown, Boston, Mass., 1960) ch.10

241

karl marqsi

komunisturi partiis manifesti

burJuebi da proletarebi

dRemde arsebuli yvela sazogadoebis istoria aris klasTa

brZolis istoria.

Tavisufali da mona, patrici da plebei, batoni da yma, ostati

da qargali, mokled _ mCagvreli da daCagruli mudmiv antagonizmSi

iyvnen erTmaneTTan., eweodnen Seuwyvetel _ xan malul, xan aSkara

brZolas, _ brZolas, romelic yovelTvis Tavdeboda mTeli

sazogadoebis revoluciuri gardaqmniT an mebrZol klasTa saerTo

daRupviT.

istoriis winandel epoqebSi Cven TiTqmis yvelgan vpoulobT

sazogadoebis srul danawilebas sxvadasxva wodebebad, sazogadoebriv

mdgomareobaTa mTel wyebas. Zvel romSi Cven vxedavT patriciebs,

mxedrebs, plebeebs, monebs; Sua saukuneebSi _ feodalur batonebs,

vasalebs, amqris ostatebs, qarglebs, ymebs da masTan erTad TiTqmis

TviTeul am klasSi kidev gansakuTrebul safexurebs.

Tanamedrove burJuaziul sazogadoebas, romelic daRupuli

feodaluri sazogadoebis wiaRidan gamovida, rodi mouspia klasobrivi

winaaRmdegobani. man Zvelis alagas mxolod axali klasebi, Cagvris

axali formebi Seqmna.

magram Cveni epoqa, burJuaziis epoqa, imiT gansxvavdeba, rom man

gaamartiva klasobrivi winaaRmdegobani. mTeli sazogadoeba sul ufro

da ufro iyofa or mtrul banakad. or did, erTimeorisadmi uSualod

dapirispirebul klasad _ burJuaziad da proletariatad. ...

mrewvelobis manamde arsebul feodalur an amqrul warmoebis

wess ukve aRar SeeZlo daekmayofilebina moTxovna, romelic axal

bazrebTan erTad izrdeboda. misi adgili manufaqturam daiWira. amqris

ostatebi gandevnil iqnen mrewveli saSualo wodebis mier; Sromis

242

danawileba sxvadasxva korporaciebs Soris gaqra, man adgili dauTmo

Sromis danawilebas TviT calkeul saxelosnoSi.

magram bazrebi ganuwyvetliv farTovdebodnen, moTxovna sul

izrdeboda, manufaqturac ukve aRar kmaroda, maSin orTqlma da

manqanam moaxdines revolucia samrewvelo warmoebaSi. manufaqturis

adgili daiWira Tanamedrove msxvilma mrewvelobam, mrewveli saSualo

wodebis adgili _ miliioner-mrewvelebma, mTeli samrewvelo armiebis

winamZRolebma, Tanamedrove burJuebma.

msxvilma mrewvelobam Seqmna msoflio bazari, romelsac niadagi

moumzada amerikis aRmoCenam. msoflio bazarma uaRresad ganaviTara

vaWroba, naosnoba da saxmeleTo mimosvlis saSualebebi. aman, Tavis

mxriv, gavlena iqonia mrewvelobis gafarToebaze da, imdenad,

ramdenadac izrdeboda mrewveloba, vaWroba, naosnoba, rkonigzebi,

viTardeboda burJuaziac. igi adidebda Tavis kapitalebs da ukana

rigSi erekeboda Sua saukuneebidan gadmosul yvela klass.

Cven vxadavT, amrigad, rom Tanamedrove burJuazia TviTon aris

nayofi ganviTarebis xangrZlivi msvlelobisa, warmoebis da aReb

mocemobis wesSi momxdari mTeli rigi gadatrialebisa.

burJuaziis ganviTarebis TiToeul am safexurs Tan axlda

Sesaferi politikuri warmateba. burJuaziam, romelic warmoadgenda

daCagrul wodebas feodalTa batonobis dros, SeiaraRebul da

TviTmmarTvel asociacias komunaSi, aq damoukidebel qalaqis

respublikas, iq monarqiis moxarke mesame wodebas, Semdeg, manufaqturis

dros, Tavadaznaurobis winaaRmdeg sapirwone Zalas wodebrivs an

absolutur monarqiaSi da saerTod didi monarqiebis mTavar safuZvels

_ am burJuaziam, bolos, msxvili mrewvelobisa da msoflio bazris

damyarebis Semdeg, Tanamedrove warmomadgenlobiT saxelmwifoSi

brZoliT moipova TavisTvis gansakuTrebuli politikuri batonoba.

Tanamedrove saxelmwifo xelisufleba martooden komitetia, romelic

mTeli burJuaziuli klasis saerTo saqmeebs ganagebs.

burJuaziam uaRresad revoluciuri roli Seasrula istoriaSi.

sadac ki burJuaziam batonobas miaRwia, yvelgan daangria yvela

feodaluri, patriarqaluri, idiliuri urTierTobani. man

Seubraleblad daamsxvria is sxvadasxvanairi feodaluri jaWvi,

243

romliTac adamiani mibmuli iyo mis "bunebriv mbrZanebelze" da ar

datova araviTari sxva kavSiri adamiansa da adamians Soris, garda

gaSiSvlebuli interesisa, garda usulgulo "naRdi gadasaxadisa".

egoisturi angariSis yinulovan wyalSi CaaRrCo man saRmrTo

Jruanteli religiuri artkinebisa, rainduli aRfrTovanebisa,

meSCanuri grZnobierebisa. man piradi Rirseba sacvlel Rirebulebad

gadaaqcia da uTvalav naboZvar da keTilSenaZen TavisuflebaTa

adgggilas daamyara erTaderTi usindiso Tavisufleba vaWrobisa. erTi

sityviT, religiuri da politikuri iluziebiT miCqmaluli

eqsploataciis adgilas man daamyara aSkara, usircxvilo, pirdapiri,

tlanqi eqsploatacia.

burJuaziam wmindanobis Saravandedi axada yvela im moqmedebas,

romelsac dRemde sapatiod Tvlidnen da mowiwebis grZnobiT

ucqerodnen. eqimi, iuristi, mRvdeli, poeti, mecnieri man sasyidliT

momuSave Tavis daqiravebul muSebad gadaaqcia.

burJuaziam ojaxur urTierTobas misi mgZnobier-sentimentaluri

saburveli Camoafxriwa da igi martooden fulad urTierTobad aqcia.

burJuaziam cxadhyo, rom Zalis uxeSi gamovlineba Sua sakuneebSi,

rasac esoden aRtacebaSi mohyavs reaqcionerebi, Tavis bunebriv

damatebas ukidures sizanteSi poulobda. pirvelad man gviCvena, Tu

risi Sesruleba SeuZlia adamianis moqmedebas. man Seqmna sul sxvagvari

sakvirvelebani xelovnebisa, vidre egviptis piramidebi, romis

wyalsadenebi da goTikuri taZrebi, nam Caatara sul sxvanairi

laSqrobani, vidre xalxTa didi gadasaxlebani da jvarosnuli omebi.

burJuazias arseboba ar SeuZlia, Tu ar gamoiwvia ganuwyveteli

revoluciuri gardaqmna warmoebis iaraRebisa., maSasadame _ warmoebiTi

urTierTobebisa, maSasadame _ mTeli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisa.

piriqiT, warmoebis Zveli wesis ucvlelad SenarCuneba arsebobis

pirveli piroba iyo yvela winandeli mrewveli klasisaTvis.

ganuwyveteli gadatrialeba warmoebaSi, ganuwyveteli ryeva yvela

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisa, mudmivi meryeoba da moZraoba

ganasxvavebs burJuaziul epoqas yvela winandeli epoqisgan. yvela

gaqvavebuli, Jangmokidebuli urTierToba da misi Tanmyoli, ZvelTagan

sapatiod miCneuli warmodgenebi da Sexedulebebi ingreva, yvela axlad

244

aRmocenebuli Zveldeba, vidre gaqvavebas moaswrebdes. yovelive

wodebrivi da uZravi qreba, yovelive wminda Semwikvluli xdeba da

adamianebi, bolos iZulebulni xdebian fxizeli TvaliT Sexedon

TavianTi cxovrebis mdgomareobas da TavianT

urTierTdamokidebulebas.

is moTxovnileba, rom rac SeiZleba meti produqti gaasaRos,

aiZulebs burJuazias mTeli dedamiwis zurgs moedos. man yvelgan unda

moikidos fexi, yvelgan moikalaTos, yvelgan kavSirurTierToba

daamyaros.

msoflio bazris eqsploataciis gziT burJuaziam kosmopolituri

gaxada yvela qveynis warmoeba da moxmareba. reaqcionerebisaTvis didad

samwuxarod, man mrewvelobas nacionaluri niadagi gamoacala.

nacionaluri mrewvelobisaTvis ZvelisZveli dargebi moispo da

dRiTidRe ispoba kidev. maT aZeveben mrewvelobis axali dargebi,

romelTa SemoReba sasicocxlo sakiTxad xdeba yvela civilizebuli

erisaTvis _ dargebi, romelnic ukve ara adgilobrivi nedleulis,

aramed dedamiwis uSoresi kuTxeebidan motanili nedleulis

damuSavebas ewevian da romelTa fabrikatebi ara marto TviTon im

qveyanaSi, aramed amave dros msoflios yvela nawilSi moixmareba. Zvel

moTxovnilebaTa adgilas, rasac samSoblo qveynis produqtebi

akmayofilebdnen, Cndeba axali moTxovnilebebi, romelTa

dasakmayofileblad uSoresi qveynebisa da sul sxvadasxva havis

produqtebia saWiro. Zveli kuTxuri da erovnuli karCaketilobisa da

sakuTari warmoebis produqtebiT dakmayofilebis nacvlad warmoiSoba

erebis yovelmxrivi kavSirurTierToba da yovelmxrivi damokidebuleba

erTmaneTisagan. da asea rogorc materialur, ise gonebriv warmoebaSic.

calkeuli eris gonebrivi nawarmoebi saerTo kuTvnileba xdeba.

erovnuli calmxrivoba da SezRuduloba sul ufro da ufro

SeuZlebeli xdeba, da mravali erovnuli da adgilobrivi

literaturidan erTi msoflio literatura iqmneba.

burJuazia warmoebis yvela iaraRis swrafi gaumjobesebiT da

usasrulod gaadvilebuli mimosvlis SemweobiT civilizaciisaken

miaqanebs yvela ers, TviT uaRresad barbarosulsac ki. misi saqonlis

siiafe _ ai, is mZime artileria, romliTac is Zirianad angrevs yvela

245

Cinur kedels da iaraRs ayrevinebs barbarosTa ujiutes mZulvarebas

ucxoelebisadmi. igi aiZulebs yvela ers warmoebis burJuaziuli wesi

SeiTvison, Tu ar undaT ganadgurdnen; igi aiZulebs maT SemoiRon

egreTwodebuli civilizacia, e.i. iqcnen burJuebad. erTi sityviT, igi

Tavis xatad da msgavsad qmnis mTel qveyanas.

burJuaziam sofeli qalaqis batonobas daumorCila. man Seqmna

uzarmazari qalaqebi, uaRresad gaamravla qalaqis mosaxleobis ricxvi

soflis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT da amgvarad mosaxleobis

mniSvnelovani nawili gamoglija sofluri cxovrebis idiotizms.

rogorc sofeli qalaqisagan, iseve damokidebuli gaxada man

barbarosuli da naxevrad barbarosuli qveynebi civilizirebuli

qveynebisagan, glexi-xalxi burJuaziuli xalxisgan, aRmosavleTi

dasavleTisagan. ...

iaraRi, romliTac burJuaziam feodalizmi daamxo, axla TviT

burJuaziis winaaRmdeg miimarTeba..

magram burJuaziam ara marto gamoWeda is iaraRi, romelic mas

sicocxles gamoasalmebs;Mman is adamianebic warmoSva, romelnic am

iaraRs mimarTaven mis winaaRmdeg _ e.i. Tanamedrove muSebi,

proletariati.

imave zomiT, ra zomiTac burJuazia, e.i. kapitali viTardeba,

viTardeba proletariatic., klasi Tanamedrove muSebisa, romelTac

mxolod manamde SeuZliaT arseboba, vidre samuSaos pouloben da

romlebic mxolod manamde Souloben samuSaos, vidre maTi Sroma

kapitals adidebs. es muSebi, romelnic iZulebulni arian calobiT

yidon TavianTi Tavi, iseTsave saqonels warmoadgenen, rogoricaa

vaWrobis yovelive sxva sagani da, amitom Tanabrad ganicdian

konkurenciis yvela cvalebadobas, bazris yvela ryevas.

proletariati gadis ganviTarebis sxva da sxva safexurs.

proletariatis brZola burJuaziis winaaRmdeg proletariatis

arsebobis dRidanve iwyeba.

Tavdapirvelad brZolas ewevian calkeuli muSebi, mere erTi

fabrikis muSebi, Semdeg Sromis erTi dargis muSebi erT calkeul

adgilas calkeuli burJuas winaaRmdeg, romelic maT uSualod uwevs

eqspluatacias. isini Setevas awarmoeben ara marto burJuaziul

246

warmoebiT urTierTobebis winaaRmdeg, aramed Tavad warmoebis

iaraRebis winaaRmdegac: spoben ucxour saqonels, romelic maT

konkurencias uwevs, amtvreven manqanebs, cecxls ukideben fabrikebs,

cdiloben aRadginon Sua saukuneebis muSis dakarguli mdgomareoba.

am safexurze muSebi warmoadgenen mTel qveynebSi gafantul da

konkurenciis gamo daqucmacebul masas. muSaTa masobrivi SemWidroeba

jer kidev ar aris Sedegi maTi sakuTari gaerTianebisa., aramed Sedegia

burJuaziis gaerTianebisa.: burJuaziam sakuTari politikuri miznebis

misaRwevad mTeli proletariati moZraobaSi unda moiyvanos da amas is

droebiT axerxebs kidec. maSasadame, am safexurze proletarebi

ebrZvian ara TavianT mtrebs, aramed TavianTi mtrebis mtrebs,

absoluturi monarqiis naSTebs, miwaTmflobelebs, aramrewvel

burJuebs, wvril burJuebs. amrigad, mTeli istoriuli moZraoba

burJuaziis xelSia Tavmoyrili; yoveli gamarjveba, aseT pirobebSi

miRweuli, burJuaziis gamarjvebas warmoadgens.

magram mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan erTad ara marto

ricxobrivad matulobs proletariati; igi ufro did masad

mWidrovdeba, misi Zala izrdeba da am Zalas is ufro da ufro

grZnobs. interesebi da cxovrebis pirobebi proletariats SigniT

ufro da ufro gaTanabrebuli xdeba, ramdenadac manqana ufro da

ufro aqarwylebs Sromis sxvadasxvaobas da TiTqmis yvelgan

erTnairad dabal doneze Camoyavs xelfasi. mzardi konkurencia

burJuebisa erTmaneTs Soris da aqedan warmomdgari savaWro krizisebi

ufro da ufro meryevs xdian muSebis xelfass; sul ufro swrafi

ganviTarebiT mimavali gaumjobeseba manqanebisa sul ufro nakleb

uzrunvelyofils xdis muSebis mTel saarsebo mdgomareobas;

Sejaxebani calkeul muSasa da calkeul burJuas Soris sul ufro da

ufro iRebs ori klasis Sejaxebis xasiaTs. muSebi iwyeben imiT, rom

koaliciebs adgenen burJuebis winaaRmdeg, erTiandebian TavianTi

xelfasis dasacavad. isini mudmiv asociaciebsac ki aarseben imisaTvis,

rom saxsrebiT uzrunvelyon TavianTi Tavi SesaZlebel SetakebaTa

SemTxvevaSi. alag-alag brZola aSkara ajanyebad iqceva.

muSebi drodadro imarjveben, magram es gamarjvebebi mxolod

warmavalia. maTi brZolis namdvil Sedegs warmoadgens ara uSualo

247

warmateba, aramed muSebis gaerTianeba, romelic sul ufro farTod

vrceldeba. amas xels uwyoben sul ufro da ufro mzardi mimosvlis

saSualebani, romelTac msxvili mrewveloba qmnis da romelnic

erTmaneTTan akavSireben sxvadasxva adgilis muSebs. mxolod es

dakavSirebaa saWiro, rom mravali adgilobrivi brZola, romelsac

yvelgan erTnairi xasiaTi aqvs, centralizebul iqnas erT erovnul,

erT klasobriv brZolad. xolo yoveli klasobrivi brZola

politikuri brZolaa da im gaerTianebas, romlisTvisac Sua

saukuneebis moqalaqeebs, maTi sasoflo gzebis arsebobisas, saukuneebi

WirdebodaT, Tanamedrove proletarebi, rkinigzebis meoxebiT,

ramdensame weliwadSi axorcieleben.

proletariatis es organizacia klasad da amiT _ politikur

partiad, yovel wuTs kvlav irRveva TviT muSebs Soris arsebuli

konkurenciiT. magram igi isev aRmocendeba xolme, yovelTvis ufro

Zlierad, ufro mtkiced, ufro Zalumad. igi sargeblobs burJuaziis

SigniT arsebuli ganxeTqilebiT da aiZulebs, rom kanonmdeblobis

wesiT aRiarebuli iqnas muSaTa calkeuli interesebi. ase warmoiSva,

magaliTad, aTsaaTiani samuSao dRis kanoni inglisSi. ...

dasasrul, im periodebSi, rodesac klasTa brZola gadamwyvet

moments uaxlovdeba, daSlis procesi gabatonebul klass SigniT,

mTeli Zveli sazogadoebis SigniT, iseT mZafr, iseT mwvave xasiaTs

Rebulobs, rom gabatonebuli klasis mcire nawili eTiSeba am klass

da uerTdeba revoluciur klass, im klass, romelsac momavali

ekuTvnis. amitom, rogorc winaT Tavadaznaurobis nawili burJuaziis

mxares gadadioda, iseve dRes burJuaziis nawili proletariatis

mxareze gadadis, saxeldobr im burJua-ideologebis nawili, romelnic

mTeli istoriuli moZraobis Teoriul gagebamde amaRldnen.

yvela im klasidan, romelic amJamad burJuazias upirispirdeba,

mxolod proletariatia namdvilad revoluciuri klasi. danarCeni

klasebi uZlurdebian da ispobian msxvili mrewvelobis

ganviTarebasTan erTad, proletariati ki am mrewvelobis sakuTari

produqtia. ...

Zveli sazogadebis saarsebo pirobebi ukve mospobilia

proletariatis saarsebo pirobebSi. proletari moklebulia

248

sakuTrebas; mis urTierTobas colTan da SvilebTan aRaraferi aqvs

saerTo burJuaziul ojaxur urTierTobebTan; Tanamedrove

samrewvelo Sromam, Tanamedrove damonebam kapitalis mier, damonebam,

romelic erTnairia rogorc inglisSi, ise safrangeTSi, rogorc

amerikaSi, ise germaniaSi, moacila proletars yovelive erovnuli

xasiaTi. kanonebi, morali, sarwmunoeba misTvis aseve mxolod

burJuaziuli cruazrebia, romelTa ukan burJuaziuli interesebi

imaleba.

yvela winandeli klasi, roca batonobas daeufleboda,

cdilobda ukve mopovebuli saarsebo mdgomareoba imiT uzrunvelyo,

rom mTel sazogadoebas uqvemdebarebda Tavis SeZena-gamdidrebis

pirobebs. proletarebs ki mxolod maSin SeuZliaT sazogadoebrivi

mwarmoebluri Zalebis dapyroba, rodesac isini mospoben sakuTar,

aqamde arsebul misakuTrebis wess da amiT mospoben mTel misakuTrebis

aqamde asebul wessac. proletarebs TavianTi araferi gaaCniaT, rac

maT unda daicvan. maT unda daangrion yvelaferi, rac dRemde icavda

da uzrunvelyofda kerZo sakuTrebas.

aqamde arsebuli yvela moZraoba iyo moZraoba umciresobisa an

umciresobis sasargeblod. proletaruli moZraoba aris TavisTavadi

moZraoba didZali umravlesobisa didZali umravlesobis sasargeblod.

proletariati, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis yvelaze dabali fena, ver

wamodgeba, ver gaimarTeba welSi uimisod, Tu amasTanave

gacamtverebuli ar iqna im fenebis mTeli zednaSeni, romelnic

oficialur sazogadoebas Seadgenen.

Tu SinaarsiT ara, formis mixedviT mainc proletariatis brZola

burJuaziis winaaRmdeg uwinares yovlisa, erovnuli brZolaa.

TviTeuli qveynis proletariatma, rasakvirvelia, pirvelad Tavis

sakuTar burJuazias unda mouRos bolo.

rodesac proletariatis ganviTarebis yvelaze zogad fazebs

avRniSnavdiT, Cven kvaldakval mivyvebodiT met-naklebad farul

samoqalaqo oms arsebuli sazogadoebis SigniT, im momentamde,

rodesac igi aSkara revoluciad ifeTqebs da rodesac burJuaziis

ZadatanebiTi damxobis gziT proletariati Tavis batonobas daamyarebs.

249

proleterebi da komunistebi

ra damokidebuleba aqvT komunistebs proletarebTan saerTod?

komunistebi ar warmoadgenen raime gansakuTrebul parias,

romelic upirispirdeba sxva muSaTa partiebs.

maT ara aqvT araviTari iseTi interesebi, romlebic

gancalkevebula mTeli proletariatis interesebisagan.

isini ar ayeneben araviTar gansakuTrebul principebs, romelTa

Tanaxmdac maT proletaruli moZraobis Camoyalibeba surdeT.

komunistebi mxolod imiT ganirCevian danarCeni proletaruli

partiebisagan, rom erTi mxriv, proletarebis sxvadasxva erovnul

brZolebSi isini win ayeneben da icaven mTeli proletariatis saerTo,

erovnebisgan damoukidebel, interesebs da, meore mxriv, imiT, rom

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze, romlebsac gaivlis brZola

proletarebsa da burJuazias Soris, isini mudam erToblivi moZraobis

interesebs icaven.

maSasadame, praqtikulad komunistebi warmoadgenen yvela qveynis

muSaTa partiebis yvelaze gambedav, mudam win wambiZgvel nawils; xolo

Teoriulad maT is upiratesoba aqvT proletariatis danarCen masasTan

SedarebiT, rom esmiT proletaruli moZraobis pirobebi, msvleloba

da saerTo Sedegebi.

komunistebis uaxloesi mizani igivea, rac yvela danarCeni

proletaruli partiisa: proletariatis Camoyalibeba klasad,

burJuaziis batonobis damxoba, politikuri Zalauflebis dapyroba

proletariatis mier.

komunistebis Teoriuli debulebani sruliadac ar emyarebian

iseT ideebs, principebs, romlebic gaugonia, Tu aRmouCenia msoflios

ama Tu im reformators.

isini mxolod arsebuli klasobrivi brZolis faqtiuri

viTarebis, Cvens Tvalwin warmoebuli istoriuli moZraobis

sayovelTao gamoxatulebas warmoadgenen. sakuTrebis dRemde arsebul

urTierTobaTa mospoba sruliadac ar Seadgens komunizmis

damaxasiaTebel niSans. ... komunizmis ganmasxvavebel niSans Seadgens

250

ara saerTod sakuTrebis mospoba, aramed burJuaziuli sakuTrebis

mospoba.

magram Tanamedrove burJuaziuli kerZo sakuTreba aris

ukanaskneli da usrulesi gamoxatuleba produqtTa iseTi warmoebis

da misakuTrebisa, romelic damyarebulia klasobriv winaaRmdegobaze,

erTis mier meoris eqsploataciaze.

am azriT komunistebs SeuZliaT TavianTi Teoria erTi

debulebiT gamosaxon: kerZo sakuTrebis mospoba. ...

ojaxis mospoba! TviT ukiduresi radikalebic ki aRSfoTebulni

arian komunistebis am sazizRari ganzraxvis gamo.

razea damyarebuli Tnamedrove, burJuaziuli ojaxi? kapitalze,

kerZo SenaZenze. savsebiT ganviTarebuli saxiT igi mxolod

burJuaziisaTvis arsebobs; magram igi Tavis damatebas poulobs

proletarTa iZulebiTs uojaxobaSi da sajaro prostituciaSi.

burJuas ojaxi bunebrivad ispoba misi am damatebis mospobasTan

erTad da oriveni gaqrebian kapitalis gaqrobasTan erTad.

an imas xom ar gvsayvedurobT, rom gvsurs movspoT bavSvebis

eqsploatacia mSoblebis mier? Cven vaRiarebT am danaSauls.

magram Tqven amtkicebT, rom Cven vspobT adamianisaTvis

uZvirfases urTierTobas, rodesac Sinauri aRzrdis adgilas vamyarebT

sazogadoebriv aRzrdas.

magram gana Tqveneburi aRzrda ki ar aris sazogadoebis mier

gansazRvruli? gana igi araa gansazRvruli im sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobiT, romelSic Tqven zrdiT, araa gansazRvruli

sazogadoebis pirdapiri an arapirdapiri CareviT, skolis meSveobiT da

a.S.? komunistebi rodi Txzaven sazogadoebis gavlenas aRzrdaze, isini

mxolod cvlian am aRzrdis xasiaTs, aclian mas gabatonebuli klasis

gavlenas. ...

magram Tqven, komunistebs xom saerTo colebis SemoReba gsurT _

erTxmad mogvyviris mTeli burJuazia.

burJua Tavis cols ucqeris rogorc warmoebis ubralo iaraRs.

mas esmis, rom warmoebis iaraRebi saerTo gamoyenebis sagani unda

gaxdes, da, rasakvirvelia, sxvarairad ar SeuZlia ifiqros, Tu es

erToba aseve qalebis xvedradac ar warmoidgina.

251

mas azradac ar mosdis, rom laparakia swored qalis iseTi

mdgomareobis mospobaze, rodesac igi warmoebis ubralo iaraRs

warmoadgens. ...

muSebs ara aqvT sabSoblo. maT ar SiZleba waarTvaT is, rac ara

aqvT. radgan proletariatma uwinares yovlisa unda daipyros

politikuri batonoba, amaRldes erovnuli klasis mdgomareobamde,

Camoyalibdes erad, Tumca TviT igi jer kidev erovnulia, magram ara

im azriT, rogorc es burJuazias esmis.

xalxTa erovnuli gankerZoeba da dapirispirebani ufro da ufro

qrebian, rac ufro viTardeba burJuazia. iqmneba vaWrobis Tavisufleba,

msoflio bazari, samrewvelo warmoebis erTianiba da misi Sesaferi

cxovrebis pirobebi.

proletariatis batonoba kidev ufro daaCqarebs maT gaqrobas.

SeerTebuli moqmedeba, civilizebuli qveynebisa mainc, proletariatis

gaTavisuflebis erT-erTi pirveli pirobaa.

imdenad, ramdenadac moispoba erTi individumis batonoba

meoreze, moispoba erTi eris eqsploatacia meoris mier.

eris SigniT klasTa winaaRmdegobis mospobasTan erTad moispoba

erovnebaTa mtruli damkidebuleba erTmaneTs Soris.

is baraldebani, romlebic wamoyenebulia komunizmis winaaRmdeg,

rac wamoyenebulia religiuri, filosofiuri da saerTod

ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT, ufro dawvrilebiTi ganxilvis Rirsni ar

arian. ...

Cven ukve vnaxeT zemoT, rom pirvel nabijs muSaTa revoluciaSi

warmoadgens proletariatis gadaqceva gabatonebul klasad,

demokratiis mopoveba brZoliT.

proletariati Tavis politikur batonobas imisaTvis gamoiyenebs,

rom TandaTan gamoglijos burJuazias mTeli kapitali, moaxdinos

warmoebis yvela iaraRis centralizacia saxelmwifos, e.i.

gabatonebuli klasis xelSi da rac SeiZleba swrafad gaamravlos

mwarmoeblur ZalTa jami.

pirvelad, ra Tqma unda, es SeiZleba moxdes mxolod despoturi

CareviT sakuTrebis uflebasa da burJuaziul warmoebiT

urTierTobaSi, maSasadame iseTi RonisZiebiT, romlebic ekonomikuri

252

TvalsazrisiT arasakmarisad da gamousadegarad gveCvenebian, magram

moZraobis msvlelobaSi TavianT Tavs gascildebian da aucilebeli

arian rogorc saSualeba warmoebis mTel wesSi gadatrialebis

mosaxdenad.

ra Tqma unda es RonisZiebebi sxvadasxva qveynis mixedviT

sxvadasxvanairi iqneba.

magram yvelaze mowinave qveynebSi SesaZloa, TiTqmis yvelgan,

gamoyenebuli iqnas Semdegi RonisZiebebi:

1. miwis sakuTrebis eqspropriacia da miwis rentis gamoyeneba

saxelmwifo xarjebis dasafaravad.

2. maRali progresuli gadasaxadi.

3. memkvidreobiTobis uflebis gauqmeba.

4. yvela emigrantisa da damkvidrebuli wyobis winaaRmdeg

meamboxis sakuTrebis konfiskacia.

5. kreditis centralizacia saxelmwifos xelSi saxelmwifo

kapitalisa da gansakuTrebuli monopoliis mqone

nacionaluri bankis meSveobiT.

6. mTeli transportis centralizacia saxelmwifos xelSi

7. saxelmwifo fabrikebis, warmoebis iaraRis gamravleba,

yamirebis gatexa da miwebis gaumjobeseba saerTo gegmis

Tanaxmad.

8. erTnairad savaldebulo Sroma yvelasaTvis, samrewvelo

armiebis Seqmna, gansakuTrebiT miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis.

9. miwaTmoqmedebis SeerTeba mrewvelobasTan, xelisSewyoba

qalaqisa da soflis dapirispirebis TandaTanobiT

mospobisaTvis.

yvela bavSvis sazogadoebrivi da usasyidlo aRzrda. bavSvTa

safabriko Sromis axlandeli formis mospoba. aRzrdis SeerTeba

materialur warmoebasTan da a.S. da a.S.

253

robert mixelsi

oligarqiis rkinis kanoni

demokratia da aristokratia

Tanamedrove partiul cxovrebaSi aristokratia siamovnebiT

warmoaCens Tavs demokratiuli saxiT, amave dros, Tavad demokratiis

arsi gaJRenTilia aristokratiuli elementebiT. erTis mxriv, Cven

gvaqvs aristokratia demokratiuli formiT, meores mxriv, demokratia

aristokratiuli SinaarsiT.

garegnuli demokratiuli forma, riTac xasiaTdeba politikuri

partiebis cxovreba, advilad SeiZleba daimalos zedapiruli

damkvirveblisgan. sakuTari midrekileba aristokratiisaken, an ufro

zustad, oligarqiisaken Sinaganad damaxasiaTebelia yvela partiuli

organizaciisaTvis. Tu gvsurs naTeli movfinoT am tendencias, maSin

dakvirvebisaTvis saukeTeso sferoa demokratiuli partiebis Sinagani

struqtura, maT Soris socialisturi da revoluciuri muSaTa

partiebisac. konservatul partiebSi, arCevnebis periodis garda,

oligarqiisaken midrekileba Tavs iCens im spontanuri ZaliTa da

sicxadiT, romelic Seesabameba am partiaTa arsebiTad oligarqiul

xasiaTs. magram partiebi, romelTa mizanic ngrevaa, aranakleb mkafiod

amJRavneben msgavs fenomens. partiul cxovrebaSi oligarqiulobis

gamovlinebaTa Seswavla yvelaze metad Rirebuli da damajerebeli

Sedegebis mqonea, Tuki kvlevis obieqti revoluciuri partiebia, imis

gamo, rom es partiebi, maTi warmoSobisa da programebis TvalsazrisiT,

nebismieri msgavsi tendenciis uaryofis gansaxierebaa da amasTanave

opoziciidan warmodgebian. amdenad, oligarqiuli fenomenis gamoCena

revoluciuri partiebis wiaRSi, Sinagani oligarqiuli tendenciis

arsebobis damajerebeli dadasturebaa adamianebis nebismieri saxis

organizaciaSi, romelic iRwvis gansazRvruli miznebis misaRwevad.

254

organizaciis saWiroeba

demokratia warmoudgenelia organizaciis gareSe. amis

demonstrirebisaTvis oriode sityvac ikmarebs.

klasi, romelic sazogadoebis winaSe garkveuli mkafiod

Camoyalibebuli moTxovnebis droSas afrialebs da romelic cdilobs

iyos im idealuri miznebis kompleqsis realizatori, romlebic

gamomdinareobs im ekonomikuri funqciebidan, romelsac es klasi

asrulebs, organizacias saWiroebs ganurCevlad imisa, iqneba es

ekonomikuri Tu politikuri moTxovnebi, organizacia warmoCndeba

koleqtiuri nebis Camoyalibebis erTaderT saSualebad. organizacia,

dafuZnebuli TavisTavad minimaluri danaxarjebis principze, anu

energiis maqsimalurad SesaZlebel ekonomiaze, warmoadgens sustis

iaraRs ZlierTan brZolaSi.

nebismier brZolaSi warmatebis Sansi damokidebuli iqneba imaze,

Tu ramdenad warmoebs brZola identuri interesebis mqone individTa

solidarobis safuZvelze. amitom individualisti anarqistebis

Teoriebis sapirispirod imis mtkicebiT, rom araferi ise ar aamebT

damqiraveblebs, rogorc mSromelTa Zalebis daqsaqsuloba,

socialistebi, organizaciis ideis mimdevarTa Soris yvelaze didi

fanatikosebi, ayalibeben arguments, romelic savsebiT Seesabameba

partiebis bunebis samecniero kvlevis Sedegebs.

Cven vcxovrobT droSi, romelSic TanamSromlobis idea ise

mtkicedaa Camoyalibebuli, rom milionerebic ki acnobiereben

erToblivi moqmedebis saWiroebas. amdenad, savsebiT gasagebia, rom

organizacia mSromelTa klasis sasicocxlo principad iqca, radgan

mis gareSe warmatebis miRweva a priori SeuZlebelia. muSis uars

koleqtiur cxovrebaSi monawileobaze aucileblad mohyveba

katastrofuli Sedegebi. kulturuli da ekonomikuri, fizikuri da

fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT, proletari Cveni

sazogadoebis yvelaze susti elementia. sinamdvileSi, mSromelTa

klasebis izolirebuli wevri daucvelia ekonomikurad ufro ZlierTa

xelSi. mxolod struqturuli erTobis Sesaqmnelad SekavSirebiT Tu

SeuZliaT proletarebs SeiZinon politikuri winaaRmdegobis unari da

255

moipovon socialuri statusi. mSromelTa klasis mniSvneloba da

gavlena pirdapirproporciulia misi raodenobrivi siZlieris, magram

am ricxobrivi siZlieris warmodgenisaTvis aucilebelia organizacia

da koordinacia. organizaciis principi absoluturad arsebiTi

pirobaa masebis politikuri brZolisTvis.

magram organizaciis politikurad aucilebel principi,

romliTac daiZleva mowinaaRmdegisaTvis sasargeblo ZalTa

dezorganizacia, amave dros sxva safrTxis matarebelicaa. Cven Tavi

davaRwieT scilas mxolod imitom, rom Tavi CavigdoT xaribdas xelSi.

faqtobrivad, organizacia aris wyaro, saidanac moedineba

konservatuli nakadebi demokratiis velze, romlebic iwveven

katastroful wyaldidobas da srulad ucvlian saxes vels...

nuTu SeuZlebelia demokratiuli partiisaTvis demokratiuli

politikis gatareba, revoluciuri partiisTvis ki revoluciuri

politikis mimdevroba? unda vifiqroT, rom ara Tu mxolod

socializmi, aramed socialisturi politikac utopiuria?

garkveul viwro farglebSi, demokratiul partias, oligarqiul

kontrols daqvemdebarebulsac ki, udavod SeuZlia imoqmedos

saxelmwifoze demokratiuli azriT. sazogadoebis Zveli politikuri

kasta, da upirveles yovlisa, Tavad `saxelmwifo~, iZulebulni arian

moaxdinon RirebulebaTa mniSvnelovani nawilis gadafaseba, rogorc

idealuri, ise praqtikuli. masebis mniSvneloba izrdeba, maSinac ki,

roca liderebi demagogebi arian. sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli

xelisufleba eCveva daTmobaze wasvlas, ara mxolod zemodan

momdinare moTxovnebis winaSe. praqtikaSi aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios

metad uxerxuli mdgomareoba, rasac Cven vxedavT axlo warsulSi

saparlamento reJimis yvela saxelmwifoSi. magram Teoriulad, saqmis

es axali viTareba niSnavs ganuzomel progress samoqalaqo uflebebis

TvalsazrisiT, romlebic am gziT ufro metad modian SesabamisobaSi

socialuri samarTlianobis principebTan. magram evoluciis es procesi

wydeba im momentSi, rogorc ki mmarTveli klasebi warmatebiT

SesZleben maTi ukiduresi memarcxene metoqeebis mozidvas samTavrobo

orbitaSi, im mizniT, rom aqcion isini kolaboracionistebad.

politikur organizacias mivyavarT xelisuflebamde, magram

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xelisufleba yovelTvis konservatulia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, gavlenas,

romelsac mmarTvelobis manqanaze axdens energiuli opoziciuri

partia aucileblad xSirad eqmneba dabrkolebebi da yovelTvis

izRudeba oligarqiis bunebiT...

organizaciis sididis zrdasTan erTad SeuZlebeli xdeba maRali

principebisTvis brZola. unda aRiniSnos, rom dRevandel demokratiul

partiebSi Tvalsazrisebs Soris didi konfliqtebi warmoebs

yvelafris gaufasurebis donemde ideaTa sferoSi da wminda Teoriuli

iaraRiT, imdenad, rom amis gamo partiebi sul ufro metad eSvebian

piradi kamaTisa da urTierTTavdasxmebis donemde, imisaTvis, rom

bolos SeTanxmdnen wminda zedapiriuli xasiaTis mosazrebebze.

Sinagani uTanxmoebebis keTilSobili samoseliT SeniRbvis mcdeloba

biurokratiul principebze dafuZnebuli organizaciis gardauvali

Sedegia, imitom, rom vinaidan am organizaciis meTauris mizani, wevrTa

rac SeiZleba didi raodenobis mozidvaa, organizaciis farglebSi

ideebis gamo yovelgvari kamaTi ganixileba, rogorc dabrkoleba misi

miznebis ganxorcilebisaTvis da amdenad, dabrkoleba, romelic

nebismieri SesaZlo xerxiT unda gadailaxos. am tendencias aZlierebs

politikuri partiis saparlamento xasiaTi. `partiuli organizacia~

wevrTa umravlesobisaTvis sawadel obieqts warmoadgens.

`parlamentarizmi~ amomrCevelTa umravlesobis wadilis gansaxierebaa.

partiis aqtivobis mTavari sfero eleqtoraluri agitacia da axal

wevrTa mosazidad pirdapiri agitaciaa. ras warmoadgens sinamdvileSi

Tanamedrove politikuri partia? is amomrCevelTa masis meToduri

organizaciaa. socialisturi partia, rogorc politikuri gaerTianeba,

romelic cdilobs Tanadroulad wevrebisa da xmebis mozidvas, amaSi

xedavs sasicocxlo interess. amdenad, wevrTa ricxvis yovegvari

Semcireba da amomrCevelTa xmebis dakargva amcirebs mis politikur

prestiJs. Sesabamisad, didi yuradReba unda mieqces ara mxolod axal

wevrebs, aramed aseve potenciur mxardamWerT, maT, visac germaniaSi

uwodeben `Mitläufer~, italiaSi `simpatizzanti~, holandiaSi - `gestverwarden~,

xolo inglisSi `sympathizers~. rom ar daafrTxon is individebi, vinc

jer kidev socializmisa Tu demokratiis idealuri samyaros miRma

rCeba, eridebian sworxazovan principebze dafuZnebuli politikis

257

gatarebas, maSin, roca ignorirebulia azri. amasTanave, ar fiqrdebian

imaze, xom ar moipoveba organizaciis am gziT miRweuli ricxobrivi

simravle misi xarisxis xarjze...

oligarqiis rkinis kanoni

partia, ganxiluli rogorc erTeuli, meqanizmis nawili,

aucileblad rodi unda gavaigivoT mis wevrTa erTobliobasTan da

ufro naklebad klasTan, romelsac es ukanaskneli ganekuTvneba. partia

Seqmnilia, rogorc xerxi miznis misaRwevad. magram, iqca ra TavisTavad

miznad, sakuTari miswrafebebiTa da interesebiT, partia,

teleologiuri TvalsazrisiT, emijneba im klass, romelsac is

warmoadgens. sulac ar aris cxadi, rom partiaSi masebis interesebi,

romlebic gaerTiandnen partiis Sesaqmnelad, daemTxveva

biourokratiis interesebs, romelSic xdeba partiis personificireba.

damqiravebelTa korpusis interesebi yovelTvis konservatulia da

mocemul politikur situaciaSi am interesebiT SeiZleba iyos

nakarnaxevi TavdacviTi an reaqciuli politikac ki, roca mSromelTa

klasis interesebi moiTxoven Seupovar da agresiul politikas. sxva

SemTxvevebSi, rac iSviaTad xdeba, rolebi SeiZleba Seicvalos.

universaluri socialuri kanoniT, koleqtivis yoveli organo,

Seqmnili Sromis danawilebis aucileblobidan gamomdinare, rogorc ki

konsolidirebuli xdeba, ayalibebs TavisTvis gansakuTrebul, mxolod

misTvis damaxasiaTebel interesebs. am gansakuTrebuli interesebis

arsebobs iwvevs gardauvlad konfliqts koleqtivis interesebTan.

metic, socialur fenebs, romlebic gansakuTrebul funqciebs

asruleben, didi Sansi aqvT izolaciaSi aRmoCenisa; aseve, isini

midrekilni arian Seqmnan organoebi, vargisi sakuTari gansakuTrebuli

interesebis dasacavad. droTa ganmavlobaSi isini avlenen garkveul

klasad transformirebis tendencias,

sociologiuri fenomeni, romlis zogadi maxasiaTeblebic

ganxiluli iqna am da aseve winamorbed TavebSi, bevr sust wertils

sTavazobs demokratiis mecnierul oponenetebs. es fenomeni, rogorc

Cans, msjelobis gareSe adasturebs, rom sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia

258

arseboba `dominanti~ an `politikuri~ klasis gareSe da rom

mmarTveli klasi, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi elementebi xSiri

partiuli ganaxlebis obieqtia, mainc kacobriobis ganviTarebis

istoriaSi mniSvnelovnad myari qmedebis Zalis erTaderT faqtors

warmoadgens.

am TvalTaxedvis Tanaxmad, mTavroba, an, Tu gnebavT, saxelmwifo,

sxva araferi SeiZleba iyos, Tu ara umciresobis organizacia. am

umciresobis mizania dauwesos sazogadoebis danarCen nawils

`kanonieri wesrigi~, rac batonobis aucileblobis da mmarTveli

umciresobis mier monaTa masis eqspluataciis Sedegia da romelic

verasdros iqneba umravlesobis WeSmariti warmomadgenloba. amdenad,

umravlesoba mudam TviTmmarTvelobis uunaroa. maSinac ki, roca

masebis ukmayofileba sruldeba burJuaziisaTvis Zalauflebis

CamorTmevis warmatebuli mcdelobiT. es, saboloo jamSi, moskas

(Mosca) mtkicebiT, xorcieldeba mxolod da mxolod, yovelTvis da

aucileblad masebidan warmomadgari axali organizebuli umciresobis

gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac Tavi mmarTveli klasis rangSi ahyavs.

amdenad, mudmivi meurveobis qveS myofi adamianTa umravlesobis

bedisweraa tragikuli aucilebloba, daemorCilon umciresobis

batonobas da dasjerdnen oligarqiis kvarcxlbekis rols...

amdenad, socialuri revolucia ar iwvevs masebis Sinagani

struqturis raime realur modifikacias. SeiZleba gaimarjvon rogorc

socialistebma, magram ara socializmma, romelic daiRupeba mis

mimdevarTa triumfis momentSi. Zalauneburad Cven vsaubrobT am

procesze, rogorc tragikomediaze, romelSic masebi Tanaxmani arian

daxarjon mTeli maTi energia, imisaTvis, rom Seicvalos batoni.

erTaderTi, rac mSromelebs ergebaT, aris pativi iyvnen `samTavrobo

rekrutirebis monawileni~. Sedegi ubadrukad gamoiyureba,

gansakuTrebiT Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT fsiqologiur faqts, rom

TviT yvelaze wminda idealistsac ki, vinc ramdenime wliT

xelisuflebaSi moxvdeba, ar ZaluZs Tavi aaridos korufcias,

romelic Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis Tanmdevia. safrangeTSi muSaTa

wreebSi moaruli frazaa homme élu, homme foutu (arCeuli kaci, daRupuli

kaci). socialuri revolucia, iseve rogorc politikuri, im operaciis

259

ekvivalenturia, romlis drosac, rogorc amas italiuri andaza

gamoxatavs: `Si cambia il maestro di capella, ma la musica è sampre quella~

(`kapelmaisteri axalia, musika ki igive~).

rogorc Cans, istoria gvaswavlis, rom arc erT saxalxo

moZraobas, raoden energiuli da mZlavric ar unda iyos, ar Seswevs

unari Seitanos Zireuli da mudmivi cvlilebebi civilizebuli

samyaros socialur organizmSi. moZraobis upiratesi elementebi,

adamianebi, vinc warmarTavs da asazrdoebs mas, asruleben masebisgan

TandaTanobiT gandgomiT da erTvebian `politikuri klasis~ orbitaSi.

isini, SesaZloa, aZleven im klass ramdenime `axal ideals~, magram

isini aseve amdidreben mas meti SemoqmedebiTi energiiTa da praqtikuli

gonierebiT, riTac aniWeben mmarTvel klass mudmivad ganaxlebad

axalgazrdobas. `politikur klass~ (isev moskas Sesaferis frazas Tu

moviSveliebT) udavod gaaCnia sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da

Tavdacvis saSualebebis ukiduresad zusti SegrZneba. is avlens

mizidulobis sagulisxmo Zalasa da STanTqmis mZlavr unars, rac

iSviaTad Tu ar moqmedebs TviT yvelaze metad gaafTrebul,

gamwarebul da Seurigebel mowinaaRmdegeebzec ki. istoriuli

TvalTaxedviT, antiromantikosebi savsebiT marTlebi arian, roca

sakuTar skepticizms iseT mware frazebSi ajameben, rogoricaa: `ra

aris revolucia? adamianebi, romlebic erTmaneTs esvrian quCaSi, rac

amtvrevs uamaravi fanjris minas mxolod da mxolod meSuSeebis

sasargeblod. qari gafantavs bols...~ an iqneb vTqvaT ise, rogorc

simReraSia madam argodan: `Ce n'est pas la peine de changer de gouvernement~ (`ra

unda mTavrobis Secvlas~). safrangeTSi, socialuri Teoriebisa da

eqsperimenetebis klasikur qveyanaSi, amgvarma pesimizmma Rrmad gaidga

fesvebi.

saboloo mosazrebebi

Cven vixrebiT daskvnisaken, rom demokratiul partiebSi

oligarqiis arsebobis mizezi moiZebneba liderobis teqnikur

aucileblobaSi.

260

procesi, dawyebuli partiaSi funqciaTa diferenciaciidan

gamomdinare, sruldeba TvisebaTa kompleqsiT, romlebsac liderebi

iZenen masebisgan maTi daSorebis Sedegad. Tavidan liderebi

warmodgebian spontanurad, maTi funqciebi damxmare da

nebayoflobiTia, magram male isini profesional liderebad iqcevian

da ganviTarebis am meore stadiaze isini stabilurni da uZravni arian.

aqedan gamomdinare, oligarqiis fenomenis axsna, nawilobriv

fsiqologiuria. oligarqia warmodgeba, ase vTqvaT, fsiqologiuri

transformaciidan, romelsac partiis wamyvani pirovnebebi ganicdian

maTi cxovrebis manZilze. magram aseve, da ufro metadac ki, oligarqia

damokidebulia imaze, rasac SeiZleba ewodos Tavad organizaciis

fsiqologia, anu taqtikur da teqnikur aucileblobaze, romelic

Sedegad mohyveba yvela disciplinirebuli politikuri erTobis

Sekvras. mis viwro gamoxatulebamde dayvanili, politikuri partiebis

fundamenturi sociologiuri kanoni (termini `politikuri~ aq naxmaria

misi yvelaze farTo mniSvnelobiT) SeiZleba Camoyalibdes

Semdegnairad: `es aris organizacia, romelic Sobs arCeulTa

batonobas mandatis mimniWeblebze, delegatebisa delagatorebze.

vaxsenebT organizacias, vgulisxmobT oligarqias~.

yvela partiuli organizacia warmoadgens oligarqiul

Zalauflebas, dafuZnebuls demokratiul safuZvelze. Cven yvelgan

vxvdebiT amomrCevlebsa da arCeulebs. aseve yvelgan vawydebiT imas,

rom arCeul liderTa Zalaufleba amomrCevelTa masaze TiTqmis

SeuzRudavia. Senobis oligarqiuli struqtura axSobs mTavar

demokratiul principebs. is, rac aris, Trgunavs imas, rac unda iyos.

masebisaTvis realobasa da ideals Soris es arsebiTi gansxvaveba

saidumlod rCeba. socialistebs xSirad gulwrfelad swamT, rom

politikosTa axali elita ufro erTguli iqneba mrwamsisa, vidre

Zveli. xalxis interesebis warmomadgenlobis idea, romelsac ase

ganuxrelad da didi ndobiT misdevs demokratTa umravlesoba,

gansakuTrebiT ki germanulenovani qveynebis muSaTa klasis masa,

mxolod iluziaa warmoqmnili araswori ganaTebiT, miraJia. alfons

dode, Tanamedrove donkixotobis miseuli analizis erT-erT yvelaze

momxibvlel furclebze gviCvenebs, Tu rogor arwmunebs TandaTanobiT

261

sakuTar Tavs samxreTis mcxunvare mziT STagonebuli `mamaci meTauri~

bravida, romelsac fexi ar moucvlia taraskonidan, rom iyo SanxaiSi

da Tavs yovelgvari sagmiro Tavgadasavali gadaxda. amis msgavsad,

Tanamedrove proletariati, romelic xangrZlivad imyofeboda masebze

inteleqtualurad maRla mdgom mWermetyvel pirovnebaTa gavlenis qveS,

ijerebs, rom misi arCevnebSi monawileobiTa da sakuTari socialuri

da ekonomikuri problemebis delegatisaTvis mindobiT, garantirebuli

iqneba misi uSualo monawileoba xelisuflebaSi.

demokratiis sxvadasxva formebis wiaRSi oligarqiebis formireba

organuli aucileblobis Sedegia da Sesabamisad exeba nebismier

organizacias, ganurCevlad imisa, socialisturia is, Tu Tundac

anarqistuli... socialuri cxovrebis yvela formaSi dominirebisa da

daqvemdebarebulobis urTierTkavSiri Tavad bunebis qmnilebaa.

liderebis uzenaesoba demokratiul da revoluciur partiebSi

mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli yovel istoriul situaciaSi,

rogorc awmyo, ise momaval, sulac rom mxolod ramdenime da

gansakuTrebuli gonierebiT gamorCeuli adamiani acnobierebdes amis

arsebobas. masebi versadros marTaven, garda in abstracto. Sesabamisad,

sakiTxi, romelic unda ganvixiloT, aris ara is, Tu ramdenad

ganxorcielebadia idealuri demokratia, aramed is, Tu ramdenad

sawadelia, SesaZlebeli da realizebadia demokratia mocemul

momentSi...

masis obieqturi umwifroba ar aris ubralod warmavali

fenomeni, romelic gaqreba demokratizaciis progresTan erTad au

lendemain du socialisme (socializmis damyarebis momdevno dRes). piriqiT,

is momdinareobs masis arsebiTi bunebidan. amdenad masas,

organizebulsac ki, mis winaSe mdgomi sxvadasxva problemis gadaWris

ukurnebeli uunaroba stanjavs, radgan masa, per se amorfulia da

amitom saWiroebs Sromis danawilebas, specializaciasa da gaZRolas.

`L'espèce humaine veut être gouverneé: elle le sera. J'ai honte de mon espèce~ (`adamianTa

modgmas surs iyos marTuli. is amgvari iqneba. me mrcxvenia Cemi

modgmisa~), moiwera prudonma cixidan 1850 wels. adamians, rogorc

individs, bunebiT uweria iyos marTuli, gansakuTrebiT ki marTuli

imisda Sesabamisad, Tu ra dayofas da qvedayofas ganicdis

262

cxovrebiseuli funqciebi. Seudareblad ufro metad aris saWiro

marTuloba socialuri jgufebisaTvis...

mwerals ar surs imis uaryofa, rom mSromelTa klasis yovel

revoluciur moZraobas, gulwrfelad inspirirebuls demokratiuli

suliskveTebiT, SeiZleba gaaCndes garkveuli Rirebuleba, rogorc

wvlils, Setanils oligarqiuli tendenciebis SesustebaSi. arakis

personaJi glexi sikvdilis win andobs Tavis vaJiSvilebs, rom ganZi

mindorSia damarxuli. moxucis gardacvalebis Semdeg Svilebi Txrian

yvelgan ganZis aRmosaCenad, magram ver pouloben. magram maTi

dauRalavi Sroma aumjobesebs niadags da uzrunvelyofs maT met-

naklebi keTildReobiT. ganZi arakSi savsebiT gamodgeba demokratiis

simbolod. demokratia ganZia, romelsac veravin verasdros aRmoaCens,

ganzrax rom eZios. magram uwyveti Ziebis procesSi, dauRalavi SromiT

aRmouCenilis aRmosaCenad, Cven gavwevT samuSaos, romelic nayofier

Sedegs gamoiRebs demokratiis TvalsazrisiT. Cven davinaxeT, rom

marTlac, muSaTa klasis demokratiuli partiis wiaRSi aRmocendeba

tendenciebi, romelTa dasaZlevadac iqmneba es partia. partiis

elementebis nairgvarobisa da araTanabari Rirebulebis wyalobiT, es

tendenciebi xSirad gadadis gamovlinebebSi, romlebic tiranis

zRvarzea. Cven davinaxeT, rom xelisuflebis tradiciuli

legitimizmis Secvla bonapartist avantiuristTa brutaluri

plebiscituri wesebiT, ar aniWebs am tendenciebs moralur da

esTetikur upiratesobas. istoriuli evolucia aufasurebs yvela

profilaqtikur zomas, romelic miRebuli iyo oligarqiisagan Tavis

dasazRvevad. Tu kanonebi miiReba liderTa batonobis

gasakontroleblad, maSin TandaTanobiT sustdeba kanonebi da ara

liderebi...

masebis mudmiv uunarobasTan dakavSirebiT, Cven unda

gavacnobieroT ori maregulirebeli principis arseboba:

1. demokratiis ideologiuri midrekileba kritikisa da

kontrolisaken.

2. demokratiis efeqturi kontrtendencia Seqmnas sul ufro

rTuli da diferencirebuli partiebi, anu partiebi, romlebic sul

ufro metad efuZneba erTeulebis unars.

263

idealistisaTvis Tanamedrove demokratiis formebis analizi ar

SeiZleba ar iyos mware imedgacruebisa da Rrma sasowarkveTilebis

wyaro. albaT, mxolod maT SeswevT unari samarTlianad gansajon

demokratia, vinc diletantur sentimentalizSi Cavardnis gareSe

acnobierebs, rom yvela samecniero Tu humanuri idealis Rirebulebebi

relatiuria. Tu Cven gvinda ganvsazRvroT demokratiis Rirebuleba,

Cven es unda gavakeToT misi sawinaaRmdegosTan – wminda

aristokratiasTan Sedarebis gziT. demokratiis Sinagani defeqtebi

aSkaraa. simarTles ar aris moklebuli is, rom socialuri cxovrebis

formad demokratia Cven unda avirCioT, rogorc naklebi boroteba.

idealuri mTavroba udavod maRalzneobrivi da amave dros, teqnikurad

efeqturi pirovnebebis aristokratiisagan Semdgari mTavroba iqneboda,

magram sad vipovoT aseTi aristokratia? zogjer, Tumca Zalze

iSviaTad, Cven SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT masis gulmodgine seleqciis

Sedegad, magram Cven verasdros mivagnebT mas iq, sadac SemorCenilia

memkvidreobiTi principi. amdenad, monarqia, xeluxlebeli wminda saxiT,

unda ganvixiloT, rogorc arasrulyofilebis inkarnacia, yvelaze

ukurnebeli seni, moraluri TvalsazrisiT is TviT yvelaze sazizRar

demagogiur diqtatorebze dabla dgas, radgan ukanasknelis

korumpirebuli organizmi jansaR princips mainc Seicavs, romlis

muSaobazec Cven SegviZlia ganvagrZoT sazogadoebis gajansaRebis

imedis damyareba. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rac ufro meti

adamiani acnobierebs demokratiis, Tundac arasrulyofili,

upiratesobas, saukeTeso aristokratiazec ki, miT ufro naklebadaa

mosalodneli, rom demokratiis defeqtebis Secnobam gamoiwvios

aristokratiisaken dabruneba. garkveuli formaluri gansxvavebebisa da

im Tvisebebis garda, romelTa SeZenac mxolod da mxolod kargi

ganaTlebis meSveobiT da memkvidreobiT SeiZleba (Tvisebebi, romelTa

mxrivac, aristokratias yovelTvis eqneba upiratesoba demokratiis

mimarT, Tvisebebi, romlebsac demokratia an sruliad ugulebeyofs, an

maTi imitirebis mcdelobisas, amaxinjebs maT karikaturul donemde),

demokratiis defeqtebi miCneulia, rom ganuyofeli nawilia misi

uunarobisa Tavi daaRwios Tavis aristokratiul nadebs. meore mxriv,

sxva araferi, Tu ara demokratiis oligarqiuli safrTxis

264

auRelvebeli da miukerZoebeli gamokvleva SegvaZlebinebs am

saSiSroebis Semcirebas, magram miuxedavad amisa, is verasdros iqneba

mTlianad Tavidan acilebuli.

istoriis demokratiuli dinebebi waagavs erTmaneTis mimdevar

talRebs. isini yovelTvis ganaxlebulia. es xangrZlivi sanaxaoba

erTdroulad gamamxnevebelicaa da depresiis momgvrelic. rodesac

demokratiebi miaRweven ganviTarebis garkveul stadias, isini

TandaTanobiT transformacias ganicdian, iReben aristokratiul

suliskveTebas da xSir SemTxvevaSi aristokratiul formebsac, ris

winaaRmdegac isini Tavdapirvelad ase gamalebiT ibrZodnen. amis

Semdeg Cndebian axali bralmdeblebi, imisaTvis, rom gakicxon

moRalateebi, saxelovani brZolebisa da saxelgatexili xelisuflebis

epoqis gardasvlis Semdeg isini asruleben imiT, rom erwymian

gabatonebul klass, ris Semdegac, isini, Tavis mxriv, xdebian axali

oponentebis Tavdasxmis obieqtebi, oponenetebis, vinc moqmedebs

demokratiis saxeliT. rogorc Cans, es saSineli TamaSi usasrulod

grZeldeba.

265

moris diuverJe

politikuri partiebi

politikuri partiebis kvlevis didi nawili dakavSirebulia

partiaTa doqtrinebis analizTan. aseTi orientacia gamomdinareobs

liberaluri warmodgenidan partiaze, rodesac partia ganixileboda

rogorc ideologiuri gaerTianeba. 1806 wels benJamen konstani werda _

`partia warmoadgens iseT adamianTa erTobliobas, romelnic sajarod

iziareben erTsa da imave politikur doqtrinas~. am koncefciam

dasabami misca mraval saintereso gamokvlevas, romelSic ufro

politikuri ideebis istoriaa, vidre partiebis sociologiuri analizi

– partiebis SedarebiTi analizis CarCoebSi Cveulebriv

Semoifarglebian partiebis struqturaze doqtrinebis gavlenis

aRweriT, rac naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre fiqroben. david iumma

Tavis naSromSi `cdebi partiebSi~ kargad SeniSna (1760), rom partiis

programa ZiriTad rols TamaSobs dawyebiT stadiebze, rodesac is

gamijnuli individebis gaerTianebas emsaxureba, SemdgomSi wina planze

gamodis organizacia da partiis platforma ki martooden aqsesuarad

iqceva _ ukeTesad verc ityvi! es SeniSvna amasTan srulad ar exeba

zogierT Tanamedrove politikur partias, sadac doqtrinam SeiZina

WeSmariti religiuri xasiaTi, rac maT totalur uflebas aniWebs maTi

wevrebis cxovrebaze.

bolo wlebSi partia _ klasis marqsistulma koncefciam,

romelmac Secvala partia _ doqtrinis liberaluri koncefcia,

mimarTa mecnieruli kvlevebi sxva mimarTulebiT. iswavleboda kavSiri

cxovrebis donesa, profesias, aRzrdasa da politikur

mikuTvnebulobas Soris. es kvlevebi arsebiTia da amitom avtori

xSirad mimarTavs partiis socialuri Semadgenlobis daxasiaTebis

mkacr meTodebs. is agreTve xSirad iyenebs ZiriTad marqsistul

dapirispirebas _ gagebuls farTo azriT _ burJuaziasa da muSaTa

klasisa (`proletariati~, `masebi~ da a.S.). cxadia, aRniSnuli

dapirispireba Zalian pirobiTia da marqsistma sociologebma ician es

aranakleb, vidre maTma mowinaaRmdegeebma. socialuri ratifikacia

266

metismetad rTulia da mdidaria sxvadasxva elferiT, raTa gadavardes

vulgarul maniqeizmSi. miuxedavad amisa, aseTi sqemac Seicavs

WeSmaritebis marcvals: SesaZloa burJuazia da proletariati ar

qmnian or klass, romelic ganisazRvreba mkacr ekonomikur terminebSi,

magram isini axasiaTeben or mentalitets, or socialur mdgomareobas,

cxovrebis or stils, romelTa mkveTri gansxvaveba naTels hfens

problemas, romelic exeba partiis struqturas.

es miT ufro gamarTlebulia, rom arc doqtrina da arc partiis

socialuri Semadgenloba ar warmoadgens Cveni kvlevis ZiriTad

obieqts, romelic ZiriTadad orientirebulia partiul institutebsa

da maT rolze saxelmwifoSi. vinaidan Tanamedrove politikuri

partiebis organizaciis bunebaSi ixsneba maTi arsi gacilebiT ufro

srulad, vidre maT programebSi an klasobriv SemadgenlobaSi: partia

warmoadgens gaerTianebas ufro gansazRvruli specifiuri struqturis

safuZvelze. Tanamedrove partiebi xasiaTdeba upirveles yovlisa

Tavisi anatomiiT: wina epoqebis protozavrebs Seenacvla XX saukunis

partiebis rTuli diferencirebuli organizmi. es evolucia enaSic

gamokrTis. amerikelebi amboben `manqana~, raTa moniSnon zogierTi

forma, romelsac zogjer Rebuloben maTi partiebi; komunistebi Tavisi

partiis ierarqiul struqturas uwodeben `aparats~ da Cveulebriv

aRniSnaven mas metyveli terminiT `organizacia~. (simptomaturia, rom am

sityvas didi asoTi weren).

partiebis warmoSoba

partiebis struqtura xasiaTdeba mravalferovnebiT. erTi da

igive cneba moicavs sam an oTx sociologiur tips, romlebic

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan sabaziso elementebiT, gansazRvrul

erTobliobaSi maTi integraciis TaviseburebiT, Sinagani kavSirebiT da

mmarTveli institutebiT. pirveli maTgani Seesabameba XIX saukunis

"burJuaziul" partiebs, romlebic axlac arseboben konservatoruli

da liberaluri partiebis saxiT. aSS-Si isini mTlianad ikaveben

politikur asparezs (amasTan amerikuli partiebi gamoirCevian sakmaod

267

originaluri niSnebiT). isini efuZnebian patara komitetebs, romlebic

sakmaod damoukidebelni arian da, rogorc wesi, decentralizebuli;

isini ar miiltvian wevrebis raodenobis gazrdisken, iseve rogorc ar

cdiloben miizidon farTo masebi - isini pirovnebebis gaerTianebas

cdiloben. maTi moqmedeba mTlianad mimarTulia arCevnebze da

saparlamento kombinaciebze da am mxriv inarCuneben sanaxevrod

sezonur xasiaTs; maTi administraciuli struqtura embrionalur

mdgomareobaSia; xelmZRvaneloba aq gafantulia deputatebs Soris da

atarebs mkveTrad gamoxatul pirovnul formas. realuri Zalaufleba

aq miekuTvneba xan erT da xan meore klans, romelic iqmneba

saparlamento lideris garSemo; swored am dajgufebebis metoqeobaSi

mdgomareobs partiuli cxovreba.partia dakavebulia martooden

politikuri problemebiT, doqtrina da ideologiuri sakiTxebi

TamaSoben umniSvnelo rols; partiisadmi mikuTvnebuloba ufro

xSirad efuZneba interesebs an tradiciebs.

sruliad sxvanairadaa agebuli kontinentaluri evropis

socialisturi partiebi: isini efuZnebian farTo masebis, xalxis

maqsimalurad didi raodenobis mizidvas. aq partiaSi miRebis mkacri

sistemaa, rasac emateba individualuri sawevroebis sakmaod

gamokveTili meqanizmi, rac uzrunvelyofs partiebis dafinansebas

(maSin roca pirveli tipis egreT wodebuli "burJuaziuli" partiebis

dafinansebis wyaroa yvelaze xSirad kerZo kreditorebis -

komersantebis, mewarmeebis, bankebis da sxva finansuri struqturebis

Sewirulobebi da subsidiebi). komitetebi adgils uTmoben "seqciebs" -

ufro farTo da Ria muSaTa erTeulebs, romelTa umniSvnelovanesi

funqcia garda wminda eleqtoraluri moRvaweobisa, mdgomareobs

wevrebis politikur aRzrdaSi. wevrebis masobrioba da sawevroebis

akrefa moiTxovs mniSvnelovani administraciuli aparatis Seqmnas.

aseT partiebSi met-naklebad yovelTvis arseboben funqcionerebi, anu

egreT wodebuli "mudmivebi", romlebic bunebrivad cdiloben

gadaiqcnen erTgvar klasad da daimtkicon gansazRvruli Zalaufleba;

ase iqmneba biurokratia. xelmZRvanelobis pirovnuli xasiaTi aq

Serbilebulia koleqtiuri institutebis mTeli sistemiT (yriloba,

erovnuli komitetebi, sabWoebi, biuroebi, samdivnoebi), romelTa Soris

268

Zalaufleba ganawilebulia. principSi yvela doneze sufevs

amorCeviToba, magram praqtikulad Tavs iCenen oligarqiuli

tendenciebi. Tavad partiaSi gacilebiT mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs

doqtrina, radganac piradi metoqeoba Rebulobs sxvadasxva

ideologiuri mimdinareobis brZolis formas. garda amisa partia

gamodis Tavisi politikis sazRvrebs gareT, ipyrobs ekonomikur,

socialur, ojaxur da sxva sferoebs.

Uukve Cvens droSi komunizmma da faSizmma Seqmnes organizaciebis

kidev ufro originaluri sociologiuri tipi. mTlianobaSi misTvis

damaxasiaTebelia: centarlizaciis ganviTareba, rac upirispirdeba

socialisturi partiebis sanaxevro centralizacias; vertikaluri

kavSirebis sistema, romelic amyarebs sabaziso elementebis mkacr

izolacias erTmaneTisagan, rac xels uSlis ganxeTqilebas da

avtonomiuri fraqcionirebis nebismier mcdelobas da uzrunvelyofs

mkacr disciplinas; avtokratiul principebze dafuZnebuli

xelmZRvaneloba (daniSvna zemodan da kooptacia), raSic

parlamentarebis roli praqtikulad nulis tolia. erTnic da

meorenic winasaarCevno brZolas aniWeben meorexarisxovan rols: maTi

namdvili saqmianoba sruliad sxvagvaria, is mimdinareobs mudmivi

agitaciis da propagandis fonze. isini iyeneben pirdapir da zogjer

iZulebiT meTodebs: gaficva, ajanyeba, putCi, da a.S. erTnic da

meorenic cdiloben Seeguon rogorc Ria, ise miwisqveSa brZolis

viTarebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifo maT winaaRmdeg iyenebs

akrZalvebsa da devnas. orive tipis partia efuZneba mkacr

totalitarul doqtrinebs, romelic moiTxovs partiis wevrebisgan ara

marto politikur Tanxmobas, aramed srul damorCilebas. es partiebi

ar eguebian sazogadoebrivi da piradi cxovrebis gamijvnas da

cdiloben rogorc erTis, ise meores gankargvas. orive partia

uviTarebs Tavis wevrebs srul erTgulebas, rac ikvebeba miTebiTa da

religiuri saxis TqmulebebiT, aerTianebs amgvarad saeklesio rwmenasa

da samxedro disciplinas.

amasTan erTad komunisturi da faSisturi partiebi Zireulad

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. pirvel rigSi isini gansxvavdebian

TavianTi struqturiT: pirvelni efuZnebian sawarmoo ujredebis

269

sistemas, meoreni - Tavisebur milicias, sxvadasxva saxis

arasaxelmwifo gasamxedroebul razmebs. Semdeg, isini gansxvavdebian

Tavisi socialuri SemadgenlobiT: pirvelni warmoadgenen Tavs

rogorc muSaTa klasis politikur gamoxatulebas, proletariatis

mowinave razms, romelic ibrZvis TavisuflebisTvis; meoreni,

Sedgenilni rogorc saSualo klasisa da wvrili burJuaziis

Tavdacvis iaraRi miznad isaxaven maT dacvasa da winaaRmdegobas, raTa

muSaTa klasma ar aiRos Zalaufleba Tavis xelSi. da bolos, isini

gansxvavdebian Tavisi doqtrinebis SinaarsiTa da Zireuli principebiT:

komunizms sjera masebis, faSizms - elitebis; pirveli iziarebs

egalitarizms (Tanasworobas), meore - elitarizms. komunizmi gamodis

optimisturi filosofiidan, progresis rwmenidan, teqnikis

civilizatoruli misiis mtkice rwmenidan; faSizms axasiaTebs

kacobriobisadmi pesimisturi midgoma, is uaryofs XIX saukunis

scientizms, iseve rogorc XVIII saukunis racionalizms da icavs

tradiciul da pirvelad Rorebulebebs - erTianobas rasis, sisxlisa

da niadagis mixedviT. qvecnobierad am umaRles Rirebulebebs misTvis

ganasaxiereben ara muSebi, aramed glexebi.

bevri partia ar jdeba am zogad sqemaSi. es pirvel rigSi exeba

qristianul-demokratiul partiebs, romlebic ikaveben saSualedo

mdgomareobas Zvel da socialistur partiebs Soris. garda amisa

aseTia leiboristuli partiebi, romlebic Seiqmna kooperativebisa da

profkavSirebis bazaze arapirdapiri struqturis principiT, rac

specialur analizs moiTxovs. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba agreTve

agraruli partiebi, romelTa organizaciuli mravalferovneba sakmaod

didia, Tumca maT ver miaRwies did gavrcelebas. calke dganan agreTve

arqauli da winaistoriuli tipis partiebi, romlebic gvxvdeba

aRmosavleTisa da Sua aRmosavleTis, afrikisa da centraluri evropis

(1939 wlamde) zogierT qveyanaSi.

partiebis struqtura – pirdapiri da arapirdapiri

struqtura

270

SevadaroT erTmaneTs ori partia -safrangeTis Tanamedrove

socialisturi partia da britaneTis leiboristuli partia 1900 wels.

pirveli maTgani Sedgeba pirovnebebisgan, romlebmac xeli moaweres

Tavis gawevrianebas partiaSi, yovelTviurad ixdian sawevros da met-

naklebad regularulad eswrebian adgilobrivi seqciis sxdomebs.

meore partia daafuZnes profkavSirebma, kooperativebma, sadazRvevo

salaroebma, inteleqtualTa wreebma - yvela maTgani gaerTianda, raTa

SeeqmnaT saerTo saarCevno organizacia: aq ar arseboben partiis

wevrebi, arseboben martooden sabaziso gaerTianebebis -

profkavSirebis, kooperativebis, sadazRvevo salaroebis da a.S. -

wevrebi. pirveli partia warmoadgens pirdapiri partiis magaliTs; 1900

wlis leiboristebi ki, arapirdapiri partiis magaliTs. es gansxvaveba

partiebs Soris Seesabameba im gansxvavebas, romelic arsebobs

unitarul da federalur saxelmwifoebs Soris, Tu mas mivuyenebT

erebs.unitarul saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeebi uSualod dakavSirebulni

arian erovnul erTobliobaSi; zustad aseve pirdapir partiaSi misi

wevrebi sxva romelime socialuri gaerTianebis gareSe qmnian partiul

erTobliobas. amis sawinaaRmdegod, federalur saxelmwifoSi

moqalaqeebi gaerTianebulni arian erSi (naciaSi)

saxelmwifos_federaciis subieqtebis meSveobiT. amis msgavsad

arapirdapiri partia arsebobs rogorc sabaziso socialuri

gaerTianebebis (profkavSiruli an sxva nebismieri) kavSiri. es Sedareba

arc Tu iseTi zustia_damakmayofilebelia, vinaidan federaluri

saxelmwifo globaluri erTianobis daRs asvams nebismieri wevri-

damfuZneblebis kerZo erTobliobas: arsebobs Sveicaruli nacia,

Sveicaruli patriotizmi, realuri Sveicaruli erToblioba -

akntonaluris garda. rac Seexeba "arapirdapiri partiis" cnebas, is

piriqiT, gulisxmobs, rom ar arsebobs aranairi realuri partiuli

erToblioba, romelic gansxvavdeba sabaziso socialuri

gaerTianebebisgan. ufro mkacrad rom davazustoT, ar arsebobs

partiis wevri - arsebobs socialuri asociaciis wevri da es asociacia

koleqtiurad Sedis partiaSi. rasakvirvelia es Teoriuli sqema xSirad

icvleba, rodesac realurad isxams xorcs.

271

arapirdapiri partiebis forma

rogorc wesi, partiaTa ori kategoria iRebs arapirdapir

formas: socialisturi da kaTolikuri. pirvel maTganSi partiis

"sxeuls" qmnian profkavSirebi, muSaTa kooperativebi, sadazRvevo

salaroebi: partia Rebulobs iseTi erTobliobis xasiaTs, romelic

eyrdnoba erTaderT socialur klass. meore SemTxvevaSi partia

Seadgens muSaTa profkavSirebisa da kooperativebis, glexTa

asociaciebis, komersantTa, mewarmeTa da sxvaTa kavSirebis federacias.

is aerTianebs sxvadasxva socialur klasebs, romelTagan TiToeuli

inarCunebs agreTve Tavis sakuTar organizacias. orive kategoriaSi

gvxvdeba struqturis mravali varianti, TiToeul partias aqvs Tavisi

ganumeorebeli saxe. aq SeiZleba SemovifargloT ramdenime konkretuli

magaliTis moyvaniT, romelic asaxavs saerTo tendencias:

socialisturi partiebidan - es aris britaneTis leiboristuli da

belgiis muSaTa partia, xolo kaTolikuri partiebidan - belgiis

kaTolikuri da avstriis saxalxo partia.

arsebobs arapirdapiri partiebis mesame kategoriac - agraruli

partiebi, romlebSic sasoflo-sameurneo profkavSirebi da

kooperativebi asruleben imave rols, rasac aseTi saxis muSaTa

gaerTianebebi socialistur partiebSi. magram vercerTi maTgani ver

aRwevs organizaciis iseT maRal dones, rasac es ukanasknelebi:

arapirdapiri forma maTTan gamodis rogorc ZiriTadi tendencia,

romlis realizacia bolomde verasodes ver xerxdeboda da metic,

xSir SemTxvevaSi inarCunebda embrionalur xasiaTs. amisda miuxedavad,

agraruli partiis ilustraciis saxiT SeiZleba davasaxeloT

balkaneTis qveynebis partiebi, gansakuTrebiT, bulgareTis agraruli

partia, avstraliis soflis partia, romelic Seqmnilis zustad

britaneTis leiboristuli partiis msgavsad, flamandiis glexTa liga

- 1921-1939 ww. kaTolikuri blokis ganStoeba. . . . arapirdapiri

partiebis SigniT unda ganvasxvavoT misi ori saxeoba. erTni Seiqmnen

imis wyalobiT, rom gansazRvrul lokalur doneze yvela arsebuli

jgufis gaerTianebiT Camoyalibda erTgvari sainiciativo politikuri

birTvi; meor SemTxvevaSi es sabaziso elementi Seqmnes aseTi jgufebis

272

warmomadgenlebma. pirvel saxeobas miekuTvneba britaneTis

leiboristuli partia, meores - belgiis muSaTa da SvedeTis social-

demokratiuli partia. magram mkacrad Tu vimsjelebT, arapirdapiri

partiis cnebas Seesabameba martooden pirveli maTgani.

arapirdapiri struqturis mizezebi

pirdapiri partia warmoadgens wess, xolo arapirdapiri -

gamonakliss: es niSnavs, rom pirveli saxis partiebi gavrcelebulia

gacilebiT metad, vidre meore. sainteresoa gamovarkvioT, romelia is

faqtorebi, romlebic aiZuleben partias miiRos arapirdapiri

struqtura, imis magivrad, rom gahyves pirdapiri struqturis klasikur

magaliTs? aq Znelia gamovavlinoT saerTo sqemebi. Zalian xSirad

ZiriTad rols amaSi asruleben gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi. ase

magaliTad, belgiaSi profkavSirebsa da socialistur partias Soris,

ramac kidev ufro SezRuda misi arapirdapiri xasiaTi, - warmoadgens

1945 wlis gavlenas. komunistebma profkavSirebSi provocireba gaukeTes

avtonomiuri organizaciis F.G.T.B. (belgiis Sromis sayovelTao

konfederacia) Seqmnas. safrangeTSi piriqiT, komunistTa gavlenam

gamoiwvia ganxeTqileba profkavSirebSi da axali arakomunisturi

profkavSiruli centris - C.G.T.F.O (Sromis sayovelTao konfederacia -

"fors uvrier") Seqmna, romelic kidev ufro mWidrod daukavSirda Zvel

socialistur partias, vidre wina. belgiaSi profkavSirebis aseTi

daaxloeba socialistur partiasTan 1950 wels moxda konkretuli

politikuri movlenis Sedegad: idga monarqiis bedis sakiTxi.

moqmedebis gaerTianebuli komiteti, romelic mimarTuli iyo leopold

III-is winaaRmdeg, am movlenebis Semdeg gadaiqca mudmivi

TanamSromlobis instrumentad. cxadia, rom nebismieri mcdeloba

gakeTdes saerTo daskvna awydeba did siZneleebs.

rasakvirvelia doqtrinalurma motivebmac Seasrules garkveuli

roli. ase magaliTad, didia cduneba davukavSiroT zogierTi

kaTolikuri partiis arapirdapiri xasiaTi qristianuli demokratiis

korporativistul doqtrinebs, romlebic STagonebulia papis Rerrum

Nawarum da Quadragezimo Anno-iT. es gavlena kargad SeimCneva avstriis

273

saxalxo partiis magaliTze: korporativistul doqtrinebs marTlac

hqondaT didi gavlena avstriaSi anSlusamde, sadac isini gamodiodnen

rogorc saxelmwifos oficialuri saorganizacio safuZveli. magram es

ukanaskneli daskvna naadrevi aRmoCndeba rogorc yovelTvis. didi

Tanamedrove socialuri qristianuli partiebis umravlesobas,

gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi, germaniasa da italiaSi aqvs pirdapiri

struqtura. rogorc Cans, socialisturi partiebis mimbaZvelobam da

maTi meTodebis gadaRebam ufro didi roli Seasrula, vidre

korporativistuli doqtrinebis zemoqmedebam: yvela Tanamedrove

kaTolikuri partia met-naklebad mWidrod dakavSirebulia qristianul

profkavSirebTan, iseve rogorc socialisturi partiebi

dakavSirebulni arian saero profkavSirebTan.

rac Seexeba socialistur partiebs, aq kidev ufro metia cduneba

aixsnas maTi arapirdapiri struqtura doqtrinaluri mosazrebebiT.

aviRoT partiis marqsistuli koncefcia - partia klasobrivi

politikis matarebeli. gana ar jdeba am gansazRvrebaSi, Tanac sakmaod

kargad, leiboristuli partiis struqtura? magram is udao faqti, rom

swored leiboristebi yvela sxva socialistur partiaze naklebad

arian dakavSirebuli marqsis doqtrinasTan, gvaiZulebs uari vTqvaT

aseT axsnaze. arapirdapiri struqtura, rogorc wesi, damaxasiaTebelia

skandinaviis socialisturi partiebisTvis, sadac marqsistuli

doqtrina ar TamaSobs raime mniSvnelovan rols, maSin roca

laTinurenovani partiebi, romelSic dominirebs ideologiuri midgoma,

organizebulni arian pirdapiri wevropis principiT. udaoa, rom amas

unda mieces sruliad sapirispiro axsna: leiboristuli da misi

msgavsi partiebis struqtura ganpirobebulia maTi pragmatistuli

orientaciiT; isini miiltvian reformistuli moqmedebisken da

naklebad awuxebT doqtrinaluri problemebi. rac Seexeba pirdapir

politikur struqturas, misi axsna SesaZlebelia martooden Teoriuli

mosazrebebiT. sinamdvileSi profkavSiruli struqtura gamoiwvia ara

marqsizmma, aramed TviT am profkavSirulma struqturam, romelic

spontanurad Seiqmna realuri viTarebebis gavleniT, uaryo marqsizmi

da upiratesoba mianiWa yoveldRiur efeqtur reformebs da ara

sazogadoebis globaluri gardaqmnis gegmebze zrunvas. arapirdapiri

274

struqturis arCevanze nebismier doqtrinaze metad moqmedebs erovnuli

xasiaTi. am tipis partiebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba laTinurenovan

qveynebSi – aramed martooden skandinavur, anglosaqsonur da

germaanul qveynebSi. . . aranakleb rols, rogorc Cans, TamaSobs

saarCevno sistema. ase magaliTad, aSkaraa, rom sayovelTao saarCevno

uflebis ararseboba aferxebs socialisturi partiebis ganviTarebas

da aZlevs rs biZgs profkavSirebisa da kooperativebs, xels uwyobs am

ukanasknelTa zegavlenas pirvelze.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi sakmaod mZafri brZola mimdinareobda

leiboristul partiebsa (arapirdapiri struqturiT) da sakuTriv

socialistur partiebs (pirdapiri struqturiT) Soris.xSirad partiaTa

es ori tipi Tanaarsebobda erTi da imave qveynis sazRvarSi (mag.,

avstralia, axali zelandia, belgia, inglisi): magram socialisturi

partiebi saboloo jamSi qrebodnen da adgils uTmobdnen

leiboristul partiebs. amasTan wminda saxis socialisturi partiebi

pirdapiri struqturiT Cndebodnen TavisTavad, xolo is partiebi,

romelTac hqondaT profkavSirebi, inarCunebdnen avtonomias da mxars

uWerdnen politikur moqmedebebs. arapirdapiri struqtura aq rogorc

Sedegi imisa, rom profkavSirebis ganviTareba win uswrebda partiaTa

gaCenas, sawinaaRmdego situacia, piriqiT, hbadebda pirdapir

struqturas.

275

gabriel almondi

samoqalaqo kulturis cnebis inteleqtualuri

istoria

samoqalaqo kulturis cneba

adrindeli cnebebi

mas aqeT, rac adamianebi laparakoben da weren politikaze, am

msjelobebSi yovelTvis figurirebda raRaca, rac politikuri

kulturis cnebas uaxlovdeba. mqadageblebi Tavis

winaswarmetyvelebebSi, darigebebsa da anaTemebSi amaleTelebs,

filistimlelebs, asirielebsa da babilonelebs gansxvavebul

Tvisebebsa da midrekilebebs miawerdnen. berZeni da romaeli

istorikosebi, poetebi da dramaturgebi aRwerdnen ionielebi

dorielebis, spartelebis, aTenelebis, korinTelebis; raetelebis,

panonielebis, dakebis, parTenelebis da kaledonielebis kulturasa da

xasiaTs.

cnebebi da kategoriebi, romlebsac Cven politikuri kulturis

analizisas viyenebT – qvekultura, elitis politikuri kultura,

politikuri socializacia, kulturis cvlileba – aseve Zvel

nawerebSic igulisxmeboda . . .

versad ver vnaxavT politikuri kulturis mniSvnelobis imaze Zlier

dacvas, vidre es platonis respublikaSia mocemuli, sadac is

acxadebs, rom “mTavrobebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian, vinaidan

sxvadasxvanairia adamianTa midrekilebebi, da unda iyos imdeni

pirveli, ramdenicaa meore. saqme isaa, rom Cven ver CavTvliT rom

saxelmwifo “muxiTa da kldiTaa” aSenebuli da ara im adamianTa

bunebiT, romlebic masSi cxovroben”. is laparakobs aristokratiul,

276

timokratiul, oligarqiul da demokratiul poliTiebze da

adamianebze; mas gamohyavs pirvelis struqturis da saqmianobis

maxasiaTeblebi meoris Rirebulebebidan, Sexedulebebidan da

socializaciis gamocdilebidan. midgomiT, romelic namdvilad

daainteresebda, Tu ara sagonebelSi Cagdebda Cvens Tanamedrove

fsiqoistorikosebs, is xsnis aristokratiuli, oligarqiuli da

demokratiuli poliTiis xasiaTs prevalirebadi pirovnuli xasiaTis

tipebiT, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, aixsneba tipiuri ojaxuri

konstelaciebiT - kultivirebuli, saxelis momxveWeli an fulze

daxarbebuli mamebiT, dominanturi, damyoli an ukmayofilo dedebiT da

sxv. zustad imgvaradve, rogorc is xazs usvams politikuri kulturis

mniSvnelobas, Tavis respublikasa da kanonebSi platoni uaRresad did

mniSvnelobas aniWebs politikur socializacias. “. . . yvela cxovels

Soris biWi aris yvelaze umarTavi, imdenad ramdenadac masSi aris

gonis Sadrevani, romelic jer ar aris regulirebuli; is yvelaze

cbieri, enamaxvili da daumorCilebeli cxovelia. ai ratom unda iyos

is dabmuli bevri aRviriT . . .”1. dedebs da ZiZebs, mamebs, gamzrdelebs

da politikur moRvaweebs yvelas aqvT valdebuleba daarigon da

Seakavon gamousworebeli cxoveli samoqalaqo saTnoebis gzaze

dasayeneblad. aristoteleseuli politikis bolo wigni, ufro swored

misi fragmenti, ganaTlebas eZRvneba. plutarqe iuwyeba Tu rogor

Camoayaliba lucigrusma spartuli xasiaTi dabadebidanve, ase vTq vaT,

qalebisadmi micemuli rCeviT axalSobili biWebi daebanaT RvinoSi, da

ara wyalSi, raTa maTi sxeuli gakaJebuliyo. ZiZebi ar axvevdnen

“bavSvebs saxvevebSi; bavSvebi izrdebodnen Tavisuflebi da SeuzRudavi

qcevasa da formaSi; ar mizezobdnen saWmelze da ar arCevdnen mas; ar

eSinodaT sibnelis, an marto darCenis; ar buzRunebdnen, ar tirodnen,

ar hqondaT cudi xasiaTi. . . “2.

aristotele platonze ufro Tanamedrove da mecnieruli politikuri

kulturalistia, vinaidan is politikuri kulturis cvladebs ara

marto did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, aramed swavlobs maT mimarTebas

socialuri stratifikaciis cvladebTan, erTis mxriv, da politikis

struqturul da qmediTobis cvladebTan meores mxriv. misi azriT

277

mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formas warmoadgens Sereuli mmarTveloba,

romelic funqcionirebs iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSiac prevalirebs

saSualo fena. Sereuli mmaarTveloba aris iseTi mmarTveloba,

romelic eyrdnoba rogorc oligarqiul, aseve demokratiul

principebs, Sesabamisad is uzrunvelyofs garkveul reprezentacias

mmarTvelobaSi mdidari da keTilSobili adamianebisTvis erTis mxriv,

da Raribi da mdabioebisTvis meores mxriv. amgvari mmarTveloba ufro

savaraudoa warmoiqmnas da ukeT ifunqcioniros maSin, rodesac

simdidre farTodaa gadanawilebuli da rodesac arsebobs farTo

saSualo fena, romelic aproecirebs sakuTar xasiaTs saxelmwifoze.

is aRniSnavs, rom

“yvelaze kargia, rodesac floben yvela mdidruli nivTebis

saSualo raodenobas. es xdeba imitom, rom simdidris es

raodenoba yvelaze metadaa mzad daemorCilos gonebas. . .

saSualo fena yvelaze naklebadaa ganwyobili Tavi daaRwios

Tanamdebobas an miiltvodes Tanamdebobisken; orive es tendencia

sazianoa saxelmwifosTvis. da, garda amisa, maT, visac mdidruli

nivTebis, siZlieris, simdidris, megobrebisa da amisTanebis Warbi

raodenoba gaaCnia, ar surT iyon marTulebi da arc ician rogor

unda iyon (da maT es Tviseba miRebuli aqvT ukve maTi yrmobis

dros ojaxuri cxovrebidan, romelic iyo imdenad aRsavse

fufunebiT, rom isini ver mieCvivnen Zalauflebisadmi

damorCilebas skolaSic ki), xolo isini, visac es yovelive

uaRresad akliaT, arian metismetad morCilebi”. . .

sazogadoeba, romelSiac saSualo fena pataraa, qmnis saxelmwifos,

romelic “Sedgeba batonebisa da monebisgan, da ara Tavisufali

adamianebisgan. erTi klasi Suriania xolo meore qedmaRluri Tavisi

TanamoZmeebis mimarT. es mdgomareoba metad Sors dgas megobruli

ganwyobisgan da politikuri partniorobisgan. . . “, romelic

aristoteles azriT warmoadgens kulturul baziss mmarTvelobis

saukeTeso da yvelaze mdgradi formisTvis.3

278

aristoteleseuli Sereuli mmarTveloba, romelSiac dominirebs

saSualo fena, emsgavseba imas, rac zogierTma Cvenganma bolo wlebSi

daaxasiaTa rogorc samoqalaqo kultura, romelSiac arsebobs

arsebiTi konsesusi politikuri institutebis legitimurobis da

sajaro politikis mimarTulebebisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb, farTodaa

gavrcelebuli tolerantuli ganwyoba interesTa

mravalferovnebisadmi da rwmena maT TavsebadobaSi, xolo moqalaqeTa

mier farTodaa gaziarebuli politikuri kompetenturobis grZnoba da

urTierTndoba. . .

evropuli sociologiis gavlena

mecxramete saukuneSi sociologiis, rogorc disciplinis ganviTarebis

msvlelobaSi arsebiTad aRiarebul iqna is mniSvneloba, romelic

gaaCnia subieqtur cvladebs socialuri da politikuri movlenebis

axsnisTvis. anri de sen-simoni socialuri stabilurobis SenarCunebasa

da socialuri progresis miRwevaSi met mniSvnelobas aniWebda

ideologiur-religiur Sexedulebebs, vidre ekonomikurs. ogiust konti

sazogadoebas ZiriTadad saerTo moraluri ideebis sistemad

warmoidgenda. marqsi ideologias Tvlida mniSvnelovan iaraRad

burJuaziis xelSi revoluciuri procesis SesaboWavad, xolo muSaTa

klasis politikur TviTSegnebas - proletaruli revoluciis

aucilebel pirobad. emil diurkhaimi socialuri solidarobis

sakuTar cnebas afuZnebda “koleqtiur cnobierebaze”, anu

Rirebulebebis, warmodgenebis da grZnobebis sistemaze, romlebsac

sazogadoebis wevrebi iziareben. xolo logikuri da aralogikuri

qcevis, “narCenis” da “derivaciebis” paretoseuli cnebebi nawili iyo

sociopolitikuri struqturis da socialuri cvlilebis arsebiTad

fsiqologiuri Teoriisa.

magram yvela evropel sociologTagan yvelaze didi gavlena

politikuri kulturis kvlevis formirebaze moaxdina maqs veberma.

veberisTvis sociologia unda yofiliyo “gamgebi mecniereba”,

Verstehende Soziologie romelSiac damokidebulebebi (atitudebi),

279

Rirebulebebi da grZnobebi iyo mniSvnelovani axsniTi cvladebi.

SesaZloa veberi iyo pirveli namdvilad Tanamedrove socialuri

mecnieri. misi cnebebi empiriulad iyo dasabuTebuli; meTogologiurad

is iyo sakmaod inovaciuri da mowinave. is Tavad iyenebda kiTxvarebs,

ganaviTara kontent-analizis forma da iyenebda sistematur savele

dakvirvebebs. veberis naSromi religiis sociologiaSi iyo gamoZaxili

marqsis sociologiuri Teoriisa, romelic ekonomikur struqturas –

mwarmoeblur urTierTobebs –socialuri institutebisa da ideebis

bazisur maformirebel elementebad ixilavda. didi msoflio

religiebis ekonomikuri eTosis veberiseuli SedarebiTi kvleva miznad

isaxavda imis demonstrirebas, rom Rirebulebebi da ideebi SeiZleba

iyos ekonomikuri struqturis da politikuri institutebis

cvlilebisa katalizis agentebi.

politikuri Zalauflebis veberiseuli tipebi – tradiciuli,

racionalur-legaluri da qarizmatuli – subieqtur kategoriebs

warmoadgenen. isini iyvnen is sami idealuri tipiuri mizezi, romelTa

gamoc liderebi sargebloben mimdevarTa morCilebiT, warmoadgendnen

politikuri legitimurobis safuZvlebis sam idealur tips.

struqturuli sxvaobebi politikur sistemaTa Soris Seiswavleba

rogorc am arsebiTad subieqturi kategoriebis daqvemdebarebuli

kategoriebi. tradiciul wesrigebs warmoadgenen iseTi sistemebi,

romlebSiac mmarTvelebs emorCilebian imitom, rom isini SeirCnen

uxsovar wesebTan SesabamisobaSi, da moqmedeben amgvari wesebis

Sesabamisad. racionalur-legaluri wesrigis ZiriTadi forma,

romelsac veberi swavlobs, aris biurokratia, romelSiac oficiozs

ujereben imis gamo, rom is SerCeulia da moqmedebs dawerili,

racionaluri da ganxorcielebadi wesebis mixedviT. qarizmartuli

Zalaufleba warmoadgens politikuri wesrigis eqstraordinarul da

tranzitul formas, romelsac axasiaTebs supermenis an lideris

eqstra-humanuri unarebis rwmena.

politikuri partiebis veberiseuli tipologia aseve efuZneba

wevrobisa da mxardaWeris subieqtur mizezebs. klasobrivi partiebi

280

arian isini, romlebic izidaven mxardamWerebs klasobriv interesebze

apelirebis gziT. patronaJuli partiebi arian isini, vinc

mxardamWerebs izidaven Zalauflebis, Tanamdebobis da sxva

materialuri upiratesobebis dapirebiT, maSin rodesac Weltanschauung

(msoflmxedvelobiTi) partiebi emyareba politikur mxardamWerTa

ideebze apelirebas. sabolood, socialuri aqtiobis veberiseuli

tipebi – tradiciuloba, afeqtacia, instrumentuli da Rirebulebrivi

racionaloba – uaRresad gavleniani iyo ganviTarebisa da

modernizaciis TeoriebisTvis, romlebic politikuri kulturis

kvlevebis CarCoebSi warmoiqmna.

SeerTebul StatebSi veberis ZiriTad interpretators warmoadgenda

talkot parsonsi. misi adrindeli Teoriuli kvleva eyrdnoba da xsnis

zogierT ZiriTad veberiseul kategorias. ase magaliTad, moqmedebis

orientirebis parsonsiseuli kategoriebi da misi paternuli cvladebi

sakmaod aSkarad eyrdnoba socialuri moqmedebis veberiseul tipebs.

socialuri moqmedebis orientaciis cnebaSi parsonsi laparakobs

orientaciis kognitur, emociur da SefasebiT wesebze. parsonsiseuli

paternuli cvladebi4 – moqmedebis orientaciis kontrastuli wesebis

wyvilebi – asaxaven rogorc veberis, aseve diurkhaimis gavlenas;

veberis Tvalsawieridan, specifiuroba, universalizmi, miRwevebis

motivireba da afeqturi neitraloba warmoadgenen racionaluri

kulturis maxasiaTeblebs, xolo difuzuroba, partikularizmi,

askriptuloba da afeqturoba tradicionalizmis maxasiaTeblebia. am

parsonsiseulma kategoriebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes

politikuri modernizaciis SeswavlaSi da samoqalaqo kulturis

kvlevis dagegmarebaSi.

socialuri fsiqologiis gavlena

mesame inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba, romelic Seemata politikuri

kulturis konceptuializacias da kvlevas, iyo socialuri

fsiqologia. es disciplina warmoiSva meoce saukunis pirvel

aTwleulebSi didwilad sociologebisa da fsiqologebis erToblivi

281

Zalisxmevis Sedegad, romelic miznad isaxavda gaego da aexsna am

wlebis socialuri da politikuri katastrofebi: pirveli msoflio

omis sisxlisRvra da ngreva, bolSevikuri revolucia, didi depresia,

italiuri faSizmis da germanuli nacional-socializmis warmoqmna,

rasobrivi antagonizmi da sxva. socialuri fsiqologia warmoadgens

mcdelobas gagebisa da axsnisa Tu rogor da ratom ganisazRvreba da

ganicdis gavlenas individebis damokidebulebebi da qceva sxva

individebis da socialuri jgufebis arsebobiT da gavleniT. analizis

erTeulebi, romelic socialurma fsiqologiam gamoiyena rogorc

axsnis samSeneblo agurebi, aris instinqti, Cveva, grZnoba da

damokidebuleba. grehem valasi da uolter lipmani iyvnen

instinqtivistebi, iseve rogorc uiliam makdugali, torndaiki

(E.L.Thorndike) da jon devi (Dewey). sxva adrindeli socialuri

fsiqologebi analizis bazisur erTeulebad miiCnevdnen Cvevebsa da

grZnobebs, magram socialuri fsiqologiis meinstrimma analizis

erTeulad damokidebuleba (atitudi) airCia. damokidebulebis cneba

iZleva SesaZleblobas acilebul iqnas memkvidreobiTi an garemoseuli

mikerZoebuloba, romlebic Caqsovilia iseT cnebebSi, rogorebicaa

instinqti da Cveva, da aseve iZleva SesaZleblobas acilebul iqnas

aqcenti grZnobebze, romelic sentimentebis cnebaSia nagulisxmevi.

damokidebuleba, rogorc is socialur fsiqologiaSi ganisazRvreba,

aris individis midrekileba aRiqvas, gaigos da imoqmedos specifikuri

obieqtis mimarT specifiuri gziT. rogorc ki disciplina 40-ian da 50-

ian wlebSi gaxda ufro empiriuli, eqsperimentaluri da mkacri, man

daiwyo imis kvleva, Tu rogor formirdeba da transformirdeba

konkretuli socialuri da politikuri damokidebulebebi, rogoria

jgufis struqturisa da komunikaciis gavlena damokidebulebze,

damokidebulebebis struqtura da urTierTmimarTeba da sxva. . .

fsiqoanTropologiis gavlena

meoTxe inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba, romelic Seemata politikuri

kulturis konceptualizacias da kvlevas, iyo fsiqoanTropologia,

romelic momdinareobs froidis da misi mimdevrebis naSromebidan da

282

romelmac 30-ian wlebSi anTropologiasTan erTad warmoqmna is, rac

mogvianebiT cnobili gaxda fsiqokulturuli midgomis saxeliT.

froidi Tavad swavlobs adamianis politikur beds, magram

fsiqobiologiuri Tvalsawieridan.5 arc is da arc misi mowafeebi ar

Sexebian erisa da jgufis specifiur maxasiaTeblebs. froidisTvis da

fsiqoanalizis adrindeli TeoretikosebisTvis kvlevis sagans

Seadgenda adamianis zogadi bedi, romelic SezRudulia instinqturi

mowyobiTa da fsiqologiuri meqanizmebiT. fsiqoanalizisa da

socialuri mecnierebis gadaxlarTva daiwyo 20-ian da 30-ian wlebSi

bronislav malinkovskis, ruT benediqtis, margaret midisa da harold

lasuelis naSromebiT.6

Seqmnili pirvel rigSi anTropologebisa da fsiqiatrebis mier, es

fsiqokulturuli literatura cdilobda politikuri kulturis

midrekilebebi aexsna bavSvobisdroindeli socializaciis paternebiT,

aracnobieri motivaciebiT da fsiqologiuri meqanizmebiT. meore

msoflio omis periodSi da uSualod mis mere gakeTda mcdelobebi

omSi ZiriTadi CarTuli erebis – germaniis, ruseTis, amerikis,

safrangeTisa da iaponiis fsiqologiuri midrekilebebis daxasiaTebisa

da axsnisa. magram es mcdeloba - didi da kompleqsuri erebis

politika da sajaro politikuri kursi axsniliyo libidos Teoriisa

da ojaxuri Zalauflebis martiv terminebSi, patara soflis an

traibaluri sazogadoebis nagulisxmevi homogenurobiT - skeptikurad

iqna aRqmuli da adgili dauTmo ufro maRali donis formulirebebs,

romlebic ekuTvnoda abram kardiners, ralf liptons, aleqs inkelss

da daniel levinsons.7 kardinerma da lintonma ganavrces

socializacia adrindeli libiduri stadiidan cxovrebis mTel

ciklze, romelic moicavs zrdasruli adamianis gamocdilebas,

rogorc kulturul midrekilebebze zemoqmed faqtors. maT aseve

Semoitanes kvazi-statistikuri cnebebi, iseTebi, rogorebicaa

“bazisuri” an “modaluri” personaloba, raTa moexdinaT kulturul-

personaluri homogenurobis adrindeli warmodgenebis koreqtireba.

lintonma pirvelma daiwyo uSualod did sazogadoebebSi kulturis

heterogenurobis kvleva subkulturis, rolebis da statusis

283

kulturis cnebebis SemoRebiT. inkelsma da levinsonma

fsiqokulturuli midgoma srul statistikur formulirebamde

miiyvanes, maTi mtkicebiT mxolod SerCevis formirebis mkacr

teqnologiebs, zedmiwevniT formulirebuli da Semowmebuli kiTxvebiT,

SeeZlo daedgina sxvaobebi erTa politikur kulturebsa da maTSi

qvejgufebs Soris.

sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis meTodologiis ganviTareba

rogorc es mecnierebis istoriaSi xSirad momxdara, axali kvleviTi

teqnologiis gamoyenebam katalizatoris roli iTamaSa politikuri

kulturis konceptualizaciasa da kvlevaSi, romelsac 60-ian wlbSi

hqonda adgili.

es revolucia, romelic moxda socialur mecnierebaTa kvleviT

teqnologiaSi, Sedgeboda oTxi komponentisgan: (1) SerCevis sul ufro

zusti meTodebis ganviTareba, romlebmac SesaZlebeli gaxades

mosaxleobis vrcel jgufebze warmomadgenlobiTi monacemebis

Segroveba; (2) interviuirebis meTodebis mzardi daxvewa, rac iZleva am

meTodebis meSveobiT Segrovili monacemebis sandoobis zrdas; (3)

rangebisa da skalebis teqnikis ganviTareba, rac iZleva

SesaZleblobas pasuxebi daxarisxdes da dalagdes homogenuri

ganzomilebebis gaswvriv da daukavSirdes Teoriul cvladebs; da (4)

statistikuri analizisa da prognozirebis meTodebis daxvewa martivi

deskriptuli statistikidan bivariantuli, multivariantuli,

regresuli, mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTebebis analizamde

konteqstualur, damokidebulebriv da qceviT cvladebs Soris.

sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis meTodis ganivTarebam politikaSi

moitana zusti instrumentebis wyeba, romelic gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas

gavcdeT SedarebiT arazust da spekulatur dakvirvebebs

fsiqologiuri midrekilebebis Sesaxeb, komunikaciis Sinaarss,

klinikur dakvirvebebs an biheviorul tendenciebs. sinamdvileSi

monacemebi, romlebic gamokiTxvebiT Segrovda, Seiqmna kvlevis

284

instrumentebiTa da procedurebiT, im kiTxvebiT, romlebsac

respondentebs ekiTxebodnen, SerCevis formirebiT da analizisa da

daskvnebis gakeTebis teqnologiiT. rogorc aCvenebs gamocdileba, xmis

micemis, damokidebulebebis da marketingul Catarebul kvlevebSi,

Secdomis es wyaroebi axla ufro kargad eqvemdebareba kontrols,

Tumca ki maTi sruli gamoricxva SeuZlebelia.

samoqalaqo kulturis modeli

“samoqalaqo kulturaSi” mocemuli kvleva yvela am inteleqtualur

tradicias eyrdnoba. ganmanaTleblobasa da liberalur politikur

Teorias is daesesxa demokratiuli moqalaqeobis “racionalistur-

aqtivistur models”, warmatebuli demokratiis models, romelic

moiTxovs rom yvela moqalaqe iyos CarTuli da aqtiuri politikaSi

da rom maTi monawileoba iyos informirebuli, analitikuri da

racionaluri. “samoqalaqo kulturis” daskvnas warmoadgenda is, rom

demokratiuli moqalaqeobis es racionalistur-aqtivisturi modeli

iyo samoqalaqo kulturis erT-erTi, magram ara erTaderTi komponenti.

marTlac, TavisTavad moqalaqeobis monawileobiT-racionaluri modeli

logikurad ver Seesabameba stabilur demokratiul mmarTvelobas.

mxolod maSin, rodesac is kombinirebulia Tavis sapirispiro

pasiurobasTan, ndobasTan da avtoritetisa da kompetenturobis

daculobasTan, SesaZlebeli xdeba Zlieri, stabiluri demokratiis

arseboba.

politikuri kultura da politikuri Teoria

politikuri kultura ar warmoadgens Teorias; is aRniSnavs cvladebis

erTobliobas, romelic SesaZloa iyos gamoyenebuli Teoriis

Sesaqmnelad. magram imdenad, ramdenadac is aRniSnavs cvladebis

nakrebs da maTi kvleviskenaa mimarTuli, is politikis fsiqologiur

an subieqtur ganzomilebas garkveul axsniT mniSvnelobas aniWebs,

zustad iseve, rogorc is gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs konteqstualuri

da Sinagani cvladebi, romlebiTac SesaZlebelia politikis axsna.

285

politikuri kulturis cvladebis axsniTi Zala empiriulad dgindeba,

ris gamoc is Riaa hipoTezebisTvis da SemowmebisTvis.

bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi politikuri kulturis kvlevis

ganviTarebasTan erTad mimdinareobda polemika, organizebuli sami

kiTxvis garSemo: (1) azrTa sxvadasxvaoba politikuri kulturis arsis

gansazRvrebisa da specifikaciis Taobaze; (2) winaaRmdegobrioba,

romelic exeba politikuri kulturis analitikur gancalkevebas

politikuri struqturisa da qcevisgan; (3) debatebi mizezobrivi

kavSirebis Sesaxeb.

politikuri kulturis nairnairi gansazRvrebebi metwilad

warmoadgenen preTeoriul kategorizaciebs, romlebic miznad isaxaven

politikuri movlenebis axsnaSi politikuri kulturis cvladebis

mniSvnelobis xazgasmas, an win uswrebs politikuri kulturis raime

specifiuri aspeqtis an aspeqtebis empiriul kvlevas. adrindel

formulirebaSi, romelic talkot parsonsis naSromebs efuZneboda, me

ganvsazRvre politikuri kultura rogorc politikuri movlenebis

mimarT kognituri, afeqturi da SefasebiTi orientaciebis nakrebi,

romelic gavrcelebulia mocemul mosaxleobaSi an mis qvejgufSi,

xolo SemdgomSi me gavagrZele imiT, rom wamovayene garkveuli

kulturuli hipoTezebi, romlebmac SeiZleba axsnan gansxvaveba anglo-

amerikuli, kontinenturi evropuli, totalitaruli da

preindustriuli politikuri sistemebis funqcionirebaSi.8 daaxloebiT

imave periodSi gamoqveynebul formulirebaSi, semuel beeri, aseve

talkot parsonze dayrdnobiT, amtkicebda, rom politikuri kultura

axdens xalxis orientirebas politikisa da misi procesebis mimarT,

awvdis mas Sexedulebebis sistemas (kognitur ruqas), misi operirebis

Sefasebis gzas da eqspresuli simboloebis erTobliobas.9

“samoqalaqo kulturaSi” cnebis gansazRvreba adaptirebul iqna

kulturis im maxasiaTeblebis kvlevisadmi, romlebic savaraudod

demokratiis stabilurobas ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad cnebis Seswavla

amaxvilebda yuradRebas politikur codnasa da unarebze, grZnobebze

286

da Rirebulebriv orientaciebze politikuri obieqtebisa da

procesebis mimarT – politikuri sistemisadmi mTlianobaSi, sakuTari

Tavisadmi rogorc monawilesadmi, politikuri partiebisa da

arCevnebis mimarT, biurokratiis da sxv. TiTqmis aranairi yuradReba ar

daeTmo sajaro politikuri strategiis sakiTxs.

politikuri kulturis nairsaxeobebis ZiriTad erTobliv kvlevaSi

lusien paim da sidnei verbam warmoadgines cnebis ufro daxvewili

forma. politikuri ganviTarebis Temaze dayrdnobiT paim ganixila is

gzebi, romlebiTac politikuri kulturis cnebas SeuZlia

ganviTarebis problemebis da procesebis axsna.10 verbam gansazRvra

politikuri kulturis iseTi mniSvnelovani ganzomilebebi,

rogorebicaa erovnuli identurobis SegrZneba, damokidebuleba

sakuTari Tavis, rogorc monawilis, mimarT, damokidebuleba sxva

moqalaqeebis mimarT, damokidebuleba da molodinebi mTavrobis

funqcionirebisa da politikis mimarT, da codna politikuri

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis Sesaxeb.11

politikuri opoziciis Seswavlisas dalma detalurad ganixila

politikuri orientaciis ramdenime tipi, romlebsac aqvT gavlena

gawevrianebaze politikur partiebSi. pirveli maTgani aris orientacia

politikuri sitemis, rogorc mTlianobis mimarT, romelic gavlenas

axdens erovnul sazogadoebriobaSi loialobis siRrmesa da

gavrcelebaze; damokidebuleba kooperaciisa da individualobisadmi

da sxva adamianebisadmi zogadad, romelic gavlenas axdens

politikuri jgufebis formirebaze da maT urTierTqmedebaze; da

orientacia problemebis gadaWris mimarT (anu aris is pragmatuli Tu

ideologiuri), romelic gavlenas axdens politikuri partiebis

interaqciaze. man Semdgom aCvena Tu rogor SeiZleba am

damokidebulebebma moaxdinon gavlena politikuri moZraobebis

politikur strategiebze da taqtikaze, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa

da ramdenime dasavluri evropuli demokratiis istoriul SemTxvevebis

sailustracio gamoyenebiT.12

287

bolodroindel formulirebaSi, almondi da paueli aviTareben

politikuri kulturis cnebas sami mimarTulebiT: (1) substanciuri

Sinaarsi; (2) orientaciebis mravalferovneba; (3) am komponentebs Soris

sistemuri kavSiri. eris politikuri kulturis analizi am samives

unda moicavdes. substanciuri Sinaarsis Tvalsawieridan SeiZleba

vilaparakoT “sistemur” kulturaze, “procesul” kulturaze da

“politikuri strategiis” kulturaze. eris sistemuri kultura unda

moicavdes erovnuli erTobisadmi, reJimisadmi da xelisuflebisadmi

damokidebulebebis gadanawilebas, devid istonis formulirebebs rom

daveyrdnoT.13 eseni moicaven erovnuli identurobis grZnobas,

damokidebulebas reJimisa da misi institutebis legitimurobis mimarT,

damokidebulebas sxvadasxva politikuri rolebis matareblebis

legitimurobisa da efeqturobis mimarT.

eris procesuli kultura unda moicavdes damokidebulebas

politikaSi sakuTari monawileobisadmi (e.i. paroqiuli-subieqturi-

monawileobrivi) da damokidebulebas sxva politikur aqtorTa mimarT

(e.i. ndoba, kooperaciis unari, mtruli ganwyoba). politikuri

strategiis kultura unda Sedgebodes preferenciebis

gadanawilebisgan politikis Sedegebisa da daniSnulebis mimarT,

mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebSi iseTi politikuri Rirebulebebis

rigiTobas, rogorebicaa keTildReoba, usafrTxoeba da Tavisufleba.

am sistemis, procesis da politikuri strategiis mimarT orientireba

SeiZleba iyos kognituri - Semdgari rwmenebisgan, informaciisgan da

analizisgan; afeqturi - Semdgari mikuTvnebulobis grZnobisgan,

anTipatiisgan an indiferentulobisgan; an SefasebiTi - Semdgari ama

Tu im moraluri Sefasebisgan.

politikuri kulturis mesame aspeqti unda iyos misi komponentebis

SekavSirebuloba an sistemuri xasiaTi. filip konversi (Converse)

gvTavazobs “CarCos” cnebas im viTarebis dasaxasiaTeblad, rodesac

politikuri institutebis mimarT orientacia erTiandeba politikur

strategiebTan. ase, mocemul mosaxleobaSi, damokidebuleba sagareo

288

politikis mimarT, Sida ekonomikuri politikis mimarT da rasobrivi

segregaciis mimarT SeiZleba iyos Tanmimdevruli ideologiis

nawilebi; mocemuli jgufis individebis umravlesobisTvis, Tu

cnobilia maTi pozicia sagareo politikis mimarT, SesaZlebelia

Sexedulebebis gansazRvra gadasaxadebze, dasaqmebaze da sxva. sxva

jgufebSi es damokidebulebebi SeiZleba iyos damoukidebeli.

analogiurad, informacia, Sexedulebebi, grZnobebi da moraluri

Sefaseba urTierTdamokidebulia. zogadad SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan

ganvasxvaoT da erTmaneTs SevadaroT erebisa da jgufebis politikuri

kultura misi Sinagani CarCoebisa an Sekrulobis Sesabamisad.14 . . .

arasworia “samoqalaqo kulturis” kritika im motiviT, rom misi

mtkicebiT politikuri kultura ganapirobebs politikur struqturas.

am gamokvlevaSi konkretuli qveynebis specifiuri kulturuli

modelebis ganviTareba aixsneba specifiur istoriul gamocdilebaze

miTiTebiT, rogoricaa reformebis aqtis Sedegebi britaneTSi,

britanuli institutebis memkvidreoba SeerTebul StatebSi, meqsikuri

revolucia, germaniaSi meore msoflio omi da nacizmis damarcxeba.

savsebiT aSkaraa, rom politikuri kultura ganixileba rogorc

damoukidebeli da amave dros damokidebuli cvladi, rogorc

struqturis mizezi da rogorc mis mier ganpirobebuli ram.

“samoqalaqo kulturaSi” dakavebuli pozicia imis Taobaze, rom

warmodgenebi, grZnobebi da Rirebulebebi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobeben

politikur qcevas, da rom es warmodgenebi, grZnobebi da Rirebulebebi

arian socializaciis gamocdilebis produqti, damtkicebulia mravali

monacemiT. magram “samoqalaqo kultura” iyo erT-erTi yvelaze

adrindeli kvleva, romelmac xazi gausva zrdasrul adamianTa

politikuri socializaciis da gamocdilebis mniSvnelobas da

romelmac aCvena SedarebiTi sisuste bavSvobisdroindeli

socializaciisa. es mtkicebulebi calsaxadaa naCvenebi da

faqtobrivadaa ganmtkicebuli.

289

politikuri kulturis es SedarebiT Ria koncefcia, romelSiac is

aris qcevisa da struqturis ganmapirobebeli da amave dros maT mier

formirebuli, da moicavs agreTve zrdasrulTa politikur swavlebasa

da racionalur kognitur komponents, warmoadgens ronald rogovskis

kritikis sagans; is uaryofs politikuri kulturis Teorias im

mizeziT, rom misi metismetad bundovani da difuziuri formulirebis

gamo is miuRebelia, rogorc axsniTi Teoria. is amtkicebs, rom socio-

ekonomikur, eTnikur da religiur interesebsa da politikur

struqturas Soris arsebobs aSkara racionaluri mimarTebebi, da rom

politikuri struqturis racionaluri individualisturi axsna ufro

Zlier da Sekrul Teorias warmoadgens, vidre politikuri kulturis

Teoria.15

es polemika politikuri kulturis axsniTi mniSvnelobis Taobaze

rogorc is “samoqalaqo kulturaSia” gansazRvruli, mxolod

empiriuli kvlevebiT SeiZleba gadawydes, xolo Catarebuli kvlevebi

gvafiqrebineben, rom rogovskis pozicias ara aqvs faqtobrivi

dasayrdeni. kacobriobis istoriis didi nawili uaryofs imas, rom

politikuri institutebis struqtura da maTi legitimuroba SeiZleba

mxolod racionaluri kerZo interesiT aixsnas. socialuri klasis da

eTnikuri da religiuri jgufis racionaluri interesi qmnis

Zlevamosil dinamikas, romelic Suqs hfens politikur moZraobebsa da

konfliqtebs, da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens politikis Sedegebze.

magram patriotizmi, komunaluri loialoba, religiuri Rirebulebebi

da ubralo Cveva da tradicia aSkarad moqmedeben politikuri

struqturisa da legitimurobis axsnaze. . .

1 Plato, The Works of Plato. trans. Benjamin Jowett 1 vol.ed. (New York: Dial Press, n.d.), p.445 2 Plutarch, The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, trans. John Dryden, rev. by Arthur Hugh Clough (New York: Random House, Modern Library, n.d.), p.62 3 Aristotle, Politics, trans. H. Rackham (London: Heinemann, 1932), pp285ff, 4 Talcott Parsons and E.A.Shils, Toward a General Theory of Action (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951). 5 ix., magaliTad, Sigmund Freud, Civilization and its Discontents (1930) in Complete Works, vol.22 (New York: Macmillan, 1962). 6 B.Malinovski, Sex and Repression in Savage Society (New York:Harcount Brace Jovanovich 1927); Margaret Mead, Ruth benedict, Patterns of Culture (Boston: Houghton Miffin, cago: University of Chicago press, 1930). 7 Abram Kardiner, The Psychological Frontiers of Society (New York: Columbia University Press,1945); Alex Inkels and David Levinson. “National Character: the Study of Modal Personality and Socio-Cultural Systems” in

290

Lindzey and Aronson, Handbook, vol.4; Alex Inkeles, “National Characted and modern Political Systems” in Franklin L.K. Hsu, ed., Psychological Anthropology (Belmont, Calif., Wadsworth 1961) 8 G.A.Almond, Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), pp.35ff 9 S.Beer, Adam Ulam, eds. Patterns of Government, 3rd ed., part 1 (New York: Random House, 1974) 10 Lucian Pye and Sidney Verba, Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966), chap.1 11 Almond and Verba, Civic Culture, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963) 12 Robert A.Dahl, Political Oppozitions in Western Democracies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), pp. 352ff 13 David Easton, A System Analyses of Political Life (New York: John Willey and Sons, 1965) 14 Phillip Converse, “The Nature of Mass Belief Systems”, in David Apter, ed., Ideology and Discontent (New York: Free Press, 1964) 15 Donald Devine, The Political Culture of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972)Ronald Rogowski, A Rational Theory of Legitimacy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976).

291

ronald ingleharti

modernizacia da postmodernizacia: kulturis,

politikisa da ekonomikis cvlileba 43

sazogadoebaSi

modernizacia da postmodernizacia

ekonomikis, kulturisa da politikis cvlileba mimdinareobs

urTierTSeTanxmebuli gzebiT, romlebic msoflios winaswarmetyvelebadi

mimarTulebiT cvlian.

es mtkicebuleba, karl marqsiTa da maqs veberiT dawyebuli daniel beliT

damTavrebuli, modernizaciis Teoriis centralur debulebas warmoadgens.

bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi mis irgvliv cxare debatebi

mimdinareobda. am wignSi moyvanili faqtobrivi monacemebi adastureben am

debulebis didwilad marTebulobas: Tumca ki Cven ar Segvwevs unari zustad

viwinaswarmetyveloT Tu ra moxdeba mocemul sazogadoebaSi drois ama Tu

im momentSi, ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis zogadi monaxazis

gansazRvra SesaZlebelia. Tuki cvlilebis procesebi daiwyo, droTa

ganmavlobaSi savaraudoa garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis gaCena.

migneba, rom socialuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi mimdinareobs

urTierTSeTanxmebuli gziT, momxibvleli, Tumc ki winaaRmdegobrivi iyo

ukve im droidan, rodesac igi marqsma wamoayena. is inteleqtualurad

mastimulirebelia, vinaidan ara marto ekonomikuri, socialuri da

politikuri cvlilebebis axsnis SesaZleblobas iZleva, aramed

winaswarmetyvelebadobis garkveul donesac gvTavazobs. aqamde adamianTa

saqmianobis winaswarmetyvelebis mcdelobaTa didi nawili wminda

ampartavnobas warmoadgenda; kargadaa cnobili, rom marqsis bevri

prognozi mcdari aRmoCnda. adamianTa qceva imdenad rTulia da ganicdis

imdenad mravali, sxvadasxva doneze operirebadi faqtoris zegavlenas, rom

zusti, upirobo winaswarmetyvelebis gakeTebis mcdeloba ganwiruli Cans.

Cven amgvar dapirebebs ar viZleviT: SeuZlebelia socialuri cvlilebis

zusti msvlelobis ganWvreta. miuxedavad amisa ekonomikis, politikisa da

kulturis cvlilebebis garkveuli sindromebi urTierTSeTanxmebul

traeqtoriebs misdeven, romelTagan zogierTebi ufro savaraudoa, vidre

sxvebi. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, sazogadoebaTa did simravleSi, Tuki

procesi daiwyo, mosalodnelia garkveuli mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi. ase

292

magaliTad, nebismier sazogadoebaSi, romelic industrializaciis gzas

daadga, am process savaraudoa moyves urbanizaciis zrda, dasaqmebis

sferoSi specializaciis gaZliereba da formaluri ganaTlebis donis

amaRleba1. yvela eseni im traeqtoriis sakvanZo elementebs warmoadgens,

romelsac zogadad "modernizacias" uwodeben.

am traeqtorias naklebad cxadi, magram aranakleb mniSvnelovani

grZelvadiani Sedegebis ganviTarebaze aqvs gavlena, rogorebicaa masobrivi

politikuri monawileobis donis amaRleba. amdenad, Tumca ki Cven ar

SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT mocemul qveyanaSi konkretuli liderebis

moqmedeba, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom (istoriis mocemul momentSi)

politikaSi masebis wvlili savaraudod ufro mniSvnelovan rols

iTamaSebs SvedeTsa an iaponiaSi, vidre albaneTsa an birmaSi. Cven SegviZlia

isic ki ganvsazRvroT, arcTu SemTxveviTi sixSiriT, Tu ra politikuri

sakiTxebi iqneba yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sesabamisi tipis sazogadoebaSi.

modernizaciis traeqtoria ukavSirdeba aseve kulturis sxva cvlilebaTa

farTo speqtrs. rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, kulturaSi arsebuli garkveuli

Rirebulebebi xels uwyoben ekonomikuri kapitalis dagrovebasa da

investirebas, rac qmnis industrializaciis SesaZleblobas, xolo mkveTrad

sapirispiro genderuli rolebi, romlebic preindustriul sazogadoebebs

axasiaTeben, ganviTarebul industriul sazogadoebebSi TiTqmis

gardauvalad adgils uTmoben sul ufro msgavs genderul rolebs.

magram socialuri cvlileba ar aris sworxazovani. specifiuri

modernizaciuli cvlilebebis sindromi Tumca ki Cndeba xolme

sazogadoebis agraruli mowyobidan industriulze gadasvlis procesSi,

aranairi socialuri cvlileba ar inarCunebs Tavis mimarTulebas

samudamod. is bolosdabolos aRwevs klebadi ukugebis wertils.

modernizaciac ar aris gamonaklisi. ganvlili ramdenime aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi mowinave industriulma sazogadoebebma miaRwies gardatexis

wertils da daiwyes moZraoba axali traeqtoriis gaswvriv, romelsac

SeiZleba "postmodernuli" vuwodoT.

postmodernizaciasTan erTad is xedva, romelic industrializebad

sazogadoebebSi industriuli revoluciis droidan dominirebda,

TandaTanobiT axali msoflmxedvelobiT inacvleba. es Senacvleba asaxavs

axlebur midgomas imisadmi, Tu ras moelian adamianebi cxovrebisgan. mas

moaqvs politikis, muSaobis, religiis, saojaxo da seqsualuri qcevis

warmmarTveli bazisuri normebis gardaqmna. amgvarad, ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis process mosdevs ori mimdevrobiTi traeqtoria, modernizacia

da postmodernizacia. erTic da meorec mWidrod ukavSirdeba ekonomikis

293

ganviTarebas, magram postmodernizacia ganviTarebis ufro gviandel

stadias warmoadgens, is kavSirSia warmodgenebis iseT wyebasTan, romelic

metad gansxvavebulia imisgan, rac modernizacias axasiaTebda. warmodgenaTa

es sistemebi ar arian ubralod ekonomikuri an socialuri cvlilebebis

Sedegi, aramed ayalibeben socio-ekonomikur pirobebs, da, amave dros, am

pirobebis mierac formirdebian.

modernizaciis Teoria: kavSiri kulturas, ekonomikasa da

politikas Soris

modernizaciis Seswavla socialur mecnierebebSi 50-iani wlebis bolosa da

60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi udides rols TamaSobda. SemdgomSi

modernizaciis cneba mkacrad iqna gakritikebuli, da 70-iani wlebidan

diskreditebulad iTvleba. pais SexedulebiT2 SesaZloa, dadga am cnebis

gadaxedvis dro. es Tavic swored am mizans isaxavs, masSi moyvanilia axali

empiriuli monacemebi da SemoTavazebulia modificirebuli Sexeduleba imis

Taobaze, Tu rogor muSaobs modernizacia.

modernizaciis Teoriis mTavari mtkicebuleba aris is, rom

industrializacia ukavSirdeba socio-politikuri cvlilebebis Tavisebur

process, romelic yvelgan vrceldeba: miuxedavad imisa, rom

preindustriuli sazogadoebebi uaRresad mravalferovania, SesaZloa

dasabuTebulad vilaparakoT “modernuli” an “industriuli” sazogadoebis

modelze, romlis mimarTulebiTac yvela es sazogadoeba miiswrafvis, raxan

is industrializaciis gzas daadga. ekonomikuri ganviTareba ukavSirdeba

cvlilebebis sindroms, romelic moicavs ara marto industrializacias,

aramed aseve urbanizacias, masobriv ganaTlebas, dasaqmebis specializebas,

biurokratizacias da komunikaciis ganviTarebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv,

ukavSirdeba ufro farTo kulturul, socialur da politikur cvlilebebs.

erT-erTi mizezi, Tu ratom gamoiwvia modernizaciis Teoriam amdenad didi

interesi, iyo misi winaswarganWvretis unaris pretenzia: is gulisxmobda,

rom rogorc ki sazogadoeba daadgeboda industrializaciis gzas,

savaraudo gaxdeboda garkveuli tipis kulturuli da politikuri

cvlilebebi, dawyebuli ufro dabali Sobadobis maCveneblebiT da

damTavrebuli mmaTvelobis ufro Zlieri roliT, sicocxlis

xangrZlivobis ufro maRali maCveneblebiT, masobrivi politikuri aqtiobis

zrdiT, da, SesaZloa, demokratiiTac ki. zogierTi kritikosi

karikaturulad xatavda modernizaciis Teorias warmodgenad, romlis

mixedviTac ekonomikuri ganviTareba advilad da avtomaturad moitanda

liberalur demokratias, da isini uaryofdnen am xedvas rogorc

gulubryvilo eTnocentrizms. sinamdvileSi modernizaciis TeoretikosTa

294

umravlesobis prognozebi gacilebiT ufro kvalificirebulia, magram Tu

Cven daviviwyebT dausabuTebel varauds, rom modernizacia aris advili da

avtomaturi procesi, maSinac ki es mtkicebuleba [rom ekonomikur

ganviTarebas Tan sdevs liberaluri demokratiis damkvidreba – red.] dRes

ar gamoiyureba sruliad daujereblad.

modernizaciis Teoria ukve erTi saukunea rac viTardeba. socialur

mecnierebaSi momuSave mravalma Teoretikosma moiyvana argumentebi imis

dasasabuTeblad, rom teqnologiuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi

ukavSirdeba kulturuli da politikuri cvlilebebis koherentul da

winaswarmetyvelebad modelebs. magram aseve grZeldeboda kamaTebi

mizezobrivi kavSirebis Sesaxeb: iwvevs Tu ara ekonomikis cvlileba

kulturisa da politikis gardaqmnas, Tu piriqiT?

marqsi ekonomikuri determinizmis Tvalsawieridan amtkicebda, rom

sazogadoebis teqnologiuri done ayalibebs mis ekonomikur sistemas,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs kulturul da politikur

maxasiaTeblebs: Tuki teqnologiebi sahaero wisqvilis donezea,

sazogadoeba iqneba damokidebuli soflis meurneobiT arsebobaze, da masSi

umravlesobas Raribi glexebi Seadgenen, dominirebulni miwaTmflobeli

aristokratiis mier; orTqlis manqanas moaqvs industriuli sazogadoebis

ganviTareba, sadac dominanturi elita xdeba burJuazia, romelic uwevs

eqspluatacias qalaqis proletariats da awarmoebs mis represirebas.

veberi, amis sawinaaRmdegod, centralur rols kulturis gavlenas aniWebda:

kultura, misi azriT, ar iyo martooden ekonomikis epifenomeni, aramed

TavisTavad mniSvnelovan mizezobriv faqtors warmoadgenda; kulturas

SeuZlia ekonomikuri qcevis ganpirobeba, iseve rogorc Tavad SeiZleba

iyos ganpirobebuli am qcevis mier. ase, protestantuli eTikis warmoSobam

gaaadvila kapitalizmis zrda, ramac Seuwyo xeli rogorc industriul

revolucias, aseve demokratiul revoluciasac. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad

rwmenaTa sistema gavlenas axdens ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaze, da,

Tavis mxriv, ganicdis maT gavlenas.

marqsis zogierTi mimdevari gascda ekonomikur determinizms (romlis

mixedviTac revoluciuri utopia spontanurad unda damdgariyo) da meti

mniSvneloba mianiWa ideologiisa da kulturis gavlenas. ase, lenini

amtkicebda, rom muSaTa klass TavisTavad ar SeuZlia warmatebuli

revoluciisTvis sakmarisi klasobrivi TviTSegnebis gamomuSaveba; mas unda

gauZRves profesiul revolucionerTa ideologiurad momzadebuli

avangardi.

295

maom kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba mianiWa revoluciur azrovnebas. ganudga

ra marqsistul orTodoqsias, man ganacxada, rom CineTs ar sWirdeba

urbanizaciisa da industrializaciis procesebis dalodeba; Tuki

ideologiurad momzadebuli kadrebi sakmaris enTuziazms Seitanen CinelTa

masebSi, komunisturi revolucia gaimarjvebs agrarul sazogadoebaSic ki. . .

kulturis faqtoris mniSvnelovani rolis gaTvaliswinebiT, modernizaciis

axali Teoretikosebi, rogoricaa beli3, samuSao Zalis struqturis

cvlilebas kulturis cvlilebis wamyvan faqtorad miiCneven. belisTvis

“postindustriuli sazogadoebis” dadgomis mTavar etaps Seadgens is

momenti, rodesac samuSao Zalis umravlesoba CarTulia ekonomikis mesame

seqtorSi, romelic awarmoebs ara nedleulsa Tu industriul nawarms,

aramed momsaxurebas. es iwvevs formaluri ganaTlebis masiur eqspansias,

rac ganpirobebulia kvalificirebuli samuSao Zalis zrdis saWiroebiT.

sxva avtorebi, rogorebicaa lerneri da inkelsi da smiti4 miiCneven, rom

formaluri ganaTleba aris is ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic aformirebs

“modernul” msoflmxedvelobas.

moyveba Tu ara modernizacias demokratia? . . . rostous mtkicebiT5

ekonomikuri ganviTareba Sinaganad xels uwyobs demokratias, magram 70-iani

wlebisTvis socialur mecnierTa umravlesoba skeptikurad ekideboda am

ideas. avtoritaruli reJimebi samyaros ucvlel maxasiaTeblad

gamoiyureboda – im (da, SesaZloa yvelaze metad) komunistur qveynebSic ki,

romlebmac miaRwies STambeWdav ekonomikur zrdas. industrializacias

SeiZleba moyoloda an demokratia, an diqtatura.

Cven vayalibebT modernizaciis modificirebul Teorias. Cven veTanxmebiT

modernizaciis Teoretikosebis ZiriTad mtkicebulebas: rom ekonomikuri

ganviTareba, kulturis cvlilebebi da politikuri cvlilebebi

erTmaneTTan harmoniul, da garkveulwilad, winaswarWvretad kavSirSi

imyofeba. cvlilebis zogierTi mimarTulebebi sxvebze ufro savaraudoa,

vinaidan garkveuli konfiguraciebi Rirebulebebis da warmodgenebis, da

politikuri da ekonomikuri institutebis urTierTganmapirobebelia –

xolo sxvebi ara. amdenad, Tuki cnobilia sazogadoebis erTi komponeneti,

sxva komponentebis winaswarmetyveleba SesaZlebelia araSemTxveviTi

albaTobiT. . .

1. cvlileba ar aris sworxazovani. is ar miemarTeba erTi mudmivi

mimarTulebiT istoriis dasasrulamde, aramed is bolosdabolos

aRwevs klebadi ukugebis gardamtex wertils da, metic, is ukve

fundameturad sxva mimarTulebiT warimarTa bolo ramdenime

aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi.

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2. modernizaciis Teoriis adrindeli versiebi iyo deterministuli, maT

Soris marqsistuli Teoria ixreboda ekonomikuri determinizmisken,

xolo veberiseuli versia zogjer kulturul determinizms waagavda.

Cven migvaCnia, rom mimarTebebi ekonomikas, politikasa da kulturas

Soris aris ormxrivi, iseve rogorc mimarTebebi biologiuri

organizmis sxvadasxva sistemebs Soris. uazroba iqneba vikiTxoT, aris

Tu ara adamianis sxeulis qceva namdvilad ganpirobebuli kunTovani

sistemiT, nervuli sistemiT, an respiratoruli sistemiT: TiToeuli

gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs da verc erTi moqmedeba ver

ganxorcieldeba, Tu erT-erTi maTgani mwyobridan gamovida.

analogiurad, politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemebi moiTxoven

Sesabamis kulturul sistemas – sxvagvarad maT mouwevT Ria iZulebaze

dayrdnoba, rac TiTqmis arasdros ar grZeldeba didxans. da

piriqiTac, kulturis sistema, romelic ar Seesabameba ekonomikur

sistemas, savaraudod didxans ver gastans. . . .mizezobrivi kavSirebi

ormxrivobisken ixreba. Tuki es sistemebi erTmaneTs xels ar uwyoben,

maT gadarCenis naklebi Sansi aqvT.

3. Cven vuarvyofT modernizaciis iseT xedvas, romelic mas

vesternizaciasTan aigivebs. istoriis erT-erT momentSi modernizacia

iyo Tavmoyrili dasavleTSi. dRes aSkaraa, rom procesi

globaluria, da garkveuli gagebiT aRmosavleTi azia dRes win

uZRveba modernizaciis process. . . veberi marTali iyo, rodesac

evropis modernizaciis sakvanZo movlenad protestantuli eTikis

zrdas miiCnevda. magram protestantuli eTikis es gavlena evropul

modernizaciaze ar iyo protestantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

unikalobis Sedegi, aramed imis Sedegi, rom misma momxveWelurma

racionalobam gamodevna religiuri normebis is erToba, romelic

Cveulia preindustriuli sazogadoebebis umravlesobisaTvis da

romelic zRudavs ekonomikur miRwevebs. protestantizmi ki iyo

ganuyoflad dasavluri, magram momxveWeluri racionaloba ar aris

aseTi. Tumca ki industrializacia pirvelad dasavleTSi moxda,

dasavleTis zrda modernizaciis mxolod erT versias warmoadgenda.

4. demokratia ar aris modernizaciis fazis nawili, rogorc amas

zogierTi mkvlevari varaudobs. arsebobs modernizaciis sxva SesaZlo

formebi, maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia faSizmi da komunizmi, rogorc

amas muri uTiTebs6. magram demokratia xdeba sul ufro savaraudo

maSin, rodesac sazogadoebebi scildebian modernizaciis fazas da

postmodernizaciis fazaSi gadadian. postmodernul fazaSi Cndeba

cvlilebebis gansxvavebuli sindromi, romelic zrdis demokratiis

savaraudobas – manam, sanam misi acileba metad Zviri SeiZleba dajdes.

297

. . .kultura warmoadgens Sexedulebebis, Rirebulebebisa da codnis sistemas,

romelic sazogadoebis mier farTodaa gaziarebuli da gadaicema Taobidan

Taobaze. adamianis bunebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic biologiurad Sinagania

da universaluri, kultura iswavleba da varirebs gansxvavebul

sazogadoebebSi. kulturis ufro sakvanZo da adre naswavli aspeqtebi

mdgradia cvlilebis mimarT, imitom rom Zalian Znelia zrdasruli

adamianis kognituri mowyobis centraluri elementebis Secvla, Tanac

adamianis yvelaze arsebiTi Sexedulebebis uaryofa qmnis dabneulobasa da

SfoTvas. socio-ekonomikuri cvlilebebis xangrZlivi cvalebadobis

pirobebSi SeiZleba gardaiqmnas kulturis centraluri elementebic ki,

magram isini ufro savaraudoa icvleba mosaxleobaSi TaobaTa cvlis

kvalobaze da ara ukve socializebuli adamianebis gardaqmniT.

kulturaSi Cven vgulisxmobT sazogadoebaSi arsebuli institutebis

subieqtur elementebs: Sexedulebebs, Rirebulebebs, codnasa da unarebs,

romlebic gaSinaganebulia mocemuli sazogadoebis mosaxleobis mier da

avseben Zaladobisa da gacvlis maT gareT myof sistemebs. kulturis es

gansazRvreba ufro viwroa, vidre is, romelic Cveulebriv anTropologiaSi

gamoiyeneba, vinaidan Cvens mizans empiriuli gamokvleva warmoadgens. Cven

gamovikvlevT, Tu ra donemde ukavSirdeba Sinagani kulturuli

orientaciebi empiriulad gare socialur institutebs. yvelafris Cadeba

kulturis cnebaSi gamousadegars gaxdida am cnebas mocemuli tipis

analizisTvis.

nebismier stabilur ekonomikur an politikur sistemas gaaCnia Sesabamisi

da mxardamWeri kulturis sistema, romelic mis legitimizebas axdens.

mocemuli sazogadoebis adamianebs gaSinaganebuli aqvT wesebisa da

normebis nakrebi. Tu es ase ar aris, mmarTvelebs SeuZliaT miaRwion

marTulTa mier wesebis dacvas mxolod gare daZalebiT, rac Zviri jdeba da

arasaimedoa. metic, sistemis efeqturi legitimizebisTvis kultura uqmnis

CarCoebs ara marto masebis, aramed elitebis qcevasac – da ayalibebs

politikur da ekonomikur sistemebs, aris ra maT mierac Camoyalibebuli

Tavis mxriv. procesi ar aris teleologiuri, magram igi operirebs ise,

TiTqos iyos aseTi: sazogadoebebi Zalauflebis legitimuri sistemebiT

ufro iolad axerxeben gadarCenas vidre isini, romlebsac aseTi sistema ar

gaaCniaT. . .

. . . publikaciebs, romlebic postmodernizaciis fenomens aRweren, saqme aqvT

savsebiT realur da arsebiT movlenasTan: msofliom (an, yovel

SemTxvevaSi, misma didma nawilma) daiwyo svla sxva gziT, vidre iyo gza,

romelsac is industriuli revoluciis dasabamidan miyveboda. da es axali

mimarTuleba Seesabameba, mravali gagebiT, imas, rac postmodernis

298

damkvirveblebis azriT xdeba. anu, Tumca ki gare realoba kvlavac arsebobs,

kultura axdens uzarmazar gavlenas imaze, Tu rogor aRiqmeba es realoba.

metic, kulturis fardobiTi mniSvneloba rogorc Cans izrdeba. am axal

postmodernul gzaze ekonomikuri racionaloba naklebad calsaxad

ganapirobebs adamianTa qcevas, vidre adre: SesaZleblobebis veli

gafarTovda da kulturuli faqtorebi xdeba ufro mniSvnelovani.

mimdinareobs kulturis empiriulad dakvirvebadi gardaqmna. didi

religiuri da ideologiuri metanarativebi kargaven avtoritets masebSi.

erTferovneba da ierarqia, romlebmac Camoayalibes moderni, adgils

uTmoben mravalferovnebis mzard aRiarebas. xolo instrumetuli

racionalobis mkveTri dominireba, romelic moderns axasiaTebda, met

adgils uTmobs Rirebulebriv racionalobasa da zrunvas cxovrebis

xarisxis Taobaze.

rogorc am wignSi naCvenebi iqneba empiriul monacemebze dayrdnobiT,

postmodernuli cvlileba masobriv Rirebulebebsa da SexedulebebSi

namdvilad mimdinareobs. swored amitom monaxes bolo aTwleulebSi

postmodernul avtorTa ideebma gamgebi auditoria. Tumca ki empiriuli

monacemebis Cvens mier Catarebul analizs ar SeuZlia gadaWras

postmodernis normatiuli problemebi, is dagvexmareba ganvsazRvroT, Tu

sad Cndeba postmodernuli cvlileba da ramdenac swrafad viTardeba, is

aseve dagvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratom xdeba igi.

xelisufleba da kultura

marqsis gansazRvrebiT ideologia aris yalbi cnobiereba – anu cnobiereba,

romelic Camoyalibebulia Zalauflebis mqoneTa mier maTi mmarTvelobis

(da eqspluatirebis) uflebis gasamarTleblad da misi gardauvalobis

iluziis Sesaqmnelad. migneba, rom kultura mWidrod ukavSirdeba

Zalauflebas, metad mniSvnelovania. gulubryviloba iqneba vifiqroT, rom

kultura neitraluria: absoluturad yvela sazogadoebaSi is amarTlebs

arsebul socialur wesrigs – nawilobriv imitom rom dominanturi elita

cdilobs mis formirebas Tavisi mmarTvelobis gasagrZeleblad.

postmodernizmis literaturis erT-erT wamyvan Temas warmoadgens is, rom

kultura gamoiyeneba politikuri Zalauflebis legitimizebisTvis; fuko am

midgomis ganTqmuli damcvelia. am xedvis ukiduresi varianti iqneba imis

mtkiceba, rom nebismieri realoba aris politikurad konstruirebuli

miTebis sistema, xolo socialuri kritikis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens am

miTebis dekonstruqcia, romlebic ubralod privilegiebisa da

eqspluataciis saSualebebia.

299

ueWvelia, rom kultura emsaxureba socialuri wesrigis legitimizebas.

elitis Tvalsawieridan es SeiZleba iyos misi yvelaze mniSvnelovani

funqciac ki. magram es aSkarad ar aris erTaderTi, rasac kultura akeTebs.

kultura axdens sazogadoebis integrirebas saerTo miznebis azriT,

akmayofilebs esTetur da inteleqtualur moTxovnebs da, sabolood, rac

arsebiTia, aseve garkveulwilad zRudavs elitebs.

ukiduresi xedva, romlis mixedviTac masobriv SexedulebaTa sistema

sruliad dominirebulia elitebis interesebiT, gulisxmobs masebis

manipulirebis SesaZleblobis iseT dones, romelic ubralod

ararealisturia. uaxlesi istoria Suqs hfens am problemas. ase, sabWoTa

kavSirSi, istoriaSi arnaxuli doniT saganmanaTleblo sistemis, sajaro

diskusiebis, masmediis, eklesiisa da komunikaciis sxva arxebis 70-wliani

kontrolis Semdeg sabWoTa elita sabolood uZluri aRmoCnda xalxis

msoflmxedveloba Camoeyalibebia Tavisi miznebis Sesabamisad: sabolood

elitebsac ki aRar sjerodaT oficialuri ideologiisa.

dasavluri mowinave industriuli sazogadoebebi aseve icvleba – moswons es

maT elitebs Tu ara. modernistuli msoflmxedveloba, romelic odesRac

mtkiced iyo damkvidrebuli, adgils uTmobs postmodernul Rirebulebebs,

romlebic afaseben adamianTa avtonomiurobasa da mravalferovnebas

ierarqiisa da konformulobis sanacvlod, rac modernisTvis iyo

umTavresi. orive SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelmac arsobrivi

kulturuli cvlileba gamoiwvia, iyo is, rom axal TaobaTa cxovrebiseulma

gamocdilebam realobis axali aRqma gamoiwvia. es xdeba imitom, rom

uSualo gamocdileba bolosdabolos Tavis gavlenas axdens. dominanturi

elitis mier propagandirebuli oficialuri WeSmariteba Cveulebriv did

gavlenas axdens. magram ubralo xalxis uSualo cxovrebiseuli

gamocdileba aseve mniSvnelovania – da sabolood SeiZleba gaaCndes meti

ndobac ki, vidre oficialur WeSmaritebas.

ratom xdeba Semotrialeba postmodernizmisken?

Semotrialeba postmodernuli Rirebulebebisaken ar aris didi kulturuli

Semotrialebis pirveli SemTxveva. agraruli sazogadoebidan industriul

sazogadoebaze gadasvla SesaZlebeli gaxda saxelmwifos bazisze agebuli

ekonomikiT formirebuli msoflmxedvelobis gardaqmniT. es

msoflmxedveloba ar uwyobda xels socialur mobilurobas da xazs usvamda

tradicias, memkvidreobiT statuss da sazogadoebriv valdebulebebs,

romlebic eyrdnoboda absolutur religiur normebs. man adgili dauTmo

msoflmxedvelobas, romelic emxroboda ekonomikur miRwevebs,

individualizms da inovacias, sul ufro sekularuli socialuri normebiT.

300

dResdReobiT zogierTi es tendencia, romelic ukavSirdeba gadasvlas

“tradiciulidan” “Tanamedrove” sazogadoebaze, miaRwia Tavis zRvars

mowinave industriul sazogadoebebSi, sadac movlenebi axali mimarTulebiT

viTardeba.

ganviTarebis mimarTulebis es cvlileba asaxavs klebadi ukugebis princips.

industrializacia da modernizacia moiTxovdnen kapitalis dagrovebaze

kulturis mier dawesebuli SezRudvebis rRvevas, romlebic nebismier

saxelmwifoze dayrdnobil ekonomikaSi moipoveba. dasavleT evropis

istoriaSi es iqna miRweuli protestantuli eTikis zrdiT, romelic (Tumca

ki mas grZeli inteleqtualuri istoria gaaCnda) waagavda SemTxveviT

gadaxras funqcionaluri perspeqtividan. is rom gaCeniliyo ori saukuniT

adre, is ubralod Cakvdeboda. Tavisi drois garemoSi man monaxa sarbieli:

teqnologiuri ganviTareba SesaZlebels xdida swraf ekonomikur zrdas, da

kalvinisturi msoflmxedveloba kargad moergo am siaxleebs, ramac

Camoayaliba kulturul-ekonomikuri sindromi, romelmac gamoiwvia

kapitalizmis zrda da, sabolood, industriuli revolucia. rogorc ki

gaCnda ekonomikuri dagroveba (individebisTvis) da ekonomikuri zrda

(sazogadoebebisTvis), isini gaxdnen mTavari prioritetebi msoflio

mosaxleobis mzardi nawilisTvis; isini kvlavac kacobriobis umravlesobis

centralur miznebs warmoadgenen. magram sabolood ekonomikuri zrdisgan

mogebis Semcirebam warmoqmna postmodernuli gardatexa, romelic

garkveulwilad protestantuli eTikis klebis tolfasia.

mowinave industriuli sazogadoebebi dResdReobiT cvlian Tavis socio-

politikur traeqtoriebs or fundamentur aspeqtSi:

1. RirebulebaTa sistemebi. individualuri ekonomikuri miRwevebis

mzardi aRiareba warmoadgenda erT-erT sakvanZo cvlilebas,

romelmac gza gauxsna modernizacias. Semotrialebas materialisturi

prioritetebisadmi moyva sazogadoebrivi valdebulebebis

mniSvnelobis kleba da socialuri mobilurobis aRiareba. socialuri

statusi gaxda iseTi ram, risi miRwevac individs SeuZlia, da ara is,

riTac is daibada. ekonomikuri zrda gaigivda progresTan da gaxda

warmatebuli sazogadoebis sazomi.

ekonomikuri miRwevebis es aRiareba postmodernul sazogadoebebSi

adgils uTmobs cxovrebis xarisxis aRiarebas. industriuli

sazogadoebis disciplinaze, TviTSezRudvaze da miRwevebze

orientirebuli normebis adgils msoflios did nawilSi ikavebs sul

ufro SeuzRudavi Tavisufleba cxovrebis stilis individualur

arCevasa da individualur TviTgamoxatvaSi. gadasvla

301

materialisturi Rirebulebebidan, romlebic ukavSirdeba ekonomikur

da fizikur usafrTxoebas, postmaterialistur Rirebulebebze,

romlebic pirad TviTgamoxatvasa da cxovrebis xarisxze zrunvas

moicaven, aris am Semotrialebis yvelaze vrclad dokumentirebuli

aspeqti; Tumca ki es kulturis cvlilebis bevrad ufro farTo

sindromis mxolod erTi komponentia.

2. institucianaluri struqtura. Cven aseve mivuaxlovdiT im zRvars,

romlis iqiTac veRar midis ierarqiuli biurokratiuli organizaciis

ganviTareba, romelmac xeli Seuwyo modernuli sazogadoebis

Camoyalibebas. biurokratiulma saxelmwifom, disciplinirebulma,

oligarqiulma politikurma partiebma, masobrivi produqciis

amwyobma xazebma, Zveleburma profkavSirebma da ierarqiulma

korporaciebma uaRresad didi roli iTamaSes xalxTa masebis

energiis mobilizebasa da organizebaSi; maT SesaZlebeli gaxades

industriuli revolucia da modernuli saxelmwifo. magram maT

miaRwies gardatexis wertils ori mizezis gamo: jer erTi, maT

amowures funqcionaluri efeqturobis limiti; meorec, maT amowures

masebisaTvis maTi misaRebobis limiti.

1 Lerner, Daniel. 1958. The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. New York: Free Press; Deutsch, Karl W. 1964. “Social Mobilization and Political Development”. American Political Science Review 55:493-514 2 Pye, Lucian W. 1990. “Political Sciece and the Crisis of Authoritarianism”. American Political Science Review 84 (1): 3-19 3 Bell, Daniel.1973. The Coming of Postindustrial Society. New York:Basic Books 4 Lerner, Daniel. 1958. The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. New York: Free Press; Inkeles, Alex and David Smith. 1974. Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries. Cambridge, Mass,: Harvard University Press 5 Rostow, W.W. 1961. The Stages of Economic Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6 Moore, Barrington. 1966. The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.

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adam seligmani

ndobis problema

kerZo da sazogadoebrivi politikur azrovnebaSi

ruso, smiti da zogierTi Tanamedrove

kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis cnebebi, iseve rogorc samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis, asociaciuri cxovrebisa an sajaro sferos ideebi,

dResdReobiT axal renesanss ganicdian da warmoadgenen uamravi

wignis, statiis, konferenciisa da simpoziumis sagans. Tumca ki es

cnebebi an ideebi axali ar aris da adrec ukve iyo gamoiyenebuli

anTropologTa, politikuri mecnierebis specialistTa da

sociologTa naSromebSi. dawyebuli hanna arendtis naSromiT “Vita

Activa” (1958), SemdgomSi Carlz maieris gavleniani tomiT “sajarosa da

kerZos sazRvrebi” (1987) da damTavrebuli inglisur enaze iurgen

habermasis “sajaro sferos struqturuli transformaciis”

publikaciiT (1989, romelmac mTavari roli Seasrula mkvlevarTa

yuradRebis axali mimarTulebiT warmarTvaSi), kerZosa da

sazogadoebrivis cnebebi samecniero wreebSi sul ufro gamokveTili

da prestiJuli xdeba . . .

[am cnebebs sxvadasxva naSromebSi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba da

ganmarteba eZleva] magaliTi im winaaRmdegobriobisa, romelic arsebul

midgomebs axasiaTebs, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT kerZosa da

sazogadoebrivis arendtiseul xedvaSi; misi gagebiT isini

Tanamedroveobis xanaSi iwyeben gaqrobas “socialuris aRzevebasTan”

erTad. “socialuris aRzeveba” aris termini, romelic mas moaqvs

swored im sxvaobis dasasrulis aRsaniSnavad, romelic manamde

(magaliTad, antikurobis xanaSi) kerZosa da sazogadoebrivs Soris

arsebobda. es metad damarwmunebeli analizi winaaRmdegobaSi modis

sxva TeoretikosTa naSromebis umetesobasTan, marqsiTa da konstaniT

303

dawyebulida habermasiT damTavrebuli, romelTagan yvela swored

meTvramete saukunesa da Tanamedrove kapitalisturi kulturis

sawyisebSi pouloben sazogadoebriv da kerZo sferoebs Soris

gansxvavebis warmoqmnis sawyisebs – im gansxvavebisa, romlis dakninebas

arendti imave (Tanamedroveobis) periodSi aTavsebs.

an, sxva magaliTi moviyvanoT: aviRoT norberto bobios dReisaTvis

klasikuri naSromi “sazogadoebrivi da kerZo/ didi diqotomia”, sadac

is am cnebebis klasificirebas axdens Tanasworoba/ uTanasworobis da

(mTelisa da nawilebis mimarTebis)/(nawilebs Soris urTierTobis)

fardobiT terminebSi.1 misi sqema daaxloebiT Semdegnairad

gamoiyureba:

sazogadoebrivi kerZo

uTanasworoba Tanasworoba

urTierTobebi: urTierTobebi:

nawilebsa da mTels Soris nawilebs Soris

RmerTi Zmebi

saxelmwifo tomi

ojaxi megobrebi

moqalaqeebi

mtrebi

aq Cven vxedavT saintereso gamWoli kategorizaciis sawyisebs, magram

rogorc ki vcdebiT politikuri filosofiis sferosa da

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis detalebs vexebiT, masSi problemebs

vawydebiT. ase, RmerTsa da adamians Soris urTierTobebi, Tumca ki

namdvilad uTanasworoa da mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebasTan

SesabamisobaSi imyofeba, aseve xSirad ganisazRvreba sindisis kerZo

xasiaTisa da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, saxlis an sxva ganmartoebis

adgilebis privatulobis konteqstSi . . . ojaxi, analogiurad,

Tanamedroveobis xanaSi kerZo sferoSi Sevida, xolo saxelmwifo,

Tavis mxriv, CarTuli aRmoCnda kerZo cxovrebis da problemebis

regulirebaSi. dayofis meore svets Tu davakvirdebiT, urTierToba

304

Zmebs Soris mxolod zogierT kulturaSia Tanaswori, xolo sxvebSi

ara . . . tomobriv sazogadoebebSi naTesauri kavSirebis sistema

SeiZleba an Tanasworobis da an ierarqiis principebs eyrdnobodes, da

erTs meoresTan analitikuri upiratesoba ar gaaCnia. megobroba,

rogorc TanasworTa araformaluri urTierToba, aseve uaRresad

Tanamedrove movlenaa, metad gansxvavebuli variaciebiT kulturebisa

da istoriuli periodebis mixedviT. is, rac mainc rCeba bobios

ganmartebisgan, aris principuli (garkveulwilad hegelianuri) da

Rrmaazrovani gaigiveba sajarosi - mTelisa da nawilebis

urTierTobasTan, xolo kerZosi – nawilebs Soris urTierTobasTan.

amgvari ganmartebidan uaRresad STambeWdavi daskvnebi momdinareobs,

maT Soris ndobis Taobaze da sazogadoebriv solidarobasTan misi

mimarTebis sakiTxebze. ase magaliTad, Cven ukve davasabuTeT saWiroeba

ganvasxvaoT ndoba, misi “wminda (pristine)” formiT, misi ganzogadoebuli

gacvlis4 institucionalizeburi modelisgan. Cven aseve vnaxeT, Tu ra

kavSirSia es sxvaoba kerZo da sazogadoebriv sferoTa mimarTebasTan;

Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi ndobis realizeba misi “wminda” saxiT

moiazreba kerZo sferos maxasiaTeblad (im kerZo sferosi, romelsac

bobio gansazRvravs rogorc nawilebs Soris urTierTobis formas),

rac sapirispiroa misi institucionalizebuli gamosaxvisa sajaro

sivrceSi (sadac artikulirdeba mimarTeba mTelsa da nawilebs Soris).

aq mocemuli kvlevis bobios kvleviT SevsebiT Cven SeiZleba ukeT

gavigoT socialuri solidarobis, an asociaciuri cxovrebis miRwevis

problemis sirTule iseT sazogadoebebSi, romlebSiac

araganpirobebulobebis5 principuli artikulireba sawyiss iRebs

kerZo, da ara sazogadoebriv sivrceSi. is gamoisaxeba (an, ufro

swored, arsebobs rogorc potenciali) nawilebis urTierTmimarTebaSi,

da ara nawilebisa da mTelis urTierTobaSi. es aris is

4 generalized exchange – ganzogadoebuli gacvla - solidarobis pirobebi, socialuri

urTierTobebis winasakontraqto elementebi, romlebic moicaven valdebulebas

CaerTos socialur urTierTobebSi da warmoaCinos Tavisi valdebulebebi 5 unconditionalities – araganpirobebulobebi - principebi, romlebsac efuZneba

ganzogadoebuli gacvla mocemul sazogadoebaSi

305

winaaRmdegobrioba, romelsac Cven sxvadasxva kuTxiT mivudgebiT am

nawilSi.

Cven daviwyebT politikuri azrovnebis im ori tradiciis mokle

mimoxilviT, romelTa moraluri imperativebi uSualod ukavSirdeba

kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis am or metad gansxvavebul sferos da

romlebic, Sesabamisad, gasuli ori aswleulis msvlelobaSi,

sazogadoebrivi sikeTis bazisad urTierTobebis an erTsa da an

meore simravles iazrebdnen. amdenad manam, sanam CavuRrmavdebiT

kerZo/sazogadoebrivis problemis ufro Teoriul ganzomilebebs maT

mimarTebaSi ndobisa da institucionaluri ndobis6 sakiTxebTan, urigo

ar iqneba Tavidan politikur da moralur filosofiaSi maTi rolis

garkveuli momentebi SeviswavloT. midgoma, romelic me unda

ganvaviTaro mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tuki Cven SeviswavliT or

politikur tradicias, romlebsac mokled davarqmev “moqalaqeobrivi

Rirsebis7” da “samoqalaqo sazogadoebis” tradiciebs, Cven aRmovaCenT

kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis - rogorc saTnoebisa da zneobis

wyaroebis - or metad gansxvavebul versias. am ori politikuri

xedvisTvis moralisa da zneobrivi wesrigis (da, rogorc me amas

vaCveneb, ndobis) maformirebeli mTavari urTierTobebi metad

gansxvavebul simravleebs Seadgenen – erTia urTierTobebi nawilebsa

da mTels Soris, xolo meore – urTierTobebi nawilebs Soris.

es ori tradicia warmoaCens imas, Tu raSi mdgomareobs sxvaoba

moqalaqeobis sapirispiro modelebs Soris, da raSi mdgomareobs

sazogadoebrivi sikeTis gansxvavebuli xedvebi. dasavleTsa Tu

aRmosavleTSi, debatebi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, iqneba isini

maRalTeoriuli (magaliTad, debatebi liberalebsa da

komunitarianelebs Soris), an, upirvelesad, praqtikuli

(multikulturalizmi, skolebSi swavlebis ena zogierT 6 confidence – ndoba institutebSi – darwmunebuloba imis Taobaze, rom sxvebi

imoqmedeben damkvidrebuli institucionlauri normebisa da wesebis Sesabamisad;

socialuri kapitalis da asociaciuri cxovrebis arsebobis eqvivalenti

7 civic virtue –moqalaqeobrivi Rirseba

306

Crdiloamerikul erTobaSi, rusi umciresobebis statusi baltiis

qveynebSi da eTnikur umciresobaTa statusi aRmosavleT evropis

qveynebSi), xSirad sawyiss iRebs im principebSi, romlebic

momdinareoben am ori tradiciidan - romlebic ixrebian, rogorc me

mimaCnia, ndobis gansxvavebuli cnebebis aRiarebisken, kerZo da

sazogadoebrivi sferos aspeqtebad misi ganxilvis Sesabamisad.

garkveulwilad es Sexeduleba axali ar aris. benJamen konstanis mier

1819 wels Athenée Royal-Si warmoTqmuli sityva “De la liberté des anciens

comparée à celle des moderns”, swored Moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebisa da

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis tradiciebs Soris zogierTi mkafio

gansxvavebis interpretirebaa, Tumca ki am terminebSi araa

formulirebuli2. . .

orive, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da Rirseuli moqalaqeobrioba,

cdilobs, iseve rogorc politikuri Teoria mTlianobaSi, gansazRvron

urTierTobebi individsa da sazogadoebas Soris, da gaakeTon es

rogorc normatiul, aseve deskripciul terminebSi. orive myaradaa

Caqsovili dasavleT evropis inteleqtualur tradiciaSi, bunebiTi

samarTlis doqtrinaSi, Zveli saberZneTisa da respublikuri romis

politikur filosofiebsa da saxeebSi. orivem Seasrula mniSvnelovani

roli adreuli Tanamedroveobis xanaSi, rodesac feodaluri wesrigisa

da universaluri kaTolikuri eklesiis rRvevas moyva sazogadoebrivi

mowyobis axali bazisis Zieba.3 orive gansxvavebuli (da xSirad

gadaxlarTuli formiT) gagrZelda meTvramete – da garkveulwilad

mecxramete – saukuneebSi sxvadasxva moazrovneTa naSromebSi, rac

aZnelebs . . . sakiTxis sruli istoriis gadmocemas . . . orive

miiswrafis Seqmnas safuZveli imisTvis, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT

“moraluri erToba” rogorc socialuri cxovrebis safuZveli. da

orive tradiciaSi “Rirsebis (saTnoebis, virtue)” idea warmoidgineba

amgvari erTobis sakvanZo elementad.

analogiurad, orives awuxebs “korufciis” Zalebi, romlebic am

moralur erTobas safrTxes uqmnian, Zalebi, romlebic saocrad

307

msgavsi terminebiT aRiwereba – fufuneba, gaumaZRroba, momxveWeloba,

da is, rasac SeiZleba sazogadoebis mzardi diferenciacia vuwodoT

(xolo meTvramete saukunis bolosTvis bazris zrda da instrumentuli

gacvlis kavSirebi sazogadoebriv aqtorTa Soris). miuxedavad am

msgavsebebisa, arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaobebi, rogorc istoriuli,

aseve bunebiT analitikuri, romlebic mniSvnelovanwilad

urTierTkavSirSia.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba iyo ufro anglo-amerikuli tradicia,

romelic yvelaze mkafiodaa gamokveTili iseT moazrovneebTan,

rogorebicaa frensis hatCesoni, jon milari, hag bleri (Hugh Blair),

adam fergiusoni da adam smiti, romlebsac Cven Sotlandiur

ganmanaTleblobasTan vakavSirebT. sapirispirod, Rirseuli

moqalaqeobis tradicia Tavisi bunebiT ufro kontinenturi xasiaTisaa,

da uSualo asociaciebs iwvevs iseT avtorebTan, rogorebicaa

makiaveli da Jan-Jak ruso. . . moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicia ufro

axlosaa Zveli saberZneTisa da romis politikur filosofiasTan da

am mxriv ufro “Zvelmoduria”. iRebs ra Zvel qalaq –saxelmwifoebs

rogorc respublikuri Rirsebis models, is iswrafvoda (da garkveuli

mniSvnelobiT kvlavac iswrafvis) daubrundes moqalaqeobis im

gansazRvrebas, romelic aTenis polissa Tu romis respublikas edo

safuZvlad. is amgvarad cdilobs daubrundes kacis, rogorc

moqalaqis cnebas, rodesac, aristoteles mixedviT, kacis (da

dResdReobiT qalisac), daniSnuleba unda ganTavsebuliyo politikuri

saqmianobis sferoSi da mxolod masSi.

kacis, rogorc “sruli moqalaqis” es cneba, anu is, rasac meores mxriv

SeiZleba vuwodoT kacis moqalaqed “totalizacia”, Sors iyo

sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis im tradiciisgan, romelsac Cven

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ideasTan vaigivebT, rogorc minimum im saxiT,

ra saxiTac is ganviTarda Sotlandiel moralistebTan meTvramete

saukuneSi.4 isini Tumca ki pativs scemdnen Zveli respublikuri

mmarTvelobis suls, ufro kargad grZnobdnen istoriuli cvlilebebis

Seuqcevad xasiaTs, da maTi azrovneba ufro kargad miesadaga, amis

308

gamo, urTierTgagebis, erTobisa da kooperirebis (da, amdenad,

sabolood, Rirsebis) axali safuZvlebis Seqmnis amocanas, da naklebad

- socialuri mowyobis im formasTan dabrunebas, romlis efeqturoba

saTnoebisTvis safuZvlis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT meTvramete saukunis

komerciul sazogadoebaSi sul ufro saeWvo xdeboda.

garkveulwilad Sotlandieli moralistebis es ukanaskneli varaudi

dadasturda drois msvlelobiT, vinaidan meTvramete saukunis bolo

mesamedisTvis, da ufro mkafiod mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi –

imdenad, ramdenadac Cven vasxvavebT am or tradicias – samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis tradicia iwyebs moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradiciis

adgilis dakavebas. es kidev ufro cxadi xdeba, mecxramete saukunis

msvelobaSi, rodesac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ideebi garkveuli

gagebiT ganicdian institucionalizebas moqalaqeobis Taobaze mzardi

brZolebis konteqstSi.

…. . .sociologiur terminebSi [zneobrivi wesrigis gansxvavebuli

koncefciebi] SeiZleba ganimartos solidarobis gansxvavebuli

cnebebis meSveobiT, sadac moraluri grZnoba Sesabamisad iqneba

sazogadoebrivi an kerZo moralis funqcia. . .Cven ubralod unda

gavixsenoT represiuli da restituciuli kanonis diurkhaimiseuli

analizi maT kavSirSi meqanikur da organul solidarobasTan

Sesabamisad, raTa gaviazroT uSualo paralelebi, romlebic arsebobs

am or gansxvavebul moralur xedvasa da or politikur tradicias

Soris.5

moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradiciis mixedviT, aristoteledan

moyolebuli (kacis daniSnuleba polisSia), makiavelis, neo-

haringtonianelTa (SeSfoTeba korufciiT meTvramete saukuneSi), rusos

(mTeli bunebrivi Tavisuflebis erTobisadmi mikuTvneba) da hanna

arendtis filosofiuri xedvis CaTvliTac ki (rodesac adamianis

TviTrealizeba mxolod sajaro sivrceSi monawileobis WrilSi

ganixileba), moraluri idea aris sazogadoebrivi.6 is ganisazRvreba

koleqtiuri cnobierebiT, an, rusos ganTqmuli gamoTqmis gamoyenebiT,

309

volonté générale-iT.7 zneoba, an saTnoeba, aris ara imdenad kerZo Tviseba,

aramed ufro sazogadoebrivi an komunaluri saqme. is realizdeba

koleqtiuri wevrebis aqtiuri (da mudmivi) monawileobiT saerTo

saqmeebSi da SeuZlia, makiavelis mixedviT, iyos abstragirebuli da

daSorebuli kerZo moralis yvela elementisgan.8 rusos kvaldakval,

“saTnoeba” mokled ganisazRvreba rogorc “kerZo nebaTa Sesabamisoba

zogadi nebisadmi”.9 es Seesabameba saerTo zneobriv xedvas, rodesac is,

rac regulirebulia da xelisuflebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli, aris ara

marto kacis “qmedeba”, aramed misi “neba”.10 es suverenuli xelisufleba

ekuTvnis ara despots, aramed erTobas, romelsac aformirebs, rogorc

amas ruso “socialur kontraqtSi” xsnida, “TiToeuli wevris sruli

gaucxoeba mTeli misi uflebebiT erTobis mimarT”11, im erTobisa,

romelSiac “yoveli Cvengani uqvemdebarebs sakuTar Tavsa da mTel

Tavis Zalas zogadi nebis uzenaes mmarTvelobas; Cvens erTobliv

mdgomareobaSi, TiToeuli wevri xdeba mTelis ganuyofeli nawili.” es

ara marto im tipis solidarobis modelia, romelsac diurkhaimi

meqanikurs uwodebda, aramed, Tavisi arsiT aris modeli moqalqeobisa,

romelic yvelaze ukeT esadageba idealur sazogadoebas, rogorc mas

Rirseuli moqalaqis tradicia warmoidgens.12

Semdeg ruso aRwers erTobas, romelic Sedgenilia srulebiT

aramediirebuli urTierTobebiT nawilebsa da mTels Soris, sadac

“kerZo interesebi” da “partiuli asociaciebi” igmoba da sadac

“wevrebis urTierTobebi erTimeoresTan” aris “mniSvnelobis armqone”,

xolo wevrebis mimarTeba “yvelas, rogorc mTlianobisadmi” aris

“yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac ki SeiZleba”13: zneobrivi erToba,

romelSiac morali da erToba niSnavs zedmowevniT erTsa da imaves. . .

. . . [adam] smiti Sordeba orives - rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

winamorbed tradicias (misi gulubryvilo anTropologiiTa da

Tandayolili simpaTiis cnebiT), aseve koleqtiuri normebis da zne-

Cveulebebis (rasac dRevandeli Tvalsawieridan, respublikuri

moqalaqeobis terminebSi, SeiZleba “latentuli erToba” davarqvaT)

nebismier gaziarebas, rasac moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicia

310

eyrdnoba. “moraluri grZnobebis Teoriis” meeqvse redaqtirebul

gamocemaSi (1790) smiti uaryofs Tavis ideas harmoniuli sazogadoebis

Taobaze, romelSiac sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba TamaSobdes

zneobrivi qcevis (an saTnoebis) gzamkvlevis rols, da sanacvlod

Sinagani sindisis ganviTarebis fsiqologiur meqanizms ixilavs.

rogorc ki saTnoebis wyaros rolSi gare adamianis – an

sazogadoebrivi azris – adgils “keTilsindisieri adamiani” ikavebs,

sazogadoebrivi sikeTis miRweva axal safuZvels iZens. “moraluri

grZnobebis Teoriis” pirveli gamocemidan meeqvse gamocemamde xdeba

miukerZoebeli damkvirveblis internalizacia; is kargavs raime

zedapirul igivobas sazogadoebriv azrTan, xolo saTnoeba kargavs

Tavis navsadgurs sazogadoebriv sivrceSi14. Tumca ki adamianebi am

interpretaciiTac rCebian socialuri arsebebi, amjerad is, rac qmnis

sociabilurobas aris ara pirovnulobis daSla (volonté générale -Si),

aramed pirovnulobis formireba im umaRlesi zneobriobiT, romelic

miukerZoebeli Sinagani damkvirveblidan momdinareobs15 . . .

aq Cndeba saTnoebis, socialuri Tanaziarebis da saerTo sikeTis

modeli, romelic metad gansxvavebulia im nairnairi moazrovneebis

modelebisgan, visac Cven moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicias

mivakuTvnebT. am tradiciaSi sazogadoebrivi sikeTe aRemateba yvela

kerZo interess da sabolood efuZneba kerZo interesis daZlevas

saerTo sazrunavis sasargeblod. es ar aris ubralod moqalaqeobrivi

suliskveTeba, aramed kacobriobis imgvari xedva, romelic sajaro

saqmianobas xedavs erTaderT SesaZleblobad kerZo moqalaqis

TviTidenturobis realizebisa da dakmayofilebisa. amis sapirispirod,

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis tradiciaSi eTikuri idea aris kerZo saqme,

realizebuli individualuri socialuri aqtorebis gulebSi, gonebaSi

da gacvlis aqtebSi. . . . politikuri azrovnebis am ori tradiciis

Taviseburebebi Sejamebulia – garkveulwilad sqematurad - Semdeg

tabulaSi.

311

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Rirseuli moqalaqeoba

saTnoebis sfero kerZo sazogadoebrivi

saTnoebis gansazRvreba moraluri grZnobebi;

bunebrivi simpaTia,

yuradReba, /

gaziarebuli erToba

saTnoebis meqanizmebi miukerZoebeli

damkvirvebeli

volonté générale

pirovnulobis modeli dayofili (da, amednad),

refleqsuri (SedarebiT

diferencirebuli)

formirebulia

koleqtiuri SegnebiT

(conscience collective)

(SedarebiT

aradiferencirebuli)

pirovnuli orientacia Sinagani garegani

. . . bevri TvalsazrisiT kamaTi, romelic mimdinareobs moqalaqeobis

liberalur da respublikur versiebs Soris sxva araferia, Tu ara

politikuri azrovnebis Cvens mier ganxiluli ori tradiciisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli moqalaqeobis, individisa da sazogadoebrivi sikeTis

sapirispiro xedvebis Tanamedrove re-formulireba. liberaluri (an,

rasac Carlz teilorma “proceduruli” uwoda) Teoria ixilavs

sazogadoebas moralurad avtonomiuri individebis nakrebad,

romelTagan TiToeuls aqvs kargi cxovrebis sakuTari xedva,

sazogadoebis funqcia ki Semofarglulia am individebis

samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofiT, rac miiRweva sajaro

sivrceSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procedurulad samarTliani (an

wesieri) demokratiuli procesiT.16 es Teoria ufro zrunavs

samarTlianobis universalurad validuri principebis uwyveti

funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofaze, vidre sazogadoebis Semadgeneli

raime individualuri socialuri aqtorebis konkretuli kerZo

moraluri xedvis win wamowevaze.

moqalaqeobis respublikuri versia, amis sawinaaRmdegod, win swevs

sazogadoebis, rogorc saerTo sikeTis miRwevaze orientirebuli

“moraluri erTobis” cnebas, romlis ontologiuri statusi win

uswrebs nebismieri individualuri wevris statuss. . . . Semdgomi

ganmartebis gareSec advilia bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi

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dafiqsirebul amgvar gansxvavebul SexedulebebSi SevamCnioT

gamoZaxilebi (odnav modificirebuli) smitis da rusos nawerebze.

magram is, rac maRal Teoriul doneze ganixileba harvardSi, makgilSi

an prinstonSi, samyaros sxva nawilebSi sxva tipis - ara samoqalaqo da

mecnieruli - debatebis sagans warmoadgens. aRmosavleT da centralur

aRmosavleT evropaSi, ungreTSi, slovakiaSi, baltiis respublikebSi,

CexeTis respublikaSi, da sxvagan axlad formirebad samoqalaqo

politiebi ibrZvian socialuri mowyobisa da solidarobis axali

principebis formulirebisTvis, romelic mcdarad efuZneba

dapirispirebas im principebs Soris, romlebic uxeSad SeiZleba

davaxasiaToT rogorc “demosi” da “eTnosi” da romlebic Cvens mier

ganxiluli modelebisgan erTsa an meores efuZneba.

rogorc naTlad iyo naCvnebi ioav peledis (Yoav Peled) bolo statiaSi

israelSi moqalaqeobis sakiTxze, nebismieri mocemuli politia

SeiZleba ganisazRvros ara ubralod am oridan romelime erTi

modelis gaziarebiT, aramed, gansakuTrebiT eTnikurad heterogenul

sazogadoebebSi, orives SezavebiT, da amdenad, erTobisa da

solidarobis safuZvlebis diferencirebuli formulirebiT, iseve

rogorc sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis uflebebisa da valdebulebebs17.

1 Norberto Bobbio, “Public and Private: The Great Dichotomy” in his Democracy and Dictatorship (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989). 2 Benjamin Constant, Political Writings, ed. B.Fontana (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) 3 . . . samoqalaqo humanisturi azrovnebis ganviTarebis zogadi monaxazi ix. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978). 4 ix. Norberto Bobio, The Future of Democracy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 31. 5 Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (New York: Free Press, 1933) 6 Arendt, Human Condition 7 aq me viyeneb conscience collective-is cnebas, rogorc amas akeTebda diurkhaimi mis adrindel naSromebSi – im tipis zneobrivi erTobis aRsawerad, romelic formirebulia meqanikuri solidarobis xasiaTis mqone sazogadoebebSi. zogierTi avtori, gansakuTrebiT talkot parsonsi, amtkicebda, rom diurkhaimma droTa ganmavlobaSi Secvala conscience collective-is Tavisi cneba, da is gaxda yvelanairi sazogadoebebis atributi, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis CaTvliT, romlebSiac misi Sinaarsi radikalurad gansxvavebulia. ix. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action, vol. 1, 320. gansxvavebuli xedvisTvis, romelic xazs usvams uwyvetobas rusosa da diurkhaimis xedvebs Soris, da avlebs paralelelbs volonté générale da conscience collective-s Soris, ix. Steven Luke, Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work (Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1985), 283.

313

8 saTnoebis misaRwevad moqalaqeTa aqtiuri monawileobis mniSvneloba ganixileba rusos “socialur kontraqtSia”. ix. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract and Discourses, trans. and ed. G.D.H. Cole (London: Dent, 1973), 265. 9 Rousseau, “A Discourse on Political Economy, “ in: Social Contract and Discourses, 140. 10 Ibid., 139 11 Rousseau, Social Contract and Discourses, 191. 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid., 203,227 14 ix. Dwyer, Virtuous Discource, 168-85 15 Ibid., 173-80 16 Charles Taylor, “Cross Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate”. in Liberalism and the Moral Life, ed. Nancy Rosenblum (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), 159-82. John Rowls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971). 17 Yoav Peled, “Ethnic Democracy and the Legal Construction of Citizenship: Arab Citizens of the Jewish State”, American Political Science Review 86, no.2 (1992): 432-43

314

entoni smiTi

erebis warmoSoba

biurokratiuli inkorporacia

eTniuri birTvis ori bazisuri, lateraluri da vertikaluri

saxeoba, ayalibebs or fesvs, romelic qmnis erebs.

Tu pirvelad lateralur fesvs ganvixilavT, vnaxavT, rom

eTnosis aristokratul nawils maradiulobisaken swrafva gaaCnia da

am saxis moZraobaSi iTrevs sazogadoebis sxva fenebsac. msgavsi ram

damaxasiaTebeli ar aris bevri eTnosisaTvis. es ver moaxerxes xaTebma,

filistimeleba, mikenelebma da asurelebmac ki da, Sesabamisad,

rogorc Tavad isini, aseve maTi kulturac moispo maTi saxelmwifoebis

mospobisTanave. sxva iseTi lateraluri eTnosebi, rogoric iyvnen

sparselebi, egviptelebi da otomani Turqebi, gadarCnen “TavianTi

xasiaTis” radikaluri cvlilebis wyalobiT.

sxvebma TavianT saerTo miTebs, simboloebs da gadmocemebs axali

eTniuri da kulturuli elementebi daumates da isini eTniuri

birTvidan mTel socialur Skalaze gaavrceles. ra Tqma unda, amgvari

ram ganaxorcielda sxvadasxva xarisxiT.

amorevelTa mefeebis Zalisxmeva sakmaod SezRuduli iyo. Tumca,

maT moaxerxes SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi monofizituri abisiniuri

identifikacia ZiriTad raionebSi. maTgan gansxvavebiT ufro

warmatebuli iyo kastilielebis Zalisxmeva. maT Camoayalibes

espanuri saxelmwifos birTvi, gandevnes musulmani mmarTvelebi da

TiTqmis gaaerTianes iberiis naxevarkunZuli.

xsenebuli xalxebis ‘biurokratiuli inkorporaciis’ bolo sam

warmatebul mcdelobas unda gaemarTlebina am nayofieri wamowyebis

istoriuli mniSvneloba.

samive SemTxvevaSi dabali fena da qveynis Soreuli regionebi

TandaTanobiT erTiandebodnen saxelmwifoSi, romelic emyareboda

dominantur eTniur birTvs. es miRweuli iqna administraciuli da

315

fiskaluri saSualebebiT da mosaxleobis nawilis mobilizaciiT, ise,

rogorc anglo-saqsur-franguli omebisas moxda. maRali klasis

eTnoss SeeZlo Camoeyalibebina Zlieri da stabiluri aparati, romlis

meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iyo xalxebis kulturuli urTierTobebis

uzrunvelyofa da aqedan gamomdinare ufro farTo kulturuli

identifikaciis Camoyalibeba.

praqtikaSi, es gulisxmobda sacxovrebeli saxlebis gansxvavebas maRal

fenasa da dabal periferiul regionebs Soris; Tumca es swored

maRali fena iyo, romelmac didi kvali datova saxelmwifosa da eris

identifikaciaze.

albaT, amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTi britanul movlenebSia.

radganac normanebis dapyrobamde ueseqsSi anglo-saqsuri saxelmwifo

arsebobda, dapyrobil mosaxleobas ver epyrobodnen rogorc monebs.

amis Sedegad, Cven vxvdebiT Sida-qorwinebas, enis gaziarebas, elitis

mobilurobas da sabolood enis da kulturis gaerTianebas saerTo

religiur-politikur CarCoebSi.

sxva sityvebiT, “eTnosebis” biurokratiuli inkorporacia aq,

gulisxmobs kulturul gaerTianebas da socialur Serevas anglo-

saqsur, daniur da normanul elementebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT me-13

saukunidan. eduard III anglo-saqsur da Sotlandiur omebis droidan

moyolebuli, enaTa gaerTianeba gadaizarda Coseris inglisurSi,

rodesac britanulma "miTma" xeli Seuwyo daqsaqsuli Temebis

gaerTianebas.

me sulac ar vamtkiceb imas TiTqos, rom ingliseli eri sruliad

formirebuli iyo me-14 saukuneSi. am periodSi xalxis ekonomikuri

erTianoba Zalze susti iyo, miuxedavad mefis mier warmarTuli

saxelmwifosagan fiskaluri da iuridiuli intervenciisa. inglisis

sazRvrebic, Sotlandiasa da safrangeTTan erTad, am dros jer kidev

diskusiis obieqti iyo. aranairi TvalsazrisiT, aravis SeuZlia Tqvas

raime Tundac saSualo klasis sajaro, masiuri ganaTlebis sistemaze.

rac Seexeba adamianTa kanonier uflebebs, "Magna Carta"-s miRebis

miuxedavad, is yvelasTvis mxolod minimaluri gagebiT iyo saerTo.

eris samoqalaqo elementebis sruli ganviTarebisaTvis unda

davelodoT samrewvelo revolucias da mis Sedegebs.

316

meore mxriv, eris eTnikuri elementebi kargad iyo ganviTarebuli.

me-14 saukunisaTvis an cota ufro gvian saerTo saxeli da miTi saerTo

warmomavlobis Sesaxeb pirvelad gaaxmiana jefri monmutma da is

Semdgom Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo. msgavsi Sexedulebebi ikvebeboda

iRbliani gamarjvebebis ambebiT Sotlandiasa da safrangeTSi.

msgavsadve warmoiSva eklesiur organizaciebze dafuZnebuli saerTo

kulturis cneba. xalxi Zlier mijaWvuli iyo TavianT samSobloze,

kunZul saxelmwifoze, romelic samagierod, miuxedavad Sinagani

klasobrivi dayofisa ayalibebda solidarobis grZnobas. orTave,

erTiani saxelmwifosa da Sekruli eris safuZvlebi Camoyalibebuli

iyo normani eTnosis mier, romelmac SeZlo ganeviTarebina Tavisi

samefo administracia, raTa gaeerTianebina anglo-saqsuri mosaxleoba.

Tumca, ingliselobis srul ideologias unda moecada me-16 me-17

saukunis movlenebisaTvis, rodesac Zvelma inglisurma miTma gza

dauTmo ufro Zlier saSualo-klasis antikuri Tavisuflebebis

"saqsonur" miTologias.

maRali klasis eTnosis mier biurokratiuli inkorporaciis

msgavs process vxvdebiT safrangeTSi. maRali klasis frankuli

fenebis gaerTianeba romanul-galur kulturasTan moxda

gaqristianebuli merovingebis dros, magram samefo solidaroba

aSkaraa CrdiloeT safrangeTSi ukve me-12 saukunis bolos. am epoqaSi

moxda jer adrindeli frankebisadmi troelTa miTebis misadageba,

romelic gavrcelda CrdiloeT safrangeTis xalxze. imave dros,

aRmosavleTis provinciebi TavianTi gansxvavebuli eniT, tradiciebiT

da miTebiT randenime xans rCebodnen CrdiloeTis biurokratiuli

inkorporaciis orbitis gareT.

ra Tqma unda, kapetignebis biurokratulma inkorporaciam,

moyolebuli fillip II droidan, SesZlo gamoeyenebina dideba,

frankuli saxelmwifos miTi da karlos didis memkvidreoba. es

nawilobriv gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom samxreT frankebis saxelmwifo

cnobili gaxda rogorc regnum Teotenicorum, gansxvavebuli

identifikaciiT. Tumca, es aseve moxda frangul dinastiebsa da

eklesias Soris garkveuli kavSirebis gamo, gansakuTrebiT reimsis

arqiepiskoposis ZalisxmeviT. franguli eklesiis mxardaWera da mefed

317

kurTxevis ceremonia, albaT ufro mkacri iyo safrangeTis monarqiis

prestiJisa da gadarCenisTvis CrdiloeT safrangeTSi buvinis omamde

(1214), vidre parizis skolebis an Tundac adreuli kapetingebis

samxedro simZlavris saxeli. kapetingebis dinastias da maT

teritoriebs memkvidreobiT ergo sakraluri maxasiaTeblebi, rasac

mivyavarT ukan papis koronaciasTan da pipinis mier 754 wels

uzurpirebuli xelisuflebis papis mier dakanonebasTan, qveyanasTan,

romelsac papma "daviTis axali samefo uwoda". es religiuri ena eqod

gaismis saukuneebis Semdeg, rodesac mecamete saukunis miwuruls papma

bonifaciusma ganacxada: "... israelis xalxis msgavsad ... safrangeTis

samefo rCeul xalxs warmoadgens, romelic arCeulia uflis mier,

raTa miwaze ganxorcieldes RvTaebrivi wesrigi”.

miuxedavad imisa, rom gacilebiT ufro meti kamaTis sagania

kapetingebis monarqiis "feodaluri" buneba, ueWvelia is, rom frankuli

eTnosis Tavdapirvelad mmarTvelma klasma, mravali problemis

gadalaxvis Semdeg, moaxerxa daemyarebina SedarebiT efeqtiani da

centralizebuli samefo mmarTveloba CrdiloeTsa da centralur

safrangeTSi (ufro gvian ki samxreT safrangeTSiac). amgvarad maT

SesZles moepirkeTebinaT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli teritoriebis is

"samoqalaqo" elementebi, unificirebuli ekonomika, enobrivi da

sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebis standartizacia, rac meCvidmete saukuneSi

gadaizarda, rogorc Cven viciT, frangi eris CamoyalibebaSi. Tumca, es

procesi ar dasrulebula mecxramete saukunemde. bevrma regionma

SeinarCuna adgilobrivi xasiaTi, TviT safrangeTis revoluciis

Semdgomac. eris Camosayalibeblad saWiro gaxda iakobinuri

nacionalizmis masebis ganaTlebaze mimarTva da mesame respublikis

dros masobrivi samxedro gawvevis wesebis ganmtkiceba, raTa, veberis

sityvebi rom gamoviyenoT, "glexebi frangebad" qceuliyvnen.

"lateraluri" eTnikuri saxelmwifos mier "xasiaTis ufro

radikaluri" cvlileba biurokratiul inkorporaciT ganxorcielda

espaneTSi. aq muslimur Zalas qristianuli winaaRmdegobis saxiT win

aRudga kastiliis samefo. mogvianebiT, is gaerTianda aragonis

samefosTan da religiuri Temis, rogorc homogenizaciisa da maTi

qveynidan gaZevebis instrumentis utilizacia moaxdina, vinc ebraelebis

318

da moriskos tomebis msgavsad ar iyvnen konformistulni. aqac, limpieza

de sangre-s cneba safuZvlad daedo espanuri gvirgvinis unifikacias,

rasac Tan axlda moTxovnebi sxvadasxva mxridan dawyebuli maTiT, vinc

gansakuTrebul argumentebs eZebda antikur samarTalsa da kulturaSi.

portugaliis gandgomisagan da katalonelebis warumatebeli

amboxisagan sruliad damoukideblad, baskebma, galisielebma da

andaluzielebma dRemde SeinarCunes maTi separatuli identoba.

Sedegad espaneTSi Cven gvaqvs nakleb unificirebuli nacionaluri

sazogadoeba da ufro polieTnikuri saxelmwifo, vidre es aris

inglissa d safrangeTSi. mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi ideologiuri

nacionalizmis gavrcelebis gamo, am eTnikurma sazogadoebebma

Sesabamisi gamarTleba dauZebnes sxvadasxva xarisxiT avtonomiuri

ganviTarebis ideas, risi gamoZaxili dRemde ismis. da mainc am

sazogadoebebis umetesma nawilma gaiziara saerTo espanuri

politikuri grZnobebi da kultura miuxedavad baskuri, katalonuri,

Tu galisiuri identobisa da kulturisadmi maTi sakmaod intensiuri

mikuTvnebulobisa.

istoriulad, Tanamedrove erebis formireba davalebulia Rrma

memkvidreobiT, romelic maT gadaecaT inglisis, safrangeTis da

espaneTis erebis ganviTarebiT. Cveulebriv maTi saxelmwifoebs

Sesabamis periodebSi, burJuaziuli nacionalizmis da naciebis

periodSi, maT miewerebaT samxedro da ekonomikuri Zlierebis floba.

rogorc am periodis zesaxelmwifoebi, aRniSnuli qveynebi sxvebisaTvis

erebis nimuSebad iqcnen, radgan warmoadgendnen mosaxleobis

gaerTianebis warmatebul formats yvela sxva xalxebisaTvis. inglisi,

safrangeTi da naklebi moculobiT espaneTi, SemTxveviT rodi iqnen

miCneulni aseTebad. maTi warmatebebi ZiriTadad unda mivaweroT

konkretuli saxis "racionaluri" biurokratiuli administraciis

adreul ganviTarebas, rasac mxars ubamda savaWro kapitali, mdidari

urbanuli centrebi da profesiuli samxedro Zalebi da teqnologiebi.

"saxelmwifom" Camoayaliba axali matrica mosaxleobis gaerTianebis

formatisa, "eri". man xeli Seuwyo imas, rom Camoyalibebuliyo xalxis

kompaqturi, gaerTianebuli, standartizebuli da kulturulad

319

homogenuri erTeulis matrica da formati, romelic gamoiyeneboda

erebis mier.

zogierTi ityoda, rom sinamdvileSi saxelmwifoebma Seqmnes

erebi da, rom samefo administrirebam, gadasaxadebis da mobilizaciis

sistemam SesZina mis subieqtebs iurisdiqcia korporatiuli

loialobisa da identurobis azriT. amgvari xedva ramdenadme

gadaWarbebulia TviT dasavleTis mimarTac. ra Tqma unda saxelmwifo

aucilebeli piroba iyo im nacionaluri loialurobis

Camosayalibeblad, romelsac Cven dRes vicnobT. magram misi aqtioba,

saboloo jamSi, emyareboda samefoebis adre aRweril Taviseburebebs,

xalxs da im eTnikuri Temebis birTvs, romelTa irgvlivac aSenda

saxelmwifoebi. eTnosis SeduRabebis procesi, saxeldobr ki is, rasac

adgili hqonda inglissa da safrangeTSi, rasac lateraluri

eTniuroba umadlis biurokratiuli inkorporaciis wyaroebs,

SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod SefardebiTad homogenuri eTnikuri

birTvis arsebobis wyalobiT. Cven laparaki ar gvaqvs aqtualuri

STamomavlobis Taobaze, ufro nakleb vgulisxmobT aq "rasas", aramed

mxolod memkvidreobiTobis grZnobaze da identobaze, romelic gaaCnia

xalxs. swored amiT aqvs mniSvneloba xalxis miTebs da mexsierebas,

CvevebSi, tradiciebSi, xelovnebis stilSi, saxelmwifo samarTlebriv

kodeqsebsa da institutebSi gansxeulebul mis simboloebs da

Rirebulebebs. "eTnikurobis" swored aseT mniSvnelobaSi, romelic

ufro metad kulturuli percefciebisagan da Sexedulebebisagan

Sedgeba, vidre fizikuri demografiuli faqtorebisagan gadaiqca jer

inglisi, xolo Semdeg safrangeTi homogenur eTnosad. am eTnosebma,

Sedegan gaaioles homogenuri struqturebis mqone saxelmwofoebis

Camoyalibeba imiT, rom gaavrceles erTiani eTnosis idea iseT

sferoebze da doneebze, rac manamde ucnobi iyo. amiT gaCnda eris

SedardebiT axali cneba.

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"eTnikuri warsulis" xelaxali "aRmoCena"

lateraluri eTnosis mier biurokratiuli inkorporaciis gzis

sapirispirod, procesi, romliTac demosuri eTnosi SeiZlebod

qceuliyo bazisad erebisaTvis, mxolod arapirdapir aris

gansazRvruli saxelmwifosa da misi administraciis mier. es ki an

imitom moxda ase, rom saqme gvqonda an daqvemdebarebul TemebTan _

rac Cveulebrivi movlenaa _ an imitom, rom, rogorc es bizantiasa da

ruseTSi iyo, saxelmwifo gamoxatavda ZiriTadad eTnikuri birTvis

gareT mdgomTa interesebs. amgvari situacia, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs

e. w. vertikaluri eTnosebis Sesaxeb politikuri miTis agebas.

yvela am saxis sazogadoebebSi kulturuli miTebis, simboloebis,

gadmocemebis da Rirebulebebis fondi ara mxolod Taobidan Taobas

gadaecemoda, aramed vrceldeboda erTi mxriv, am sazogadoebis mier

dakavebul teritoriebze da anklavebze, xolo meore mxriv mTel mis

socialur Skalaze. aseTi mdgradobisa da difuziis ZiriTadi

meqanizmi emyareboda religiis irgvliv koncentrirebul sakraluri

wignebis, RvTismsaxurebis, ritualis, liturgiis da, zogjer ki

gansakuTrebul saidumlo moZRvrebis da werilis erTobliobas.

dammonebeli religiebis socialur mxares warmoadgens demosuri

eTnosis simyarisa da konturebisaTvis formis miniWeba. orTodoqsi

berZnebis da rusebis, monofiziti koptebis da eTiopelebis,

grigorianeli somxebis, ebraelebis, kaTolike irlandielebis da

polonelebis sazogadoebas socialuri sazRvrebi da mdgradi

tradiciebi SesZina mxolod miTebma da simboloebma, im ritualma da

sakralurma teqstebma, romlebSiac isini iyvnen gaSlilni.

amave dros, eTnikuri religiisadmi gansakuTrebuli mxardaWera

warmoSobs mZime problemebs aseTi Temebidan eris Camosayalibeblad.

xdeba imgvarad, rom religiis mier Camoyalibebul xalxebs, romelTa

eTnikuroba esoden didadaa davalebuli simboloebiTa da Zveli

rwmenebiT, Zalze uWirT "srulyofil" erebad Camoyalibeba. sxvagvarad

rom iTqvas, inteleqtualebs Zalze uWirT religiur-eTnikuri

xalxebis konceptualuri Sablonis garRveva. aseTi demosuri

321

eTnosebis bevri warmomadgeneli ubralod amtkicebs, rom misi

TanamoZmeebi ukve, da sinamdvileSi yovelTvis, ers Seadgendnen. da

marTlac, zogierTi gansazRvrebiT isini erebad iTvlebian. bolos da

bolos, isini sruli doziT floben erisaTvis saWiro eTnikur

komponentebs. arabebs da ebraelebs, magaliTad, aqvT saerTo saxelebi,

miTebi, gadmocemebi da religiuri kultura iseve, rogorc

Tavdapirveli TavianTi sacxovrebeli miwisadmi mikuTvnebulobis

grZnoba da myari, Tundac Sinaganad diferencirebuli, eTnikuri

solidarobis grZnoba. aris Tu ara es sakmarisi erad yofnisaTvis?

rac kidev saWiro iyo, gaxldaT damoukidebloba da saxelmwifo maTi

sazogadoebebisaTvis.

magram, rogorc es magaliTebi gviCveneben, saqme arc ise

martivadaa. sapirispiro geopolitikuri faqtorebisagan sruliad

damoukideblad, arabuli da ebrauli TemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma

socialurma da kulturulma Tvisebebma aCvena, rom maTTvis eTnosidan

erze gadasvla Zalze problematuri iyo. arabebs xeli SeuSala maTi

geografiuli sididis gamo am teritoriebze mkveTrad danawilebulma

mosaxleobam. meore faqtori iyo "arabi eris" sruliad gansxvavebuli

istoriuli warsuli, dawyebuli marokos samefodan, egviptiT da

saudis arabeTiT dasrulebuli. amas unda davamatoT Tanamedrove

kolonializmis Sedegebic, romelmac ganapiroba arabuli qveynebis

istoriuli diferenciacia da Camoayaliba Tanamedrove arabuli

qveynebi gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri profiliT. masobrivi, sajaro

ganaTlebis sistemebi, Sedegad, iseve, rogorc kanonmdebloba

koloniurma da postkoloniurma qveynebma, maTma elitebma SeimuSaves.

dabolos, arabebis umravlesobis islamTan mWidro kavSiris gamo,

romlis socialuri erTeuli "uma" Znelad egueba "arabi eris" cnebas,

arabebma Seqmnes bundovani socialuri erTianoba, ramac sruliad

gaaneitrala arabi inteligenciis Zalisxmeva xelaxla aRmoeCina

"arabuli warsuli".

rac Seexeba ebraelebs, isini ZiriTadad SeeCexnen geografiuli

gabneulobis problemas, rasac kidev ufro amwvavebda maTi aRiarebuli

teritoriis ar arseboba da is faqti, rom isini gamoZevebulni iyvnen

istoriuli samSoblodan. pales dasaxlebaSi da manamde poloneTSi

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arsebobda religiuri ganaTlebis sistema da mowesrigebuli

urTierTvaldebulebebi, rac didad davalebuli iyo "katalis"

sistemiT da misi mimdevrebiT. magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom ebraelebma

somxebis msgavsad moaxerxes daekavebinaT evropis qveynebis ekonomikur

sivrceebSi SemorCenili umniSvnelo niSebi, amgvar anklavur Temebs

Znelad Tu davaxasiaTebT ekonomikuri erTeulebis nimuSebad, verc

Tundac mxolod Sromis teritoriuli danawilebis TvalsazrisiT.

nacionaluri erTianobis am nimuSebisagan sruliad damoukideblad, ra

Tqma unda, arsebobda ambivalenturi ganwyobebi, iudaizmis da misi

rabinebis TviT-gansazRvrebebi. mxolod Zalze gvian, zogierTma rabinma

da orTodoqsi ebraelebis erTma frTam mxari dauWira ebraul

nacionalizms da mis sionistur proeqts ise, rom amave dros ar

iziarebdnen sionis mesianisturi restavraciis tradiciul ideas.

sakuTari Tavis Svelis idea ucxo iyo iudaizmis Suasaukuneebis

iudaizmisaTvis; saerTo idea, romelic maSin ebraelebs aerTianebda,

iyo "gandevnili eris" idea, romelic am xalxis pasiurobas

ganapirobebda.

dasavleTis eqspansiis sapirispirod mimarTulma sxvadasxva saxis

saxalxo winaaRmdegobam, romelic viTardeboda cxovrebis pirobebis

mkveTri gauaresebis fonze, warmoSva sekularizebuli inteligenciis

axali fena. maTi fundamenturi roli, rogorc Tavadve acnobierebdnen

amas, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom saxecvlilad miewodebinaT religiuri

urTierTobebi maTi tradiciuli subieqtisaTvis, demosuri

eTnosisaTvis. es movlena, gvmarTebs ganvixiloT gacilebiT ufro

farTo, _ socio-ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli _

revoluciebis konteqstSi, rasac adgili hqonda dasavleTis adreuli

modernis periodSi. rogorc Cven vnaxeT, aseTi transformaciebis

pirveli mamoZravebeli iyo profesionalizebuli, biurokratiuli

saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba, romelsac safuZvlad hqonda SedarebiT

homogenuri eTnikuri birTvi. Zveli politikuri struqturebis

mcdelobas, daeZliaT dasavluri "racionaluri saxelmwifos" esa TuU

is elementi da amiT misi administracia da armia, mohyva imperiebis

Zveli struqturebis sruli daqvemdebareba misi Semadgeneli myari

eTnosebisadmi. habsburgebis, otomanebis da ruseTis imperiebSi

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saxelmwifos gaaqtiurebam, romelsac Tan axlda Canasaxovan

mdgomareobaSi myofi urbanizaciis da vaWrobis ganviTareba, bevri

Zveli demosuri eTnosi axali wnexis qveS moaqcia. meTvramete

saukunidan nacionalisturi ideebis gavrcelebam, rac xorcieldeboda

axali, xalxis kompaqturad gansaxlebuli erTeulebis, saxalxo

warmomadgenlobebis da kulturuli sxvadasxvaobis fonze, gamoiwvia

imperiebis mmarTveli klasis da maT daqvemdebarebuli ganaTlebuli

socialuri fenebis gaaqtiureba.

daqvemdebarebuli vertikaluri eTnosis, transformaciis

mamoZravebels, iseve rogorc kulturuli CarCoebis Camomayalibebels

warmoadgenda sekularizebuli inteligencia, romelsac win

uZRvebodnen ganmanaTlebeli inteleqtualebi, romelic lateraluri

eTnosis TanxlebiT inkorporirebuli iyvnen biurokratiul

saxelmwifoSi. swored inteligenciam gansazRvra axali komunaluri

TviT-definiciebi da miznebi. es xelaxali gansazRvrebebi ar yofila

martivi "gamonagoni", an dasavluri modelis ubralo gadamRereba. is

ufro eTnikuri warsulis "xelaxali aRmoCenis" safuZvelze Seiqmna. am

process hqonda religiuri msoflmxedvelobis Secvlis mizani:

"xalxis" nacvlad, romelic moqmedebda pasiur, Tumca, amave dros,

morCilebis uebar saSualebad, RvTaebriv wyalobas gamudmebiT rom

elodeba, rogorc RmerTis wyaloba, aseve misi morCili eTnosi,

Semdgom xalxis istoriaSi ganviTarebuli geniis umaRles

gamoxatulebad iqca.

inteligenciis mier Tavisi TavisTvis gansazRvruli miznebis

centrSi sazogadoebis xelaxali aRmoCena da realizacia idga. amas

moraluri da politikuri revolucia mohyva. pasiuri da

daqvemdebarebuli umciresobis adgili, romelic dominanturi eTnosis

da misi saxelmwifos marginalur sferoebSi cxovrobda, Seiqmna axali

kompaqturi da politikuard aqtiuri eri. centraluri adgili xalxs

unda daekavebina, romelic amieridan identificirebuli iyo masebTan,

romelic Zveli drois aristokratiis gmirebs cvlida. es iyo mxolod

erTi nawili didi procesisa, romelic ayalibebda gaerTianebul,

upiratesad avtarqiul, kanonis doneze Tanaswor sazogadoebis wevrebs,

anu "moqalaqeebs", romelic, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofda saxelmwifos

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legitimurobas da Zalas. magram amisaTvis xalxi saukuneebis

narCenebisagan unda ganwmendiliyo. unda daeviwyebina Zili,

daqsaqsuloba, ucxo elementebi, umecreba da a.S. da, amiT moexdina

sakuTari Tavis emansipacia. swored es iyo ganmanaTlebeli

inteleqtualebis upirvelesi amocana.

demosuri eTnosidan civilur erSi gadasvlas Tan sdevs, amrigad,

rigi procesebi da moZraobebi. isini moicaven:

1. periferiuli pasiuri umciresobis daqvemdebarebas,

mosaxleobis aqtiuri, mtkice da politizirebuli nawilis

unificirebuli politikisadmi.

2. moZraobas sazogadoebisaken, romelic ixreboda kompaqturi,

calsaxa demarkaciis mqone teritoriebidan "samSoblos"

universaluri aRiarebisaken.

3. teritoriuli demarkaciis mqone sazogadoebis yvela wevris

ekonomikur unifikacias, maT sakuTar resursebze kontroliT

da moZraobas ekonomikuri avtarqiisaken

urTierTkonkurentuli erebis samyaroSi.

4. eTnikuri wevrebis gadaqcevas kanoniT aRiarebul

moqalaqeebad, romlebic mobilizebulni iqnebodnen saerTo

politikuri miznebisaTvis da romlebsac eqnebodaT aseTive

samoqalaqo, socialuri da politikuri uflebebi da

movaleobebi.

5. moZraobas xalxis moraluri da politikuri movlenebis

centrSi ganTavsebisaken da masebisaTvis axali funqciis

dakisrebisaken, maTTvis nacionaluri Rirebulebebis, miTebis

da gadmocemebis xelaxali gacnobiT.

mosalodneli oyo, rom tradiciuli elitebi,

gansakuTrebis ki sakraluri teqstebis mcvelebi, vinc amdeni xnis

manZilze icavda demosur eTnoss, winaaRmdegobas gauwevda aseT

tendenciebs. sxvagvarad, es niSnavs, rom inteleqtualebs mouwiaT

sazogadoebis Zveli definiciebis cvlileba, isev Zveli simboloebis

axleburi interpretirebis saSualebiT. es ar yofila mxolod

manipulacia. araviTari saWiroeba ar arsebobs imisa, rom niRabi

aexsnas imas, rasac esodeni pativi miegeba, rogrc eTnikuri warsulis

325

rCeul gadmocemas. Tumca, SerCeva yovelTvis SeiZleba ganxorcieldes

garkveuli SezRudvebiT, romelsac awesebs vertikaluri eTnosis adre

arsebuli miTebi, simboloebi, Cvevebi da gadmocemebi. Y

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iozef Sumpeteri

kapitalizmi, socializmi, demokratia

vfiqrob, rom umetesoba politikis mklevarebisa dReisTvis ukve

daeTanxma demokratiis klasikuri doqtrinis kritikas…. . . me vfiqrob

agreTve, rom umetesoba maTgan Tanaxmaa, an male daTanxmdeba miiRos sxva

Teoria, romelic bevrad ufro axlosaa simarTlesTan (WeSmaritebasTan) da,

amave dros, Seicavs Tavis TavSi Zalian bevrs imisgan, rasac demokratiis

meTodis mimdevrebi gulisxmoben sinamdvileSi am terminSi (mis SinaarsSi).

rogorc klasikur Teorias, masac (axal Teorias) SeiZleba mieces mokle

gansazRvreba.

gvaxsovdes, rom klasikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi safuZveli iyo

mtkicebuleba, rom “xalxs” aqvs gansazRvruli da racionaluri azri

(Tvalsazrisi, Sexeduleba) yovel calkeul sakiTxze da, rom es azri

(Sexeduleba) realizdeba demokratiis pirobebSi “warmomadgenelTa”

arCevis gziT, romelnic Tvalyurs adevneben imas, rom es azri (Sexeduleba)

Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes cxovrebaSi.

amgvarad, warmomadgenelTa arCeva meoradia demokratiuli mowyobis

pirvel mizanTan SedarebiT, romelic, kerZod, gulisxmobs:

amomrCevlebisaTvis uflebis (Zalauflebis) miniWebas miiRon politikuri

gadawyvetilebebi. davuSvaT, Cven SevcvliT am ori elementis rolebs da

gavxdiT amomrCevelTa mier problemebis gadawyvetas meoradad imaT

arCevasTan SedarebiT, vinc unda miiRos gadawyvetilebebi. sxva sityvebiT,

CavTvaloT, rom xalxis roli mdgomareobs mTavrobis an Sualeduri

(Suamavluri) organos SeqmnaSi, romelic Tavis mxriv ayalibebs erovnul

aRmasrulebel organos, anu mTavrobas. amgvarad, ganvsazRvroT:

demokratiuli meTodi – es aris iseTi institucionaluri mowyoba

politikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisTvis, romelSic individebi moipoveben

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis Zalauflebas (uflebas) amomrCevelTa xmebisTvis

konkurentuli brZolis gziT.

am ideis ganmartebisas da dafuZnebisas, Cven dauyovnebliv vaCvenebT,

rom igi (idea), rogorc winapirobaTa samarTlianobis (WeSmaritebasTan

siaxlovis) ZaliT, aseve winadadebaTa (debulebaTa, mtkicebulebaTa)

logikuri safuZvlianobis wyalobiT, mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs

demokratiuli procesis Teorias.

pirvel yovlisa, Cven gvaqvs sakmarisad efeqturi kriteriumi, romlis

meSveobiTac demokratiuli mTavroba SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT sxvaTagan

(yvela sxvanairi mTavrobisagan). Cven vnaxeT, rom klasikuri Teoria

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ejaxeba sirTuleebs amgvari gansxvavebis, gancalkevebis fiqsirebisas

(dadgenisas), ramdenadac xalxis nebasa da keTildReobas (sikeTes) SeiZleba

emsaxuron, da mraval istoriul SemTxvevaSi emsaxurebodnen kidec,

mTavrobebi, romelnic ar SeiZleba iwodebodnen demokratiulebad am

sityvis sayovelTaod miRebuli nebismieri Sinaarsis Sesabamisad. axla Cven

ramdenadme ukeTes mdgomareobaSi varT, ramdenadac gadavwyviteT

gavakeToT aqcenti modusze (proceduraze), romlis arseboba an ar arseboba

umravles SemTxvevaSi advilad mowmdeba.

magaliTad, inglisuri tipis saparlamento monarqiisas demokratiis

Cveni kriteriumi sruldeba, ramdenadac monarqs SeuZlia daniSnos kabinetis

wevrebad mxolod is adamianebi, romelTac airCevs parlamenti. amave dros,

“konstituciuri” monarqia ar aris demokratiuli, ramdenadac eleqtorati

da parlamenti floben yvela uflebas, romelnic maT aqvT saparlamento

monarqiisas, magram erTi gadamwyveti gamonaklisiT: maT ara aqvT

Zalaufleba mTavrobis daniSvnisa. ministrebi, principSi, SeiZleba

dainiSnon da moixsnan mis (monarqis) mier. aseTi mowyoba SeiZleba

akmayofilebdes xalxs. amomrCevlebma SeiZleba daadasturon es faqti,

miscen ra xma nebismier cvlilebaTa winaaRmdeg. monarqi SeiZleba iyos

imdenad popularuli, rom moaxerxos daamarcxos nebismieri metoqe

uzenaesi ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaSi. magram, ramdenadac ar arsebobs

meqanizmi, romelic gaxdis aseT brZolas efeqturs, mocemuli SemTxveva ar

Seesameba Cven gansazRvrebas.

meore Teoria, romelic mocemulia am definiciaSi, gvaZlevs

SesaZleblobas Rirseulad miuzRoT sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan liderobis

fenomens. klasikuri Teoria amas ar akeTebs. amis sanacvlod igi, rogorc

Cven vnaxeT, miawers amomrCevlebs sruliad ararealur xarisxs

iniciativisas, ignorirebas ukeTebs ra praqtikulad liderobas. magram,

TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi koleqtiuri qmedeba gulisxmobs liderobas – es

aris dominanturi meqanizmi TiTqmis yvela koleqtiuri qmedebisa, ufro

mniSvnelovani qmedebisa, vidre ubralo refleqsi. demokratiuli meTodis

funqcionirebisa da Sedegebis Sesaxeb mtkicebulebani, romelnic iReben amas

mxedvelobaSi, bevrad ufro realisturia, vidre isini, romelnic amas ar

akeTeben. isini ar izRudebian volonte generale–is (saerTo nebis - fr.)

ganxorcielebiT, aramed miiweven imis axsnisken, Tu saidan warmoiSoba igi

(saerTo neba) da rogor Cainacvleba an yalbdeba. is, rac Cven aRvniSneT

terminiT “gayalbebuli neba”, aRar aris amieridan Teoriis CarCoebs gareT,

ar warmoadgens gadaxras, romlis ar arsebobasac Cven ase veswrafiT. igi

Sedis safuZvelSi, rogorc unda iyos kidec.

mesame - ramdenadac saerTod arsebobs jgufis neba – magaliTad,

umuSevarTa survili miiRon umuSevrobis daxmareba an sxva jgufebis

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miswrafeba daexmaron maT, - Cveni Teoria mas ar uaryofs. piriqiT, axla

Cven SegviZlia ganvixiloT swored is roli, romelsac es

nebisgamoxatulebani asruleben sinamdvileSi. isini, rogorc wesi, ar

waredginebian (warmoidginebian) uSualod. maSinac ki, Tu jgufuri

miswrafebebi Zlieria da ganzraxuli, isini rCeba dafaruli xSirad

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, vidre maT ar gamouxmobs cxovrebaSi romelime

politikuri lideri, aqcevs ra maT politikur faqtorebad. is akeTebs amas

(ufro zustad, misi agentebi akeTeben amas), axdens ra nebis gamoxatulebis

organizebas, aZlierebs maT da, bolos da bolos rTavs maT Tavisi

winadadebebis Sesabamis punqtebSi. urTierTqmedebebi, erTis mxriv, jgufur

interesebsa da sazogadoebriv azrs, da meores mxriv, saSualebebs Soris,

romlebiTac isini qmnian imas, rasac Cven vuwodebT politikur situacias, am

TvalsazrisiT warmoCindebian axleburad, ufro aSkarad.

meoTxe - Cveni Teoria, ra Tqma unda, ar aris ufro metad

gansazRvruli, vidre Tavad cneba liderobisaTvis brZolisa. es cneba

warmoaCens imis msgavs sirTuleebs, romelTac iwvevs konkurenciis cneba

ekonomikis sferoSi; maTi Sedareba usargeblo ar iqneba. ekonomikur

cxovrebaSi konkurencia TiTqmis arasdros srulad ararsebuli ar aris,

magram TiTqmis ar gvxdeba arasdros srulyofili saxiT. zustad aseve

politikur sferoSi mudmivad mimdinareobs brZola, Tumca, SesaZloa

mxolod politikuri, amomrCevelTa loialobisaTvis. es SeiZleba aixsnas

imiT, rom demokratia iyenebs garkveul aRiarebul meTods konkurentuli

brZolis warmarTvisa, xolo arCevnebis sistema – praqtikulad erTaderTi

saSualebaa liderobisaTvis brZolisa nebismieri zomis sazogadoebisaTvis,

Tumca ki is gamoricxavs bevrs liderobis uzrunvelyofis saSualebaTagan,

romelnic unda gamoiricxon kidec, magaliTad brZola ZalauflebisaTvis

SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis meSveobiT; magram is ar gamoricxavs SemTxvevebs,

romelnic Zalian emsgavseba ekonomikur movlenebs, da romelTac Cven

vuwodebT “usamarTlo” an “TaRliTur” konkurencias, an konkurenciis

SezRudvebs. maTi gamoricxva Cven ar SegviZlia, ramdenadac es rom ase

gagvekeTebina, Cven davrCebodiT realobisgan Zalian Sors mdgom idealTan.

am idealur SemTxvevasa da im SemTxvevebs Soris, rodesac nebismieri

konkurencia arsebul liderTan uariyofa Zalis meSveobiT, arsebobs

uwyveti rigi variantebisa, romlis sazRvrebSi mmarTvelobis demokratiuli

meTodi SeumCnevlad, umciresi nabijebiT, gadadis avtokratiulSi. magram Tu

Cven miviswrafiT gagebisa da ara filosofosobisaken, (mxolod

filosofiuri diskusiisaken), es asec unda iyos. amgvarad, Cveni kriteriumis

faseuloba arsebiTad ar ecema.

mexuTe - Cveni Teoria, rogorc Cans, xsnis arsebul urTierTobas

demokratiasa da individualur Tavisuflebas Soris. Tu am ukanasknelis

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qveS Cven gvesmis individualuri TviTmmarTvelobis sferos arseboba,

romlis sazRvrebi istoriulad icvleba – verc erTi sazogadoeba ver itans

absolutur Tavisuflebas, Tundac sityvis an azris (cnobierebis) absolutur

Tavisuflebas, da arc erTi sazogadoeba ar zRudavs mas (Tavisuflebas)

nulamde – maSin am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba Tavisuflebis xarisxs. Cven

vnaxeT, rom demokratiuli meTodi ara aucileblad iZleva garantias

individualuri Tavisuflebis meti moculobisa, vidre nebismieri sxva

analogiur garemoebebSi. es SeiZleba iyos piriqiTac, magram, miuxedavad

amisa, es ori movlena efardeba garkveulad erTmaneTs. Tuki, ukidures

SemTxvevaSi principSi, yovels SeuZlia ibrZolos politikuri

lederobisaTvis, waradginos Tavisi kandidatura amomrCevelTa winaSe, es

umetesoba SemTxvevebSi, Tumca ki ara yovelTvis, niSnavs diskusiis

Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovan wils yvelasaTvis. kerZod, es, rogorc wesi,

gulisxmobs presis mniSvnelovan Tavisuflebas. es mimarTeba demokratiasa

da Tavisuflebas Soris ar aris absoluturad mkacri, SesaZlebelia misiT

manipulireba. magram, inteleqtualis TvalsazrisiT, is, miuxedavad amisa,

mniSvnelovania. amave dros, am urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb, praqtikulad,

metis arafris Tqma SeiZleba.

meeqvse - saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vTvlidi ra mTavrobis

formirebas amomrCevelTa pirvelad funqciad (pirdapir an gamSualebeli

organos meSveobiT), me vgulisxmobdi am frazaSi misi daTxovnis funqciis

CarTvasac. pirveli gulisxmobs ubralo Tanxmobas miRebul iqnas lideri an

liderTa jgufi, xolo meore ki – am Tanxmobaze uaris Tqmas. es miaqcevs

yuradRebas erT elements, romelic, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma verc SeamCnia. mas

(mkiTxvels) SeiZleba efiqra, rom amomrCevlebi akontroleben zustad iseve,

rogorc mohyavT xelisuflebaSi. magram, ramdenadac, rogorc wesi,

amomrCevlebs SeuZliaT akontrolon mxolod maTi (liderebis) an maTi

mxardamWeri saparlamento umravlesobis xelaxali arCevis uaryofiT, es,

rogorc Cans, zRudavs kontrolis SesaZleblobas Cven gansazRvrebaSi

dafiqsirebul donemde. dro da dro, xdeba uecari, mkveTri cvlilebebi,

romelic iwvevs mTavrobis Tu calkeuli ministris dacemas, an aiZulebs

mTavrobas garkveul qmedebebs. magram msgavsi SemTxvevebi ara mxolod

gamonaklisia, aramed ewinaaRmdegeba demokratiuli meTodis suls.

meSvide - Cveni Teoria ase aucileblad saWiro naTels hfens Zvel

winaaRmdegobas. yvela, vinc aRiarebs (iRebs) demokratiis klasikur

doqtrinas da Sesabamisad Tvlis, rom demokratiulma meTodma unda Seqmnas

garantia, rom problemebi gadawydeba xalxis nebis Sesabamisad,

gancvifrebuli unda iyos im faqtiT, rom, maSinac ki, rodesac es neba

gamoxatulia sakmaod gamokveTilad (gansazRvrulad), ubralo

umravlesobis mier gadawyvetilebebis miReba bevr SemTxvevaSi daamaxinjebs

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(Secvlis) mas (nebas) da ara gaatarebs cxovrebaSi. naTelia, rom

umravlesobis neba aris umravlesobis da ara “xalxis” neba. Tu erT

gansazRvrebas gautolebT meores, es ar moxsnis problemas. saTanado

gadawyvetilebamde misvlis cdebi ganxorcielebul iqna “proporciuli

warmomadgenlobis” sxvadasxva gegmebis avtorebis mier.

am gegmebma mkveTri kritika daimsaxures praqtikuli mosazrebebis

gamo. marTlac, aSkaraa, rom proporciuli warmomadgenloba SesaZlebels

gaxdis ara mxolod ideosinkraziis sxvadasxva tipebis damkvidrebas, aramed

demokratiis pirobebSi, SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos efeqturi mTavrobis

formirebas da, amgvarad, xdeba saxifaTo daZabulobis periodebSi. magram,

vidre gakeTdebodes daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom demokratia xdeba araqmediTi,

Tu misi principi SenarCundeba (daculi iqneba) Tanmimdevrulad, kargi

iqneboda dagvesva kiTxva, moiTxovs Tu ara es principi proporciul

warmomadgenlobas. sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. Tu liderobis aRiareba

warmoadgens amomrCevelTa xmis micemis WeSmarit funqcias, argumentebi

proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sasargeblod marcxdeba, ramdenadac misi

winapirobebi aRar moqmedebs. demokratiis principi am SemTxvevaSi

ubralod aRniSnavs, rom mmarTvelobis sadaveebi gadacemul unda iqnas

maTTvis, visac ufro meti mxardaWera aqvs, vidre sxva konkurent

individebsa da jgufebs. . . .

1. demokratiis pirobebSi, rogorc me ukve vTqvi, amomrCevelTa xmis

micemis pirveladi funqcia – es aris mTavrobis formireba. es SeiZleba

niSnavdes administraciis yvela warmomadgenlebis arCevas. Tumca, msgavsi

praqtika damaxasiaTebelia umTavresad adgilobrivi mTavrobis

arCevnebisaTvis, da SemdgomSi Cven movaxdenT mis ignorirebas. ganvixilavT

ra mxolod erovnul mTavrobas, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mTavrobis

formireba praqtikulad dadis gadawyvetilebaze, Tu vin iqneba lideri.

rogorc adre, Cven movixseniebT mas, rogorc premier-ministrs.

arsebobs mxolod erTi demokratiuli sistema, romelSic es arCevani

warmoadgens pirdapir Sedegs amomrCevelTa xmis micemisa – SeerTebuli

Statebi. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi amomrCevelTa xmis micema ayalibebs ara

uSualod mTavrobas, aramed Suamaval organos – SemdgomSi mas

movixseniebT parlamentis saxeliT, romelsac gadaecema mTavrobis

formirebis funqcia.. . .

rogori wesiT ayalibebs parlamenti mTavrobas? yvelaze aSkara wesi,

saSualeba – aris misi arCeva an, rac ufro realisturia, jer premier-

ministris arCeva da Semdeg xmis micema ministrTa siisTvis, romelsac igi

waradgens. es wesi gamoiyeneba iSviaTad. magram is xsnis mocemuli

proceduris bunebas ukeTesad, vidre nebismieri sxva. ufro metic, yvela sxva

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saSualeba (wesi) SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas masze, ramdenadac premier-

ministri Cveulebriv xdeba adamiani, romelsac airCevda parlamenti. is, Tu

rogor iniSneba sinamdvileSi igi Tanamdebobaze – monarqis mier, rogorc

inglisSi, Tu prezidentis mier, rogorc safrangeTSi, Tu specialuri

organos an komitetis mier, rogorc Tavisufal prusiul saxelmwifoSi

veimaris periodisa – ubralod formis sakiTxia.

klasikuri inglisuri praqtika aseTia. sayovelTao arCevnebis Semdeg

gamarjvebuli partia, Cveulebriv, moipovebs adgilebis umetesobas

parlamentSi da, amgvarad, mas SeuZlia xma misces nebismieri pirisaTvis

undoblobis votumis gamocxadebas (rezolucias), garda sakuTari liderisa,

romelic aseTi, “negatiuri” saSualebiT iniSneba parlamentis mier

saxelmwifos meTaurad. igi iRebs uflebamosilebas monarqisgan – “emTxveva

xelze” – da warudgens monarqs ministrTa sias, romlis nawilicaa kabinetis

wevrTa sia. siaSi is rTavs, upirveles yovlisa, partiis ramdenime veterans,

romelnic iReben imas, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT sapatio Tanamdeboba; meore

rigSi – ufro dabali rangis liderebs – maT, vis mxardaWerasac is

daeyrdnoba saparlamento brZolaSi; mesame rigSi – mzard politikosebs,

romelTac igi miiwvevs Zalauflebis mojadoebul wreSi, raTa “miizidos

axali sisxli”; da, zogjer, meoTxe rigSi, ramdenime adamians maTgan, vinc,

misi azriT, gansakuTrebulad kargad aris momzadebuli profesiulad

garkveuli Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad. magram, kvlav, normalur

SemTxvevebSi es praqtika iZleva iseTive Sedegebs, rogorsac miviRebdiT

parlamentis mier mTavrobis arCevis SemTxvevaSi. mkiTxveli dainaxavs

agreTve, rom iq, sadac, rogorc inglisSi, premier-ministrs aqvs realuri

Zalaufleba daSalos parlamenti (“daniSnos axali arCevnebi”), Sedegebi

garkveuli xarisxiT iqneba msgavsi imisa, romelTac Cven SeiZleba

movelodeT amomrCevelTa mier kabinetis pirdapiri arCevnebis pirobebSi,

Tu, rasakvirvelia, es ukanasknelni mas mxars uWeren. . .

4. . . parlamentis Sesaxeb, me gamovyavi is, rac, Cemi azriT, warmoadgens

pirvelad fuqcias, da ganvamtkice es definicia. SeiZleba Sedaveba, rom Cemi

gansazRvreba ar aris swori mis sxva funqciebTan mimarTebaSi. cxadia, rom

parlamenti akeTabs bevr sxva rames garda mTavrobis Camoyalibebisa da

daTxovnisa. is gamoscems kanonebs. is marTavs kidec. Tumca, nebismieri

saparlamento aqti, politikuri deklaraciebisa da rezoluciebis garda,

warmoadgens “kanons” formaluri mniSvnelobiT, arsebobs bevri aqti,

romlebic unda ganvixiloT, rogorc administraciuli zomebi. biujeti –

yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTia. biujetis formireba – mmarTvelobiTi

funqciaa. magram, aSS-Si mas SeimuSavebs kongresi. iqac ki, sadac mas adgens

finansTa ministri da eTanxmeba kabineti, rogorc inglisSia, parlamentma

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unda daamtkicos igi, da am xmis micemis (kenWisyris) Sedegad igi iqceva

parlamentis aqtad. xom ar uaryofs abaTilebs es Cven Teorias?

rodesac ori armia ebrZvis erTmaneTs, maTi calkeuli sabrZolo

moqmedebebi fokusirebulia konkretul obieqtebze, romlebic

ganisazRvrebian maTi taqtikuri da strategiuli mdgomareobidan

gamomdinare. isini SeiZleba ibrZodnen xmeleTis konkretuli zolisTvis, an

konkretuli borcvisaTvis. magram, am zolis an borcvis dapyrobis

(dauflebis) sasurveloba unda ganisazRvrebodes strategiuli an taqtikuri

amocaniT, kerZod – mtris damarcxebiT. cxadia, absurduli iqneboda am

moqmedebaTa gamoyvanis (dayvanis) mcdeloba gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebisgan,

romlebic SeiZleba hqondes am zols, an borcvs. zustad aseve, mTavari da

pirveli mizani nebismieri politikuri partiisa – aris daamarcxos

(daTrgunos) sxvebi, raTa moipovos Zalaufleba da darCes ZalauflebaSi.

rogorc miwis zolis an borcvis dabruneba, politikuri sakiTxebis

gadawyvetac, politikosis TvalsazrisiT, aris ara mizani, aramed masala

saparlamento saqmianobisa. ramdenadac politikosebi isvrian sityvebiT da

ara tyviebiT da, ramdenadac es sityvebi aucileblad ukavSirdeba

gansaxilvel problemebs, situacia yovelTvis ar aris iseTive naTeli,

rogorc omis dros. magram, gamarjveba mowinaaRmdegeze, miuxedavad amisa,

warmoadgens orive TamaSis arss.

amgvarad, arsebiTad, qveynis cxovrebis saWirboroto sakiTxebze

saparlamento gadawyvetilebebis mimdinare gamomuSaveba – aris is meTodi,

romlis meSveobiTac parlamenti tovebs an ar tovebs mTavrobas

ZalauuflebaSi, iRebs an uaryofs premier-ministris xelmZRvanelobas.

zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, romelTac Tqven axla SeniSnavT, yoveli

kenWisyra – aris kenWisyra ndobisa da undoblobis Sesaxeb am sityvis

teqnikuri gagebiT, romelic ubralod aaSkaravebs (warmoaCens) in abstract (abstraqtul gamoxatulebaSi – laT.) arsebiT elements, saerTos yvela am

kenWiyrebisaTvis. amiT Cven SegviZlia dvkmayofildeT, aRvniSnoT ra, rom

saparlamento msjelobisaTvis sakiTxebis gamotanis iniciativa, rogorc

wesi, ekuTvnis mTavrobas, an opoziciis Crdilovan kabinets, da ara calkeul

deputatebs.

swored premier-ministri gamoyofs mimdinare saqmeebis

dausrulebeli nakadidan im saqmeebs, romelnic mas surs aqcios

saparlamento mosmenis sagnad, anu romelTa Taobazec misi mTavroba

apirebs gaitanos kanonproeqtebi, an, Tu mas ara aqvs myari imedi,

rezoluciebi mainc. ra Tqma unda, nebismieri mTavroba iRebs Tavisi

winamorbedisgan gadauwyvetel sakiTxTa memkvidreobas, romlis gadadeba

Soreuli momavlisaTvis SesaZloa Zneli iyos; sxva sakiTxebi ganekuTvneba

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rutinuli politikis sferos; premier ministris gansakuTrebul miRwevas

warmoadgens viTareba, rodesac igi axerxebs Tavs moaxvios (parlaments)

zomebis miReba im politikur sakiTxze, romelic mis mier aris wamoweuli.

magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mTavrobis arCevani an iniciativa, Tavisufali

an ara, aris is faqtori, romelic dominirebs saparlamento saqmianobaSi.

Tu kanonproeqti, romelic ar aris saparlamento siaSi, waridgineba

samTavrobo partiis warmomadgenelTa jgufis mier, es niSnavs bunts, da

ministrebi ganixilaven amas am TvalsazrisiT, da ara damatebiTi taqtikuri

upiratesobebis TvalsazrisiT. zogjer es midis debatebamde. Tu es debatebi

ar imarTeba mTavrobis winadadebiT an ar aris sanqcionirebuli mis mier,

es aris simptomi saparlamento Zalebis misi kontrolidan gamosvlisa. da

bolos, Tu es zoma miiReba Sidapartiuli SeTanxmebis Sedegad, es niSnavs,

rom brZola damTavrda fred, an uari iTqva brZolaze taqtikuri

mosazrebebis gamo.

5. gamonaklisebi (gadaxvevebi) samTavrobo liderobis am principidan

"warmomadgenlobiT" asambleebSi, emsaxurebian mxolod misi

realisturobis dadasturebas. isini SeiZleba iyos ori tipisa.

pirveli - araviTari lideroba ar aris absoluturi. politikuri

lideroba, romelic gamovlindeba demokratiuli meTodis CarCoebSi, kidev

ufro naklebad absoluturia konkurenciis elementis gamo, romelic

warmoadgens demokratiis arss. ramdenadac yovel momxres aqvs ufleba

gadaayenos lideri da, ramdenadac yovelTvis arsebobs ramdenime momxre,

romelTac aqvT realuri SesaZlebloba amis gakeTebisa, deputati an

ministri, romelic miekuTvneba gansakuTrebulad gavlenian pirTa viwro

wres, - Tu igi grZnobs, rom mas aqvs Sansi daikavos lideris adgili -

ikavebs Sualedur kurss liderisadmi upirobo loialobasa da sakuTari

droSis afrialebas Soris, balansirebs ra risksa da SesaZleblobas Soris

WeSmaritad aRtacebis Rirsi natifi xelovnebiT. lideri, Tavis mxriv, aseve

ikavebs Sualedur kurss: igi iTxovs disciplinas da Tan uSvebs mis

darRvevas. is aTavsebs zewolas met-naklebad gonivrul daTmobebTan,

armowonebas SeqebasTan, dasjas waxalisebasTan. aseTi TamaSis Sedegi,

individebisa da maTi poziciebis fardobiTi Zalisgan gamomdinare, aris

maTTvis gansxvavebuli, magram mraval SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani xarisxi.

kerZod, aviRoT is jgufebi, romelnic sakmarisad Zlierni arian imisaTvis,

rom maTi ukmayofileba igrZnon (gaxdes sagrZnobi), magram ara sakmarisad

Zlierni imisaTvis, rom miiRon sargebeli Tavisi momxreebisa da Tavisi

programebis samTavrobo struqturebSi CarTviT. maT SeiZleba darTon neba

iqonion sakuTari pozicia umniSvnelo sakiTxebze an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi,

im sakiTxebze, romelTa Taobazec SesaZlebelia premier-ministris

darwmuneba, rom es aris mxolod kerZo da umniSvnelo sakiTxebi. amgvarad,

mmarTveli partiis jgufebs an calkeul parlamentis wevrebs, dro da dro,

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SeiZleba gauCndeT SesaZlebloba wamoayenon sakuTari kanonproeqtebi, da

kidev meti Semwynarebloba iqneba gamoCenili maT mimarT, vinc akritikebs

mTavrobis politikas da ar aZlevs xmas meqanikurad nebismier samTavrobo

zomas. magram, sakmarisia SevxedoT amas praqtikul WrilSi, rom (davinaxavT

ra SezRudvebs, romlebic aqvs am Tavisuflebas), davinaxavT, rom igi

warmoadgens ara parlamentis muSaobis princips, aramed misgan gadaxras.

meore - aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac politikur manqanas ar SeuZlia

aRiqvas garkveuli problemebi, ramdenadac samTavrobo da opoziciur

ZalTa umaRlesi xelmZRvaneloba ver xedavs maT politikur faseulobas an,

es faseuloba marTlac saeWvoa. aseT sakiTxebs iReben TavisTvis

autsaiderebi, romelnic arCeven individualur brZolas ZalauflebisaTvis

romelime arsebuli partiis rigebSi msaxurebas. ra Tqma unda, es sruliad

normaluri politikaa, magram aris meore SesaZleblobac. adamians

SeiZleba imdenad Seexos konkretuli problema, rom is SeiZleba gamovides

politikur arenaze specialurad imisTvis, rom gadawyvitos igi Tavisi

saSualebebiT, da ar hqondes imavdroulad survili daiwyos normaluri

politikuri kariera. magram es imdenad arabunebrivia, rom Znelia ipovo

ramdenadme mniSvnelovani magaliTebi. .....

Cven SeiZleba SevajamoT Sedegebi Semdegnairad. vixilavT ra

adamianTa sazogadoebebs, Cven, rogorc wesi, Zaldautaneblad (advilad)

gamovyofT, yovel SemTxvevaSi saRi azris doneze, sxvadasxva miznebs,

romelTa miRwevac surT Sesaswavl sazogadoebebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es

miznebi aniWeben azrs individTa Sesabamis qmedebebs. magram aqedan ar

gamodinareobs, rom sazogadoebrivi Sinaarsi mocemuli tipis qmedebisa

aucileblad uzrunvelyofs moqmedebis motivacias da, Sesabamisad, am

ukanasknelis axsnas. Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi Teoria, romelic

isazRvreba (izRudeba) socialuri miznebisa da moTxovnilebebis anliziT, ar

SeiZleba CaiTvalos adeqvatur axsnad im qmedebisa, romelic am miznebs

emsaxureba. magaliTad, iseTi movlenis arsebobis mizezi, rogoricaa

ekonomikuri saqmianoba (qmedeba), rasakvirvelia, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom

adamianebs undeT Wama, sma da a.S. am moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis

saSualebebis uzrunvelyofa - es aris sazogadoebrivi mizani da warmoebis

azri. miuxedavad amisa Cven yvelani vrwmundebiT, rom es Tezisi iqneboda

yvelaze ararealisturi sawyisi momenti komerciul sazogadoebaSi

ekonomikuri qmedebis (saqmianobis) TeoriisaTvis da, rom Cven bevrad ufro

kargad gamogviva, Tu daviwyebT mogebiT. analogiurad socialuri Sinaarsi

da funqcia saparlamento saqmianobisa, ueWvelad, mdgomareobs kanonTa

SeqmnaSi da nawilobriv administraciul zomebSi (RonisZiebebSi). magram

imisTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu rogor emsaxureba demokratiuli politika am

socialur mizans, Cven unda daviwyoT Zalauflebisa da TanamdebobebisaTvis

konkurentuli brZoliT da gavacnobieroT, rom socialuri funqcia

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xorcieldeba, rogorc Cven vnaxeT, "SemTxveviT" - im azriT, rogorc

warmoebaa SemTxveviTi mogebis miRebasTan mimarTebaSi.

6. da bolos, rac Seexeba amomrCevelTa rols, damatebiT unda

movixsenioT kidev erTi ram. Cven vnaxeT, rom parlamentis wevrTa

survilebi - ar aris erTaderTi faqtori mTavrobis formirebis procesSi.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas amomrCevelTa Sesaxebac. maTi arCevani -

ideologiurad ayvanili "xalxis nebis" rangSi - ar gamomdinareobs maTi

iniciatividan, aramed formirdeba, da misi formireba - umniSvnelovanesi

nawilia demokratiuli procesisa. amomrCevlebi ar iReben politikur

gadawyvetilebebs. magram, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini winaswarganzraxvis

gareSe irCeven parlamentis wevrebs adamianTagan, romelTac aqvT ufleba

iyon arCeulni. yvela normalur SemTxvevaSi iniciativa ekuTvnis kandidats,

romelic ibrZvis parlamentis wevrobisaTvis da adgilobriv doneze

liderobisaTvis, rac gulisxmobs am Tanamdebobas (parlamentis wevrobas).

amomrCevlebi izRudebian, ifarglebian imiT, rom mxars uWeren am cdas

(mcdelobas), aZleven ra mas upiratesobas, an uars acxadeben mxardaWeraze.

is gamonaklisi SemTxvevebic ki, rodesac kandidats namdvilad wamoayeneben

Tavad amomrCevlebi, xvdebian igive kategoriaSi Semdegi ori mizezis gamo.

pirveli - Tu kandidati ukve axorcielebs liderobas, mas ukve aRar

sWirdeba misTvis (liderobisTvis) brZola. meore - SeiZleba moxdes ise,

rom adgilobriv liders, romelsac aqvs SesaZlebloba gaakontrolos da

gavlena iqonios xmis micemaze, ar SeuZlia an ar surs Tavad miiRos

monawileoba arCevnebSi da niSnavs sxva adamians, romelic, Cans, TiTqos

arCeul iqna amomrCevelTa iniciativiT.

magram Tu amomrCevelTa iniciativa, romelic umetesad mdgomareobs

mxolod konkurenti kandidatebidan erT-erTis miRebaSi, kidev ufro

SezRudulia partiaTa arsebobiT? partia klasikuri doqtrinis (anu edmund

berkis) sawinaaRmdegod - es ar aris jgufi adamianebisa, romelsac

ganzraxuli aqvs iRvawos xalxis keTildReobisaTvis, "gamomdinare

garkveuli principidan, romlis Taobaze misi yvela wevri SeTanxmda". aseTi

racionalizacia macduria da swored amitomac saxifaTo.ra Tqma unda,

garkveul dros yvela partia axdens Tavisi principebis an programis

formulirebas; es principebi da programebi - damaxasiaTebeli

partiisaTvis, romelic iRebs maT SeiaraRebaSi rogorc saganTa saxeobebs

(saqonels), romelic iyideba univermaRSi, axasiaTebs mas da mniSvnelovania

misi warmatebisaTvis. magram, rogorc univermaRi ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros

saqonlis meSveobiT, aseve partiis gansazRvrac ar SeiZleba misi

principebiT. partia - es aris iseTi jgufi, romlis wevrebsac gansazRvruli

aqvT imoqmedon erToblivad politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis konkurentul

brZolaSi. es rom ase ar yofiliyo, maSin sxvadasxva partiebs ar

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SeeZlebodaT hqonodaT TiTqmis sruliad erTnairi, msgavsi programebi.

miuxedavad amisa, rogorc yvelasaTvis cnobilia, aseTi ram xdeba.

partiebisa da politikosebis arseboba adasturebs imas, rom amomrCevelTa

masebs ara aqvT unari sxva raime qmedebisa, garda panikisa. isini

aregulireben politikur konkurencias zustad iseve, rogorc amas akeTeben

profesiuli asociaciebi. partiis marTvis fsiqoteqnika, misi sareklamo

kampania, lozungebi da marSebi - yvelaferi es ar aris samkaulebi.swored es

aris politikis arsi. iseve, rogorc politikuri lideri.

337

aleqsis de tokvili

demokratia amerikaSi

anglo-amerikuli sazogadoebrivi wyobis

gavlena qveynis politikur cxovrebaze

(III Tavidan)

msgavsi socialuri wyobis politikuri Sedegebis warmodgena

savsebiT SesaZlebelia.

srulebiT gaugebari iqneboda adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva

sferos damaxasiaTebel Tanasworobas saboloo jamSi rom ar SeeRwia

politikur sferoSic. warmoudgenelia, rom adamianebi raRac sferoSi

araTanasworni iyvnen da yvela sxva sferoSi Tanasworni; amitom

savaraudoa, rom garkveuli drois Semdeg isini yvela sferoSi

miaRweven Tanasworobas.

amasTan, me martooden or xerxs vicnob politikur sferoSi

Tanasworobis misaRwevad: an saWiroa uflebebi mieces qveynis TiToeul

moqalaqes, an ar mieces aravis.

xalxebisTvis, romlebmac miaRwies imave socialur wyobas, rac

anglo-amerikelebma, Zalian Znelia raRac saSualo zRvari gaavlon

yvelas suverenobasa da erTaderTi adamianis absolutur Zalauflebas

Soris.

Riad unda iTqvas, rom Cems mier zemoT aRweril sazogadoebriv

wyobas Tanabrad martivad SeiZleba mohyves rogorc pirveli, ise meore

Sedegi.

marTlac, adamians axasiaTebs Seupovari da kanonieri ltolva

iseTi srulyofilebisaken, romelic adamianSi aRviZebs survils iyvnen

Zlierni da dafasebulni sazogadoebaSi. es ltolva iwvevs imas, rom

patara adamianebi didi adamianis rangs aRweven; magram adamianis gulSi

SeiZleba vipovoT Tanasworobisadmi erTgvari maxinji damokidebuleba.

Tanasworobisadmi, rodesac sustebs surT daiyvanon Zlierni Tavis

338

donemde da adamianebi ufro did mzadyofnas iCenen iseTi

Tanasworobis mimarT, rodesac yvela Tanabaria monobaSi, vidre

araTanasworni TavisuflebaSi. es ar niSnavs, rom xalxi, romelic

cxovrobs demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis pirobebSi,

bunebrivad iTvaliswinebs Tavisuflebas, piriqiT, is misdami iCens

instiqtur midrekilebas. magram Tavisuflebis mopoveba srulebiT ar

warmoadgens maTi survilis ZiriTad da Tanmimdevrul obieqts.

erTadeTi, rac mas usazRvrod uyvars, es aris Tanasworoba: adamianebi

myisierad, imwuTieri impulsis gavleniT miiswrafvian Tavisuflebisken

da Tu isini miuxedavad yovelivesi, ver aRweven Tavis mizans,

emorCilebian beds, maT araferi sWirdebaT Tanasworobis garda da maT

urCevniaT daiRupon, vidre dakargon is.

meore mxriv, rodesac moqalaqeebi met-naklebad Tanasworuflebianni

arian, Znelia damoukideblobis dacva xelisuflebis gavlenis winaSe.

aravin ar aris sakmarisad Zlieri, raTa warmatebiT martoxelam

gauwios winaaRmdegoba, amitom martooden erToblivi ZalisxmeviT,

erTad SeuZliaT adamianebs Tavisuflebis SenarCuneba. magram

Zalisxmevis aseTi gaerTianeba yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli.

amgvarad, erTsa da imave sazogadoebrivi wyobis safuZvelze

xalxebs SeuZliaT miaRwion or ZiriTad Sedegs: es Sedegebi

kardinalurad gansxvavebulia, magram maTi wyaro erTia.

pirvelni Seejaxnen ra am saSiS alternativas, romelic me axlaxans

aRvwere, anglo-amerikelebi metad bednierni darCnen, rom Tavidan

aiciles absoluturi Zalaufleba. garemoebebma, warmoSobam,

ganaTlebam da gansakuTrebiT, wes-Cveulebebma maT misces saSualeba

SemoeRoT da SeenarCunebinaT mTeli xalxis uzenaesi Zalaufleba.

(Tavi IV)

xalxis uzenaesobis principis Sesaxeb amerikaSi

SeerTebuli Statebis politikur kanonebze saubrisas, aucilebelia

Tavidanve SevexoT xalxis uzenaesobis koncefcias.

uzenaesi Zalauflebis principi, romelic met-naklebad yovelTvis

udevs safuZvlad nebismier sazogadoebriv instituts, zedapirulad

339

TiTqmis ar Cans. mas emorCilebian, Tumca ar aRiareben, da Tu rodesme

ise xdeba, rom is warmoCindeba, adamianebi maSinve cdiloben Camalon

is wminda sibneleSi.

xalxis neba albaT warmoadgens erT-erT iseT mowodebas, romelsac

intriganebi da despotebi yvela droSi da yvelgan borotad iyeneben.

erTni miiCnevdnen, rom es neba gamoixateba mxardaWeriT, romelsac

gamoxatavdnen xelisufalTa maamebeli gamyidveli moxeleebi; sxvebi

mas xedavdnen dainteresebul an daSinebul (mSiSara) umciresobaSi,

zogierTni ki imasac acxadebdnen, rom is yvelaze srulad

warmoCindeba xalxis dumilSi da rom swored xalxis damorCilebis

faqti badebs xalxis uflebas ibatonos.

amerikaSi sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, xalxis uzenaesobis

principi cxovrebaSi xorcieldeba Riad da nayofierad. is iTvleba

qveynis adaT-Cveulebad, cxaddeba mis kanonebSi, is Tavisuflad

viTardeba da Seuferxeblad aRwevs Tavis saboloo daniSnulebas.

Tuki arsebobs dedamiwaze iseTi qveyana, romelSic jerovnad

SeiZleba SevafasoT xalxis uzenaesobis principi, sadac SeiZleba

SeviswavloT misi moqmedeba sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaSi da

vimsjeloT mis Rirsebebsa da naklovanebebze, aseT qveyanas ueWvelad

warmoadgens amerika.

rogorc me adre aRvniSne, axali inglisis bevri kolonia maTi

gaCenis momentidan xelmZRvanelobda xalxis uzenaesobis principiT.

magram im dros jer kidev araferi moaswavebda, rom es principi

gaxdeboda dominirebuli qveynis marTvaSi, rogorc es dRes xdeba.

arsebobs ori winaaRmdegoba _ erTi gare winaaRmdegoba, meore _

Sida, romelic eRobeboda mis yovlismomcvel ganviTarebas.

uzenaesobis principi ar SeiZleba Riad gamovleniliyo kanonebSi,

radganac im dros koloniebi formalurad emorCilebodnen

metropolias, amitom iZulebulni iyvnen daemalaT is da acxadebdnen

martooden provincialur krebebze da ZiriTadad TemebSi, sadac is

farulad viTardeboda kidec.

amerikuli sazogadoeba im dros jer sakmarisad ar iyo

momzadebuli imisTvis, rom mieRo es principi yvela SesaZlo SedegiT.

axali inglisis ganaTlebuli adamianebi da mdidari moqalaqeebi im

340

StatebSi, romlebic mdebareobs guZonidan samxreTiT, didi drois

manZilze erTgvarad axdendnen aristokratiul gavlenas

sazogadoebaze, romelic midrekili iyo imisken, rom mTel

Zalauflebas erTeulTa xelSi moeyara Tavi. jer kidev Sors iyo is

dro, rodesac yvela Tanamdebobis piri airCeoda da yvela moqalaqe

gaxdeboda amomrCeveli. saarCevno ufleba yvelgan SezRuduli iyo

gansazRvruli CarCoebiTa da konkretuli saarCevno cenziT. es cenzi

naklebad gamoiyeneboda amerikis CrdiloeTiT da gacilebiT metad

samxreTiT.

ifeTqa amerikis revoluciam. xalxis uzenaesobis principi gascda

Temis sazRvrebs da gavrcelda mTavrobis moRvaweobis sferozec;

yvela klasi daTmobaze wavida am principis sasargeblod; misi saxeliT

ibrZodnen da imarjvebdnen da bolos is gaxda kanonTa kanoni.

amerikuli sazogadoebis SigniTac moxda aseTive swrafi

cvlilebebi. memkvidreobiTobis kanonma daasrula adgilobrivi

gavlenis ganadgurebis procesi.

im droisaTvis, rodesac kanonebis zegavlena da revoluciis

Sedegebi TandaTanobiT cxadi gaxda mTeli sazogadoebisTvis,

demokratias ukve mopovebuli hqonda gamarjveba. demokratiam

realurad gaimarjva, aiRo ra Tavis xelSi Zalaufleba. mis winaaRmdeg

akrZaluli iyo brZlola. umaResi fenebi mas daemorCilnen usityvod

da winaaRmdegobis gauwevlad, rogorc borotebas, romelic amieridan

gaxda garduvali. maT mouvidaT igive, rac emarTeba imaT, vinc kargavs

Tavis siZlieres: pirvel planze gamodian TiToeulis cal-calke

egoisturi interesebi da ramdenadac ukve SeuZlebelia Zalauflebis

warTmeva xalxisTvis, xolo masebi maTSi ar iwveven iseT Rrma

siZulvils, rom ar daemorCilon maT, amitom isini yvelanairad

cdiloben moipovon xalxis keTilganwyoba. amis Sedegad, yvelaze

demokratiuli kanonebi Tanmimdevrulad dayenebul iqnen kenWisyraze

da mowonebuli im xalxis (adamianebis) mier, romelTa interesebi

yvelaze metad ilaxeboda am kanonebiT. aseTi moqmedebiT maRal

wodebebs ar gamouwveviaT saxalxo aRSfoTeba; piriqiT, maT Tavad

daaCqares axali wyobis damkvidreba. da _ oi saocrebav! _

341

demokratiuli suliskveTeba yvelaze dauokeblad vlindeboda im

StatebSi, sadac aristokratiam yvelaze Rrma fesvebi gaidga.

merilendis Statma, romelic Tavis droze daaarses didgvarovanTa

warCinebulebma, pirvelma gamoacxada sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba da

Semoitana Statis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi demokratiuli formebi.

rodesac romelime xalxi cdilobs Secvalos qveyanaSi moqmedi

saarCevno cenzi, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom adre Tu gvian is mas

mTlianad gaauqmebs. aseTia nebismieri sazogadoebis cxovrebis erT-

erTi Seuvali kanoni. rac ufro metad farTovdeba moqalaqeebis

saarCevno uflebebi, miT ufro izrdeba maTi Semdgomi gafarToebis

moTxovnileba, radganac yoveli axali daTmobiT, demokratiuli Zalebi

izrdeba da amave dros axali Zalauflebis ganmtkicebiT izrdeba misi

moTxovnebi. rac meti adamiani Rebulobs saarCevno uflebas, miT

izrdeba survili am uflebis miRebisa im adamianebSi, vinc

SezRudulia saarCevno cenziT. amgvarad, gamonaklisi iqceva wesad,

erTi meores misdevs daTmobebi da es procesi grZeldeba iqamde, sanam

ar mkvidrdeba sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba.

Cvens droSi xalxis uzenaesobis principi imdenad srulad

xorcieldeba SeerTebuli Statebis cxovrebaSi, ramdenadac

SesaZlebelia amis warmodgena. TandaTanobiT, garemoebebisda mixedviT

es principi warmoCindeba metad gansxvavebuli formiT: zogjer xalxi

erToblivad, rogorc es xdeboda aTenSi, TviTon adgenda kanonebs,

zogjer deputatebi, arCeuli sayovelTao saarCevno uflebaze

dayrdnobiT warmomadgenloben am xalxs da moqmedeben misi saxeliT da

misi uSualo kontroliT.

arseboben iseTi qveynebi, romelSic Zalaufleba ganTavsebulia

TiTqosda sazogadoebrivi organizmis gareT, zemoqmedebs masze da

aiZulebs airCios ganviTarebis esa Tu is gza.

arseboben sxva qveynebic, sadac Zalaufleba danawilebulia da

nawilobriv sazogadoebis xelSia, nawilobriv ki _ mis gareTaa.

araferi msgavsi ar xdeba SeerTebul StatebSi; aq sazogadoeba

moqmedebs savsebiT damoukideblad da TviTon marTavs Tavs.

Zalaufleba gamodis martooden misgan; praqtikulad SeuZlebelia

iseTi adamianis naxva, romelic gabedavda im mosazrebis gafiqrebas, an

342

miTumetes, xmamaRla gamoxatvas, rom Zalaufleba saZiebelia sxva

adgilas. xalxi monawileobs kanonebis SedgenaSi imiT, rom irCevs

kanonmdeblebs, is monawileobs agreTve am kanonebis cxovrebaSi

gatarebaSi _ imiT, rom irCevs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xalxi Tavad marTavs qveyanas,

vinaidan is uflebebi, romelic mTavrobas aqvs, sakmaod umniSvneloa

da SezRuduli; mTavroba mudam grZnobs Tavis dasabam kavSirs xalxTan

da emorCileba im Zalas, romelmac is Seqmna. xalxi batonobs

amerikuli politikis samyaroSi, rogorc RmerTi samyaroSi. is aris

yoveli arsis dasabami da bolo, yvelaferi misgan gamodis da

yvelaferi mas ubrundeba.

(Tavi V)

Temuri sistema amerikaSi

SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom SeerTebuli Statebis

politikuri institutebis ganxilva me daviwye TemiT.

Temi warmoadgens erTaderT gaerTianebas, romelic Zalian kargad

pasuxobs adamianis bunebas, radganac yvelgan, sadac ki ikribebian

adamianebi, TavisTavad iqmneba Temi.

amgvarad, Temuri mowyoba yvela xalxs axasiaTebs, misi adaTebisa

Tu kanonebisgan damoukideblad. arseboben samefoebi da respublikebi,

romelsac qmnis adamiani. rac Seexeba Tems, mas TiTqos da uSualod

RmerTi ayalibebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Temi arsebobs im droidan,

rac gaCndnen adamianebi, Temuri Tavisufleba iSviaTia da myife.

qveyanas mudam SeuZlia Seqmnas didi politikuri organizmebi, imitom,

rom Cveulebriv moiZebneba adamianTa garkveuli raodenoba, romelTa

ganaTlebulobam erTgvarad garkveuli droiT SeiZleba Secvalos

saqmiani gamocdileba. rac Seexeba Tems, is iqmneba ufro uxeSi

elementebisgan, romlebic Zalian xSirad ar eqvemdebarebian

kanonSemoqmedis zemoqmedebas. is siZneleebi, romelic Cndeba Temis

damoukideblobis damkvidrebisas, imis magivrad, rom Semcirdes

xalxebis ganaTlebis zrdis kvaldakval, izrdeba. yvelaze

343

civilizebuli sazogadoebac ki Znelad itans Temis mcdelobebs

miaRwios damoukideblobas; mravali problemis winaSe Temis ltolva

damoukideblobisaken amboxebisken ubiZgebs mas. is srul

sasowarkveTilebaSi vardeba imis gamo, rom ver aRwevs warmatebas

TemTan brZolaSi, imeds kargavs, rom miaRwevs mizans da bolos

urigdeba beds Sedegis miuRwevlad.

damoukideblobis yvela sxva saxes Soris Temis damoukidebloba,

romelic ase mZimed mkvidrdeba, yvelaze metad ganicdis xelisufalTa

mxridan Carevas. TavisTavad Temuri Zalauflebis institutebi

sruliad moklebulni arian unars winaaRmdegoba gauwion Zlier da

qmediT mTavrobas; imisTvis, rom Tavi daicvan, maT yovelmxrivi

ganviTareba sWirdebaT, iseve, rogorc im Sexedulebebisa da adaTebis

aRqma, romelic gavrcelebulia qveyanaSi. amgvarad, iqamde sanam Temis

damoukidebloba ar gaxdeba sazogadoebisTvis Cveuli, misi

ganadgureba Tavisuflad SeiZleba; sazogadoebisTvis is Cveuli

SeiZleba gaxdes marto imis Semdeg, rac didi xnis manZilze iarsebebs

kanonebSi.

amgvarad, Temuri Tavisufleba ar eqvemdebareba, Tu SeiZleba ase

iTqvas, adamianTa Zalisxmevas. amitom, iSviaTia iseTi SemTxvevebi,

rodesac Temis damoukidebloba yalibdeba adamianTa mier: is TiTqosda

TavisTavad Cndeba da TiTqmis SeumCnevlad viTardeba naxevrad veluri

sazogadoebis wiaRSi. martooden kanonebisa da adaTebis, viTarebebisa

da gansakuTrebiT drois mudmivi zemoqmedebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli

xdeba misi ganmtkiceba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evropuli kontinentis

arcerTma xalxma ar icis ras niSnavs Temis damoukidebloba.

amasTan, swored TemSia Tavisufali xalxis Zala. Temuri

institutebi damoukideblobis damyarebisas TamaSoben imave rols,

rasac dawyebiTi skolebi mecnierebisTvis; isini uxsnian xalxs gzas

Tavisuflebisken da aswavlian, Tu rogor unda moixmaron es

Tavisufleba (rogor unda isargeblon am TavisuflebiT). datkbnen misi

mSvidobiani xasiaTiT. Temuri institutebis gareSe erma SeiZleba

Camoayalibos Tavisufali mTavroba, magram is mainc ver SeiZens

WeSmarit sulis Tavisuflebas. swrafad ganvladma vnebebma, wuTierma

interesebma, SemTxveviTma viTarebebma SeiZleba Seqmnan martooden

344

garegnuli damoukidebloba, magram despotizmi damwyvdeuli

sazogadoebrivi organizmis siRrmeSi, adre Tu gvian kvlav gamova

zedapirze.

Temis cxovreba

zemoT me ukve ganvacxade, rom mTeli anglo-amerikuli politikuri

sistema aSenebulia xalxis uzenaesobis principze dayrdnobiT.

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im qveynebSi, sadac batonobs xalxis uzenaesobis principi, TiToeul

adamians aqvs am Zalauflebis Tanabari wili da TiToeuli Tanabrad

monawileobs saxelmwifos marTvaSi.

amgvarad, igulisxmeba, rom TiToeuli adamiani iseTive

ganaTlebulia, iseTive keTili da iseTive Zlieri, rogorc sxva, misi

msgavsi adamianebia.

maS ratom emorCileba is sazogadoebas da sad aris aseTi

morCilebis bunebrivi sazRvrebi?

is emorCileba sazogadoebas ara imitom, rom sxvebze nakleb

xelewifeba saxelmwifo saqmeebis marTva da arc imitom, rom sxvebze

naklebad SeuZlia marTos Tavisi Tavi, _ is emorCileba sazogadoebas

imitom, rom miiCnevs, rom kavSiri moZmeebTan misTvis sasargebloa da

esmis, rom am kavSiris arseboba SeuZlebelia xelisuflebis gareSe,

romelic SeinarCunebs wesrigs.

amgvarad, yvelaferSi, rac exeba moqalaqeTa

urTierTdamokidebulebas erTmaneTTan, is damorCilebulis

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. samagierod, yvelaferSi, rac marto mas

exeba, is rCeba Tavisi Tavis sruluflebiani batoni: is Tavisufalia

da Tavis qmedebebze pasuxs agebs martooden RmerTis winaSe. aqedan

gamomdinareobs wesi, rom yvela adamiani aris saukeTeso da erTaderTi

msajuli imisa, rac exeba mis sakuTar interesebs da sazogadoebas

marto maSin SeuZlia warmarTos misi qceva, rodesac am qceviT man

SeiZleba sazogadoebas ziani miayenos, avnos, an Tu sazogadoeba

iZulebulia am adamianis Svelas mouxmos.

345

SeerTebul StatebSi es koncefcia sayovelTaod aRiarebulia.

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amgvarad, Temis damoukidebloba SeerTebul StatebSi logikurad

gamomdinareobs Tavad xalxis uzenaesobis principidan; yvela

amerikulma respublikam ase Tu ise scno es damoukidebloba, magram

axali inglisis StatebSi viTarebebi gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli

aRmoCnda misi ganviTarebisTvis.

kavSiris am nawilSi politikuri cxovreba daibada TviT Temis

wiaRSi; SesaZlebelia, albaT, imis Tqma, rom Tavisi warmoqmnis

momentidan, TiToeuli Temi warmoadgenda damoukidebel ers: rodesac

mogvianebiT ingliselma mefeebma moiTxoves uzenaesi Zalauflebis

wili amerikul koloniebSi, maT Tavis xelSi Tavi mouyares martooden

centralur Zalauflebas. Tems maT xeli ar axles. dRes axali

inglisis Temebi daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSia, magram dasawyisSi

isini ar emorCilebodnen aravis, an Tu emorCilebodnen kidec, es

damorCileba metad umniSvnelo iyo. amgvarad, maT ar miuRiaT

Zalaufleba garedan, piriqiT, erTgvarad, maT TviTon dauTmes Tavisi

damoukideblobis nawili Stats. es Zalian mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa,

rac gasaTvaliswinebelia.

Temi marto maSin emorCileba Stats, rodesac saqme exeba iseT

interess, romelsac me vuwodebdi sazogadoebrivs, anu rodesac saqme

exeba ara marto mas, aramed sxva Temebsac.

yvelaferSi, rac exeba uSualod Tems, is kvlav rCeba damoukidebel

erTeulad da axali inglisis macxovreblebs Soris albaT ar

moiZebneba erTi adamianic ki, romelic aRiarebda, rom Statis

mTavrobas aqvs ufleba Caerios wminda Temur saqmeebSi.

rac Seexeba Temis movaleobebs mTels StatSi, man unda isini

daicvas da Seasrulos. ase magaliTad, Tu Stats Wirdeba fuli, Tems

ar SeuZlia gadawyvitos _ daexmaros mas Tu uari uTxras

mxardaWeraze. Tu Stats surs axali gzis gayvana, Tems ar SeuZlia

winaaRmdegobis gaweva, raTa gzam mis teritoriaze ar gaiaros. Tu

policiam daamkvidra esa Tu is axali wesi, Temma es wesi TavisTanac

unda SemoiRos: Tu Statma moindoma saskolo swavlebis organizeba

346

erTiani gegmiT mTel Tavis teritoriaze, Temic movalea Seqmnas

skolis Sesabamisi kanonebi.

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aq me martooden imis Tqma msurs, rom Tems aqvs gamokveTili

movaleobebi. es movaleobebi sakmaod SezRudulia, magram Statis

mTavroba maTi dakisrebiT martooden amkvidrebs

urTierTdamokidebulebis princips, rac Seexeba am movaleobebis

uSualo Sesrulebas, aq Temi kvlav Tavis uflebamosilebas ubrundeba.

safrangeTSi gadasaxadebis amkrebi iniSneba saxelmwifos mier, raTa

amoiRos Temis Senatanebi; amerikas rac Seexeba, aq gadasaxadebis

amkrebi iniSneba Temis mier, Tumca amosakrebi saxelmwifosTvisaa

gaTvaliswinebuli.

amgvarad, CvenTan centraluri mTavroba agzavnis Tavis Cinovnikebs

TemSi, amerikaSi ki Temi iyenebs Tavis Cinovnikebs

zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi miznebiT. marto es faqtic ki mowmobs, Tu

ramdenad gansxvavdeba es ori sazogadoeba erTmaneTisagan.

marTvis Taobaze axal inglisSi

mogzaurs, romelic mogzaurobs SeerTebul StatebSi, yvelaze

metad akvirvebs imis ararseboba rasac CvenTan ewodeba mTavroba an

admiistracia. amerikaSi aris dawerili kanonebi, romelTa aRsruleba

SesamCnevia yoveldriur cxovrebaSiyvelaferi Cvens irgvliv uwyvet

moZraobaSia, magram am moZraobis wyaro arsad Cans: is xeli, romelic

marTavs sazogadoebriv meqanizmebs Cvens Tvals ar xvdeba.

amasTan erTad, imis msgavsad, rogorc yvela adamiani Tavisi azrebis

gamosaxatavad iZulebulia gamoiyenos gansazRvruli gramatikuli

konstruqciebi da enis formebi, aseve yvela sazogadoeba, imisTvis, rom

iarsebos, unda daemorCilos gansazRvrul xelisuflebas, radganac

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi daiwyeba anarqia. es xelisufleba SeiZleba

gavrceldes sruliad gansxvavebuli saxiT, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi

aucilebelia, rom man raRacnairad iarsebos.

ers aqvs ori saSualeba Seasustos xelisuflebis Zala. pirveli

saSualeba mdgomareobs Zalauflebis SesustebaSi mis safuZvlebSive,

347

amasTan, am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba zogjer kargavs Tavdacvis

uflebas da saSualebebs, xelisuflebis aseT Sesustebas warmoadgens

is, rasac evropaSi Cveulebriv ewodeba Tavisuflebis damkvidreba.

arsebobs, agreTve, sazogadoebaSi xelisuflebis rolis Semcirebis

meore xerxi, is imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom sazogadoebam dakargos

zogierTi Tavisi ufleba, da arc imaSi, rom moaxdinos misi moqmedebis

paralizeba, aramed imaSi, rom gaanawilos es Zalaufleba, sxvadasxva

xelSi gadasces is, gazardos Tanamdebobis pirTa raodenoba da scnos,

rom TiToeuli maTgani flobs srul Zalauflebas, raTa Seasrulos

masze dakisrebuli movaleobebi. zogierT xalxSi saxelmwifo

Zalauflebis aseTma gamijvnam SeiZleba gamoiwvios anarqia, magram

TavisTavad is ar Seicavs Tavis TavSi araviTar anarqiulobas. unda

aRiniSnos, rom Zalauflebis aseTi gamijvnis Sedegad Zalauflebis

simtkice xdeba naklebad gadaulaxavi da naklebad saSiSi, magram amis

gamo xelisufleba srulebiTac ar iSleba.

SeerTebuli Statebis revolucia warmoadgenda Tavisuflebisken

momwifebuli da gaazrebuli ltolvis nayofs da ara raRac

ganusazRvrel, instiqtur survils damoukideblobisa. es revolucia

srulebiTac ar iyo gamowveuli uwesrigobisken miswrafebiT, piriqiT,

is mimdinareobda wesrigis da kanonierebis siyvarulis niSniT.

SeerTebul StatebSi aravin ar miiCnevda, rom adamianma Tavisufal

qveyanaSi SeiZleba akeTos absoluturad yvelaferi, rasac moisurvebs,

piriqiT, mas rogorc moqalaqes gauCnda kidev ufro mravalferovani,

vidre sxvas nebismier sxva qveyanaSi, movaleoba, ar arsebobda aranairi

ganzraxva eWvi Seitanos im principSi, rom Zalaufleba ekuTvnis

sazogadoebas, an imaSi, rom sazogadoebas aqvs Zalaufleba, martooden

imiT SemoisazRvrnen, rom Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba gamijnulia. am

gziT surdaT mieRwiaT imisTvis, rom xelisuflebis avtoriteti

yofiliyo maRali, xolo Tanamdebobis piris gavlena _ umniSvnelo, im

mizniT, rom sazogadoeba kvlav darCeniliyo Tavisufali da amave

dros kargad marTuli.

msoflioSi ar arsebobs iseTi sxva qveyana, sadac kanoni iqneba

aseTi yovlisSemZle, rogorc amerikaSi, iseTi qveyana, sadac kanonis

gamoyenebis ufleba miekuTvneba adamianTa aseT did raodenobas.

348

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba SeerTebul StatebSi gamoirCeva imiT,

rom mis SigniT ar aris arc centralizacia, arc ierarqia; swored

amitom aris is aseTi SeumCneveli. xelisufleba arsebobs, magram

aravin icis sad SeiZleba misi povna.

___ ___ ___

da bolos, Temis Tanamdebobis pirebi damoukideblad, yovelgvari

gare miTiTebis gareSe, Rebuloben zomebs, raTa daakmayofilon TemSi

moulodnelad gaCenili moTxovnilebebi, rac sakmaod xSirad xdeba.

_ _ _ _ _

Tu davakvirdebiT, ra xdeba Temis sazRvrebs gareT, aRmoCndeba

administraciuli ierarqiis niSnebi Znelad Tu SeimCneva. zogjer ise

xdeba, rom olqis Tanamdebobis pirebi cvlian gadawyvetilebebs,

romelic miiRo Temma an Temis xelisuflebam, magram mTlianobaSi

SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom olqis xelisuflebas ara aqvs ufleba

Caerios Temis moRvaweobaSi. maT SeiZleba gascen gankarguleba

mxolod maSin, roca laparakia iseT saqmeebze, romelic exeba mTel

olqs.

Temis Tanamdebobis pirebi, iseve, rogorc olqis Cinovnikebi metad

iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, romelic winaswar gansazRvrulia kanoniT,

movaleni arian Seatyobinon Tavisi moqmedebis Sedegebi centraluri

mTavrobis warmomadgenlebs. amasTan, centralur xelisuflebas ara

hyavs warmomadgeneli, romlis movaleobaSi Sevidoda zogadi

debulebebis SemuSaveba policiis moqmedebaze an kanonebis cxovrebaSi

gatarebisTvis aucilebeli brZanebulebebis momzadeba; mTavrobas iseTi

Cinovnikebic ki ara hyavs, romlebic mudmivad iTanamSromlebdnen

olqis da Temis xelisuflebasTan, Tvals adevnebdnen maT moqmedebas,

warmarTavdnen mas da dasjidnen SecdomebisTvis.

zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom axal inglisSi ar arsebobs

centri, sadac Tavs moiyrida aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis yvela

Zafi.

am SemTxvevaSi ibadeba kiTxva _ rogor xerxdeba sazogadoebis met-

naklebad erTnairad marTva? rogor SeiZleba aiZulo dageqvemdebaron

olqebi da maTi Tanamdebobis pirebi, Temebi da maTi Cinovnikebi?

349

axali inglisis StatebSi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba vrceldeba

sakiTxTa ufro farTo wreze, vidre es CvenTanaa. kanonSemoqmedi

aRwevs, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, sazogadoebis mmarTvelobis SuagulSi da

gansazRvravs yvelafers umcires wvrilmanamde; kanoni ayalibebs

rogorc ZiriTad debulebebs, aseve maTi cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebis

saSualebebs; amdenad, Statis kanoni mkacrad da mkafiod warmoaCens im

mravalricxovan movaleobebs, romelic awveba xelisuflebis

qvemdebare organoebs da maT Cinovnikebs.

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu yvela administraciuli warmonaqmni,

romelic eqvemdebareba Stats da Tanamdebobis pirebi Tavis

moqmedebaSi daicaven kanons, maSin sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi

cxovreba erTnairad warimarTeba; da mainc gaugebari rCeba, rogor

SeiZleba aiZulo es warmonaqmnebi da maTi Tanamdebobis pirebi

daemorCilon kanons.

mTlianobaSi SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom sazogadoebis gankargulebaSi

martooden ori xerxi arsebobs imisTvis, rom aiZulos Tanamdebobis

pirebi daemorCilon mas.

sazogadoebas SeuZlia mianiWos erT-erT maTgans ganuyofeli

Zalaufleba yvela danarCenze da ufleba, waarTvas maT Tanamdeboba

daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi.

an sazogadoebas SeuZlia daavalos sasamarTloebs miiRon

sasamarTlo sanqciebi damrRvevTa mimarT.

magram Zalian iSviaTadaa SesaZlebeli am xerxebis gamoyeneba.

Cinovnikis marTvis ufleba gulisxmobs agreTve misi gadayenebis

uflebas Tanamdebobidan, Tuki is ar asrulebs misTvis gacemul

brZanebebs, an daawinauros is, Tu is kargad asrulebs Tavis

movaleobebs. amasTan arCeuli Tanamdebobis piris arc gadayeneba

SeiZleba da arc dawinaureba. saarCevno Tanamdebobis bunebaSive Zevs

misi Seucvlelobis principi misi uflebamosilebis vadis

damTavrebamde. marTlac, arCeuli Tanamdebobis piri SeiZleba arafers

moelodes da aravisi eSinodes Tavisi amomrCevlebis garda, anu yvela

saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis dakaveba xdeba arCevnebis Sedegad. amgvarad,

Cinovnikebs Soris ar SeiZleba arsebobdes araviTari ierarqia, vinaidan

SeuZlebelia erTsa da imave adamians hqondes ormagi ufleba: brZanebac

350

gasces da efeqturad dasajos daumorCileblobisaTvis _ da imitom,

rom ar SeiZleba ganmkargvel Zalauflebas daematos dajildovebisa

da dasjis ufleba.

qveynebi, romelTac SemoaqvT Tanamdebobis pirTa amorCeviTobis

principi samTavrebo meqanizmis qveda doneebze, aucileblad dgebian im

aucileblobis winaSe, rom gamoiyenos sasamarTlo sanqciebi

administraciuli zemoqmedebis saSualebebis saxiT.

SeuZlebelia amis dadgena ar SeiZleba. xelisuflebaSi myofni

miiCneven Tavisi mxridan pirvel daTmobad Tanxmobas yvela

Tanamdebobis piris arCeviTobas, xolo meore daTmobad _ arCeviTi

Cinovnikis daqvemdebarebas mosamarTleebis dadgenilebebisadmi. maT

Tanabrad eSiniaT rogorc erTi, ise meore siaxlis da vinaidan maTgan

Cveulebriv ufro aRweven pirvel daTmobas, vidre meores, amitom maT

SemoaqvT Tanamdebobrivi pirebis arCeviToba, ise, rom SenarCunebul

iqnas damoukidebloba mosamarTleebisgan.

_ _ _

amerikelebma gadaiRes Tavisi ingliseli winaprebisagan erTi

instituti, romelsac analogi ar gaaCnia evropis kontinentze, kerZod

ki _ mSvidobis mosamarTleebis instituti.

mSvidobis mosamarTle erTgvarad SuaSia saero adamiansa da

Cinovniks Soris, administraciul Tanamdebobriv pirsa da mosamarTles

Soris. mSvidobis mosamarTle xdeba, rogorc wesi, ganaTlebuli

moqalaqe, romelsac ar moeTxoveba kargad erkveodes kanonmdeblobaSi.

mis movaleobebSi Sedis martooden sapolicio funqciebis

ganxorcieleba, es ki moiTxovs upirveles yovlisa, saR azrsa da

patiosnebas da ara imdenad codnas. mSvidobis mosamarTles Semoaqvs

administraciul procesSi, romelSic is iRebs monawileobas, moTxovna,

dacul iqnas gansazRvruli formebi da sajarooba, riTac is

winaaRmdegobas uqmnis despotizmis nebismier gamovlinebas, amasTan is

ar xdeba kanonis mona, rac Cveulebriv gadaaqcevs xolme nebismier

Cinovniks adamianad, romelsac uWirs Tavisi funqciebis Sesruleba.

amerikelebma SemoiRes TavisTan mSvidobis mosamarTleebis

instituti, amasTan aq is srulebiT moklebulia aristokratiul

xasiaTs, rac asxvavebs mas metropolis igive institutisagan.

351

amis garda, mSvidobis mosamarTleebis ricxvidan is niSnavs sams,

romlebic qmnian TiToeul olqSi imas, rac cnobilia sasesio

sasamarTlos saxelwodebiT.

mSvidobis mosamarTle uSualo monawileobas iRebs marTvis

procesSi. _ _ _

sasesio sasamarTlo ikribeba weliwadSi orjer olqis mTavar

qalaqSi.

352

iurgen habermasi

legitimaciis krizisi

sami ganviTarebadi wre

gviankapitalisturi sazogadoebebis swrafi zrdis procesebma

msoflio sazogadoebis sistema axali problemebis winaSe daayena. es

problemebi ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc sistemisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli krizisis fenomeni. miuxedavad amisa, krizisis

daZlevis SesaZleblobebi damaxasiaTebelia sistemisaTvis da amitom

SezRuduli. me vgulisxmob ekologiuri balansis darRvevas,

pirovnebis sistemis xelyofas (gaucxoeba) da feTqebad daZabulobas

saerTaSorios urTierTobebSi.

ekologiuri balansi

fizikuri ekonomikuri zrda SeiZleba davukavSiroT Sromis

nayofierebis gazrdis mizniT meti energiis teqnologiurad daxvewil

gamoyenebas, kapitalisturi sazogadoebrivi formacia ki

umniSvnelovanesia ekonomikuri zrdis problemis efeqturi

gadaWrisaTvis. cxadia, kapitalis dagroveba TavisTavad win swevs

ekonomikur zrdas, ase rom aRar rCeba arCevani am procesis Segnebuli

marTvisaTvis. zrdis imperativebma, romlebsac dasabamidanve misdevs

kapitalizmi, amasobaSi globaluri mniSvneloba SeiZines sistemaTa

Sejibrisa da mTel msoflioSi licenziis (stagnaciisa da aseve

retrogresul ganviTarebaTa garda mesame samyaros zogierT qveyanaSi)

gziT.

zrdis meqanizmebi iwvevs rogorc mosaxleobis, ise produqciis

matebas msoflio masStabiT. mosaxleobis zrdisa da bunebis

produqtiuli eqsploataciis ekonomikuri saWiroeba awydeba

materialur SezRudulobas: erTis mxriv, amowurvad resursebs

(miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis da sacxovreblad vargisi miwebi, sufTa wyali,

353

liTonebi, mineralebi da a.S), meores mxriv, erTaderT da ganumeorebel

ekologiur sistemebs, romelic Seiwovs damabinZureblebs, rogoricaa

radiacia, naxSirorJangi da narCenebis gamonabolqvi. foresterma da

sxvebma gansazRvres mosaxleobis industriuli produqciis, bunebrivi

resursebis eqspluataciis, garemos dabinZurebis eqsponenciuri zrdis

sazRvrebi. ra Tqma unda maT gamoTvlebs erTob susti empiriuli

safuZveli aqvT. mosaxleobis zrdis meqanizmis Sesaxeb iseve cota

ramaa cnobili, rogorc TviT dedamiwis potenciuri SesaZleblobis

maqsimaluri zRvaris Sesaxeb Seiwovos mTavari damabinZureblebi mainc.

metic, Cven ar SegviZlia teqnologiuri ganviTarebis sakmarisi

sizustiT winaswarmetyveleba, imisaTvis, rom vicodeT, Tu ra saxis

nedleuli iqneba Canacvlebuli an aRdgenili momavlis teqnologiebiT.

magram yvela optimisturi garantiis miuxedavad, Cven SegviZlia

davadginoT (Tu ara zustad ganvsazRvroT) zrdis erTi absoluturi

SezRudva: garemos Termuli deformacia, gamowveuli energiis

moxmarebiT. Tuki ekonomikuri zrda aucileblad dakavSirebulia

energiis moxmarebis zrdasTan da Tu mTeli bunebrivi energia,

transformirebuli ekonomikurad gamosadeg energiad, aucileblad

gamoTavisufldeba siTbos saxiT, is, saboloo jamSi, gazrdis

atmosferos temperaturas. am SemTxvevaSic vadebis dadgena ar aris

advili. Tumca es mosazrebebi aCvenebs, rom mosaxleobisa da

produqciis eqsponencialuri zrda, anu garemomcvel bunebaze

gazrdili kontroli, odesme gascdeba garemos biologiuri

SesaZleblobebis sazRvrebs.

es ar Semoifargleba rTuli sazogadoebrivi sistemebiT. am

sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ekologiuri safrTxis Tavidan

acilebis mcdelobebi. gviankapitalistur sazogadoebebs Zalian

gauWirdebaT zrdis SezRudva organizaciis maTeul principebze uaris

Tqmis gareSe, radgan sayovelTao gadasvla spontanuri kapitalisturi

zrdidan xarisxobriv zrdaze moiTxovs warmoebis dagegmvas

samomxmareblo Rirebulebis mxriv.

354

saerTaSoriso balansi

msoflio sistemis TermobirTvuli iaraRiT ganadgurebis

safrTxe sxva doneze dgas. dagrovebuli gamanadgurebeli potenciali

sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis stadiis Sedegia. misi safuZveli

teqnologiurad neitraluria da amdenad, sawarmoo Zalebma SeiZleba

aseve destruqciuli Zalebis forma miiRon (rac moxda imitom, rom

saerTaSoriso komunikacia kvlav ganuviTarebelia). dRes msoflio

sazogadoebis bunebrivi garemos sasikvdilod dazianeba savsebiT

SesaZlebelia. amitom saerTaSoriso komunikacia imarTeba istoriulad

axali, TviTSezRudvis imperativiT. da kidev erTxel, es ar

Semoifargleba maRalmilitarizebuli sazogadoebrivi sistemiT. magram

am problemis mogvarebis SesaZleblobebs aqvs sazRvrebi, romlebic

specifiuria am sistemebisaTvis. namdvili ganiaraReba SeiZleba ar

moxdes kapitalisturi an postkapitalisturi klasobrivi

sazogadoebis ukan mdgomi Zalebis mizeziT. Tumca, SeiaraRebis zrdis

regulireba ar aris arsebiTad SeuTavsebeli gvainkapitalistur

sazogadoebaTa struqturasTan, Tuki SesaZlebelia kapitalis

samomxmareblo Rirebulebis gazrda im donemde, rom SesaZlebeli

gaxdes araproduqtiul samomxmareblo saqonelze mTavrobis

moTxovnilebis moculobis Sedegis dabalanseba...

sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Seferxebebi

...Cemi azriT, gviankapitalisturi saxelmwifo saTanadod ver

iqneba gagebuli verc rogorc ekonomikuri kanonis gaucnobierebeli

aRmasrulebeli organo da verc rogorc gaerTianebuli

monopolisturi kapitalizmis sistemuri agenti. amis nacvlad, me

SevuerTdebodi klaus ofes im Teoriis dacvaSi, rom

gviankapitalisturi sazogadoebebi dganan im sirTuleebis winaSe,

romlebic gamowveulia imiT, rom saxelmwifoebi iZulebulni arian

Caerion bazris mzard funqcionalur deficitSi. Cven SegviZlia

ganvixiloT saxelmwifo, rogorc sistema, romelic legitimur

Zalauflebas iyenebs. amis Sedegi mdgomareobs suverenulad

355

aRsrulebad administraciul gadawyvetilebebSi. am miznis misaRwevad

saxelmwifos sWirdeba masobrivi loialoba, rogorc Senatani, rac,

ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, araspecifiuria. orive mimarTulebas

SeiZleba mohyves krizisis msgavsi Seferxebebi. Sedegad miRebul

krizisebs efeqtianobis krizisis forma aqvT. administraciuli sistema

ver asrulebs marTvis imperativs, romelic man gadmoiRo ekonomikuri

sitemisgan. amas Sedegad mohyveba dezorganizacia cxovrebis sxdadasxva

sferoSi. Senatanis krizisebs legitimaciis krizisis forma aqvT.

legitimaciis sistema ver inarCunebs masobrivi loialobis saWiro

dones. Cven SegviZlia es wamovaCinoT sazogadoebriv finansebSi

arsebuli mwvave sirTuleebis magaliTze, sirTuleebis, romelTac

dRes yvela gviankapitalisturi sazogadoeba ebrZvis.

rogorc vTqviT, samTavrobo biujets tvirTad awevs sul ufro

metad socializebuli produqciis sazogadoebrivi xarjebi. is swevs

saerTaSoriso Sejibrisa da araproduqtiul samomxmareblo saqonelze

(SeiaraReba, kosmosSi frena) moTxovnilebis xarjebs. is swevs

saboloo infrastruqturis (transporti da komunikacia, samecniero da

teqnologiuri progresi, profesiuli ganaTleba). xarjebs. is swevs

socialuri moxmarebis xarjebs, rac arapirdapir kavSirSia

warmoebasTan (sabinao sakiTxi, transporti, jandacva, Tavisufali

drois sakiTxi, zogadi ganaTleba, socialuri dacva). is swevs

umuSevarTa uzrunvelyofis xarjebs. dabolos, is swevs kerZo

warmoebiT garemosaTvis miyenebuli zianis materializebul xarjebs.

saboloo jamSi, es xarjebi unda daifaros gadasaxadebiT. amdenad,

saxelmwifo aparats aqvs erTdroulad ori amocana. man unda

saTanadod dabegros mogeba da Semosavali da akrefili gadasaxadi

gamoiyenos imdenad efeqturad, rom SeZlos nebismieri krizisis

gaRrmavebis Tavidan acileba. damatebiT, gadasaxadebis arCeviTi

gazrda, maTi utilizaciis aRiarebuli prioritetuli modeli da

administraciuli saqmianoba ise unda funqcionirebdes, rom

daakmayofilos legitimaciis moTxovnileba. Tuki saxelmwifo ver

gadaWris pirvel amocanas, es Sedegad administraciuli efeqturobis

deficits gamoiRebs. Tuki saxelmwifo ver SeZlebs meore amocanis

gadaWras, amis Sedegi legitimaciis deficiti iqneba.

356

legitimaciis krizisis Teoriebi

me Semovifarglebi legitimaciis problemis ganxilviT. misi

warmoSoba srulebiT ar aris saidumloebiT moculi. administraciuli

dagemvisaTvis unda gagvaCndes legitimuri Zalaufleba. funqciebi,

romlebic ekisreba saxelmwifo aparats gviankapitalistur xanaSi da

administraciis gamgeblobaSi myofi socialuri sferos gafarToeba

zrdis legitimaciis saWiroebas. liberaluri kapitalizmi Camoyalibda

burJuaziuli demokratiis formebiT, romelic advili asaxsnelia

burJuaziuli revoluciis kuTxiT. Sedegad, amJamad legitimaciaze

mzard moTxovnilebas uwevs politikuri demokratiis xerxebiT muSaoba

(sayoveTao saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze). magram formaluri

demokratiuli xerxebi ZviradRirebulia. bolos da bolos,

saxelmwifo aparati ver xedavs Tavs uzenaesi kapitalistis rolSi,

romelic dgas kapitalis sxvadasxva dajgufebebis interesTa

konfliqtis pirispir. man aseve unda gaiTvaliswinos mosaxleobis

zogadi interesebi imdenad, ramdenadac saWiroa masobrivi loialobis

SenarCuneba da legitimaciis konfliqtiT moculi gamodevnis Tavidan

acileba. saxelmwifom unda daaxarisxos interesebis es sami sfero

(individualuri kapitalizmi da intersebi, romelTa ganzogadebac

SeiZleba), imisaTvis, rom moZebnos kompromisi konkurentul

moTxovnilebaTa Soris. krizisis Teoremam unda axsnas ara mxolod is,

Tu ratom awydeba saxelmwifo aparati sirTuleebs, aramed aseve isic,

Tu ratom rCeba gadauWreli zogierTi problema xangrZlivi drois

manZilze.

pirveli da cxadi uaryofa: saxelmwifos SeuZlia Tavi aaridos

legitimaciis problemebs imdenad, ramdenadac mas SeuZlia aqcios

administraciuli sistema legitimurobis mimniWebeli nebis

formirebisagan damoukidebel sistemad. am mizniT mas SeuZlia, vTqvaT,

ganacalkevos gamomxatveli simboloebi (romlebic qmnian mimdevrobis

universalur nebasurvils) administraciis instrumentuli

funqciebisagan. am saxis kargad cnobili strategiebia: obieqturi

sakiTxebis personalizeba, gamokvlevaTa, eqspertTa azris, legaluri

357

ritualebis da a.S. simboluri gamoyeneba. reklamirebis teqnologiebi,

nasesxebi oligopolisturi konkurenciidan, adasturebs da amave dros

iyenebs damkvidrebuli warmodgenebis gavrcelebul struqturebs.

mimarTaven ra emociur mowodebebs, isini aRZraven aracnobier motivebs,

garkveul struqturebs pozitiuri SinaarsiT avseben, zogierTs ki

aufasureben. sajaro sferos,romelic Seqmnilia legitimaciisaTvis,

upirveles yovlisa, gaaCnia Tematuri sferoebis Sesabamisi xerxebiT

yuradRebis struqturirebis da amave dros, uxerxuli Temebidan,

problemebidan da argumentebidan yuradRebis gadatanis funqcia.

rogorc es niklas lumanma gamoxata, - politikurma sistemam gadmoiRo

ideologiis dagegmvis xerxebi.

Cven ar gvaqvs saqme azris administraciulad SeqmnasTan, aramed,

ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, kulturuli Rirebulebebis ideologiur

krizisTan. legitimaciis SeZena TviTdestruqciulia, rogorc ki

gamoaSkaravdeba SeZenis forma.

amdenad, arsebobs kargad gaTvlili manipulaciis meSveobiT

legitimaciis deficitis amovsebis mcdelobaTa struqturuli

sazRvari. es sazRvari struqturuli gansxvavebaa administraciul

qmedebaTa sferoebsa da kulturul tradicias Soris.

krizisis sasargeblo argumenti, cxadia, SeiZleba gamovitanoT

am mosazrebebidan mxolod im Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, rom

saxelmwifos moqmedebis arealis gafarToebas aqvs legitimaciis

moTxovnebis araproporciulad gazrdis Tanmdevi (damatebiTi) efeqti.

me SesaZlod miviCnev amgvar araproporciul zrdas imitom, rom imas,

rac kulturulad TavisTavad cxadad aris miCneuli da rac amdenad,

politikuri sistemis gare pirobebs warmoadgens, amJamad rTaven

administraciis dagegmvis sferoSi. es procesi Temad aqcevs

tradiciebs, romlebic adre ar yofilan sazogadoebrivi

programirebis nawili da kidev ufro naklebad praqtikuli diskursisa.

kulturuli tradiciebis amgvari uSualo administraciuli

damuSavebis magaliTia ganaTlebis dagegmva, gansakuTrebiT

kurikulumebisa. aqamde skolis administracias ubralod unda

moexdina bunebrivad Camoyalibebuli kanonebis kodificireba. magram

axla kurikulumebis dagegmva efuZneba winapirobas, rom tradiciuli

358

modelebic SeiZleba gansxvadebodes erTmaneTisgan. administraciuli

dagegmva badebs gamarTlebis universalur uneblie survils im

sferos mimarT, romlisTvisac TviTlegitimaciis Zala faqtobrivad

ganmsazRvreli iyo.

kulturulad TavisTavad cxadad miCneul sakiTxebSi pirdapiri

Carevis sxva magaliTebi moiZebneba regionalur da urbanul dagegmvaSi

(miwis kerZo mflobeloba), jandacvis dagegmvaSi (`uklaso

saavadmyofo~) da ojaxisa Tu saqorwino kanonmdeblobis dagegmvaSi

(romlebic aryeven seqsualur tabus da aadvileben emansipacias).

SemTxveviTobis Secnoba exeba ara mxolod tradiciis Sinaarss,

aramed tradiciis teqnologiasac, anu socializacias. skolamdeli

asakis bavSvebSi formaluri saskolo ganaTleba ukve uwevs

konkurencias ojaxSi miRebul aRzrdas. axali problemebi, romlebic

awuxebs tradiciul saganmanaTleblo sistemas da am problemaTa

winaaRmdegobrivi aRqma, sxva indikatorTa Soris, asaxulia

pedagogiuri da fsiqologiuri mwerlobis axal tipSi, romelic

mimarTavs zogadad sazogadoebas.

yvela am doneze, administraciul dagegmvas mohyva moulodneli

Sedegebi – SeSfoTeba da gasajaroeba. es Sedegebi asustebs

tradiciebis gamarTlebis potencials, romelic ki SeiZleba gamoZalo

mis bunebriv mdgomareobas. radgan tradiciebi aRar arian udavo, maTi

pretenzia validurobaze SeiZleba stabilizebul iqnes mxolod

diskursis gziT. amdenad, mZlavri cvlileba imisa, rac kulturulad

TavisTavad cxadad iyo miCneuli, SemdgomSi axdens cxovrebis im

sferoebis politizebas, romlebic adre kerZo sferos miewereboda.

magram es safrTxis momaswavebelia burJuaziuli privatizmisaTvis,

romelic araformalurad uzrunvelyofilia sazogadoebrivi

struqturebiT. me am safrTxis niSnebs vxedav monawileobis

(participaciis) mcdelobebSi da alternatiul modelebSi, rogoric

Camoyalibda gansakuTrebiT dawyebiT da saSualo skolebSi, presaSi,

eklesiaSi, TeatrSi, sagamomcemlo sferoSi da a.S.

es argumentebi amagrebs im mtkicebas, rom gviankapitalistur

sazogadoebebs awuxebT legitimaciis seriozuli problemebi. magram

sakmarisia ki es argumentebi imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba am

359

problemebis gadaWra? xsnian ki isini legitimaciis krizisis

winaswarmetyvelebas? davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifo aparati warmatebas

miaRwevs Sromis produqtiulobis amaRlebis da mogebis ganawilebis

saqmeSi imdenad, rom uzrunvelyos ekonomikuri zrda krizisebis, Tu

ara Seferxebebis, gareSe. aseTi zrda mainc warimarTeba mosaxleobis

zogadi interesebisagan damoukidebeli prioritetebis mixedviT.

prioritetuli modelebi, romlebic gelbraitma gaanaliza `piradi

keTildReoba sazogadoebrivi siRaribis winaaRmdeg~ kuTxiT, im

klasobrivi struqturis Sedegia, romelic, rogorc yovelTvis,

kvlavindeburad dafaruli (latenturi) rCeba. es struqtura saboloo

jamSi, legitimaciis deficitis mizezia.

Cven davinaxeT, rom saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia ubralod

gadmoiRos kulturuli sistema. sinamdvileSi saxelmwifo dagegmvis

gafarToeba uqmnis problemebs imas, rac kulturulad TavisTavad

cxadad aris miCneuli. `mniSvneloba~ sul ufro metad mwiri resursia.

amitom aris, rom is molodinebi, romlebic konkretuli da

gansazRvruli saWiroebiT imarTeba, anu romlebic maTi warmatebiT

gamoicdeba, samoqalaqo mosaxleobaSi zrdas agrZelebs. iZulebis

mzardi done legitimaciis moTxovnilebis aRmavlobis proporciulia.

`Rirebulebis~ resursi, amowuruli sagadasaxado samsaxuris mier,

unda Seivsos `mniSvnelobis~ mwiri resursiT. legitimaciis uqonloba

unda Canacvldes socialuri gasamrjeloTi, rogoricaa fuli, dro da

usafrTxoeba. legitimaciis krizisi iqmneba, rogorc ki am

gasamrjelos moTxovnileba ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre

RirebulebaTa arsebuli masa, an Tu saqme iqamde mova, rom molodinebi

gansxvavebuli iqneba da da ver dakmayofildeba im kategoriis

gasamrjeloTi, romelic Seesabameba arsebul sistemas.

maS ratom ar rCeba moTxovnilebaTa done operabelur CarCoebSi?

manam, vidre keTildReobis saxelmwifos programireba, farTod

gavcelebul teqnologiur cnobierebasTan kavSirSi (romelic sitemis

Seuval zRudeebs pasuximgeblobas akisrebs `sacobebisaTvis~)

inarCunebs samoqalaqo privatizmis sakmaris odenobas, legitimaciis

sagangebo mdgomareoba ar unda gadaizardos krizisSi. cxadia,

legitimaciis demokratiulma formam Seileba gamoiwvios xarjebi,

360

romlebic ver gadaifareba, Tuki es forma ubiZgebs mowinaaRmdege

partiebs gamodevnon erTmaneTi maT mier dakavebuli poziciebidan da

amasTanave sul ufro da ufro zrdis mosaxleobis molodinebs.

davuSvaT, es argumenti srulad iqneba demonstrirebuli empiriulad.

magram Cven mainc gveqneba asaxsneli, Tu ratom swuxan isev

gviankapitalisturi sazogadoebebi formaluri demokratiis

SenarCunebaze. ubralod administraciuli sistemis gagebiT,

formaluri demokratia advilad SeiZleba iqnes Canacvlebuli erTi

variantiT – konservatuli, avtoritaruli da sayoveTao keTildRebis

saxelmwifoTi, romelic amcirebs moqalaqeTa politikur monawileobas

uwyinar donemde, an faSisturi avtoritaruli saxelmwifoTi, romelic

amyofebs mosaxleobas permanentuli mobilizaciis mdgomareobis

SedarebiT maRal doneze. orive varianti xangrZlivad aSkarad

naklebad SeTavsebadia ganviTarebul kapitalizmTan, vidre partiuli

saxelmwifo, dafuZnebuli masobriv demokratiaze. sociokulturuli

sistema warmoSobs moTxovnilebebs, romlebic ver dakmayofildeba

avtoritaruli sistemis farglebSi.

am msjelobam me mimiyvana Semdeg Tezisamde: mxolod mouqnel

sociokulturul sistemas, romelsac ar Seswevs unari iyos

spontanurad funqcionalizebuli administraciuli sistemis

saWiroebisaTvis, SeuZlia axnas Tu rogor mohyveba Sedegad

legitimaciis sirTuleebs legitimaciis krizisi. amitom es procesi

unda efuZnebodes motivaciis kriziss, anu saxelmwifosa da dasaqmebis

sistemis mier gamocxadebul motivebze moTxovnilebasa da

sociokulturuli sistemis mier SemoTavazebul motivaciis mowodebas

Soris.

motivaciis krizisis Teoremebi

gviankapitalistur sazogadoebebSi sociokulturuli sistemis

mier mowodebul motivaciaTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani

mdgomareobs samoqalqo da ojaxis, aseve profesionalur privatizmSi.

samoqalaqo privatizmi niSnavs Zlier daintersebas administraciuli

sistemis SedegebiT da mcire monawileobas nebis formirebis procesSi

361

(monagebze orientirebis maRali xarisxi danaxarjze orientirebis

dabali xarisxis winaamdeg). amdenad, samoqalaqo privatizmi Seesabameba

depolitizebuli sazogadoebis struqturas. ojaxuri da profesiuli

privatizmi emateba samoqalaqo privatizms. es danamati Sedgeba ojaxze

orinetaciisagan samomxmareblo da yofiTi interesebiT da

statusisaTvis Sejibris Sesabamisi karieraze orientaciisagan. amdenad,

es privatizmi Seesabameba konkurenciiT marTul ganaTlebisa da

dasaqmebis sistemaTa struqturebs.

aRniSnuli motivaciuri sindromebi sasicocxloa politikuri da

ekonomikuri sistemebisaTvis. magram burJuaziuli ideologiebi

Seicaven privatistuli orientaciisaTvis uSualod mniSvnelovan

komponentebs da socialuri cvlilebebi aclian safuZvels am

komponenetebs. mokle monaxazma SeiZleba naTeli mohfinos amas.

Sromis nayofierebis ideologia

burJuaziuli debulebebis Tanaxmad, romlebic ucvleli rCeba

axali drois bunebrivi samarTlidan moyolebuli Tanamedrove

saarCevno gancxadebebiT damTavrebuli, socialuri gasamrjelo unda

ganawildes individualuri damsaxurebis safuZvelze. gasamrjelos

ganawileba unda Seesabamebodes yoveli individis produqtiulobas.

ZiriTadi pirobaa konkurenciaSi Tanabrad monawiloebis SesaZlebloba,

romelic regulirdeba ise, rom SesaZlebeli xdeba garegani gavlenis

neitralizeba. aseTi gamanawilebeli meqanizmi iyo bazari. magram

yovelTvis, roca zogadad sazogadoeba xvdeboda, rom socialuri

Zaladoba xorcieldeba gacvlis formebiT, bazari, rogorc

produqtiulobaze dafuZnebuli gasamrjelos ganawilebis meqanizmi,

kargavda ndobas.

amdenad, Sromis nayofierebis ideologiis uaxloesi warsulis

versiebSi, bazris warmateba Canacvlebulia profesiuli warmatebiT,

romelic miiRweva formaluri profesiuli swavlebis meSveobiT. magram

am versias SeiZleba hqondes pretenzia ndobaze mxolod maSin, roca

sruldeba Semdegi pirobebi:

• umaRles skolebSi moxvedris Tanabari SesaZlebloba.

362

• skolis maxasiaTeblebis Sefasebis aradiskriminaciuli

standartebi.

• ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis sistemebis sinqronuli ganviTareba.

• Sromis procesebi, romelTa obieqturi struqtura iZleva

Sefasebis saSualebas Sromis nayofierebis Sesabamisad,

romelic individs miewereba.

“skolis samarTlianoba~, Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi ganaTlebisa

da Sefasebis standartebis gagebiT, garkbveulwilad mainc gaizarda

yvela maRalganviTarebul kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi. magram

sawinaaRmdego procesi SeimCneva or danarCen ganzomilebaSi.

saganmanaTleblo sistemis gafarToeba sul ufro metad

damoukidebeli xdeba dasaqmebis sistemebSi mimdinare cvlilebebisgan.

amdenad, didi albaTobaa imisa, rom sabolood daikargos kavSiri

formalur profesiul momzadebasa da profesiul warmatebas Soris.

amave dros, mravldeba sferoebi, romlebSic warmoebis struqtura da

Sromis dinamika sul ufro da ufro aZnelebs individualuiri

produqtiulobis Sefasebas. dasaqmebis rolebis eqstrafunqciuri

elementebi sul ufro metad mniSvnelovani xdeba dasaqmebis statusze

msjelobisaTvis.

amas garda, danawevrebuli da monotonuri Sromis procesebi sul

ufro metad aRweven seqtorebSi, sadac adre piradi identuroba

SeiZleba Camoyalibebuliyo profesiuli rolis mixedviT.

produqtiulobis Sinagan motivacias sul ufro naklebad umagrebs

safuZvels Sromis procesis struqtura bazarze damokidebul Sromis

sferoebSi. Sromisadmi instrumentalisturi damokidebuleba

gavrcelebulia tradiciul burJuaziul profesiebSic ki

(`TeTrsayeloianebi~, profesionalebi). magram produqtiulobis garedan

momdinare motivacia SeiZleba sakmarisad stimulirebuli iqnes

mxolod saxelfaso SemosavliT, Tu:

• Sromis bazarze sarezervo armia axorcielebs efeqtur

konkurentul zewolas.

• arsebobs sakmarisi gansxvaveba dabalanazRaurebadi

jgufebisa da araaqtiuri mSromeli mosaxleobis

Semosavlebs Soris.

363

dRes es oprive piroba aucielblad rodi sruldeba. TviT

qronikuli umuSevrobis mqne kapitalisturs qveynebSic ki (rogoricaa

SeerTebuli Statebi), Sromis bazris dayofa (organizebul da

konkurentul seqtorebad_) azianebs konkurenciis bunebriv meqanizms.

siRaribis zRvaris aRmavlobasTan erTad, (rac aRiarebulia

sayoveTao keTildReobis saxelmwifoTa mier,) meore mxriv, erTmaneTs

utoldeba mcireSemosavliani da droebiT umuSevarTa cxovrebis done

subproletarul feneSi.

mesakuTruli individualizmi

burJuaziuli sazogadoeba Tavs miiCnevs instrumentalur

jgufad, romelic agrovebs sazogadoebriv dovlaTs mxolod da

mxolod kerZo keTildReobis meSveobiT, anu iZleva ekonomikuri

aRmavlobisa da saerTo keTildReobis garantias strategiulad

moqmedi kerZo pirebis konkurenciis meSveobiT. aseT viTarebaSi,

koleqtiuri miznebis miRweva SeiZleba mxolod individualur

sargeblianobaze orientirebiT. es sasurveli sitema, cxadia,

gulisxmobs, rom:

• kerZo ekonomikur subieqtebs subieqturi araorazrovnebiT

SeuZliaT Seicnon da gamoTvalon saWirobebi, romlebic

ucvleli rCeba mocemuli periodis ganmavlobaSi.

• es saWiroeba SeiZleba dakmayofildes saqonliT, romelic

individualurad moiTxoveba (rogorc wesi, monetaruli

gadawyvetilebebis gziT, romelic Seesabameba sistemas).

ganviTarebul kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi es ori piroba,

rogorc wesi aRar sruldeba. am sazogadoebebma miaRwies

keTildReobis dones, gacilebiT maRals, vidre ramdenime

fundamenturi sasicocxlo safrTxis mogerieba da ZiriTadi

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaa. amitomaa, rom upiratesobis miniWebis

individualisturi sistema bundovani xdeba. moTxovnilebaTa mudmivi

interpretacia da reinterpretacia nebis koleqtiuri formirebis

sagani xdeba, faqti, romelic ayenebs alternativas – an momxmarebelTa,

rogorc moqalaqeTa Tavisufali da kvazipolitikuri komunikacia an

364

masiuri manipulacia, anu mkacri arapirdapiri marTva. rac ufro didia

Tavisuflebis xarisxi momxmarebelTa upiratesobis miniWebis

sistemisaTvis, miT ufro gadaudebelia gasaRebis politikis problema

mimwodebelTaTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini SeinarCuneben iluzias,

rom momxmareblebs SeuZliaT piradi da avtonomiuri

gadawyvetilebebis miReba. momxmarebelTa oportunistuli Segueba

bazris formebTan, yoveli momxmareblis avtonomiis ironiuli formaa,

romelic rogorc Cans narCundeba, rogorc mesakuTruli

individualizmis fasadi. amas garda, produqciis mzardi

socializacia, koleqtiuri moxmarebis saqonlis kvota samomxmareblo

produqtTa Soris kvlavindeburad izrdeba. saqalaqo cxovreba rTul

sazogadoebebSi sul ufro da ufro damokidebuli xdeba

infrastruqturaze (transporti, Tavisufali dro, jandacva, ganaTleba

da a.S), romelic sul ufro metad gamoeyofa diferenciuli

moTxovnilebisa da kerZo asignaciis formebs.

orientacia gacvliT Rirebulebebze

aq me unda aRvniSno is tendenciebi, romlebic asusteben bazris

gavlenas socializaciaze, gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis im nawilis

zrda, romelic ar xdens sakuTari sicocxlis reproducirebas SromiT

mopovebuli Semosavlis meSveobiT (studentebi, keTildReobis

recipientebi, socialuri dacvis recipientebi, invalidebi da sxv.) da

aseve moqmedebis arealis gafarToeba, romelSic rogorc samoqalaqo

samsaxurSi an pedagogiur saqmianobaSi abstraqtuli Sroma

Canacvlebulia konkretuliT. amas garda, mniSvneloba, romelsac iZens

Tavisufali dro samuSao saaTebis SemcirebasTan erTad (ufro maRal

realur SemosavalTan erTad) cxovrebis dasaqmebis sferos SigniT

arsebul sakiTxebTan SedarebiT, ar aniWebs upiratesobas xangrlivi

drois ganmavlobaSi im moTxovnilebebs, romlebic SeiZleba

dakmayofildes fuladi anazRaurebiT.

burJuaziuli tradiciis erozia aSiSvlebs normatiul

struqturebs, romlebic aRar varga samoqalaqo, ojaxuri da

profesiuli privatizmis reproducirebisaTvis. kulturuli

365

memkvidreobis dReisaTvis dominanturi komponentebi kristalizdeba

mecnierebis rwmenis, `postauratikuli~ xelovnebisa da

universalisturi Rirebulebebis garSemo. Seuqcevadi procesebi

warimarTa yovel am sferoTaganSi. Sedegad, ekonomikuri da

politikuri sistemebis funqcionaluri uTanasworoba blokirebul

iqna kulturuli barierebiT, romelTa dangrevac SeiZleba mxolod

regresiis fsiqologiuri Sedegebis xarjze, anu eqstraordinaruli

motivaciuri dazianebiT. germanuli faSizmi iyo cnobierebis

koleqtiurad organizebuli regresiis, misi fundamenturi mecnieruli

rwmenis, Tanamedrove xelovnebisa da universalisturi samarTlisa da

moralis zRurbls miRma datovebis amao mcdelobis magaliTi.

scientizmi

ganviTarebul sazogadoebebSi samecniero sistemis mier

mopovebuli avtoritetis politikuri Sedegebi winaaRmdegobrivia.

Tanamedrove mecnierebis ganviTarebam warmoSva diskursiuli

gamarTlebis moTxovnileba da tradicionalisturi damokidebulebebi

ver uZleben am moTxovnilebebis gamowvevas. meore mxriv, samecniero

monacemebis, romlebmac daikaves globaluri interpretaciebis adgili,

xanmokled popularuli sinTezi iZleva mecnierebis avtoritetis

garantias abstraqtulad. amdenad, avtoritets, cnobils, rogorc

`mecniereba~, SeuZlia gaswvdes orives: rogorc nebismieri

damkvidrebuli warmodgenis friad efeqtur kritikas, ise

specializebuli codnisa da kompetenciis axal saidumloebas.

mecnierebata TviTdamkvidrebam SeiZleba ganaviTaros pozitivisturi

saRi azri depolitizebul sazogadoebaSi. magram sientizmi qmnis

standartebs, romelTa mixedviTac mas SeuZlia aseve sakuTari Tavis

gakritikeba da damnaSaved cnoba dogmatizmis gadmonaSTis

SenarCunebaSi.

teqnokratiisa da demokratiuli egalitarizmis Teoriebi,

romlebic dabejiTebiT xazs usvamen institucionalizebuli

samoqalaqo privatizmis aucileblobas, Sors midian Teoriis

366

TviTdajerebulobis TvalsarisiT. magram es ar xdis maT Seuvals

kritikisaTvis.

postauratikuli xelovneba

Tanamedrove xelovnebis Sedegebi SedarebiT naklebad

winaaRmdegobrivia. axalma drom moaxdina burJuaziuli xelovnebis

avtonomiis radikalizacia gare daniSnulebis mxriv, risTvisac

SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli xelovneba. pirvelad burJuaziulma

sazogadoebam Tavad Seqmna kontrkultura mesakuTruli

individualizmis, produqtiulobisa da praqtikulobis burJuaziuli

cxovrebis wesis winaaRmdeg. bohema, pirvelad Camoyalibebuli parizSi,

XIX saukunis dedaqalaSi, ganasaxierebs kritikis moTxovnilebas da

udavod, dResac arsebobs burJuaziuli xelovnebis auraSi. biznesmenis

alter ego, `adamianuri arseba~, romelsac burJua Cveulebriv xvdeba

xelovnebis nimuSis ganmartoebiT Wvretisas, male Sordeba mas.

xelovnebis avangardis formiT, is upirispirdeboda mas, rogorc mteri,

saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, rogorc mimzidveli Zala.

burJuazias Seswevda unari xelovnebis silamazeSi ganecada

sakuTari idealebi da (rogorc yovelTvis) bednierebis dapirebis

fiqtiuri Sesruleba, romelic ubralod gamoricxuli iyo

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magram radikalizebul xelovnebaSi

burJuazias male mouxda Seecno socialuri praqtikis, rogorc misi

danamatis, uaryofa.

Tanamedrove xelovneba aris garsi, romelSic momzadda

burJuaziuli xelovnebis kontrkulturad transformireba.

siurrealizmi im istoriuli momentis niSnulia, roca Tanamedrove

xelovnebam programulad gaarRvia `aRar aris lamazi~ iluziis garsi,

imisaTvis, rom desublirebuls daewyo cxovreba.

xelovnebisa da realobis sxvadasxva xarisxis gaTanabreba

daaCqara (Tumca, rogorc amas uolter benjamini varaudobs, ar

Seumzadebia) masobrivi reproduqciisa da masobrivi miRebis axalma

teqnologiebma. Tanamdrove xelovnebam ukve moiSora klasikuri

burJuaziuli xelovnebis aura, imiT, rom xelovnebis nimuSi

367

TvalsaCinos xdida Seqmnis process da warmoadgenda Tavs xelqmnil

produqtad. magram xelovneba gamoyenebiT RirebulebaTa ansamblis

SemadgenlobaSi Sedis mxolod maSin, roca uars ambobs avtonomiur

statusze. es procesi udavod winaaRmdegobrivia. es seiZleba

xelovnebis propagandistuli masobrivi xelovnebis, an

komercializebuli masobrivi kulturis donemde degeneraciis an kidev

misi subversiul kontrkulturad transformaciis niSani iyos.

universalisturi morali

barieri, romelic funqcionaluri komponentebisgan daclilma

burJuaziulma ideologebma Seuqmnes politikuri da ekonomikuri

sistemis ganviTarebas, kidev ufro naTlad Cans moralur sistemaSi,

vidre mecnierebis avtoritetSi da xelovnebis TviTdezintegraciaSi.

roca tradiciuli sazogadoebebi iwyeben modernizaciis process,

mzard sirTules Sedegad mohyveba marTvis problemebi, romlebic

moiTxoven socialuri normebis cvlilebis daCqarebas

bunebrivi kulturuli tradiciisaTvis Sinaganad

damaxasiaTebeli tempi unda amaRldes. amas mivyavarT burJuaziul

formalur samarTlamde, romelic normebis Sinaarsis dogmaturi

struqturisagan gaTavisuflebis tradiciis da molodinis

TvalsazrisiT gansazRvris nebas iZleva. legaluri normebi

ganuyofelia privatizebuli moraluri normebisgan. amas garda, isini

unda Seiqmnan (da gamarTlebul iqnan) principis Sesabamisad.

abstraqtul samarTals mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod im sferoSi,

romelSic saxelmwifo xelisufleba amyarebs wesrigs. magram burJua

kerZo pirebis morali, morali, amaRlebuli universalur

principebamdec ki, ar awydeba barierebs saxelmwifoTa Soris

SenarCunebul bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. radgan principad qceuli

morali sanqcionirebulia mxolod sindisis wminda Sinagani

avtoritetiT, misi pretenzia universalurobaze konfliqtSi Sedis

sazogadoebriv moralTan, romelic jer kidev mibmulia konkretul

saxelmwifo subieqtze. es aris konfliqti adamianis kosmopolitizmsa

da moqalaqis loialobas Soris.

368

Tu mivyvebiT normebis sayovelTao sazogadoebrivi sistemebis

(Tavi rom davaneboT istoriuli magaliTebis sferos) ganviTarebis

logikas, Cven SegviZlia movagvaroT es konfliqti. magram misi

gadawyveta warmosadgenia mxolod garkveul pirobebSi. unda gaqres

dixotomia Sina da gare morals Soris. unda Serbildes moralurad

da legalurad regulirebad sferoTa Soris kontrasti. yvela normis

validuroba unda daukavSirdes im adaminaTa nebis diskursiul

formirebas, visac es potenciurad exeba.

konkuretulma kapitalizmma Tavdapirvelad valdebulebis Zala

mianiWa mkacrad universalistur RirebulebaTa sistemebs. es moxda

imitom, rom gacvlis sistema universalisturad unda regulirdebodes

da imitom, rom eqvivalentebis gacvla iZleva ZiriTad ideologias,

romelsac Zala aqvs burJuaziis klasSi. organizebul kapitalizmSi

legitimaciis am models ubedureba atydeba Tavs. amave dros Cndeba

legitimaciis axali da gazrdili moTxovnileba. magram samecniero

sistema ar SeiZleba CamorCes intensiurad kumulatiuri codnis

miRweul stadias. msgavsad amisa, moraluri sistema, radgan

daSvebulia praqtikuli gansja, ver dagvaviwyebs moraluri Segnebis

koleqtiurad miRweul stadias.

daskvnis saxiT Camovayalibebdi Semdeg mosazrebebs.

Tu ar arsebobs sakmarisi Tanxmoba jer kidev garkveuli Zalis

mqone normatiul struqturebsa da politikur/ekonomikur sistemas

Soris, maSin Cven kvlavindeburad SegviZlia Tavidan aviciloT

motivaciis krizisi, kulturuli sistemis dayofis gziT. amdenad,

kultura iqceva Tavisufali drois arasavaldebulo Sevsebad an

profesiuli codnis obieqtad. es gadawyvetileba daiblokeba , Tuki

komunikaciuri eTikisa da kontrkulturis gamocdilebis kompleqsebis

(raSic gansaxierebulia postauratikuli xelovneba) ZiriTadi

debulebebi SeiZenen motivis Semqnel Zalas, romelic gansazRvravs

socializaciis tipur procesebs. amgvar varauds safuZvels umagrebs

ramdenime qcevis sindromi, romelic sul ufro metad vrceldeba

axalgazrdebs Soris – an gandgoma, rogorc reaqcia gadaWarbebul

uflebebze pirovnul resursebze, an protesti, rogorc egos

369

avtonomiuri organizaciis Sedegi, romlis stabilizebac mocemul

pirobebSi SeuZlebelia konfliqtebis gareSe.

aqtivistTa Soris gvxvdeba:

studentTa moZraoba, ufrosklaselTa da moswavleTa buntebi,

pacifistebi, qalTa moZraobebi. gandgomilTa mxares warmoadgenen

hipebi, qristianuli seqtebi, narkomanTa subkultura, skolebSi

motivaciis naklebobis fenomeni da a.S. es aris mTavari sferoebi Cveni

hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad, rom gviankapitalistur sazogadoebebs

legitimaciis kolafsi emuqrebaT.

370

dankvart rastou

transformacia demokratiisaken – dinamikuri

modeli

ra pirobebSi xdeba demokratia SesaZlebeli da ra pirobebSi

Zlierdeba igi? am kiTxvaze mravalgvari pasuxi gasces moazrovneebma

lokidan tokvilamde da lindseimde. rogorc isini gvaswavlidnen,

demokratia kodirebulia an adamianis SesaZleblobaSi, marTos

sakuTari Tavi, an qristianul eTikur, an kontinentaluri evropis

samarTlebriv tradiciaSi. …..

amerikeli sociologebis bolodroindeli nawerebi sami saxeobis

ganmartebas iZleva. pirveli maTgani, romelic ekuTvnis seimor martin

lipsets, filip katraitsa da sxvebs, stabilur demokratias garkveul

ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs ukavSirebs, rogoricaa magaliTad,

maRali Semosavali erT sulze, ganaTlebis gavrcelebis done da

qalaqis mosaxleobis maRali xvedriTi wili. meore saxeobis

ganmarteba ukavSirdeba moqalaqeTa Soris garkveuli rwmenis an

fsiqologiuri midgomebis arsebobas. am midgomis mxardamWeri avtorebi

uolter beighotidan ernest berkeramde, xazs usvamen konsensusis,

rogorc demokratiis safuZvlis saWiroebas – an garkveuli principebis

sazogado rwmenis formiT, an TamaSis gansazRvrul wesebze

proceduruli konsensusis formiT, romelsac berkeri

“mravalferovnebaze, gansxvavebulobaze SeTanxmebas” uwodebs. daniel

lernerma im samoqalaqo midgomebs Soris, romlebic saWiroa

demokratiuli sistemis warmatebiT funqcionirebisaTvis, gamoyo

TanagrZnobis SesaZlebloba da monawileobis survili. gabriel

almondisa da sidni verbasaTvis, meores mxriv, demokratiis idealuri

“samoqalaqo kultura” gulisxmobs ara mxolod monawileobas, aramed

aseve sxva tradiciul midgomebsac.1

ganmartebebis mesame saxeoba yuradRebas amaxvilebs socialuri da

politikuri struqturis garkveuli Tvisebebis arsebobaze. konsensusis

popularuli Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod, iseTi avtorebi, rogorebic

371

arian karl fridrihi, e.e. SatSnaideri, bernard kriki, ralf

darendorfi da arend lipharti, daJinebiT amtikceben, rom konfliqti

da SeTanxmeba demokratiisaTvis aucilebelia.2 amgvari daSvebiT devid

trumenma amerikuli institutebis sicocxlisunarianoba miawera

moqalaqeTa “mravalgzis gawevrianebas potenciur jgufebSi” – anu im

urTierTobas, romelsac lipsetma uwoda “politikurad aucilebeli

asociaciebis erT-erTi gzajvaredini”.3 robert dali da herbert

makloski sxvebTan erTad amtkicebdnen, rom demokratiis stabiluroba

moiTxovs demokratiuli faseulobebisa da wesebis dacvas ara imdenad

amomrCevelTa, ramdenadac profesional politikosebs Soris –

igulisxmeba, rom TiToeuli maTgani erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia

politikuri organizaciis efeqtiani qselebis meSveobiT.4 da bolos,

hari ekSteinma warmogvidgina “kongruentulobis” daxvewili Teoria:

imisaTvis, rom demokratia stabiluri iyos, sazogadoebis

struqturulma erTeulebma, rogoricaa ojaxi, eklesia, biznesi,

profesiuli kavSirebi, mmarTvelobis procesebSi CareviT unda

gamoavlinon ufro meti demokratiuloba.5

CamoTvlil hipoTezaTagan zogierTi erTmaneTis Sesabamisia da

avsebs erTimeores, Tumca, isini SesaZloa cal-calkec iqnas

ganxiluli – magaliTad, hipoTezebi ganaTlebis, ayvavebisa da

konsensusis Sesaxeb. sxvebi, rogoricaa magaliTad hipoTeza

konsensusisa da konfliqtebis Sesaxeb, winaaRmdegobrivia, Tuki isini

mkacrad ar iqneba SezRuduli an gadaxedili. swored azrTa am

mravalferovnebam da sinTezma ganapiroba am sakiTxebze arsebuli

literaturis siuxvec. dali, magaliTad, gvTavazobs, rom poliarqiaSi

(an “umciresobis ZalauflebaSi”, romelic warmoadgens demokratiasTan

yvelaze ufro miaxloebul cxovrebiseul magaliTs), warmatebuli

mTavrobis politika umravlesobis farTo wreSi miRweuli konsensusis

Sesabamisia. 6 miuxedavad imisa, rom meore msoflio omis wlebSi

konsensusis miRwevas didi yuradReba eqceoda, Tuki uaxloes warsulSi

gamoqveynebuli wignebis saTaurebs davesesxebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom

dReisaTvis yvelasaTvis misaRebi mosazrebis mixedviT demokratia aris

“cxovrebis mowyobis” procesi, romelic moicavs “ganawilebis da

erTianobis” da “konfliqtisa da SeTanxmebis” kombinacias.7

372

amdenad, mecnierTa Soris diskusia grZeldeba da pasuxebic

mravalferovania. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, mainc arsebobs SeTanxmebis

ori mniSvnelovani wertili. TiTqmis yvela avtori cdilobs upasuxos

erTidaimave SekiTxvas da msgavsi argumentebiT icavs sakuTar

pozicias. es SekiTxva imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, Tu rogor Cndeba

demokratiuli sistema, aramed, imaSi, rom Tuki demokratia ukve

arsebobs, rogor SeiZleba misi stabilurobis da sijansaRis

SenarCuneba. ...

SesaZlebelia aRvniSnoT, rom arsebobs kidev erTi msgavseba,

romelic demokratiis Sesaxeb arsebul Tanamedrove amerikul

literaturas axasiaTebs. yvela amerikuli gamokvleva iwyeba

gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli “kvanZis” ganxilviT. 8 is, ramac

gavleniani avtorebis dabneuloba gamoiwvia, mdgomareobs im kvanZis

gaxsnaSi, romelic asaxavs kontrasts inglisurenovan da skandinaviis

qveynebSi warmatebiT da xaverdovnad funqcionirebad demokratiasa da

safrangeTSi mesame da meoTxe respublikebSi, germaniis vaimaris

respublikaSi demokratiis saboloo kolafss Soris.

es daintereseba, cxadia, sruliad kanonieria. demokratiis

safuZvlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis zrda da misi Teoriebis

daxvewa gviCvenebs, Tu rogori nayofieri iyo igi. Tavdapirveli

daintereseba logikurad gvibiZgebs funqcionaluri, anu genetikuris

sapirispiro SekiTxvisaken. am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema, Tavis mxriv,

SesaZlebelia demokratiis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb arsebuli mimdinare

monacemebis gaanalizebiT – cudad funqcionirebadi demokratiebisa da

arademokratiuli reJimebis erTmaneTTan SedarebiT. funqcionaluri

interesi bunebrivad uCndebaT aseve im qveynis mecnierebsac, romlebmac

jer kidev tomas jefersonis da endriu jeksonis dros gadadges

gadamwyveti nabijebi demokratiisaken. ..

rac Seexeba im ganviTarebadi regionebis mkvlevarebs, rogorebic

aris Sua aRmosavleTi, samxreT azia, tropikuli afrika, an laTinuri

amerika, maT, bunebrivad, gacilebiT ufro gansxvavebuli interesebi

gaaCniaT demokratiis Sesaxeb. maTTvis auxsnel kvanZad rCeba

kontrasti, romelic arsebobs zrdasrul demokratiebsa, rogoricaa

dRevandeli aSS, britaneTi an Svecia, da im qveynebs Soris, romlebic

373

ibrZvian demokratiis mijnaze, magaliTad, ceiloni, libani, TurqeTi,

peru an venesuela. es maT ubiZgebs genetikuri kiTxvisaken – rogor

Cndeba Tavdapirvelad demokratia?9 es SekiTxva aseTive interesis

sagani aris (an, uares SemTxvevaSi, iyo ruseTis mier Cexoslovakiis

dapyrobis Semdeg 1968 wels) aRmosavleT evropaSic. demokratiis

genezisi aris ara mxolod mniSvnelovani msoflios umetesi

nawilisaTvis, aramed amasTan mis kvlevas udidesi praqtikuli

mniSvnelobac gaaCnia, SesaZloa gacilebiT ufro didi, vidre anglo-

amerikuli demokratiis miRwevebisa da dadebiTi mxareebis, an Tundac

vaimaris an safrangeTis respublikis demokratiuli sistemis

fataluri problemebis analizs.

am statiis momdeevno qveTavebSi me minda gamovikvlio zogierTi

meTodologiuri problema, romelic ukavSirdeba funqcionaluridan

genetikuri kvlevisaken gadasvlas da Semdeg Camovayalibo

demokratiisaken transformaciis erTi SesaZlo modelTagani.

II

ra cvlilebebi mohyveba funqcionaluridan genetikuri kvlevis

koncefciaze Tu meTodze gadasvlas? umartivesi pasuxi iqneba

“sruliad araferi”. didia cduneba, rom funqcionalur Teoriebs

genetikurTan SedarebiT ormagi roli davakisroT, gavafarTooT

vestminsterisa da vaSingtonis xedva da davupirispiroT vaimars,

parizs Tu ankaras, karakass da buqarests. Tuki iseTi pirobebi,

rogoricaa konsensusi da ayvaveba daexmareba demokratiis

funqcionirebis SenarCunebas, maSin SesaZlebelia vamtkicoT, rom isini

aucileblad iqneba saWiro misi aRmocenebisaTvis.

funqciisa da genezisis gantoleba metismetad martivia da

argumentic, faqtobrivad, Zalian sustia.10 gantoleba ar aris

samarTliani sxva tipis politikuri reJimebis umravlesobisaTvis.

magaliTad, samxedro diqtaturebi, rogorc wesi, aRmocendebian

SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebidan da saidumlo SeTqmulebebidan, magram

mainc inarCuneben arsebobas sazogadoebis mxardaWeris mopovebiT da

moqalaqeebTan aliansiT. qarizmatuli liderebi, maqs veberis mixedviT,

sakuTar legitimurobas aRweven saswaulebis moxdeniT, magram mas

374

reJimis CamoyalibebiT inarCuneben. monarqia dafuZnebulia subieqtebze,

romlebic tradiciebs usityvod iReben; amdenad, is SeuZlebelia

aRmocendes amgvar principze. komunisturi reJimebi Camoyalibda

revoluciuri elitebis an ucxoeli dampyroblebis mier, magram maTi

konsolidacia moxda Sida masobrivi partiebisa da maTi biurokratiis

zrdiT. fizikidan da qimiidanac viciT, rom mocemuli reaqciis

dawyebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis saWiroa energia. am analogiis

argumentebi, raRa Tqma unda, iseTive daudasturebelia, rogorc

savaraudo argumentebi. Tumca, xSirad, maT mtkicebis tvirTi im

argumentebze gadaaqvT, romlebic aRiarebs, rom zrdasruli

demokratiis SenarCunebas swored is pirobebi uwobs xels, romlebic

misi aRmocenebisaTvisaa saWiro.

msoflioSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli mcdeloba rogorc zrdasruli,

aseve axalgzarda demokratiis SeswavlisaTvis asaxulia lipsetisa da

qatraitis mier ganxorcielebuli statistikuri korelaciebSi. 11

magram lipsetis statia aseve kargad warmoadgens genetikuri

SekiTxvisadmi funqcionaluri midgomis gamoyenebis sirTules. ufro

mkacrad rom vTqvaT, misi monacemebi mxolod funqcias asaxavs. misi

statistikuri gamokvlevebis umravlesobas drois mocemul momentSi

korelaciis forma gaaCnia. 1950-ian wlebSi mis “stabilur

demokratiebs” hqondaT stabilurad ufro maRali Semosavlebi erT

sulze da axasiaTebdaT ganaTlebis maRali done, vidre “arastabilur

demokratiebs”, an stabilur da arastabilur avtoritritarul

reJimebs. korelacia, cxadia, ar aris igive, rac mizezobrivi kavSiri.

is, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, migvaniSnebs raime saxis mizezobriv kavSirze,

Tumca ar migviTiTebs am kavSiris mimarTulebaze. lipsetis monacemebi

upasuxod tovebs SekiTxvas, magaliTad, imis Taobaze, Tu vin ufro

ukeTes demokratiebs qmnis – ganaTlebuli Tu mdidari moqalaqeebi.

Sesabamisi argumentis motana SesaZlebelia almondis, verbasa da

sxvebis aRmoCenebis sawinaaRmdeegod, romlebic dafuZnebulia

sazogadoebis Tanadrouli Sexedulebebisa da midgomebis Semswavlel

gamokiTxvebze. mxolod kvlevis Semdgomma gaRrmavebam SeiZleba

gviCvenos, Tu ramdenad aris iseTi mdigomebi, rogoricaa “samoqalaqo

kulutra”, monawileobis survili, konsensusi fundamentur

375

faseulobebze an procedurebze demokratiis mizezi an Sedegi, an

orive erTad, an arcerTi.

lipsetis statiis saTauri sruliad Seesabameba mis funqcionalur

interesebs. is did sifrTxiles iCens demokratiis “zogierT socialur

pirobaze” da ara winapirobaze saubrisas. magram mravalma mkiTxvelma

daufiqreblad miiCnia “pirobebi” “winapirobebad”.12 ufro metic,

statiis teqsti Tavad iZleva terminTa amgvari Canacvlebis saSualebas,

radgan igi xSirad korelaciidan mizezobriv enaze gadadis.

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom yvela am situaciaSi, ekonomikuri da

socialuri pirobebi gadaiqceva damoukidebel, xolo demokratia

damokidebul cvladad.

genetikuri Teoria aSkarad unda mijnavdes erTmaneTisagan

korelaciasa da mizezs. es sulac ar niSnavs, rom Cven mizezobriobis

im Zvelmodur an martiv Sexedulebas viziarebT, romlis mixedviTac

TiToeul Sedegs gaaCnia erTi mizezi da yvela mizezs – erTi Sedegi.

es Sexeduleba ar uaryofs “albaTobiT” midgomas, romelsac bolo

dros mxari dauWira almondma da romelic emil durkheimidan

moyolebuli, socialuri statistikis TiTqmis yvela specialistma

gamoiyena.13 .. amdenad, mizezobriobiT aseTi daintereseba Seesabameba da

amasTan, mniSvnelovania im skeptikuri mosazrebisaTvis, romelic

adamianis qmedebebs miawers kanonisa da SesaZleblobis kombinacias.

amgvari TviTdeterminizmi gulisxmobs imis aRiarebas, rom socialuri

mecnierebis mkvlevars verasodes ecodineba imdeni, rom srulyofili

axsna mouZebnos movlenebs.. arc im mkvlevarebs, romlebic demokratiis

genezisis SeswavliT dainteresdebian, ar esaWiroebaT mTel

epistemologiasa da metafizikaSi CaRrmaveba. samagierod, imisaTvis,

rom genetikosebi gaxdnen, maT aucileblad dasWirdebaT mizezebis

gamokvleva. mxolod amgvari midgomiT iqneba SesaZlebeli socialuri

mkvlevaris mier misi namdvili movaleobis Sesruleba. es ukanaskneli

ki adamianTa mier arCevanis gakeTebis sazRvrebis da am arCevanis

mocemul sazRvrebSi ganxorcielebis Sedgebis naTelyofas

gulisxmobs.14

albaT korelaciisa da mizezobriobis aRrevis SemTxvevas

lipsetis mkiTxvelTa da xandaxan, TviT avtoris dabneulobis martiv

376

magaliTs ver vuwodebT. piriqiT, es unda iyos aRqmuli daSvebad, rom

socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebi rogorRac aris sabaziso da rom

Cven unda SeviswavloT am Rrma bazisis da ara politikuri movlenebis

“superstruqturis” mniSvnelovani urTierTobebi. politikur

mecnierebaSi Cvens mier aqcentis ekonomikur da socialur faqtorebze

gadatana aris yvelaze aucilebeli koreqtiva adreuli Taobis

mecnierTa sterilur legalizmSi. Tumca, rogorc lipseti (bendiqsTan

erTad) sxva konteqstSi Tavadac aRniSnavda, aman SesaZloa martivad

axsnas politikuri cxovrebis mravali faqti. amasTan, Cven varT imis

saSiSroebis winaSec, rom politikuri axalSobili institucionalur

wyals gadavayoloT…..

kargi iqneboda, Tuki demokratiis nebismieri genetikuri Teoria

ormxrivi mizezobrivi kavSiris, an cirkularuli urTierTqmedebis

raime formis arsebobas dauSvebda erTi mxriv, politikas da meore

mxriv, ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs Soris. rogori socialur-

ekonomikuri pirobebic ar unda CaerTos TeoriaSi, maT unda monaxon

nawilobriv politikuri specifikuri meqanizmebi, romlebic

demokratiis centralur problemebs uSualod Seexeba. ufro metic,

politikur mecniers SesaZloa gauCndes survili, rom koncentrireba

moaxdinos zogierT politikur faqtorze socialuri da ekonomikuri

faqtorebis mniSvnelobis uaryofis gareSec. trumenis, dalis da

sxvaTa naSromebSi me vxedavdi konfliqtis niSnebs da cvlilebebis

safuZvlebs, rogorc nebismieri politikuri sistemis damaxasiaTebel

Tvisebebs. ..

imisaTvis, rom veZeboT mizezobrivi kavSirebi, rogorc me adrec

vamtkicebdi, sakmarisi ar aris martivi msjeloba. konkretulad, Cven

ar unda davuSvaT, rom demokratiisaken transformacia msoflios

masStabiT erTgvarovani procesia, romelic yovelTvis Seexeba

erTidaimave socialur klass, erTidaimave politikur sakiTxebs an

gadawyvetis erTidaimave meTodebs. piriqiT, henri ekSteinTan erTad,

kargi iqneboda imis daSveba, rom socialuri konfliqtebis da maTi

politikuri Sinaarsis mravalferovnebis kombinireba sruliad

SesaZlebelia demokratiaSi. 15 es, ra Tqma unda, Seesabameba im

sazogadod miRebul aRiarebas, rom demokratia aris, umTavresad,

377

proceduris da ara Sinaarsis sakiTxi. es aseve gulisxmobs imas, rom

radganac demokratiisaken transformacia mravalma qveyanam

ganaxorciela, arsebobs demokratiisaken mimavali bevri gza.

aseve ar aris aucilebeli, rom transformaciis modeli

saWiroebdes demokratiuli evoluciis dinamikurad mdgrad erTgarovan

procesad warmodgenas. droSi gangrZobadobis idea da savaraudod,

wrfivi korelacia lipsetisa da katraitis Janris literaturis

uaryofas niSnavs. sawinaaRmdegod, droSi wyvetis idea aris

funqcionaluri da genetikuri kiTxvebis gamijvnis safuZveli. amgvari

wyvetadoba SesaZlebelia danaxul iqnas TviT genetikur sqemaSic ki.

magaliTad, SesaZloa sasargeblo iyos calkeuli pirobebis, rogorc

sabazo faqtorebis gamoyofa da im faqtorebisaken nabij-nabij svla,

romlebic SeiZleba gadamwyveti aRmoCndes transformaciis procesis

mosamzadebel, gadawyvetilebis miRebis da konsolidaciis fazebze.

Tundac erTidaimave qveyanaSi da transformaciis procesis

erTidaimave fazis ganmavlobaSi ar aris aucilebeli, rom politikuri

midgomebi Tanabrad iyos ganawilebuli mosaxleobaSi. dali, makloski

da sxvebi aRniSnaven, rom zrdasrul demokratiebSi arsebobs

mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba profesionali politikosebisa da

Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis midgomebSi. arc is SegviZlia miviRoT

daSvebad, rom yvela politikosi erTidaimave midgomas gaiziarebs.

radganac demokratia dafuZnebulia konfliqtze, brZolis

gasaCaReblad ori gansxvavebuli midgomac sakmarisia. es gansxvavebebi

SesaZlebelia gamovlindes formirebis periodSi, rodesac brZolis

nawils ex hipotezi, adgili eqneba demokratebsa da arademokratebs

Soris. sabolood, transformaciis demokratiuli modeli unda

iZleodes imis daSvebis SesaZleblobas, rom sxvadasxva jgufebma –

magaliTad, moqalaqeebma da mmarTvelebma, an Zalebma, romlebic

cvlilebebs uwyoben xels da im Zalebma, romlebsac warsulis

SenarCuneba surT – SesaZloa demokratiis waxalisebaSi gadamwyveti

roli iTamaSon.

III

378

meTodologiuri argumenti, romelic me ganvaviTare, SesaZloa

mokled ramodenime TezisSi Camoyalibdes.

1. faqtorebi, romlebic demokratias stabilurobas

unarCunebs SesaZloa ar emTxveodes maT, romlebmac misi

warmoSoba gamoiwvia: demokratiis axsnisaTvis

erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT funqcia da genezisi.

2. korelacia ar aris igive, rac mizezobrivi kavSiri:

genetikuri Teoria unda axdendes koncentracias

ukanasknelze;

3. yvela mizezobrivi kavSiri ar niSnavs socialuri da

ekonomikuri faqtorebidan politikuri faqtorebisaken

gadasvlas;

4. yvela mizezobrivi kavSiri ar niSnavs rwmenisa da

midgomebis qmedebad gadaqcevas.

5. ar aris aucilebeli, rom demokratiis genezisi

geografiulad erTidaigivenairi iyos: SesaZloa

arsebobdes demokratiisaken mimavali mravali gza.

6. ar aris aucilebeli, rom demokratiis genezisi

erTidaigivenairi iyos dinamikaSi: sxvadasxva faqtorebi

SeiZleba sxvadasxva warmatebuli fazis dros gaxdes

mniSvnelovani;

7. ar aris aucilebeli, rom demokratiis genezisi iyos

socialurad erTidaigivenairi: SesaZloa erTidaimave

adgilas da erTidaimave periodSi politikosebis da

Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis azriT demokratiis

wamaxalisebeli midgomebi erTmaneTs ar daemTxves.

. . .

sabednierod, genetikuri midgoma moiTxovs an SesaZlebels xdis

ramodenime axali SezRudvis arsebobas, rac axdens danarCeni Svidis

dakargvis saSiSroebis kompensacias. Cven SegviZlia gavagrZeloT am

Tezisebis CamonaTvali, vidre SevimuSavebT meTodologiuri argumentis

meore nawils.

379

8. TiToeuli qveynis empiriuli monacemebi genetikuri

Teoriis sasargeblod unda moicavdes drois periods

demokratiis “SemoRebis” wina periodisa da misi Semdgomi

periodis CaTvliT.

9. politikuri transformaciis logikis SeswavlisaaTvis Cven

SesaZloa ar ganvixiloT qveynebi, sadac mTavari stimuli

ucxoeTidan movida;

10. transformaciis idealuri tipi an modeli SesaZloa

gamoviyvanoT ori an sami empiriuli SemTxvevis SeswavliT

da Semdeg SevamowmoT danarCenebze maTi gamoyenebiT.

…. . .

demokratiis “SemoReba” ar unda iyos, ra Tqma unda, gagebuli ise,

TiTqos igi erT weliwadSi moxdeba. radganac axali socialuri

jgufebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba da amasTan dakavSirebuli axali

Cvevebis formireba transformaciis periodis gansaxorcieleblad

minimum erT Taobas mainc saWiroebs. im qveynebSi, sadac ar arsebobda

metoqeobis adreuli modelebi, transformacia kidev ufro met dros

moiTxovs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom britaneTSi, magaliTad, transformacia

daiwyo 1640 wlamde da dasrulda 1918 wels. sawyisi hipoTezisaTvis,

Tumca, albaT ukeTesia iseTi qveynebis ganxilva, romlebSic es

procesi SedarebiT swrafad ganviTarda.

demokratiuli transformaciis Seswavla mkvlevarisagan moiTxovs

istoriis ufro Rrmad Seswavlas, vidre es sazogadod aris miCneuli.

es iwvevs mraval cvlilebas kvlevis meTodebSi, dawyebuli

gamokiTxvis da interviuebis monacemebis Semcvlelebidan. TviT

yvelaze sarwmuno statistikac ki Znelia gamoyenebul iqnas adreuli

demokratiuli eqsperimentebisaTvis. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

konstitucia (muxli 1, nawili 2) gvaxsenebs, rom Cveni mosaxleobis

aRwera droulad iqna SemoRebuli imisaTvis, rom saswrafod dagvewyo

sakuTari Tavis marTva da daTvla.

.. .,. ..

modeli, romelic me qvemoT unda warmovadgino, umeteswilad

dafuZnebulia SvedeTis Cems mier Sesrulebul gamokvlevaze,

dasavluri qveynisa, romelmac demokratiisaken transformacia 1890-1920

380

wlebSi ganicada da TurqeTze, dasavluri orientaciis qveyanaze, sadac

procesi 1945 wels daiwyo da jer kidev grZeldeba. . . . es aris

kvlevis adreuli etapi, romelic damexmareba im hipoTezebis daxvewaSi,

romlebic SesaZloa qveyanaTa ufro didi jgufis SeswavlisaTvis

gamoviyeno.

IV

a. sabaziso piroba

modeli erTaderTi sabaziso pirobiT - erovnuli erTobiT –

iwyeba. es sulac ar exeba pirovnuli TviTgamorkvevis raime rTul

fsiqologiur gagebas, an raime grandiozul politikur mizans,

romelic moqalaqeebs aerTianebs. es ubralod niSnavs, rom potenciuri

demokratiis moqalaqeTa umetesi nawili unda acnobierebdes sakuTar

politikur mikuTvnebulobas ama Tu im jgufis mimarT. es gamoricxavs

faruli rRvevis situaciebs, rogorc es habsburgebis da otomanebis

gviandel imperiebSi an mraval afrikul saxelmwifoSi xdeboda. es

aseve gamoricxavs im situaciebs, rodesac arsebobs Serwymisaken

seriozuli miswrafeba, rogorc es mraval arabul qveyanaSi xdeboda.

demokratia aris droebiTi umravlesobebis mier marTvis sistema.

imisaTvis, rom mmarTvelebi da politika Tavisuflad icvlebodes,

unda arsebobdes “gamZle” sazRvrebi, sazogadoebis Semadgenloba unda

iyos mdgradi. rogorc aivor jeningsi ambobda, “xalxi ver gadawyvets,

vidre vinme ar gadawyvets vin aris xalxi.”16

erovnuli erToba im azriT aris miCneuli demokratiis sabaziso

pirobad, rom is unda uswrebdes demokratizaciis yvela fazas.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, drois aTvla arasworad moxdeba. misi miRweva

SesaZlebeli iyo preistoriul xanaSic, rogorc iaponiasa da SvedeTSi;

es faza SesaZloa saukuneebiTac uswrebdes win sxva fazebs, rogorc

safrangeTSi, an aTwleulebiT, rogorc TurqeTSi. arc imas aqvs

mniSvneloba, Tu ra saSualebebiT moxda erovnuli erTobis miRweva.

geografiuli situacia SesaZloa iseTi iyos, rom seriozuli

alternativa ar gamoCndes – iaponia kidev erTxel SeiZleba

ganvixiloT, rogorc kargi magaliTi. an SeiZleba moxdes ise, rom

381

erovnulobis grZnoba iyos socialuri komunikaciis uecari

intensifikaciis Sedegi, romelic ganapiroba axali ideologemis

miznobrivma ganviTarebam. meore mxriv, es SesaZloa iyos gaerTianebis

raime dinastiuri an administraciuli procesi. im hipoTezaTa

simravle, romelic SemoTavazebulia doiCis mier, naTlad Seesabameba

am situaciebs.17

. . .

erovnuli erTobis ganxilva demokratizaciisaTvis erTaderT

sabaziso pirobad niSnavs imas, rom misTvis ar aris saWiro qveyanaSi

raime minimaluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donisa da socialuri

diferenciaciis winapirobebis arseboba. es socialuri da ekonomikuri

faqtorebi modelSi mxolod arapirdapir Semodis, rogorc erovnuli

erTobis, an damkvidrebuli konfliqtis (ix. b paragrafi qvemoT)

mravalricxovani alternatividan erT-erTi. es socialuri da

ekonomikuri indikatorebi, romlebzec sxvadasxva avtorebi siamovnebiT

saubroben, rogorc “sabaziso pirobebze”, xSirad aradamajereblad

JRers. yovelTvis arsebobs arademokratiuli qveynebi, romlebic

saeWvod maRal rangSi gadian, magaliTad, kuveiti, nacisturi germania,

kuba, an kongo. aqedan gamomdinare, aSS 1820 wels, safrangeTi 1870

wels, SvedeTi 1890 wels darwmunebulni iqnebodnen, rom ver

daakmayofilebdnen erT an romelime winapirobas an urbanizaciisa an

erT sulze Semosavlis donis Sesaxeb, rom araferi vTqvaT

mosaxleobis aTas kacze gazeTebis tiraJis gavrcelebis, eqimebis,

kinofilmebis da telefonebis raodenobaze.

amdenad, modeli Segnebulad tovebs Riad premodernistuli,

prenacionaluri periodis da dabali ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis

demokratiebis SesaZleblobebs. demokratiis Sinaarsiani ganmartebis

moZebna, romelic moicavda Tanamedrove saparlamento sistemebsac da

Suasaukuneebis tyis kantonebs da antikur qalaqebs (sadac monebi ar

arsebobda) da kolumbamdel indielebsac, albaT Zalian Zneli iqneba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom es ar aris mocemuli proeqtis mizani, me mainc

Sevecdeebi, rom amas gverdi ar avuaro.

b. mosamzadebeli faza

382

Cemi hipoTezis Tanaxmad, erTaderTi sabaziso pirobis arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi, demokratizaciis procesi aris gangrZobadi da

dausrulebeli politikuri brZolis procesi. imisaTvis, rom mas es

Tvisebebi mivaniWoT, mxardamWerebi unda warmoadgendnen kargad

damkvidrebul Zalebs (rogorc wesi, socialur klasebs) da sakiTxebs

maTTvis udidesi mniSvneloba unda hqondeT. amgvari brZolis dawyeba

savaraudoa axali elitis aRmocenebis Sedegad, romelic warmoiSoba

winaT mmarTvelobaSi armyofi socialuri jgufis SeTanxmebuli

moqmedebiT. Tumca, am Zalis konkretuli socialuri Semadgenloba,

rogorc liderebis, aseve mimdevrebis, da im sakiTxebis specialuri

buneba, romelTa irgvlivac mimdinareobs brZola, SesaZloa qveynebis

mixedviT gansxvavdebodes sxvadasxva periodebSi.

SvedeTSi, saukunis dasawyisSi, pirvelad mimdinareobda brZola

fermerebs, xolo Semdeg, urbanul dabal saSualo klassa da muSaTa

klass, da biurokratiis, msxvili miwaTmflobelebisa da mrewvelebis

gaerTianebas Soris. sakiTxebi, romelTa garSemoc brZola gaimarTa,

Seexeboda tarifebs, gadasaxadebs, samxedro momsaxurebas. TurqeTSi

gasuli ici wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinarobda konkurencia qalaqsa da

sofels Soris, ufro sworad, msxvil da saSualo fermerebsa

(romlebsac mxars uWerda glexi amomrCeveli) da qemalisturi

biurokratiuli da samxedro istebliSmentis warmomadgenlebs Soris.

centraluri sakiTxi iyo industrializacia agraruli ganviTarebis

winaaRmdeg. orive SemTxvevaSi ekonomikuri faqtorebi gadamwyveti

mniSvnelobis gaxldaT, Tumca, mizezobrivi kavSiri gansxvavebuli iyo.

SvedeTSi es iyo intensiuri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis periodi,

romelmac axali politikuri daZabulobebi ganapiroba. gadamwyvet

etapze stokholmeli muSebis xelfasebis gazrdam maT frenCaizebis

sagadasaxado barieris gadalaxvis SesaZlobloba misca. TurqeTSi,

sawinaaRmdegod, soflis ganviTarebis moTxovna iyo demokratizaciis

ara mizezi, aramed Sedegi.

SesaZloa iyos iseTi situaciebic, sadac ekonomikuri faqtorebi

gacilebiT nakleb rols TamaSobdnen. indoeTsa da filipinebSi

konkurencia nacionalistur Zalebsa da imperiul biurokratias Soris

TviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aseve asrulebda igive

383

mosamzadebel funqcias, rogorc klasebis konfliqti sxva qveynebSi.

libanSi gauTavebeli brZola mimdinareobs dominantur jgufebsa da

samTavrobo jgufebs Soris. Tumca, amgvar politikur brZolas

bunebrivad gaaCnia ekonomikuri ganzomilebebi. mxolod

doqtrinalurad ekonomikuri azrovnebiT damuxtul adamians SeuZlia

kolonializmi an religiuri problemebi marto ekonomikur mizezebs

miaweros.

. . .

brZolis seriozul da gangrZobiT bunebas SeuZlia mxardamWerTa

iZuleba, daemyaron or SemzRudvel faqtors. amdenad, polarizacia da

ara pluralizmia am mosamzadebeli fazis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba.

Tumca, arsebobs erovnuli erTobis pirobis limitebic, romlebic, ra

Tqma unda, ara mxolod unda arsebobdes, aramed unda grZeldebodes

kidec. Tuki danawileba mkacrad regionul safuZvelze xdeba, maSin

demokratiis sanacvlod, didi Sansia, rom Sedegad miviRoT am

regionebis gamoyofa. TviT geografiulad xelovnurad

urTierTdakavSirebul konkurentebs Sorisac ki SesaZloa moiZebnos

erTobis raime Zafi da ZalTa raime balansic ki, romelic gamoricxavs

genocids. Turqebi iwyeben demokratiuli praqtikis ganviTarebas

TavianT qveyanaSi, magram ormocdaaTi wlis winaT isini amerikelebsa

da berZnebs demokratiulad sulac ar eqceodnen. gadamkveT

gansxvavebebs, rogorc erTobis grZnobis gaZlierebisa da dacvis

SesaZlo saSualebebs, mosamzadebel fazaSi sakuTari adgili gaaCniaT.

dali aRniSnavs, rom “opoziciis erTi mudmivi problema imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom is an Zalian didia, an Zalian mcire”.18 modelis

pirveli ori elementi gviCvenebs, rom SesaZlebelia opoziciis saWiro

raodenoba arsebobdes. magram brZola da erovnuli erToba ar

SeiZleba gavasaSualooT, radganac isini SeuZlebelia gavzomoT

erTidaimave skalaze. orive didi doziT unda iqnas Serwymuli. da es

iseve SesaZlebelia, rogorc mkacri polarizaciisa da gadamkveTi

gansxvavebebis kombinireba.

. . .

384

es delikaturi kombinacia gviCvenebs, rom mosamzadebel fazaSi,

ra Tqma unda, mravali ram SesaZloa arasworad warimarTos. es

SesaZloa gagrZeldes, vidre mxardamWerebi da dRis wesrigis

sakiTxebis gadawyvetis demokratiuli gzebi gaqreba. an rodesac erTi

jgufi ipovis gzas oponentebis gasanadgureblad. am da sxva gzebiT,

demokratiis TvalnaTeli evolucia SesaZloa sxvagan gadaixaros, da

es arcerT sxva fazaSi ar xdeba ise martivad, rogorc mosamzadebel

fazaSi.

g. gadawyvetilebis miRebis faza

robert dali werda, rom kanonieri partiuli opozicia . . . aris

ukanaskneli drois daugegmavi gamogoneba”. . .19 es Seesabameba braisis

xazgasmas, rom demokratiisaken transformacia aris kompleqsuri

procesi, romelic mravali aTwleulis manZilze grZeldeba. . . .

mosamzadebel fazas ki asrulebs politikuri liderebis mier

Segnebuli gadawyvetileba, rom gaacnobieron da miiRon

mravalferovnebis arsebobis saWiroeba da rom moaxdinon

demokratiuli proceduris umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebis

institutcionalizacia. aseTi iyo 1907 wlis gadawyvetileba, romelsac

me Sveduri politikis “didi kompromisi” davarqvi” da romelic

gulisxmobda universaluri saarCevno uflebisa da proporciuli

warmomadgenlobis miRebas.20 . . .

gadawyvetileba niSnavs arCevans da rodesac demokratiis arCevani

sabaziso da mosamzadebeli pirobebis Camoyalibebamde ar arsebobs, es

SeiZleba CaiTvalos namdvil arCevanad, romelic am ori pirobidan

avtomaturad ar warmoiSoba. libanis istoria gviCvenebs keTilmosurne

avtokratiis an ucxoeli mmarTvelebis SesaZleblobebs, rogorc Sida

politikuri brZolebis alternativebs. amasTan, ra Tqma unda,

demokratiis sasargeblo gadawyvetilebam, an misma mniSvnelovanma

ingredientma, SesaZloa gaagrZelos mosamzadeebeli faza, an mogvces

sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sedegic.

gadawyvetileba demokratiis sasargeblod miiReba mravali Zalis

urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. . . . molaparakebebSi monawile jgufebSi da

385

maT liderebSi SeiZleba iyvnen mosamzadebeli brZolis momxreebic.

sxva monawileebi SesaZloa moicavdes jgufebs, romlebic gamoeyvnen

erTmaneTs. scenaze, aseve SeiZleba gamoCndes politikaSi sruliad

axladSemosuli jgufebic.

.. . .

gadawyvetilebis miRebis faza SesaZloa ganxilul iqnas, rogorc

Segnebuli qmedeba, rogorc Ria konsensusi. magram erTxel kidev unda

aRiniSnos, rom SesaZlebelia, saWiro iyos am terminis raime SedarebiT

naTeli sinonimiT Secvlac. pirvelyovlisa, rogorc braisi gvTavazobs,

gadawyvetilebis miRebis demokratiuli Sinaarsi SesaZloa

daukavSirdes sxva mraval mniSvnelovan sakiTxsac. meorec, radgan es

aris namdvili kompromisi, is aucileblad iqneba ganxiluli rogorc

meore saukeTeso yvela mniSvnelovani monawile partiisaTvis – is

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar warmoadgens raime SeTanxmebas an principebs.

mesame, TviT procedurebSic ki iqneba upiratesobebs Soris

gauTavebeli gansxvavebebi. universaluri saarCevno ufleba

proporciuli warmomadgenlobiT, romelic 1907 wels Sveduri

kompromisis Sinaarss warmoadgenda, konservatorebisaTvis (romlebic

siamovnebiT gaagrZelebdnen Zvel plutokratiul saarCevno sistemas)

iseTive ugemovno iyo, rogorc liberalebisa da socialistebisaTvis

(romlebsac surdaT umravlesobis mmarTveloba, dausustebeli

proporciuli warmomadgenlobiT). is, rac mniSvnelovania

gadawyvetilebis miRebis fazaSi aris ara is, Tu, abstraqtulad, ra

faseulobebis SeTvisebas SeZleben liderebi, aramed is konkretuli

nabijebi, romlebsac isini realurad gadadgamen. meoTxe, SeTanxmeba,

romelic miiRweva liderebs Soris, Sorsaa universalurobisagan. is

SeiZleba gadaeces profesional politikosebs da sazogadoebas.

swored esaa modelis saboloo, miCvevis fazis ori mniSvnelovani

aspeqtic.

d. miCvevis faza

rodesac ukve miRebulia ugemovno gadawyvetileba, is SedarebiT

ukeTesad gveCveneba maSin, rodesac xdeba misi ganxorcieleba da

386

rodesac masTan SeTviseba aucilebelia. .. . . demokratia, misi

ganmartebidan gamomdinare aris konkurentuli procesi da es

konkurencia aZlevs SesaZleblobas maT, vinc axorcielebs sakuTari

dapirebis racionalizacias, da kidev ufro did SesaZleblobebs imas,

visac marTla gulwrfelad sjera misi. Sveduri konservatiuli

partiis transformacia 1918-1936 wlebSi aris am wertilis naTeli

ilustracia. ori aTwleulis liderobis Semdeg, adamianebi, romlebmac

an pragmatulad miiRes is, an marTlac sjerodaT misi, pensiaze

gavidnen an gardaicvalnen. igivenairad, TurqeTSi, ismeT inonus Semdeg,

romelmac xeli Seuwyo demokratiis ganviTarebas, da adnan menderes

Semdeg, romelmac demokratiaSi dainaxa uprecendento meqanizmi misi

ambiciis dasakmayofileblad, mmarTvelobaSi mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs

hqonda adgili. mokled, TviT demokratizacia axdens darviniseuli

SerCevis procesis ormag institucionalizacias darwmunebuli

demokratebis sasargeblod: erTi mxriv, partiebs Soris arCevnebis

procesSi da meore mxriv, politikosebs Soris, romlebic

liderobisaTvis TavianTi partiebis SigniT ibrZvian.

magram politika ar Sedgeba mxolod marTvis sadaveebisaTvis

konkurenciisagan. is agreTve warmoadgens konfliqtebis gadawyvetis

process adamianTa jgufebs Soris – miuxedvad imisa, es konfliqtebi

aRmocendeba interesTa Sejaxebisagan, Tu momavlis bundovanebisagan.

axali politikuri reJimi aris axali recepti imisaTvis, rom

erToblivad iqnas gamoyenebuli gaurkvevlobis Sansebi. demokratia,

rogorc mravalmxrivi debatebis sistema, moicavs Secdomebisa da cdis

procesebs, erToblivi SeTvisebis da swavlis praqtikas. pirveli

mTavari kompromisi, romelic demokratias ayalibebs, aris is, rom man

Tavad daamtkicos SeCvevisa da SeTanxmebulobis principebis

efeqtianoba da sicocxlisunarianoba. pirveli warmateba, romelmac

SeiZleba waaxalisos konkurentuli politikuri Zalebi da maTi

liderebi, aris demokratiuli procedurebis gamoyenebiT mTavari

gadasawyveti sakiTxebis Camoyalibeba.

. . .

gasul saukuneSi dasavleT evropaSi politikuri debatebisa da

konfliqtebis evoluciis Seswavlam aCvena, rom socialur da

387

ekonomikur sakiTxebs demokratiebi SedarebiT advilad gaumklavdnen.

maSin rodesac sazogadoebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadaWra

SedarebiT gaZnelebuli iyo. Cven SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom marqsis

gaTvlebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, araswori iyo. erovnulobaSi man dainaxa

burJuaziis, rogorc klasis interesebis dacvis piroba. man gaakritika

religia, rogorc masebis mowamvlis saSualeba. sapirispirod,

ekonomikaSi man dainaxa realuri da mzardi brZola, romelic

sabolood Sedegad moitanda burJuaziuli demokratiis ngrevas. magram

faqtobrivad, demokratiam daamtkica, rom yvelaze efeqtiania

politikuri kiTxvebis gadawyvetaSi, sadac mTavaria socialuri da

ekonomikuri ganawileba, rogorc britaneTSi, avstraliaSi, axal

zelandiaSi da skandinaviis qveynebSi.

. . .

sirTule, romlebsac demokratia awydeba sazogadoebrivi

problemebis gadawyvetaSi, xazs usvams erovnuli erTianobis, rogorc

demokratizaciis sabaziso pirobis aucileblobas. umwvavesi brZolebi

demokratiaSi mimarTulia politikuri sazogadoebis Tandayolili

defeqtebis winaaRmdeg.

transformacia demokratiisaken, rogorc adrec aRvniSneT,

SesaZloa saWiroebdes saerTo midgomebs da gansakuTrebul midgomebs

rogorc politikosebis, aseve Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebisagan.

gansakuTrebuloba ukve gadawyvetilebis miRebis fazazec ki naTelia,

rodesac liderebi cdiloben kompromisi moZebnon, maSin rodesac maTi

mimdevrebi Zveli reJimis momxreTaTvis winaaRdegobebis Seqmnaze

fiqroben. es kidev ufro metad SesamCnevi xdeba SeCvevis fazaze,

rodesac adgili aqvs sami saxis process. pirveli, raime sakiTxis

warmatebiT gadawyvetidan rogorc politikosebi, aseve moqalaqeebi

swavloben Tu rogor moargon TavianTi bedi axali wesebis garemos da

rogor gamoiyenon es wesebi axali sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi. maTi rwmena

gacilebiT ufro swrafad gaizrdeba, Tuki axali reJimis adreul

stadiaze politikuri tendenciebi monawileobas miiRebs saqmeebis

gadawyvetaSi an sxvadasxva koaliciebTan SeerTebis meSveobiT, an kidev

opoziciuri da samTavrobo brZolebis meSveobiT. meore, rogorc Cven

ukve vnaxeT, demokratiuli teqnikis da konkurentuli praqtika

388

daarwmunebs politikosebs TavianT demokratiul gamocdilebaSi.

mesame, mosaxleoba miiRebs axal struqturas partiuli organizaciebis

efeqtiani kavSirebis damaxinjebiT, romelic akavSirebs dedaqalaqis

politikosebs mTeli qveynis masobriv eleqtoratTan.

es partiuli organizaciebi SesaZloa gamovides imaTi pirdapiri

gagrZeleba, romlebic aqtiurobdnen demokratizaciis mosamzadebel an

konfliqtis fazebze. universaluri saarCevno uflebis gafarToebam

demokratiuli “gadawyvetilebis” droisaTvis maT SesaZloa misces meti

Tavisufleba. meore mxriv, SesaZlebelia, rom konfliqtis fazaSi

arcerTi partia ar aRmoCndes da saarCevno uflebis gafarToeba

SezRuduli iyos. politikuri struqturis aseTi nawilobrivi

demokratizaciis pirobebSic ki konkurentuli dinamika, romelic

process daasrulebs, SesaZloa mainc damkvidrdes. saparlamento

partiebi moZebnian mxardaWeras amomrCvelTa organizaciebidan

imisaTvis, rom garantirebuli hqondeT momdevno parlamentebisaTvis

maTi jgufis wevrebis miwodeba. sxvadasxva dros esa Tu is

politikuri jgufi SesaZloa eZebdes Sanss, rom win gauswros Tavis

oponents eleqtoratis gafarToebiT an umravlesobis kontrolis

dawesebis sxva winaRmdegobebis moxsniT. es, uxeSad rom iTqvas, iyo

britaneTSi 1832-1918 wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis buneba. aseTi

dinamikis logikuri dasasruli, ra Tqma unda, aris sruli

demokratizacia.

V

modeli, romelic aq warmovadgineT, sam moments asaxavs. pirveli,

is ambobs, rom demokratiis genezisisaTvis saWiro garkveuli

ingredientebi. erTi ingredienti aris is, rom aucilebelia arsebobdes

erovnuli erTobis grZnoba. meore, unda arsebobdes seriozuli Sinda

konfliqti. mesame, unda moxdes demokratiuli wesebis Segnebulad

miReba. da bolos, politikosebic da amomrCevelic unda SeeCvios am

wesebs.

meore, modeli asaxavs, rom es ingredientebi TandaTanobiT unda

aewyos. TiToeul amocanas gaaCnia sakuTari logika da TiToeul

maTgans hyavs sakuTari mxardamWerebi – administratorTa qseli an

389

nacionalistebis jgufi, dabali klasebis masobrivi moZraoba,

romelic SesaZloa ufro maRali klasis warmomadgeneli disidentebis

mier imarTeba, politikuri liderebis viwro wre, romlebsac gaaCniaT

molaparakebis da kompromisis gamocdileba demokratiuli wesebis

formulirebaSi da sxvadasxva organizaciebi. modeli uaryofs

demokratiis “funqcionaluri rekvizitebis” aucileblobas. aseTi

uaryofis pirobebSi modeli yvela amocanas erTad ganixilavs da

demokratizaciis miRwevis mizans TiTqmis umarTavs xdis. aq moyvanili

argumenti zustad iseTivea, rogoric hirSmanma da sxvebma gaakeTes

dabalansebuli ekonomikuri zrdis Teoriis sawinaaRdegod. es

ekonomistebi ar uaryofen, rom transformacia primitiulidan

zrdasrul industirul ekonomikaze moiTxovs cvlilebebs yvela

frontze – muSaobis stilisa da meTodebis, kapitalis formirebis,

ganawilebis sistemis, moxmarebis Cvevebis, monetaruli sistemis da ase

Semdeg. magram isini acxadebdnen, rom nebismieri qveyana, romelic am

amocanebis erTdroulad Sesrulebas daisaxavs miznad, sruliad

paralizebuli aRmoCndeba – yvelaze stabiluri balansi, am

SemTxvevaSi, iqneba stagnacia. Tumca, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

specialistebis problema xdeba is, rom arsebobs “kavSiri” warsulsa

da momavals Soris, rac niSnavs marTvas amocanebis TanmimdevrobiT

Sesrulebis meSveobiT.

mesame, modeli gvTavazobs aseTi Tanmimdevrobis erT-erT

magaliTs, romelsac safuZvlad udevs erovnuli erToba, romelic

Semdeg brZolis, kompromisis da SeCvevis fazebis meSveobiT

demokratiaSi gadaizrdeba.

. . .

simoklisaTvis modelis sabaziso ingredientebi oTxamde

daviyvaneT, xolo socialuri pirobebi an fsiqologiuri motivaciebi,

romlebic SeiZleba TiToeuli ingredientisaTvis saWiro yofiliyo,

saerTodac Ria davtoveT. konkretulad, modeli uaryofs imas, rac

zogjer mocemulia demokratiis winapirobebis saxiT, magaliTad,

ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis maRali done, an winaswari

konsensusi principebze an wesebze. ekonomikuri zrda SeiZleba iyos

erT-erTi winapiroba, romelic qmnis saWiro daZabulobas

390

mosamzadebeli an konfliqtis fazebisaTvis – magram arsebobs sxva

pirobebic, romelTa gamoyenebac aseve SesaZlebelia. masobrivi

ganaTleba da socialuri keTildReoba, ufro savaraudoa, rom

aRmoCndes demokratizaciis Sedegi, vidre safuZveli.

principebze konsensusi ararealuri winapirobaa. xalxs,

romelsac ar gaaCnda konfliqturi situacia raime fundamentur

sakiTxze, savaraudod, ar dasWirdeba mravalferovani demokratiuli

wesebis SemuSaveba konfliqtis gadasawyvetad. amdenad, am wesebis

miReba, logikurad, aris transformaciis procesis nawili da ara misi

winapiroba. warmodgenili modeli konsensusis mraval aspeqts

winapirobebis nacvlad procesis aqtiur elementebad ganixilavs.

. . .

demokratiis safuZveli ar aris maqsimaluri konsensusi. es aris

Sualeduri pozicia arsebul wesebsa (rogoric tiraniis garkveul

saxeobamde migviyvnda) da Seurigebel brZolas Soris (romelic

sazogadoebas daanawevrebda samoqalaqo omis an damoukideblobis

Ziebis dros). demokratiis genezisis procesSi, elementi, romelsac

SeiZleba daerqvas konsensusi, sam SemTxvevaSi Semodis. unda

arsebobdes sazogadoebriobis, erTobis Tavdapirveli aRqma,

sasurvelia, erTobis grZnoba, miCneuli, rogorc arsebuli, romelic

zemoT davaxasiaTeT rogorc meti saerTo azri da meti

SeTanxmebuloba. unda arsebobdes demokratiuli wesebis Segnebuli

aRiareba, magram ar unda arsebobdes rwmena, rom isini ukve

gamoyenebulia, Tavdapirvelad saWiroebis, xolo TandaTanobiT,

SeCvevis gamo. am wesebis muSaoba konsensusis sferos nabij-nabij

gaafarTovebs, radgan demokratia nel-nela Seaviwrovebs mis

gadatvirTul dRis wesrigs.

magram axali sakiTxebi yovelTvis warmoiSoba da axali

konfliqtebic safrTxes uqmnis axladmiRebul SeTanxmebebs.

demokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli procedurebi moicavs saarCevno

kampanias, kandidatebis arCevas, parlamentis Seqmnas, mokled, mraval

meqanizms konfliqtebis Seqmnisa da maTi gadawyvetisaTvis. demokratiis

391

arsi aris mudmivad cvalebadi sakiTxebis Taobaze gamarTuli

debatebis da SeTanxmebis Cvevebis gamomuSaveba. totalitarulma

mmarTvelebma unda miaRwion erTsulovnebas principebsa da

procedurebze, vidre isini sxva saxis saqmianobiT dakavdebian.

sawinaaRmdegod, demokratia mmarTvelobis is formaa, romelic

samarTlian Zalauflebas iRebs mis mier marTulTa minimum

naxevrisagan.

SeniSvnebi

1 Ernest Barker, Reflections on Government (Oxford, 1942), p.43; Daniel Lerner et al. The Passing of Tranditionla Society (Glencoe, 1958). pp.49ff, 60ff. Gabriel Almodn and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton, 1963). 2 Carl J. Friederich, The new Belief in the Common man (Boston, 1942). E.E. Schattchneider, The Semi-Sovereign People (New York, 1960); Bernard crick, In Defence of Politicsl, rev.ed.(Penguin Books, 1964); Ralf Gahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Societu (Standford, 1959); Arend Lijphart, The Politicsl of Accomodation (Berkley and Los Angeles, 1968). 3 David B. Truman, The Govermental process (New York, 1951), P. 514. S.M. Lipset, Political Man (New Yourk, 1960), pp.88ff. Lawrence Lowell-ma ukve isaubra partiebis klasifikaciis saWiroebaze, sadac “gamijvnis xazi vertikaluria”, romelic hyofs klasebis horizontalur ganawilebas. Government and Parties in Continental Europe (Boston, 1896), vol.2, pp.65ff. 4 Robert Aa.Dahl Who Governs? (New haven, 1961); Herbert McClosky, “Consensus and Ideology in American Politics, “American Political Science Review, LVIII (Jane 1964); James W. Prothoro and Chrles M.grigg, “Fundamental Principles of democracy; Bases of Agreement and Disagreement,”, Journal of Politics, XXII (May 1960). 5 Harry Eckstein, The Theory of Stable Democracy (Princeton, 1961) and Division and Cohesion in a Democracy (Princeton, 1965). 6 Robert A. Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago, 1956). 7 Lijphart, Eckstein; Dahl, Pluralist democracy in the United States:Conflict and Consent (Chicago, 1967). 8 See Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, 1962). 9ukanasknel periodSi modernizebuli qveynebis konteqstSi demokratiaze sazogado diskusiisaTvis ix. Rustow, A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization (Washington, 1967), Tavi 7 romelic mocemul arguments mokle daskvnis saxiT warmoadgens. 10 “ politikuri forma SesaZloa SenarCunebul iqnas im pirobebSic ki, romlebic normalur pirobebSi ewinaaRdegeba am formas”, lipseti, g. 46. 11 Seymour Martin Lipset, “Some Social Requirements of Democracy:Economic Development and Political legitimacy”, American Political Sscience review. LIII (March 1959); idem, Political Man; Philips Cutright.”National Political Development: Measurement and Analysis,” American Sociological Review, XXVIII (April 1963). 12 Rupert Emerson, From Empire to Nation (Cambirdge, 1960), p. 278, axdens lipsetis parafrazirebas am efeqtisaTvis. rejai am mniSvnelovan anTologiaSi da komentarSi, Democracy: the Contemporary Theories (new York, 1967), CarTavs nawyvets statiidan, romlis saTauria “Socioeconomic Preconditions” (pp.242-247). 13 Gabriel A.Almond and James S. Coleman, eds. The Politics of Developing Areas (Princeton, 1960), Introduction. 14 es debuleba socialuri mecnieris funqciis Sesaxeb aRebulia rastous “A World of Nations”-idan, gv. 17. Semdegi ori abzaci aris igives parafrazi, gv. 142. 15 Eckstein, Division and Cohesion, pp. 183-85. 16 W. Ivor Jennings, The Approach to Self-Government (Cambridje, 1956), p. 56.

392

17 Deutch Nationalism and Social Communication; Deutch et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area. 18 Dahl et al., Political Opposition in Western democracies, p. 397. 19 ibid, p. xi 20 Rustow, The politics of Compromise, p. 69.

393

adamPpSevorski

mdgradi demokratia Sesavali - saxelmwifo, demokratia da ekonomika

aris Tu ara aRmosavleTisa da samxreTis naklebad ganviTarebuli

qveynebisaTvis “pirveli msoflio” erTaderTi arsebuli alternativa?

aris Tu ara es strategia ekonomikuriad sisocxlisunariani? iqneba

Tu ara is mxardaWerili adgilobrivi politikuri Zalebis mier

ekonomikuri struqturebis transformaciis fonze, romlebic

masobrivma cvlilebebma gamoiwvia da romlebmac maRali socialuri

danaxarjebi moiyola? rogori kulturuli, nacionalisturi an

religiuri Zalebis gaCenas gamoiwvevs igi? sadamde migviyvans es

procesi ekonomikurad da politikurad? rogor saerTaSoriso wesrigs

ganapirobebs igi? ra SeiZleba moxdes, Tuki es strategia marcxs

ganicdis da demokratiasa da ayvavebamde ar migviyvans?

am SekiTxvaTa umravlesoba ekonomikur da politikur reformebs

erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. radgan demokratiisaken transformacia xSirad

emTxveva ekonomikur krizisebs, axali demokratiebis didi umravlesoba

ganicdis politikuri institutebis konsolidaciisa da ekonomikuri

kolafsis gadalaxvis gadaudebel paralelur saWiroebas.

demokratiuli institutebi mxolod maSin SeiZleba konsolidirebuli

iyos, Tuki isini politikur jgufebs, warmomadgenlobiTi institutebis

gavliT, sTavazobs maTi moTxovnebis aqtivizaciisaTvis Sesabamis

stimulebsa da arxebs. Tumca, reformebi, romlebic saWiroa zrdis

SesaZleblobis aRdgenisaTvis, aucileblad gamoiwvevs mravali jgufis

materialuri pirobebis transformaciul gauaresebas. amdenad,

demokratiuli institutebis konsolidacia amgvari pirobebis fonze

Tavisuflad SeiZleba Sesustdes. es aris swored im dilemis wyaro,

romlis winaSec axali demokratiebi dganan: rogor Seiqmnas

politikuri ZalebisaTvis iseTi stimulebi, rom maT sakuTari

interesebi demokratiuli institutebis gamoyenebiT ganaviTaron

transformaciis pirobebSi wamowyebuli ekonomikuri reformebiT

gamowveuli materialuri keTildReobis dacemis pirobebSic ki?

394

amdenad, ismis kiTxva, arsebobs Tu ara reformis iseTi strategia,

romelic erTdroulad ekonomikur zrdasac gamoiwvevda da

demokratiasac ganamtkicebda. 1

es aris centraluri SekiTxva, romelic am gamokvlevis mTavari

motivia. Cven gvinda vicodeT, Tu ra amuSavebs da aZlebinebs

demokratiul institutebs da rac mTavaria, ra xdis demokratias

“stabilurs”? “muSaobaSi” Cven vgulisxmobT imas, rom demokratiuli

institutebi normatiulad misaReb da politikurad sasurvel efeqtebs

iwveven, iseTs, rogoricaa ekonomikuri zrda, materialuri

usafrTxoeba, SemTxveviTi kanondarRvevebisagan dacva da yvela is

piroba, romelic individis srul ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.

“gaZlebaSi” Cven vgulisxmobT imas, rom demokratiuli institutebi

efeqtianad aregulireben yvela mTavar konfliqts da rom wesebi

mxolod wesebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. rogorc empiriuli monacemebi

asabuTebs, arsebobs safuZveli virwmunoT, rom is demokratiebi

romlebic muSaobs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ekonomikuri TvalTaxedviT

mainc, savaraudod, gamZlea. 1951-1988 wlebSi im qveynebs Soris, sadac

erT sulze Semosavali 5 000 aSS dolari an naklebi iyo,

demokratiebs, romlebic izrdeboda, mimdinare wels vergadarCenis 4,2%

Sansi hqondaT, maSin, rodesac im demokratiebs, romlebic ar

izrdeboda, damarcxebis 9,6%-iani safrTxe emuqreboda. lipsetis (1960)

hipoTezas adasturebs isic, rom uRaribesi demokratiebi yvelaze

mgrZnobiare iyo ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mimarT: erT sulze 1000 aSS

dolarze naklebi Semosavlis mqone qveynebSi, maT, romlebic

izrdeboda, gaaCndaT gadarCenis 96, 7%-iani Sansi, maSin, rodesac maT,

romlebic ar ibrZodnen, gadarCenis mxolod 81, 0% Sansi (pSevorski da

limoni 1993) hqondaT. rogorc edvard murelma (1988) aRmoaCina,

demokratiebi, TavisTavad, metismetad mgrZnobiarea Semosavlis

araTanabrobis mimarT.

romelia da rodis yalibdeba is pirobebi, romlebSic

demokratiebi muSaobs da Zlebs? miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni pasuxebi

mravalferovania, analizis umetesi nawili aqcents saxelmwifos

rolze akeTebs. ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi reJimebsa da

bazrebze aqcenti mwavave deficits ganicdida. konkretulad, o’donelis

395

statiam (1992) dagvanaxa, rom Cven saxelmwifos mimarT, romelic adre

politikosebisa da mecnierebis mxridan kvlevisa da yuradRebis

gansakuTrebul sagans warmoadgenda, sibrmaves viCendiT. magram

realurad, efeqtiani saxelmwifos gareSe SeuZlebelia bazrisa da

demokratiis arseboba. rogorc o’donelma gvaCvena, demokratizaciis

gavlena politikur da ekonomikur pirobebze damokidebulia

instituciur sicocxlisunarianobasa da saxelmwifos institutebis

efeqtianobaze. amdenad, rodesac Cven viziarebT farTod gavrcelebul

mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom zogierT qveyanaSi saxelmwifo metismetad

gafarTovda, politikurad da ekonomikurad araefeqtiani gaxda, Cven

mimdinare reformebis antisaxelmwifoebrivi damaxinjebis momxreni

vxdebiT. ase rom, Cveni mosazrebiT, neoliberaluri receptebis mTavari

Secdoma is aris, rom isini saxelmwifo institutebis rols saTanadod

ver afaseben jgufebisa da individebis kerZo Tu sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis organizebis saqmeSi. Tuki demokratia stabiluria,

saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da

fizikuri usafrTxoebis garantia, man unda SeinarCunos pirobebi

moqalaqeobis efeqtianad gamoyenebisaTvis, unda moaxdinos

sazogadoebrivi danazogebis mobilizeba, resursebis ganTavsebis

koordinacia da Semosavlis swori gadanawileba. da Tuki saxelmwifo

institutebs SeswevT unari am amocanebis SesrulebisaTvis, maSin maTi

Semcireba ki ara, reorganizacia unda moxdes. amdenad, Cveni mTavari

sazrunavi aris is, rom SeviswavloT saxelmwifos namdvili roli

rogorc politikur, aseve ekonomikur sistemaSi. Cveni argumenti

saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb Seexeba mis rols teritoriuli

mTlianobis dacvis, demokratiuli moqalaqeobis SenarCunebis efeqtiani

pirobebis Seqmnis, materialuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis da

ekonomikuri resursebis ganTavsebis saqmeSi.

saxelmwifos rolis sakiTxi teritoriuli mTlianobis

SenarCunebis mogvarebaSi dadga yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi da

iugoslaviaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sedegad: ratom moxda, rom

zogierTma mravlerovnulma qveyanam gauZlo avtoritaruli reJimis

damxobas da zogma vera? espaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, demokratizacia

bolo dromde iseT qveynebSi xdeboda, sadac teritoriuli mTlianoba

396

problemas ar warmoadgenda. sabWoTa kavSiris, iugoslaviis da

Cexoslovakiis dangrevam sakiTxebis axali nakadi wamowia, radgan iq

demokratizaciam erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis moZraoba gaaZliera.

amasTan, zogierTi politikuri ZalisaTvis demokratizacia erovnuli

TviTgamorkvevis da avtoritaruli reJimis mier SenarCunebuli

mravalerovani qveynis daSlis sinonimi aRmoCnda. aseT pirobebSi,

hobsis pirveli problema – rogor ar movakvlevinoT Tavi sxvebs –

logikurad da istoriulad win uswrebs meore problemas – rogor

davicvaT erTi sazogadoebis wevrebi erTmaneTis kvlisagan.

saxelmwifo aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom politikuri

sazogadoebis yvela wevrisaTvis Seqmnas moqalaqeobis efeqtiani

gamoyenebis pirobebi. demokratia aris uflebebis da

pasuxismgeblobebis sistema, magram maTi gamoyenebis pirobebi ar aris

avtomaturad uzrunvelyofili demokratiuli institutebis arsebobiT:

sicocxlisunariani saxelmwifo imisaTvis aris aucilebeli, rom maTi

gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli gaxados. amdenad, saxelmwifos, moqalaqeobis

da demokratiis urTierTobis sakiTxi upirvelesia da unda uswrebdes

demokratiis analizs.

yvela demokratia erTmaneTs ar hgavs. warmomadgenlobiTi

sistemebi, Zalauflebis ganawilebisa da xelmZRvanelobis SeTanxmebebi,

interesebis organizaciis stili, sakanonmdeblo doqtrinebi da

moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebisa da movaleobebis nakrebi

mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan demokratiulad aRiarebul

sxvadasxva reJimebSi. es gansxvavebebi, romlebic institucionalur

TvisebebSi vlindeba, kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi warmoSobs iseT Sedegebs,

rom miuxedavad oriaTaswliani arsebobisa da gamokvlevisa, Zalian

rTuli gasagebia. Cven mainc Sors varT imisagan, rom pasuxi gavceT

rusos mier mis poloneTis konstituciaSi 1771 wels dasmul SekiTxvas:

romel institutebs ra Sedegebi moaqvs da romel istoriul

pirobebSi?

institutebis sicocxlisunarianoba da Sedegebi damokidebulia

politikur da kolturul pirobebze, romlebSic isini warmoiSoba da

funqcionirebs. . . . garda amisa, isini damokidebulia ekonomikur

pirobebzec. komunizmis ngrevam aRmosavleT evropasa da sabWoTa

397

kavSirSi, romelsac adgili hqonda kapitalistur qveynebSi mzardi

neoliberaluri politikis ganxorcielebis fonze, ganapiroba im

rwmenis gavrceleba, rom CvenTvis cnobili erTaderTi

sicoxlisunariani ekonomikuri modeli kapitalizmia. Tanac,

antikomunisturi eiforiis dasawyisSi dagegmili modelis

ganxorcieleba naTeli da gansazRvruli Canda. marTalia

saxelmwifosa da bazris rolis dapirispireba, sakuTrebis formebisa

da ganviTarebis strategiis sakiTxebi kvlav ZalaSi rCeba, magram iseTi

formulebi, rogoricaa “normaluri ekonomikis mimarTulebiT svla”,

“ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier istoriulad miRebuli modelis

ganxorcieleba”, “dasavluri sabazro ekonomikis mSenebloba”, ar aris

sakmarisi ekonomikuri transformaciis marTvisaTvis arc aRmosavleTSi

da arc samxreTSi, radgan “normaluri” ekonomikuri sistemebi

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian saxelmwifos Carevis xarisxiT, firmebis

organizaciiT, finansuri institutebiT, koleqtiuri garigebis

sistemebiT da socialuri keTildReobis uzrunvelyofiT. amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebis imitireba ar uzrunvelyofs Sveciisa da iaponiis

mimarTulebiT svlas. ufro metic, aravin aris darwmunebuli imaSi,

rom aRmosavleT evropis winaSe mdgari alternativebi im modelebiT

aris SezRuduli, romlebic sxva qveynebma ukve gamoscades.

pirvelyovlisa, reformirebuli saxelmwifo seqtori samomavlodac

gaagrZelebs erovnuli produqtis umetesi nawilis warmoebas. meore,

muSebis TviTmenejmentis sistema Zlieri rCeba.2

Cven vakritikebT mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom komunizmis

erTaderTi alternativa aris an saxelmwifos intervenciis ararseboba,

an sazogadoebrivi sawarmoebis masobrivi privatizeba. kapitalizmis

efeqtianobis sayovelTao rwmena, gagebuli rogorc bazrebisa da

produqtiul resursebze kerZo sakuTrebis kombinacia, efuZneba Semdeg

debulebebs: 1)konkurentuli bazrebi sakmarisia efeqtianobisaTvis da

2)kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba gvTavazobs swor stimulebs da

informacias ekonomikur agentebze. Tumca, amasTan, kargadaa cnobili,

rom sabazro meqanizmi ver umklavdeba (dadebiT da uaryofiT)

eqsternaliebs warmoebasa da moxmarebaSi, sazogadoebrivi saqonlis

warmoebas, informacias da transaqciul danaxarjebs, romlebic

398

zogierTi bazris arsebobas aZnelebs. Tu stiglicis (1991: 12) citatas

moviyvanT, “adam smitis uCinari xeli ufro imperatoris axal

tansacmels waagavs: is uCinaria, imitom rom ar arsebobs.” mosazreba

imis Sesaxeb, rom Tuki Tavs gavanebebT, “bazari” efeqtianad moaxdens

SezRuduli resursebis ganTavsebis koordinacias, sakmaod sustia.

miurelis (1991: 73) sityvebiT, mis mier standartul neoklasikur

modelebze dafuZnebuli reformis kritikis mTavari amosavali

debuleba iyo is, rom “ekonomistTa Soris debatebis dros Teoriul

receptebs araferi esaqmeba”. yvela kapitalistur ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifos Careva aRadgens sabazro Cavardnebs da bazris mier

resursebis ganTavsebis Semdeg samarTlian gadanawilebas gvTavazobs.

marTlac, rogorc sazogadoebrivi saqonlis Sesaxeb gamarTuli

debatebi gviCvenebs, is ubralo faqti, rom “bazari raimes ar akeTebs”

sulac ar gulisxmobs imas, rom amas saxelmwifo ufro kargad

ganaxorcielebs. Cven mainc gvWirdeba vifiqroT decentralizebul

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb, sadac zogierTi bazari ar

arsebobs da informacia arasrulyofilia. neoklasikosi ekonomistebis

(stigleri 1975, tolisoni 1982) mier xazgasmuli safrTxe, rom

saxelmwifos unari, CaerTos warmoebiT saqmianobaSi da kerZo

proeqtebis mimarT gansxvavebuli midgomebi gamoavlinos, aucileblad

gamoiwvevda korufcias – realuria. Tumca, SekiTxva, Tu rogor

movaxerxoT saxelmwifos institutebis organizeba ise, rom isini

mxolod iseT saqmianobaSi CaerTon, romlebic socialurad

sasargebloa da kerZo interesebs ar exmianeba, jer kidev Riaa.

ekonomikuri literatura efeqtianobasa da zrdaze saxelmwifos

avtonomiis gavlenis Sesaxeb or konfliqtur Sexedulebas gvTavazobs.

ukanaskneli drois neoklasikuri modelebi reJimebis Sesaxeb

(pSevorski 1990, baro 1991, findli 1990, olsoni 1991) saxelmwifos

avtonomiis nebismier formaSi xedaven imas, rom es gamoiwvevs

mTavrobis momsaxurebis miwodebis an naklebobas, an siWarbes.

sawinaaRmdegod, zogierTi empiriuli gamokvleva ganviTarebis birTvad

Tvlis “saxelmwifos SesaZleblobas, ekonomikuri marTvis xasiaTi

moklevadiani korufciuli interesebis wnexidan Zlier interesTa

jgufebSi gadazardos” (bardhani 1988: 137; ix. agreTve hagardi 1990).

399

marTalia es winaaRdegoba gadalaxulia, magram pasuxi, rom

saxelmwifos xeli unda SevuSaloT nebismieri saxis diskreciul

intervenciaSi, romelic Sesabamisad zRudavs “individualuri

sawarmoebis Tavisuflebis” xelisSemwyob mis rols, ubralod

arasakmarisia. institucionaluri dizainis problemebi SeuZlebelia

Tavidan iqnas acilebuli ekonomikidan saxelmwifos gaZevebiT.

amis mizezi isaa, rom institucionaluri SekiTxvebi ar aris

SemosazRvruli “saxelmwifos” roliT. nebismieri kapitalisturi

ekonomika, sadac bazari arasrulyofilia da konkretul ekonomikur

agentebs gaaCniaT sxvadasxva informaciis miRebis SesaZlebloba,

moicavs ramodenime urTierTobas xelmZRvanelebsa da agentebs Soris:

menejerebsa da daqiravebulebs, mesakuTreebsa da menejerebs,

kreditorebsa da mewarmeebs, moqalaqeebsa da politikosebs Soris.

firmebis da saerTod, ekonomikis mdgomareoba damokidebulia im

institutebis dizainze, romlebic am urTierTobebs aregulireben.

mniSvnelovani isaa, aqvT Tu ara daqiravebulebs stimulebi da

SeiZleba Tu ara maTi Zalisxmevis maqsimizaciis monitoringi; aqvT Tu

ara menejerebs stimulebi da SeiZleba Tu ara mogebis maqsimizaciis

monitoringi; aqvs Tu ara saxelmwifos stimulebi da SeiZleba Tu ara

Semowmdes, pasuxobs Tu ara igi sxvadasxva jgufebis specialur

interesebs. Tavad “bazris” ena, romelic aris “Carevis” sagani, asaxavs

realur sakiTxebs: problema, romelsac Cven vawydebiT aris ara

saxelmwifosa da bazris dapirispireba, aramed specifiuri

institucionaluri meqanizmebi, romlebic yvela ekonomikur agents,

saxelmwifos CaTvliT, mianiWebda stimulebs da miawvdida iseT

informacias, romelic maT koleqtiurad racionaluri moqmedebisaken

ubiZgebda.

genetikuri sakiTxebi saxelmwifos rols Seexeba resursebis

ganTavsebis koordinaciis, keTildReobis da sakuTrebis alternatiuli

struqturebis gamanawilebeli Tvisebebis, ganviTarebis strategiis,

Tuki aseTi saerTodac arsebobs, kuTxiT. am problemebs xangrZlivi

istoria aqvs, romlis ganxilvac Cven aq ar gvWirdeba. Cven ganvixilavT

mxolod im SekiTxvebs, romlebic aRmosavleTsa da samxreTSi

dResdReobiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.

400

Cveni argumentis mixedviT, sabazro orientaciis reformebis

ganxilva unda moxdes imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad gamococxlda

ekonomikuri zrda demokratiuli institutebis pirobebSi da

ganisazRvra centraluri dilema, romelsac es reformebi waawyda

axal demokratiebSi. Cveni midgomis mixedviT, reformebi zrdaze,

reformebis transnacionaluri efeqtebisagan materialuri

keTildReobis dacvaze da amasTan, reformebis politikis

formulirebasa da ganxorcielebaSi demokratiuli institutebis srul

gamoyenebaze unda iyos orientirebuli. Tumca, sabazro orientaciis

reformebis dinamika jer kidev ar aris naTlad gagebuli, rac

nawilobriv imis gamoc xdeba, rom mwiria warmatebuli gamocdileba.

amdenad, Cveni mizani ar aris SedarebiTi induqciuri masalebis

mowodeba TiToeul am sakiTxze. arc isaa Cveni mizani, rom

ganvaviTaroT iseTi politikis modeli, romlis gamoyenebac yvelgan

iqneba SesaZlebeli: reformebis strategiebi konfliqtis obieqtebs

unda irCevdes imisaTvis, rom TiToeuli situaciisaTvis specifikur

SezRudvebs Seesabamebodes. Tumca, Cveni mosazrebiT, zogierTi

alternativa – gansakuTrebiT, stabilizaciasa da zrdas Soris, an

socialur danaxarjebsa da zrdas, socialur danaxarjebsa da

reformebis mdgradobas, politikur monawileobas da reformebis

mdgradobas Soris im popularul modelebSi, romlebic modur

politikur receptebs iZleva, SecdomiTaa warmodgenili.

im ideis mxardaWeriT, rom efeqtianobisa da mdgradi

ekonomikisaTvis saWiroa konkurentuli bazrebis arseboba, Cven

vakritikebT mosazrebas, rom sruli masStabiT kerZo sakuTrebis

arseboba aucilebelia produqtiuli aqtivebis efeqtiani gamoyenebis

stimulebis arsebobisaTvis. marTalia sazogadoebrivi sawarmoebis

privatizacia sabazro orientaciis reformebis standartuli

receptebis nawils Seadgens, magram amasTan is mraval sadiskusio

sakiTxs warmoSobs.

1 SekiTxvis ase dasma sulac ar niSnavs rom axal demokratiebs naklebad SeswevT ekonomikuri krizisebis marTvis unari, vidre zrdasrul demokratiebs an avtoritarul reJimebs. zogierTi argumentis mixedviT, axali demokratiebis

401

SesaZlebloba, ganaxorcielon stabilizaciis programebi da struqturuli reformebi, mcirdeba ekonomikuri gaumjobesebis im uzarmazari molodinis gamo, romelsac interesTa jgufebis wnexis gavleniT sistema warmoSobs. sinamdvileSi ki saarCevno cikli da pluralisturi konkurencia amcirebs sistemis SesaZleblobas, ganaxorcielos grZelvadiani dagegmva (amesi 1987; Stalingsi da kaufmani 1989; mareri 1991). realurad, axali demokratiebi rTul periodebSi ekonomikuri disciplinis dasamyareblad sakmao SesaZleblobas floben. naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri reformebis SedarebiTi kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva reJimebis mixedviT ar arsebobs sistematuri gansxvaveba ekonomikuri reformis strategiebisa (nelsoni 1990) da ekonomikuri politikis (remeri 1986; 1990; hagardi da sxv. 1990) arCevisas. marTalic rom iyos mosazreba avtoritaruli reJimebis ufro meti SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcielebisa da ekonomikis mdgradobis uzrunvelyofaSi, Cven vTvliT, rom demokratiis instrumentul faseulobebs ekonomikuri mdgomareobis da aqtivobis Sedegebis SefasebiT safrTxeSi CavagdebdiT. SekiTxva, romelsac Cven pasuxi unda gavceT, mdgomareobs ara imaSi, Tu ra gavlenas axdens reJimi ekonomikuri reformebis warmatebaze, aramed imaSi, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli demokratiis pirobebSi ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva. 2 brusti da saimoni (1991) cxra qveynis respondentebs ekiTxebodnen Tu romel sistemas amjobinebdnen isini. (1) sadac mesakuTreebi marTaven firmas an niSnaven menejerebs, (2) mesakuTreebi da daqiravebulebi erToblivad niSnaven menejerebs. (3) saxelmwifo aris mesakuTre da is niSnavs menejerebs da (4) daqriavebulebi floben sawarmos da niSnaven menejerebs. ukanaskneli alternativa iyo yvelaze popularuli bulgareTSi, litvaSi, rumineTSi, sloveniaSi da ukrainaSi. is meore adgilze iyo ungreTSi da poloneTSi, orive SemTxvevaSi erToblivi mmarTvelobis Semdeg.

402

daniel beli

momavali postindustriuli sazogadoeba

epilogi

3. meritokratia da Tanasworoba

1958 wels ingliselma sociologma g. iungma gamoaqveyna

fantastikuri moTxroba `meritokratiis amaRleba~. esa moTxroba 2033

wliT daTariRebuli `xelnaweris~ saxiT, romelSic Txroba ucabedad

wydeba, risi axsnac `mTxrobels~ ar ZaluZs. moTxrobis Temaa

inglisuri sazogadoebis gardaqmna XXI saukunis dasawyisSi imis

Sedegad, rom `miRwevis principma~ gaimarjva `dawesebis principze~

(sxva sityvebiT, sazogadoebaSi adgilis mopoveba kavSirebis meSveobiT

an memkvidreobiT). saukuneebis manZilze elitarul poziciebs

sazogadoebaSi ikavebdnen didgvarovanTa Svilebi memkvidreobiT

miRebuli uflebis safuZvelze. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis bunebaSia

is, rom `socialuri progresis tempi damokidebulia imaze, Tu

ramdenad SeeTavseba xelisufleba inteleqts". did britaneTs aRar

SeiZleba hyoloda iseTi mmarTveli klasi, romelsac ar eqneboda

teqnikuri codnis aucilebeli done. mTeli rigi saskolo reformebis

Semdeg TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda damsaxurebis mixedviT Sefasebis

principi. TiToeuli adamiani ikavebda Tavis adgils sazogadoebaSi

`individualuri ganviTarebisa da miRwevis koeficientis~ safuZvelze.

daaxloebiT 1990 wlisTvis mTeli mozrdili mosaxleoba, romlis

gonebrivi ganviTarebis koeficienti aRemateboda 125 qulas, Seadgenda

meritokratias.

magram am gardaqmnebs hqonda moulodneli Sedegi. winaT

talantebi ganawilebuli iyo sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi da TiToeul

klass an socialur jgufs hyavda Tavisi sakuTari lideri. amJamad

niWierma adamianebma Seadgines erTiani elita, xolo isini, vinc

imyofeboda socialuri kibis udables safexurze, ver poulobdnen

403

cxovrebiseuli warumateblobis gamarTlebas; isini atarebdnen

gariyulobis daRs, miCneul iyvnen ra dabali rangis adamianebad.

2034 wels populistebi aRdgnen. Tumca amboxebulTa

umravlesobas Seadgendnen dabali klasis warmomadgenlebi, maTi

liderebi gaxdnen maRali socialuri statusis mqone qalebi, maTi

umravlesoba wamyvani mecnierebis colebi iyvnen. gaTxovebis pirvelsave

wlebSi es qalebi dayvanil iyvnen diasaxlisTa mdgomareobamde imis

gamo, rom maT uxdebodaT inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis maRali donis

bavSvebis gazrda. amitom qalebma-aqtivistebma moiTxoves mamakacebisa

da qalebis Tanasworoba, SemdgomSi es moZraoba gadaizarda brZolaSi

TanasworobisaTvis yvelasTvis da uklaso sazogadoebis

CamoyalibebisaTvis. cxovreba ar unda aigos `maTematikuri modelebis~

principebiT, TiToeulma adamianma unda ganaviTaros Tavisi unari da

icxovros sakuTari sicocxliT. populistebma moipoves gamarjveba.

naxevarsaukunovani arsebobis Semdeg merokratiam Sewyvita arseboba.

iqneba Tu ara es postindustriuli sazogadoebis xvedri? Tavisi

pirveladi logikis mixedviT, is agreTve warmoadgens meritokratias.

is gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs dakavebul mdgomareobasa da miRebul

Semosavals Soris ganpirobebulia im gansxvavebiT, romelic teqnikur

codnasa da ganaTlebis doneSia. am atributebis gareSe ar SeiZleba

Seesabamebode Sromis socialuri ganawilebis axal moTxovnebs, rac

warmoadgens axali sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebel niSans. maRali

Tanamdebobebis martooden umniSvnelo raodenobaa gaxsnili iseTi

pirebisaTvis, visac ara aqvs arc aucilebeli unar-Cvevebi da arc

codna. am TvalsazrisiT, postindustriuli sazogadoeba gansxvavdeba

meoce saukunis dasawyisis sazogadoebisagan. pirveli cvlilebebi,

rasakvirvelia, Tavs iCens profesiebis doneze. samocdaaTamde wlis win

jer kidev SeiZleboda `kanonebis ganmarteba, iuridiuli firmis qona

da iuristTa asociaciis wevroba umaRlesi ganaTlebis gareSe.

dResdReobiT medicinaSi, samarTalSi, finansur sferosa da

Tormetiode sxva sferoSi profesiuli miRwevebis dawyebisTvis

aucilebelia sauniversiteto diplomi da gamocdilebis Sedegad

Sesabamisi mowmobis miReba oficialuri komisiebisgan, romlebic

Seiqmna profesiuli asociaciebiT. mravali wlis manZilze meore

404

msoflio omis damTavrebamde biznesis skola iyo mTavari gza,

romelic iyo Ria im pativmoyvare da agresiuli adamianebisTvis,

romlebsac surdaT Tavis warmoCena da aRmasvla siRaribisgan

simdidremde (an ufroo zustad - klerkidan kapitalistamde; Tu Tvals

gavadevnebT rokfeleris, harimanis an karnegis karieras) da romelic

ufro moiTxovda Seupovrobasa da Seuwyaleblobas, vidre ganaTlebas

da maRal kvalifikacias. axlac Zveleburad SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxis

wvrili biznesis dawyeba ufro msxvili korporaciebisgan

(gansakuTrebuli uflebebis mopovebis gziT), magram aseTi

dawesebulebebis gafarToeba moiTxovs wina kvalifikaciisgan sruliad

gansxvavebul dones. korporaciis CarCoebSi menejmentis

profesionalizaciis kvaldakval mosamsaxureebi Zalian iSviaTad

airCevian dabali Tanamdebobebidan, isini ahyavT garedan, im pirTagan,

visac sauniversiteto ganaTleba aqvs, rac mowmobs maTi kvalifikaciis

dones. martooden politikaSi, sadac Tanamdeboba SeiZleba miRweul

iqnas momxreTa mizidvis unaris wyalobiT an partiuli

damokidebulebebis meSveobiT, Tanamdebobrivi winsvlis kibe SedarebiT

gaxsnilia da ar moiTxovs formalur kvalifikaciur mowmobebs.

postindustriul sazogadoebaSi teqnikuri unar-Cvevebi

warmoadgens imas, rasac ekonomistebi uwodeben `adamianur kapitals~.

`investiciebi~, romelic Cadebulia oTxwlian sauniversiteto

swavlebaSi g. bekeris gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad saSualod diplomirebuli

mamakacisTvis iZleva 13%-ian yovelwliur mogebas mTeli Semdgomi

SromiTi moRvaweobis manZilze. elitaruli universitetis damTavreba

kidev ufro did upiratesobas uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo masobriv

saswavlo dawesebulebebTan SedarebiT. amgvarad, universiteti,

romelic odesRac asaxavda sazogadoebis statusur sistemas,

dReisTvis gadaiqca iseT faqtorad, romelic winaswar gansazRvravs

klasobriv mdgomareobas. karis mcvelis msgavsad man SeiZina

sazogadoebis mudmivi stratifikaciis gansazRvris kvazimonopolia.

Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi nebismieri sazogadoeba, romelic iZens

kvazimonopolur gavlenas adamianis bedze, rogorc Cans, male gaxdeba

kritikis obieqti. gasaocaria, rom populisturi revolucia, romelic

m. iangma iwinaswarmetyvela mravali aTwleulis Semdeg, daiwyo

405

postindustriuli sazogadoebis dbadebis momentisTanave. es procesi

warmoCindeba gonebrivi ganviTarebis koeficientis mniSvnelobis

SemcirebaSi da im Teoriebis ugulebelyofaSi, romlebic qadageben

inteleqtis genetikur safuZvels; garda amisa, erovnuli umciresoba

moxovnaSi `Tavisuflad daiSvan~ ugiversitetebSi, im did saqalaqo

centrebSi, sadac es umciresobebi cxovroben; moTxovnaSi, gaizardos

universitetebSi Savkaniani studentebisa da maswavleblebis, qalebis

da erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa ricxvi; mcdelobaSi, rom

diplomi da atestati, iseve rogorc Tavad ganaTlebis miRebis procesi

ar iyos iseTi faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvraven adamianis socialur

statuss. postindustriuli sazogadoeba cvlis sazogadoebis

klasobriv struqturas axali teqnikuri elitebis Seqmnis gziT.

populisturma reaqciam, romelic daiwyo 1970-ian wlebSi, win wamoswia

didi `Tanasworobis~ moTxovna rogorc am axali tipis sazogadoebidan

gariyvisgan dacva. aqedan gamomdinareobs merokratiis da Tanasworobis

dapirispirebis problema.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

meritokratiis logikidan gamomdinare, adamianebma, romelTac

miRebuli aqvT maRali SefasebiTi qula, maTi socialuri

mdgomareobisgan damoukideblad, unda daikavon adgili sazogadoebis

mwvervalze, raTa maT SesZlon rac SeiZleba efeqturad gamoiyenon

Tavisi niWi. es warmoadgens T. jefersonis SesaZleblobebis

Tanasworobis liberaluri Teoriisa da im rwmenis safuZvels, rom

arsebobs `bunebrivi aristokratia~, romelic upirispirdeba

memkvidreobiT didgvarovnebas.

yovelive es gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiares xdis inteleqtisa da

genetikuri memkvidreobis damokidebulebis sakiTxs. gadaicema Tu ara

inteleqti memkvidreobiT? rogor aris SesaZlebeli gavmijnoT

bunebrivi niWi da mizandasaxuleba im codnisa da unar-Cvevebisgan,

romelic ganaTlebis procnsSi miiReba? universitetdamTavrebulTa

gonebrivi ganviTarebis saSualo koeficienti udris 120-s, maSin roca

saSualo skoladamTavrebulTa - ar aRemateba 107-s. rogorc aRniSnavda

prinstonis universitetis profesori f. maxlupi,

universitetdamTavrebulTa Semosavlebis ufro maRali done saSualo

406

skoladamTavrebulebTan SedarebiT ueWvelad didwilad warmoadgens

(daaxloebiT 40%) ufro maRali pirovnuli niWisa da didi

pativmoyvareobis Sedegs. ar iqneboda swori, migvewera yvela danamati

SromiTi SemosavlebisTvis martooden sauniversiteto ganaTlebaSi

Cadebuli investiciebisTvis.

es logika SemdgomSi gaagrZela harvardlelma fsiqologma r.

gorSteinma. man gamoiyena a. iensenis monacemebi, romlebic mowmobs, rom

adamianis gonebrivi ganviTarebis done 80%-iT damokidebulia

memkvidreobaze da martooden 20% -iT - gare faqtorebze.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

genetikis damokidebuleba inteleqtisa da socialur-klasobrivi

statusisadmi moicavs xuT sakamaTo sakiTxs. pirveli exeba imas, Tu

ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli zustad dafiqsirdes genetikuri

memkvidreobiTobisa da garemos gavlenis xarisxi inteleqtze . . . . . . .

meore sakiTxi mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu sinamdvileSi ra izomeba

gonebrivi ganviTarebis testebiT - martooden raRac SeZenili codnis

jami Tu ufro zogadi da adamianSi Rrmad Cadebuli inteleqti? mesame

daiyvaneba imaze, Tu ramdenad ganisazRvreba testebisa da gamocdebis

Sinaarsi sazogadoebis kulturiT; . . . . . meoTxe sakiTxi mdgomareobs

Semdegis garkvevaSi - xom ar warmoadgens mSoblebis socialuri

mdgomareoba ufro mniSvnelovan faqtors, vidre inteleqtualuri

ganviTareba universitetSi Cabarebisas an profesiis arCevisas?

dabolos, yvelaze mniSvnelovans warmoadgens Semdegi sakiTxi: icvleba

Tu ara droTa ganmavlobaSi da Tu icvleba, ramdenad

urTierTdamokidebuleba gonebriv ganviTarebas, socialur

mdgomareobas da sxva faqtorebs Soris, da amdenad xdeba Tu ara

sazogadoeba ufro meritokratiuli?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

meritokratiuli sazogadoeba warmoadgens `sertifikatebis

mqoneTa sazogadoebas~, sadac damowmeba gamocdiT - samecniero

xarisxis, kvalificirebuli gamocdis an licenziis meSveobiT - xdeba

ufro prestiJuli samuSaos miRebis piroba. amgvarad ganaTleba xdeba

socialuri TviTdacvis aucilebeli instrumenti. . . . . ganaTleba

iqceva im xarjebis dacvis formad, romlebic icaven adamianis adgils

407

bazarze. rac ufro farTovdeba ganaTlebuli samuSao Zalis klasi, da

rac ufro swrafad izrdeba is, miT ufro aucilebeli xdeba aseTi

saxis damcavi xarjebi.

am saSiSroebis logikur Sedegs daCagruli socialuri jgufis

mxridan warmoadgens universitetebSi `Tavisufali Cabarebis~ moTxovna:

am moTxovnis savaraudo racionaluri safuZvelia imis mtkiceba, rom

mSobelTa socialur-klasobrivi warmoSoba gamodis rogorc ZiriTadi

faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs arCevans dasaqmebis sistemaSi da imas,

rom kolejSi Tavisufali moxvedra, miuxedavad ufro dabali

Sefasebis miRebisa, saSualebas miscemda umciresobebs sazogadoebaSi

ufro warmatebuli konkurirebisa. . . . . . optimisturi amerikuli

rwmena mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yvela studentisTvis meti ganaTlebis

uzrunvelyofa mas gaxdis ukeTess.

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-

magram zogierTma moqalaqem es moTxovnebi aRiqva rogorc Seteva

meritokratiul principze. am mosazrebis erT-erTi momxre werda:

`iqamde, sanam Tavisuflad moxvedra SeiZleba martooden ramdenime

institutSi, is ar uqmnis saSiSroebas meritokratias. elitis

formireba damokidebulia ara imaze Cairicxeba Tu ara adamiani

kolejSi, aramed imaze, Tu romel kolejSi Cairicxeba is. rac Seexeba

sayovelTao Tavisufal moxvedras, is gaanadgurebda im mWidro

kavSirs, romelic arsebobs meritokratiasa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis

sistemas Soris, garda amisa TavisTavad ierarqiulobis principis

uaryofis faqti kolejSi CaricxvisTvis, mas eWvis qveS daayenebda

mTeli danarCeni sazogadoebisaTvis".

es mosazreba, dayvanili Tavis logikur ukiduresobamde niSnavs,

rom qveynis yvelaze umaRles saswavlebelSi miReba . . . unda

ganisazRvros kenWisyriT. aqedan ki gamomdinareobs sxva daskvna: Tu

elitaruli universitetebi ganisazRvreba maswavleblebis xarisxiT,

maSin umaRlesi saswavleblebis erovnul sistemaSi daniSvna

saprofesoro Tanamdebobaze agreTve unda gadawydes kenWisyriT.

saboloo jamSi saxelmwifo kontroli dayvanil iqna Semdeg

sakiTxze: ramdenad Seesabameba TiToeuli kategoriis warmomadgenlebis

408

dasaqmeba maT wils mosaxleobis raodenobaSi? Tu sadoqtoro xarisxis

mqoneebSi 30%-s Seadgenen qalebi, uzrunvelyofili aqvT Tu ara maT

maswavleblebSi adgilebis 30%.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

magram gaamaxvila ra yuradReba jgufur mikuTvnebulobaze da

ara pirad Tvisebebze, sadoqtoro xarisxis mqone qalebis raodenobis

meqanikuri gatolebiT TanamdebobaTa raodenobasTan, romelic maT

unda daikavon, saxelmwifom amieriadn dauSva, rom `ganaTlebuli

samuSao Zala~ `homogenuria~ da rom individualuri talanti an

miRweva naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre (korporatiuli jgufisadmi)

mikuTvnebuloba. SesaZloa es samarTliania bevri profesiis mimarT,

magram ara universitetSi maswavleblobis an samecniero muSakebis

mimarT, sadac piradi Rirsebebi - erTaderTi kriteriumia. . . . .

viRacisTvis Tanamdebobis miniWeba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze, rac

moitans sam meoTxed milion dolar Semosavals - es srulebiT ar aris

igive, rac Savkaniani xelosnis daqiraveba TeTrkanianis nacvlad;

samecniero xarisxis qona ar uzrunvelyofs maRali Tanamdebobis

dasakaveblad aucilebel kvalifikacias.

metic, kvotebisa da upiratesobebis arseboba samsaxurSi

Caricxvisas niSnavs, rom kvalificirebuli moTxovnebis sistema

irRveva an imsxvreva.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TavisTavad kvotebis ideac ar aris martivi. Tu

`warmomadgenlobiToba~ unda iyos kriteriumi Tanamdebobis

dasakaveblad,maSin raSi mdgomareobs am principis gavrceleba

martooden qalebze, Savkanianebze, meqsikelebze, puertorikanelebze,

amerikel indielebze, filipinelebze, Cinelebsa da iaponelebze,

romlebic jandacvis, ganviTarebis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis

saministros sistemis mixedviT gamoyofilia cirkulariT

gansakuTrebul kriteriumad? ratom ar unda mivakuTvnoT maT

irlandielebi, italielebi, polonelebi da sxva eTnikuri jgufebi? da

Tu warmomadgenlobiTobis principi warmoadgens kriteriums, maSin ra

Seadgens TviT warmomadgenlobiTobis safuZvels?

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409

warmomadgenlobiTobis moTxovnis istoriuli ironia

miwerilobis principis safuZvelze mdgomareobs maT srul

winaaRmdegobaSi radikalur da humanistur principebTan. liberalebi

da radikalebi Tavisi Setevisas diskriminaciaze gamodiodnen imis

winaaRmdeg, rom adamians uars eubnebian imis uflebaze, rom man

daikavos adgili, romelic man samarTlianad daimsaxura imis gamo, rom

miekuTvneba erT-erT specifikur mosaxleobis jgufs. adamiani ar

iTvleba pirovnebad, aramed ganixileba - da iricxeba - rogorc raRac

jgufis warmomadgeneli. axla ki dgeba moTxovna, rom adamianma miiRos

Tanamdeboba ZiriTadad jgufuri mikuTvnebulobis principiT. amis

Sedegad adamiani rogorc pirovneba qreba. rCeba martooden misi

socialuri mikuTvnebuloba.

Tanasworobis axleburi gaazreba

ganaTlebis, Semosavlebis da statusis problemebi moxvdnen

socialuri politikis sferoSi, vinaidan Tanasworoba yovelTvis

warmoadgenda amerikuli politikuri sistemis erT-erT ZiriTad

Rirebulebas. magram arasodes ar arsebobda Tanasworobaze mkafio

warmodgena da am ideis interpretaciis pirveli forma, romelic XVII^

saukuniT TariRdeba, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda im Sexedulebisgan,

romelic Camoyalibda XIX saukunis mesame aTwleulSi. isini, vinc

daaarsa koloniebi - yovel SemTxvevaSi axal inglisSi, pirveli

gadasaxlebulebidan dawyebuli, Tavs miiCnevdnen yovelmxriv Rirseul

adamianebad, urTierT dakavSirebulebad RvTiuri kavSirebiT. es iyo

Tanasworoba, magram puritanulad gagebuli rogorc rCeulTa

Tanasworoba. amerikuli konstituciis SemqmnelTa azrovnebis tipi

gansazRvravda siqvelis ideas rogorc gamorCeulobas niWiT (da ara

RvTis wyalobiT). maTi ena savse iyo respublikur wyobaze romauli

warmodgenaTa da azrovnebis lokiseuli elementebis ucnauri nareviT,

vinaidan erTnic da meorec xazs usvamdnen agraruli siqveleebisa da

sasoflo Sromis rols. centralur problemas warmoadgenda

damoukidebloba da is pirobebi, romelic adamians Tavisufals

xdidnen. magram lokiseuli enis gamoyeneba ukve gulisxmobda

410

Sefarulad ierarqiulobis ideis miRebas - inteleqtis ierarqiulobas.

vinaidan pirvel adgilze gamodioda azrovneba, amitom igulisxmeboda,

rom zogierTi adamiani `azrovnebs~ ukeT, vidre danarCenebi, isini

ufro niWierebi arian, ufro inteligenturni, da amdenad, qmnian

bunebriv aristokratias.

erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgenda `jeksonis sarwmunoeba~ (m.

meieris sityvebiT). aq azrs enacvleba Sexeduleba da grZnoba, da

TiToeuli adamianis guneba-ganwyoba ganixileba rogorc sxva adamianTa

grZnobebis tolfasovani.

XIX saukunis amerikaSi Tanasworobis koncefcia arasodes ar iyo

zustad gansazRvruli. Tavis zogad gamonaTqvamebSi is daiyvaneboda im

Sexedulebaze, rom TiToeuli adamiani iseTive kargia, rogorc

nebismieri sxva, da arcerTi adamiani ar jobia sxvas. praqtikulad es

niSnavda, rom aravis ar unda ecada gamxdariyo aristokrati da

ebrZanebina sxva adamianebisTvis. am azriT, idea warmoadgenda sapasuxo

reaqcias Zlierad stratificirebul evropul sazogadoebaze, da

amerikis mcxovreblebs swored ase esmodaT es idea im dros. pozitiur

planSi Tanasworoba aRniSnavda winsvlis Sanss, romelic ar iyo

damokidebuli adamianis warmomavlobaze; igulisxmeboda, rom am gzaze

ar arsebobs formaluri barieri an mkacrad Semoxazuli CarCoebi.

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dRes sakiTxi dgeba Tanasworobis cnebis gadasinjvis Taobaze.

principi, romelic warmoadgenda veeberTela socialuri sistemis

Secvlis saSualebas - SesaZleblobaTa tolobis principi - dRes

TiTqos iwvevs axal ierarqiis warmoqmnas da momentis moTxovna

daiyvaneba imaze, rom `ufrosobis samarTliani sqema~ j. lokis

gamoTqmiT, moiTxovs yvela saxis uTanasworobis gadalaxvas an

rezultatebis Tanasworobis Seqmnas - Semosavlebis, statusis da

Zalauflebis TvalsazrisiT - sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis. es

sakiTxi warmoadgens postindustriuli sazogadoebis Rirebulebrivi

orientaciis ZiriTad problemas.

SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobis principi gamomdinareobs

klasikuri liberalizmis im fundamenturi debulebidan, romelSic

naTqvamia, rom adamiani - da ara ojaxi, Temi an saxelmwifo -

411

warmoadgens sazogadoebis erTaderT ujreds da rom socialuri

mowyobis mizani mdgomareobs imaSi, rom uzrunvelyos adamianis

miznebis realizaciis Tavisufleba - Tavisi Sromis wyalobiT

moipovos sakuTreba, gacvlis gziT daikmayofilos sakuTari

moTxovnilebebi, vertikaluri mobilurobis Sesabamisad miaRwios

Tanamdebobas, romelic eTanadeba mis niWs. igulisxmeboda, rom

adamianebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan - Tavisi bunebrivi unarebiT,

energiiT, mizandasaxulobiTa da motivaciiT, Tavisi warmodgenebiT

sasurvelze, - da socialurma institutebma unda daadginon

konkurenciisa da gacvlis samarTliani regulirebis wesebi, romelic

aucilebelia am gansxvavebuli survilebis da unarebis

gansaxierebisTvis.

rogorc principi, SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba, uaryofs

dabadebis prioritets, ojaxurobas da mfarvelobas, iseve rogorc

sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis gansazRvris nebismier sxva kriteriums

samarTliani konkurenciis garda, romelic Riaa talantebisa da

ambiciebisaTvis. parsonsis gansazRvrebiT, aseTi Tanasworoba

amkvidrebs universalizms da ara partikularizms, miRwevebs da ara

miwerilobebs. is warmoadgens ideals, memkvidreobiT miRebuls

ganmanaTleblobis epoqidan, rogorc is Camoayaliba kantma

individualuri Rirsebebis principis saxiT, miyvanils kategoriul

imperativamde.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis socialuri struqtura - misi fulis

universalizmis burJuaziuli formiT, misi ambiciebis moZalebis

romantiuli formiT, misi codnis prioritetis inteleqtualuri

formiT - efuZneba am princips. tradiciuli sazogadoebebi (XVIII^

saukunis da ufro adrindeli) `sapatio~ prioritets aniWebdnen miwas,

armias, eklesias, da martooden dabadebiT an memkvidreobiT miRebuli

uflebebi uzrunvelyofdnen am institutebSi SeRwevas.

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modernis epoqis dadgena niSnavda am stratificirebuli wesrigis

aRmofxvras Riaobis principis cvalebadobisa da socialuri

mobilurobis meSveobiT. kapitalisti da mewarme Seenacvlnen

memamulur aristokratias, samTavrobo Cinovnikebma miiRes Zalaufleba

412

armiaze, inteleqtualebma daikaves RvTismsaxurTa adgili da

principSi yvela es axali posti, Tanamdeboba Ria aRmoCnda niWieri

adamianebisTvis. amgvarad, moxda namdvili socialuri revo;ucia:

cvlileba moxda statusisa da Zalauflebis bazaSi da gaCnda

sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan poziciebsa da privilegiebSi SeRwevis

axali forma.

postindustriuli sazogadoeba umatebs axal kriteriums bazisa

da SeRwevis gansazRvrebebs: teqnikuri unar-Cvevebi iqcevian

operatiuli Zalauflebis pirobad, xolo umaRlesi ganaTleba - maTi

mopovebis saSualebad. saboloo jamSi adgili aqvs cvlilebas

Zalauflebis ganawilebaSi, ris Sedegadac sazogadoebis sakvanZo

institutebSi ganmsazRvreli faqtori xdeba teqnikuri kompetenturoba:

mrewvelobaSi saojaxo kapitalizmi icvleba mmarTvelobiTi

kapitalizmiT, mTavrobaSi mfarvelobas cvlis saxelmwifo samsaxuri

da biurokratizacia, universitetebSi im Zveli socialuri elitebis

monopolia, romelic yalibdeboda Cveulebriv anglosaqsonuri

warmoSobis da protestantuli rwmenis amerikelebisgan da romelsac

damTavrebuli hqonda axali inglisis uZvelesi universitetebi, irRveva

sxva eTnikuri jgufebiT, gansakuTrebiT ebraelebiT. yvelaze ufro

metad axali profesiebis warmomadgenlebi, gansakuTrebiT inJinrebi da

ekonomistebi, iwyeben gadamwyveti rolis Sesrulebas sazogadoebrivi

gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. postindustriuli sazogadoeba statusisa

da Zalauflebis am WrilSi warmoadgens meritokratiis logikur

gagrZelebas, is akanonebs axal socialur wyobas, romelic efuZneba

ganaTlebuli niWis prioritets.

amgvarad, realurad meritokratia warmoadgens stratifikaciis

erTi principis Secvlas meore principiT: miwerilobebisa miRwevebiT.

warsulSi - da amaSi Tavs iCens liberalizmis progresuli xasiaTi -

es axali principi ar iTvleboda samarTlianad. adamianebi unda

dafasebuliyvnen - da dajildovebuliyvnen - ara warmoSobisa an

naTesauri kavSirebis mixedviT, aramed individualuri Rirsebebis

wyalobiT. dRes es principi gadaiqceva uTanasworobisa da socialuri

- Tu ara fsiqologiuri - usamarTlobis axal wyarod.

413

meritokratiis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi

sociologiuri da filosofiuri mosazrebebi meritokratiis

winaaRmdeg atarebs urTierTsawinaaRmdego da urTierTgadamkveT

xasiaTs.

1. genetika da inteleqti. - Tu davuSvebT, rom meritokratia

yalibdeba martooden inteleqtis safuZvelze, xolo Tavad inteleqti

damokidebulia memkvidreobiT miRebul genetikur gansxvavebebze,

aRmoCndeba, rom adamiani xvdeba priviligirebul mdgomareobaSi

genetikuri latareis safuZvelze, da es Seadgens sakmaod SemTxveviT

safuZvels socialuri samarTlianobisTvis.

2. socialuri klasi. - arasodes ar SeiZleba arsebobdes wminda

meritokratia, vinaidan maRali statusis mqone mSoblebi ueWvelad

Seecdebian gadascen Svilebs Tavisi poziciebi, an Tavisi gavlenis

gamoyenebiT, an ubralod kulturuli upiratesobebis ZaliT; amdenad

ukve erTi Taobis Semdeg meritokratia gadaiqceva Caketil

priviligirebul klasad.

3. SemTxvevis roli. - SeerTebul StatebSi adgili aqvs

mniSvnelovan socialur mobilurobas, magram is naklebadaa

damokidebuli ganaTlebaze, niWze an ojaxur warmomavlobaze, vidre

aramaterialur da SemTxveviT faqtorebze, rogoricaa iRbali da

kompetenturoba, romelic miiReba konkretul samuSao adgilze.

4. principi - an iluzia - imisa, rom meritokratia aZlevs

saazogadoebas konkurenciis grZnobas, romelic vnebs maT, vinc marcxs

ganicdis. rogorc wers j. karabeli, `meritokratia ufro

konkurentunariania, vidre naTlad gamoxatuli klasobrivi

sazogadoeba, da es mudmivi konkurencia iTxovs safasurs rogorc

damarcxebulebisgan, romelTa TviTpativiscema ilaxeba, ise

gamarjvebulebisgan, romelTac SeuZliaT ufro mikerZoebuli

damokidebuleba gamoavlinon Tavisi elitaruli statusis mimarT,

vidre zogierTi tradiciuli mmarTveli dajgufebebi akeTebdnen amas.

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5. SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobis principi, Tundac mTlianad

realizebuli talantis safuZvelze, kvlav aRadgens uTanasworobas

414

yvela axal TaobaSi da amgvarad xdeba konservatuli socialuri Zala.

Tavisi yvelaze vulgaruli formiT es argumenti daiyvaneba imaze, rom

SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba warmoadgens xerxs calkeuli

jgufebisTvis (magaliTad, ebraelebisTvis) gaiyvanos `Tavisianebi~

sazogadoebis maRal doneebze da dagvianebulebs (magaliTad,

Savkanianebs) moaklos samarTliani sikeTeebis wili.

415

frederik jeimsoni

postmodernizmi anu gviani kapitalizmis

kulturuli logika

Sesavali

sruliad uvnebeli iqneboda, Tuki postmodernizmis cnebas

ganvsazRvravdiT, rogorc awmyos istoriulad gaazrebis mcdelobas

epoqaSi, romelmac sruliad daiviwya, Tu rogor unda viazrovnoT

istoriulad. aseT SemTxvevaSi, es cneba an “gamoxatavs” ufro

siRrmiseul gadmoucemel istoriul impulsebs (Tumca sakmaod

uxeirod), an efeqturad “gvTavazobs” da anawilebs mas imgvarad, rom

garkveulwilad inarCunebs damokidebulebas savsebiT misaReb

bundovanebaze. aqedan postmodernizmi, postmodernuli cnobiereba

SeiZleba moicavdes araumetess, vidre misive SesaZleblobis pirobebis

Teoriuli gaazrebaa, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs mimdinare

cvlilebebis da modifikaciebis pirdapir aRnusxvas. modernizmi aseve

savaldebulod Tvlis siaxlis gaazrebas da cdilobs is cocxlad

aRiqvas (am mizniT is igonebs registraciis da aRnusxvis iseT

saSualebebs, romlebic gvagonebs istoriuli drois ar mqone

fotografias), magram postmodernizmi ufro wyvetebs, ufro movlenebs

eZebs, vidre axal samyaros, radgan raRacaze TxrobisTanave wamierad

is ukve sxvaa; radgan, rogorc gibsoni ambobs, “rodesac-yvelaferi-

ukve-Secvlilia”, an, ukeT, ukan mouxedavad icvleba rogorc saganTa

reprezentaciebi, aseve Tavad cvalebadobis saxeebic. modernistebi

ufro imiT iyvnen dainteresebulni, Tu ra saxes miiRebda aseTi

cvlilebebi samomavlod da rogoria ganviTarebis zogadi tendencia:

isini umTavresad Tavad sagnebis, substanciurad, utopiuri an arsebiTi

wesiT gaazrebas cdilobdnen. postmodernizmi am mxriv ufro

formaluria, ufro “Wkuidan SeSlili”, rogorc amas ityoda valter

beniamini. is mxolod Tavad variaciebs iTvlis da Zalze kargad esmis,

rom Sinaarsebi mxolod warmosaxuli xatebia. modernizmisaTvis,

416

rogorc amis Cvenebas Sevecdebi qvemoT, “bunebis” an “yofierebis”

morCenil zonebSi jer kidev arsebobs Zveli, arqauli; kulturas jer

kidev SeuZlia raRac gaukeTos am bunebas da imuSaos am “referentis”

formirebaze. postmodernizmis xana dgeba maSin, rodesac sruldeba

modernizaciis procesi da buneba saqonlad gadaqceviT kvdeba. ...

amgvarad, postmodernul kulturaSi, “kultura” xdeba misi sakuTari

uflebamosilebis produqti; bazaric Tavis Tavs anacvlebs iseve,

rogorc masze gamotanili produqti anacvlebs sakuTar Tavs.

modernizmi mcired da tendenciurad upirispirdeboda yovelives

saqonlad gadaqcevas da sakuTari Tavis transcendirebis mcdelobebs.

amisgan gansxvavebiT postmodernizmi saqonlis warmoebis procesis

momxmarebelia. super-saxelmwifos cxovrebis stili, srulad aris

relaciaSi marqsis gagebiT saqonlis fetiSizmTan, msgavsad imisa,

rogorc warmatebuli monoTeizmia relaciaSi primitiul animizmTan an

rudimentur kerpTmsaxurebasTan. sinamdvileSi postmodernizmis yoveli

soliduri Teoria unda iTvaliswinebdes horkhaimeris da adornos

“kulturis industriis” doqtrinas, aseve MTV-s da satelevizio

serialebs.

amasobaSi Seicvala Tavad Teoriac da daitvirTa misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli misteriis bundovanebiT. sinamdvileSi,

postmodernizmis erTi yvelaze gavleniani Tavisebureba is gzaa,

romliTac, postmodernizmSi, aqamde sruliad gansxvavebuli saxis

tendenciuri analizebis mTeli rigi _ ekonomikis, marketingis,

kulturis kritikis, axali Terapiebis, narkotikebis akrZalva-

nebadarTulobis irgvliv arsebuli diskusiebis, xelovnebis Sous

mimoxilvebi, nacionaluri filmebis festivalebi, religiuri

"gamocxadbebi" da kulti _ yvela isini Tavmoyrilia axali diskursis

CanasaxSi, romelsac aseve "postmodernistuli Teoria" SegviZlia

vuwodoT da romelic misi sakuTari uflebianobisaTvis garkveul

yuradRebas moiTxovs. aSkaraa, rom es aris klasi, romelic Tavad aris

misi sakuTari klasis wevri da me sulac ar msurs gavarkvio momdevno

Tavebi aseT "postmodernistul Teorias" warmoadgenen, Tu isini

mxolod misi magaliTebia.

417

me msurs winaswari RonisZiebebi mivmarTo postmodernizmis Cemi

Teoriis dasacavad _ romelic warmoadgens mis naxevradavtonomiur da

SedarebiT damoukidebel xasiaTebs an Tvisebebs _ imisagan, rom

SevuerTdeT araistoriulobis simptoms, raRac iseTs, rac Tavad

Znelad Tu modis konotaciaSi ueWveli wesiT postmodernizmis

mocemulobasTan, rogorc amas gaakeTebdnen mowmed moyvanili glexebi,

esTetikosebi, bavSvebi, liberaluri ekonomistebi an analitikosi

filosofosebi. Znelia vimsjeloT “postmodernistul Teoriaze”

nebismieri zogadi wesiT imgvarad, rom ar mivmarToT istoriuli

siyruis mizezs, im gamaRizianebel pirobas (imis daSvebiT, rom Tqven

mas acnobierebT), romelic gansazRvravs spazmur da monacvle, Tumca

TavaSvebuli ukandabrunebis mcdelobebs. postmodernistuli Teoria

erTi amgvari mcdelobaTagania: aris mcdeloba gaigos saukunis

temperatura raime instrumentebis gareSe, Tanac situaciaSi,

romelSiac Cven arc Tu ise darwmunebulni varT, rom kidev arsebobs

iseTi koherentuli ram, rogoricaa “saukune”, Zeitgeist-i (drois suli),

“sistema” an “Tanamedrove situacia”. amitom postmodernizmi

dialeqtikuria imdenad, ramdenadac mas unari aqvs Seafasos

bundovaneba, rogorc pirveli Zafi, romelsac is CaeWideboda, rogorc

ariadnes Zafs, romelic SeiZleba araferSi gamogvadges labirinTidan

TavdasaRwevad.

swored amitom me viReb rogorc aqsiomaturad mocemuls, rom

“modernistuli istoria” (bonito-olivias versiiT postmodernistuli

Teoriis Sesaxeb) aris postmodernizmis periodis pirveli danaklisi

da mistiuri ar arseboba: xelovnebaSi mainc cocxali rCeba progresis

da telosis cneba, romelic TiTqmis dRevandelobamdea SemorCenili

misi yvelaze auTenturi, naklebad briyvuli da karikaturuli formiT,

romelSiac yoveli namdvili nawarmoebi moulodnelad, magram

logikurad axmianebs mis winamorbeds. dialeqtikuri istoria, aSkarad,

amtkicebs, rom mTeli istoria am wesiT, marcxena fexiT moZraobda

progresis gzaze, rogorc es aRniSna anri lefevrma, katastrofebis da

ngrevis gavliT; Tumca ufro cotas esmis, vidre sjera es

modernistuli esTeturi paradigma, romelic miRebuli iyo, ufro

418

rogorc virtualuri religiuri doxa (rwmena), romelic moulodnelad

gaqra yovelgvari kvalis gareSe.

kapitalizmis kulturuli logika

bolo ramdenime weli aRiniSna Sebrunebuli milenianizmiT,

romelSiac momavlis winaTgrZnoba, katastrofuli Tu mxsneli

Secvala amisa Tu imis (maT Soris ideologiis, xelovnebis, socialuri

klasis, leninizmis krizisis, socialuri demokratiis an, bolos,

keTildReobis saxelmwifos da a.S.) dasasrulis grZnobam; yovelive es,

erTad aRebuli, albaT, Seadgens imas, rasac sul ufro xSirad

uwodeben postmodernizms. misi arsebobisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia

hipoTeza 50-iani wlebis miwuruls da 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

momxdari gardatexis Sesaxeb.

rogorc Tavad sityva gvarwmunebs, es gardatexa yvelaze ufro

xSirad asocirebulia asi-wlis-asakis modernistuli moZraobis (an

misi ideologiuri, Tu esTeturi principebis) klebasa da CaqrobasTan.

amgvaria absteraqtuli eqspresionizmi mxatvrobaSi, eqsistencializmi

filosofiaSi, reprezentaciis bolo formebi romanSi, didi avtorebis

filmebi an poeziis modernistuli skola (rogorc is

institucionalizirebuli da kanonizirebuli iyo uoles stivenis

SromebSi), yvela isini, Cans, warmoadgendnen maRali modernizmis

saboloo, warmaval impulsebs, romlebac Caiara da ganidevna masTan

erTad. msgavsi fenomenebis Semdgomi CamoTvla xdeba empiriuli,

qaoturi da heterogenuli: aseTia endi uoroli da pop arti, masTan

erTad fotorealizmi da mis miRma kidev "axali eqspresionizmi"; igive

iTqmis jon keigis momentze musikaSi iseve, rogorc klasikuri da

“popularuli” stilebis sinTezze iseT kompoziciebSi, rogoric

Seqmnes fil grasma da teri railma. amas unda davumatoT pankebi da

axali moZraoba rokSi (bitlzebi da rolingebi axla gamoiyurebian,

rogorc maRali modernistuli momenti ufro Tanamedrove tradiciisa);

yovelive amas unda davumatoT godaris da post-godaruli xanis

419

filmebi, eqsperimentaluri kino da video, mTeli seria komerciuli

filmebisa. ..es sia SeiZleba gagrZeldes usasrulod; magram, gana amiT

gavigebT raimes ufro mets fundamentur cvlilebebze, an gardatexaze,

vidre perioduli stilis da modis cvlilebaa, romelic

gansazRvrulia stilisturi inovaciebis Zveli maRali modernizmis

imperativebiT?

ufro dramatuladaa viTareba arqiteqturis sferoSi, sadac

gacilebiT ufro iolia esTetikuri cvlilebebis SemCneva da sadac

ufro centralizebulad da artikulitebuladaa warmodgenili

Teoriuli problemebi: swred arqiteqturaSi gamarTulma debatebma

gansazRvra Cemi damokidebuleba da interesi postmodernizmis mimarT _

rac naCvenebi iqneba Semdeg gverdebze. ufro mkveTrad vidre

xelovnebis sxva sferoebSi an mediaSi, postmodernistuli pozicia

arqiteqturaSi mouwyveteli iyo maRali modernizmis da frenk loid

raitis an egreT wodebuli internacionaluri stilis (le korbuzie,

maisi da a.S.) mimarT warmoebuli mkacri kritikisagan, sadac

formaluri kritricizmi da analizi (Senobebis maRali modernizmis

normebis Sesabamisad virtualur skulpturebad gardaqmnis mimarT)

imavdroulad warmoadgenen gaazrebebs urbanizmis da esTetikis

problemebis Sesaxeb. maRali modernizmi iTvleboda tradiciuli

qalaqis da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mezoblobis kulturis fabrikuli

stilis destruqciad maSin, rodesac Tanamedrove winaswarmetyveluri

elitizmi da avtoritarizmi momnanied identificirebulia

qarizmatuli xelovanis qedmaRlur JestTan.

amisgan gansxvavebiT postmodernizmi arqiteqturaSi TavisTavad

warmoadgens esTeturi populizmis logikurad sakmaris dones, rogorc

es warmodgenilia venturis gavleniani manifestis saTaurSi _

“swavlebani las vegasidan”. Tumca, Cven, saboloo jamSi, SesaZloa

visurvoT am populisturi ritorikis Sefaseba, is sakmarisad

gamosadegia saimisod, rom yuradReba gagvamaxvilebinos

zemoTCamoTvlili postmodernizmis dargebis sxvadasxva fundamentur

Tvisebebze. kerZod, maRal kulturasa da masobriv, anu komerciul

kulturebs Soris sazRvrebis moSlaze, axlad gaCenili teqstebis

aRrevaze igive kulturuli industriisaTvis damaxasiaTebel im

420

formebTan, kategoriebTan da SinaarsebTan, razedac esoden mgznebared

laparakobdnen modernis yvela ideologebi, dawyebuli adornodan da

frankfurtis skolidan, kurt levinasiT da amerikuli axali

kriticizmiT dasrulebuli. postmodernizmma Tavisi mimdevrebi

daatyveva ZiriTadad iaffasiani produqciis da kiCis sruli

degradirebiT, satelevizio serialebiT da flideris daijestebis

kulturiT, reklamebiTa da motelebiT, Sous viani tipebiT, B xarisxis

holivuduri filmebiT, e.w. paraliteraturiT, romelsac Tan axlavs

goTikis da romantizmis elementebi, popularuli biografiebiT,

mkvlelTa misteriebiT da fantastikiT, erTi sityviT, masaliT,

romelSiac joisis an maleris msgavsad metad aRar mimarTaven

“citirebas”, aramed es masala pirdapir Sedis substanciis sxeulSi.

postmodernizmis Teoriebi _ sul erTia isini warmatebulia, Tu

moraluri siZulvilis da gakicxvis enas afareben Tavs _ TavisTavSi

atareben Zlier ojaxur msgavsebas yvela im ambiciur sociologour

ganzogadoebasTan, romlebic, igive dros, cnobebs gvawvdian sruliad

axali tipis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, romelic, yvelaze ufro metad

cnobilia “postindustriuli sazogadoebis” (daniel beli) saxeliT

da, romelsac aranakleb xSirad momxmareblur, media, eleqtronul an

maRali teqnologiebis da a/S. sazogadoebas uwodeben. aseT Teoriebs

gaaCniaT savsebiT konkretuli ideologiuri misiis demonstrireba,

maTive reliefurobisaTvis, rom aRniSnuli sazogadoeba metad aRar

emorCileba klasikuri kapitalizmis, kerZod ki industriuli

produqciis pirveladobis da klasobrivi brZolis yovlismomcvelobis

kanonebs. swored amitom ewinaaRmdegeba maT esoden mZvinvared

marqsistuli tradicia, ekonomist ernst mandelTan erTad, romlis

wigni “gviani kapitalizmi” cdilobs mogvces am axali sazogadoebis

ara mxolod anatomia ( rac, Tavis mxriv, xasiaTdeba, rogorc mesame

safexuri an etapi kapitalis bunebis ganviTarebaSi), aramed gviCvenebs,

rom is aris, Tuki aris saerTod raime, kapitalizmis ufro wminda saxe,

vidre romelime winamorbedi. am arguments me kidev davubrundebi gvian;

amjerad is savsebiT sakmarisia saimisod, rom garkveuli molodini

gagviCinos imisa, rac me-2 TavSi iTqmeba, kerZod, rom postmodernizmis

yoveli pozicia kulturaSi _ sul erTia, gamamarTlebeli Tu

421

gamkicxavi _ erTsa da imave dros da aucileblobiT, impliciturad Tu

eqspliciturad aris politikuri mecniereba dRevandeli

multinacionaluri kapitalizmis bunebis Sesaxeb.

da bolos erTi sityva meTodis Sesaxeb: rac qvemoT iTqmeba, ar

unda wavikiTxoT rogorc stilisturi deskripcia, rogorc sxvebis

gverdiT erTi kulturuli stilis an moZraobis aRricxva. me ufro is

msurs, rom warmovadgino hipoTeza periodizaciis Sesaxeb da, swored

im momentSi, rodesac aseTi koncefcia istoriuli periodizaciis

Sesaxeb Zalze problematurad gamoiyureba: yvela SemTxvevaSi,

“genealogiis” koncefcia farTod emyareba SemorCenil tradiciul

sazrunavs e.w. linearuli istoriis, magaliTad, “stadiebis” da

teleologiuri istoriografiis problemebTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca

mocemul konteqstSi, am Temaze xangrZlivi Teoriuli diskusiebis

nacvlad, SemovizRudebiT ramdenime arsebiTi SeniSvniT.

erT-erTi midgoma, romelic xSirad Tavs iCens periodizaciis

hipoTezasTan dakavSirebiT aris diferenciaciis moSlis tendencia da

istoriuli periodis, rogorc masiuri homogenurobis proeqcirebis

idea. es aris mizezi imisa, Tu ratomaa arsebiTi CemTvis gavigoT

postmodernizmi ara rogorc stili, aramed ufro rogorc kulturuli

dominanti. amgvari midgoma saSualebas mogvcems warmovadginoT da

erTianobaSi moviyvanoT Zalze diferencirebuli, Tundac erTmaneTs

daqvemdebarebuli Tvisebebi.

ganvixiloT, magaliTad, Zlieri alternatiuli pozicia, romlis

mixedviTac postmodernizmi aris raRac mcired ufro meti stadia

modernizmze (Tu ara ufro Zvel romantizmze): sinamdvileSi, SegviZlia

davTmoT da vTqvaT, rom postmodernizmis yvela zemoT Cems mier

CamoTvlili Tviseba SeiZleba gamovlenili, gaSlili iyos modernizmis

ama Tu im precendentSi. (iseTi TvalsaCino winaswarmetyvelebis

CaTvliT, rogoricaa gertruda stini, raimon ruseli an marsel

duSami, romlebic SegviZlia CavTvaloT aSkara postmodernistebad

avant la letrre). is, rasac es Tvalsazrisi ver iTvaliswinebs, aris Zveli

modernizmis socialuri pozicia, an ukeT rom iTqvas, Zveli

viqtorianuli da postviqtorianuli burJuaziis mier, Tavdadebuli

uaryofa imisa, ris formebs da eToss igi aRiqvamda rogorc

422

ukiduresad maxinj, disonansur, bundovan, skandalur, ukvdav,

gamanadgurebel da zogadad “antisocialur” movlenad. SegviZlia

vamtkicoT, rom msgavsi mutaciebi kulturis sferoSi arqaulad

iTvleboda. amjerad pikaso da joisi metad aRar miiCneva maxinj

movlenad, aramed ufro “realistebad”, rac warmoidgineba Tanamedrove

moZraobis kanonizaciad da akademikur institucionalizaciad, rac XX

saukunis 50-iani wlebidan xorcieldeba. es, albaT, Tavad

postmodernizmis warmoSobis yvelaze ufro misaRebi axsnaa, mas Semdeg

rac gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis axalgazrda Taoba daupirispirda

erT dros opoziciur modernistul moZraobas, romelic mkvdari

klasikis grovad aRiqmeboda.

rac Seexeba postmodernistul amboxs yovelive amis mimarT, aseve

unda aRiniSnos, rom misi Semtevi Tvisebebi dawyebuli bundovani da

seqsualurad Ria masalidan, fsiqologiuri siRatakiT da politikuri

da socialuri gamomwvevi qcevis Ria gamoxatviT, romlebic gadian

yovelive imis miRma, rac SeiZleba CaiTvalos eqstremaluri

modernizmis Semadgenel momentad _ yovelive es metad aRar iwvevs

vinmeSi sakandalur ganwyobas da aRar aRiqmeba didi kmayofilebiT,

aramed institucionalizirebulia da xdeba dasavluri sazogadoebis

oficialuri an sajaro kulturis nawili.

rac Sedegad miiReba, dRes is aris, rom esTetikuri produqcia

gardaiqmneba da zogadad sasaqonlo produqciaSi integrirdeba:

sasaqonlo ekonomikuri ukiduresoba mudam axlad gamomzirali moduri

produqciis warmoebisa (tansacmelidan dawyebuli TviTmfrinavebamde

dasrulebuli), sul ufro da ufro mzardi fasebiT, axla iTvleba

esTetikuri inovaciis da eqsperimentalurobis gamorCeulad arsebiT

struqturul funqciad. aseTi ekonomikuri aucileblobebi pouloben

aRiarebas sxvadasxva saxis institucionalur mxardaWeraSi axali

xelovnebisaTvis patronaJis iseTi formebiT, rogoricaa fondebis da

grantebis saxiT muzeumebisaTvis gaweuli daxmareba. xelovnebis sxva

saxeobebidan, arqiteqtura konstituciurad yvelaze ufro axlos dgas

ekonomikasTan, romelTanac is virtualurad gauSualeblad aris

dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva dawesebulebebiT, Tu miwis gadasaxadiT.

swored amitom ar unda gagvikvirdes, rodesac aRmovaCenT axali

423

postmodernistuli arqiteqturis uCveulo ayvavebas, rac emyareba

saerTaSoriso bizness, am ukanasknelis eqspansia da ganviTareba ki

pirdapir droSi Tan misdevs mas. ufro gvian me wamovayeneb varauds,

rom es ori fenomeni gacilebiT ufro Rrma dialeqtikur

urTierTkavSirSi imyofeba erTmaneTTan, vidre ama Tu im konkretuli

proeqtis erTi-erTze dafinansebaa. da mainc, me msurs Sevaxseno

mkiTxvels, rom savsebiT cxadi ram, kerZod, rom es globaluri, mainc

amerikuli postmodernuli kultura aris Sinagani da zestruqturuli

gamoxatuleba mTel msoflioSi amerikis samxedro da ekonomikuri

batonobisa: am azriT, rogorc mTeli klasTa brZolis istoriis

ganmavlobaSi, kulturis miRma, axlac dgas sisxli, wameba, sikvdili

da terori.

pirveli rac unda gavakeToT periodizaciis koncefciasTan

dakavSirebiT is gaxlavT, rom maSinac ki rodesac postmodernizmis

konstituciuri Tvisebebi identuria modernizmis Sesabamis terminebTan

_ anu miviRoT pozicia, romelic me imTaviTve mcdarad mimaCnia, Tumca

romelic aris erTaderTi, romelsac SeuZlia zedmeti gaxados

modernizmis Semdgomi kvleva-Zieba _ es ori fenomeni mainc arsebiTad

gansxvavebuli iqneba maTi mniSvnelobiT da socialuri funqciiT, imis

wyalobiT, Tu ra pozicia ukavia postmodernizms gviani kapitalizmis

ekonomikur struqturaSi da imiT, rogorc is gardaqmnis Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis kulturis mTel sferos.

am sakiTxebs Semdgom ufro detalurad ganvixilavT wignis

bolos. axla msurs vupasuxo periodizaciis Taobaze sxvadasxva saxis

kritikul SeniSvnas, heterogeneturobis amoSlis mcdelobebs, rasac

yvelaze ufro xSirad mimarTaven memarcxeneebi. aq unda movixsenioT

kvazi-sartrianuli ironia _ “gamarjvebulis damarcxebis” logika _

romelsac aqvs tendencia totaluri dinamikiT Semosos “sistemis”

aRweris yoveli mcdeloba, rogorc es vlindeba Tanamedrove

sazogadoebriv moZraobebSi. rac Sedegad miiReba, is aris, rom rac

ufro mZlavria totaluri sistemis an logikis xedva _ fukos wigni

cixeebis Sesaxeb amis dasturia _ ufro uRonod grZnobs Tavs

mkiTxveli, ramdenadac mogebuli rCeba Teoretikosi, daxuruli da

teroristuli manqanis agebiT, imdensave wagebasaa is, radgan

424

ukiduresad paralizebadad moqmedebs misi Sromis kritikuli paTosi,

iwvevs uaryofis da amboxis impulsebs, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT

socialur transformaciaze, romlis aucilebloba warmodgenili

modelis fonze aRaraviTar eWvs aRar iwvevs.

me vfiqrobdi, rom mxolod dominanturi kulturuli logikis

zogierTi koncefciis an gabatonebuli normebis fonze iyo

SesaZlebeli yovelive amis gazomva da Sefaseba. me sulac ar msurs

vamtkico, TiTqos Tanamedroveobis yvela kulturuli monapovari

“postmodernulia”, am terminis im farTo mniSvnelobiT, romelsac me

mas vaniWeb. miuxedavad amisa, postmoderni warmoadgens Zalas,

romelSiac sxvadasxva saxis kulturuli impulsebi _ rasac raimon

uiliamsma Zalze warmatebiT uwoda kulturuli produqciis “narCeni”

da “emerjentuli” formebi _ Tavis gzas aRweven. Tu Cven ver vaRwevT

kulturuli dominantobis zogad sazriss, maSin Cven mogviwevs

davubrundeT da SevafasoT Tanamedrove istoria rogorc sruli

heterogeneturoba, mouwesrigebeli diferenciacia da mtruli

sapirispiro Zalebis Tanaarseboba, risi efeqturoba sruliad

gaurkvevelia. yvela SemTxvevaSi amas aqvs politikuri suli,

romelSiac naanderZevia Semdegi saxis analizi: axali sistemuri

kulturuli normebis da maTi reproduqciebis rigi koncefciebis

producireba imisaTvis, rom ufro adeqvaturad avsaxoT Tanamedrove

radikaluri kulturuli politikis yvelaze efeqturi formebi.

Sedegad SegviZlia warmovadginoT postmodernizmis Semdegi

konstituciuri Tvisebebi: axali siRrmiseuloba, romelic gagrZelebas

poulobs rogorc Tanamedrove "TeoriaSi", aseve xatebis anu

simulakrebis axal kulturaSi. amis Sedegi aris istoriulobis

dasustebaSi, rogorc socialur istoriasTan mimarTebiT, aseve Cveni

temporalobis axal formebSi, romlis "Sizofreniuli" struqtura (Tu

lakans mivyvebiT) gansazRvravs sintaqsis axal tipebs anu sintagmatur

mimarTebebs ufro temporalur xelovnebis saxeebSi; amiT, Tavis mxriv,

ganisazRvreba emociuri safuZveltonis sruliad axali tipi _ rasac

me "intensiurobas" vuwodeb _ romelic ukeT SeiZleba gagebuli iyos

sublimaciis Zvel TeoriebTan dabrunebiT, yovelive amis ufro

siRrmiseuli konstituciuri mimarTebiT axal teqnologiebTan, rac

425

warmoadgens mTel axal msoflio ekonomikur sistemas da

davubrundebiT Tavad agebuli sivrcis cocxal aRqmaSi

postmodernistuli mutaciebis mokle aRricxvis Semdeg, warmovadgenT

mosazrebebs politikuri xelovnebis amocanebis Sesaxeb gviani an

multinacionaluri kapitalizmis damabnevel axali samyaros sivrceSi.

modiT daviwyoT maRali modernizmis vizualur xelovnebaSi

erTi kanonikuri SromiT. van gogis cnobili tilo glexis

fexsacmelebiT, romlis nimuSi, rogorc Tavad van gogi fiqrobda, ar

yofila yulubryvilod an stiqiurad SerCeuli. me minda SemogTavazoT

am suraTis wakiTxvis ori gza, romelTagan orive Taviseburad or

etapad anu ori donis procesad axdens am Sromis rekonstruqcias.

pirveli gulisxmobs, rom Tu kopirebuli reproduqcia ar

mcirdeba ubralo dekoraciis donemde, is Cvengan moiTxovs ramodenime

sawyisi situaciis rekonstruqcias, rac dasrulebul saxes aZlevs

Sromas. amis gareSe _ rac ikargeba warsulSi – situacia rogorRac

mentalurad rekoinstruirdeba ise, rom naxati mxolod inertul

obieqtad rCeba. es ki SeuZlebels xdis saboloo produqti gavigoT,

rogorc simboluri aqti yvela misi uflebiT, rogorc praqsisi da

produqcia.

es ukanaskneli termini gulisxmobs, rom sawyisi situaciis

rekonstruqciis erTi gza, romlis mimarTac naxati rogorRac

pasuxismgebelia mdgomareobs nedli masalis gaformebaSi, im sawyis

SinaarsSi, romelsac is upirispirdeba da gadaamuSavebs, gardaqmnis

da gasagebs xdis. van gogTan Sinaarsi, romlis sawyisi nedli masala

Cemi varaudiT martivad unda iqnas gagebuli, rogorc sofluri

ubadruki cxovrebis samyaros mTliani obieqti, rogorc sofluri

siRatakis sruli gamoxatuleba mZime, welSigamzneqavi glexuri Sromis

rudimentuli adamianuri samyaro, romelic dayvanilia yvelaze ufro

sastik, xifaTis Semcvel, primitiul da marginalizirebul

mdgomareobamde.

xexili samyaroSi ukve didi xnisaa, romlis totebi amosulia

Raribi niadagidan: soflis mosaxleoba SromiT aris gadaRlili da

warmoadgens karikaturas bazisuri adamianuri Tvisebebis mqone tipebis

Zireul groteskze. rogor aris maSin, rom van gogis SemoqmdebaSi

426

iseTi sagnebi, rogoric aris vaSlis xeebi gamovlindeba feris,

halucinatorul zedapirze, maSin, rodesac soflis stereotipebi

moulodnelad da mkveTrad miyveba wiTel da mwvane tonebs. me mokled

varaudob, rom am pirvel interpretaciaSi glexuri samyaros

damTrgunavi ferebis obieqtebi, nebelobiTa da Zalismierad

trasformirdeba Raribi ferebis brwyinvale materializaciaSi, rac

Sesrulebulia zeTis saRebavebSi da rac mTlianobaSi SeiZleba

aRqmuli iyos, rogorc utopiuri Jesti. es aris kompensaciis aqti,

romelic asrulebs grZnobebis an sul mcire umaRlesi grZnobebis

sruliad axali utopiuri samyaros producirebas – igulisxmeba

mxedveloba, vizualuri aRqma da Tvalis SegrZneba. es samyaro

warmodgenilia CvenTvis, rogorc naxevrad avtonomiuri sivrce yvela

misi uflebiT, rogorc kapitalis struqturaSi, Sromis axali

danawilebis momenti, rogorc axali fragmentacia gamovlenili

mgrZnobelobisa, romelic imeorebs garkveul droSi kapitalistis

cxovrebis specializaciasa da ganawilebas, rac Tavis mxriv

imavdroulad saWiroebs swored aseT fragmentacias maTTvis

uperspeqtivo utopiis asagebad.

cxadia, arsebobs van gogis naxatis meore wakiTxvac, romelsac

Znelia ar gauwioT angariSi, rodesac Cven Tvals ver vaSorebT am

qmnilebas. es gaxlavT haidegeris centraluri analizi, mocemuli der

Ursprung des Kunstwerkes-Si, romelic organizebulia im ideis irgvliv,

rom xelovnebis qmnileba warmoiSveba miwasa da zecas Soris arsebul

ufskrulSi, an rogorc me ufro vamjobineb vTargmno, rogorc

mniSvnelobas moklebul sxeulsa da bunebas, erTi mxriv da bunebasa

da istoriis da socialuri realobis mier miniWebul mniSvnelobebs

Soris. am sakiTxs Cven kidev davubrundebiT; aq is savsebiT sakmarisia

rom gavixsenoT is cnobili frazebi, romlebic im procesis

modelirebas ewevian, romlis ZaliTac es SemdegSi ilustrirebuli

glexis fexsacmelebi nela axdenen maTsave Sesaxeb mTeli aqamde ar

mocemuli samyaros obieqtebis _ romlebic erT dros maT cocxal

konteqsts warmoadgendnen _ rekreacias. "maTSi _ ambobs haidegeri _

igrZnoba miwis mdumare Zaxilis rxeva ... ". van gogis mxatvroba gaxsnis

imas, Tu ras warmoadgens glexis wyvili fexsacmeli WeSmaritad. es

427

arsi cxaddeba misi yofierebis daufaraobaSi, rac gaSualebulia

xelovnebis nawarmoebis roliT, romelic gvaxsenebs mTel naxatze ar

mocemul samyaros da miwas misi sakuTari Tavis gamocxadebaSi. swored

amis wyalobiTaa, rom Cven vgrZnobT glexi qalis mZime nabijebs,

mindvris mosawyen biliks, qoxs mowmendil amindSi, miwaze dayril

gamoyenebul da damsxvreul Sromis iaraRebs. haidegeris analizi aq,

albaT, saWiroebs dasrulebas imaze miTiTebiT, rom Sromas mudmivad

ganaxlebadi materialuroba axasiaTebs da, rom es materialuroba

mudam transformirdeba erTi formidan _ vTqvaT, Tavad dedamiwa,

bilikebi masze da fozikuri obieqtebi _ materialurobis meore iseT

formaSi, rogoricaa zeTis saRebavebiT Seqmnili mxatvroba, romelsac

Tavisi, vizualuri siamovnebis momniWebeli specifika gaaCnia.

yvela SemTxvevaSi orive wakiTxva SegviZlia aRvweroT, rogorc

hermenevtikuli im azriT, ra azriTac es nawarmoebi misi inertuli,

obieqturi formiT warmodgenilia rogorc mimTiTebeli saSualeba an

simptomi sxva ufro mniSvnelovani realobisa, romelsac is

Caenacvleba rogorc saboloo instanciis WeSmariteba. axla Cven

gvWirdeba sxvagvar fexsacmelebs SevxedoT da siamovnebiT SevZloT

gamoviyvanoT ukve aRwerili figuris msgavsi obieqti Tanamedrove

vizualuri xelovnebis centrSi. endi uorolis "margalitis mtvriani

fexsacmeli" van gogis fexsacmelebis msgavsi mosaubre rodia; ufro

metic, is saerTod araferze ar gvelaparakeba. am naxatSi araferia

organizebuli mayureblisaTvis Tundac minimaluri adgilis

dasaTmobad, romelic am naxats waawydeboda auxsnel bunebriv sagnebSi

Cakarguli muzeumis koridorSi. Sinaarseul doneze Cven saqme gvaqvs

aSkara fetiSTan, rogorc froidianuli, aseve marqsiseuli azriT.

saxezea mxolod tiloze Camokidebuli mkvdari obieqtebis

mouwesrigebeli grova, romelic sruliad moklebulia Tavis winandel

sasicocxlo samyaros. amitom uorolTan ver vipovniT gzas, romelic

daasrulebda hermenevtikul Jests da Sesworebebs Seitanda im

ucnaurobaSi rac axlavs farTo cocxali konteqstis saxiT sacekvao

anda sabale darbazs, elitaruli samyaros modas an brwyinvale

maRaziebs. Tumca, yovelive es ufro paradoqsulad gamoiyureba

biografiuli informaciis Suqze: uorolma Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi

428

kariera daiwyo rogorc moduri fexsacmlis komerciulma

ilustratorma da vitrinebis dizainerma, romelic mudmivad

gamoafenda sxvadasxva saxis sabalo da oTaxis fexsacmels. gviCndeba

cduneba wamovWraT erTi centraluri sakiTxi _ romelic amasobaSi

sakmaod momwifda _ Tavad postmodernizmis da misi politikuri

ganzomilebis Sesaxeb: endi uorolis suraTs centraluri adgili

uWiravs imgvari Tanamodifikaciebis garemocvaSi, rogoricaa sareklamo

dafaze gamofenili didi koka-kolas boTli an kempbelis sapnis

SefuTva, romlebic eqspliciturad gviCveneben gviani

kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sasaqonlo fetiSizmis safuZvlebs,

rac Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba warmoadgendes mZlavr da kritikul

politikur sabuTs. Tuki isini raRac sxvaa, maSin darwmunebiT

SegviZlia vikiTxoT _ ratom? _ da, rogorc pasuxi am kiTxvaze ufro

meti seriozulobiT unda davinteresdeT politikuri an kritikuli

xelovnebis SesaZleblobebze gviani kapitalizmis postmodernul

periodSi.

Tumca arsebobs sxva aranakleb mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba maRal

modernizmsa da postmodernistul momentebs Soris, razedac Cven axla

Zalzed mokled unda SevCerdeT. pirveli da yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino

gaxlavT sibrtyisa da siRrmis axali saxis, zedapiris gansxvavebuli

tipis warmoSoba, rac mTeli postmodernis uZiriTades formalur

Tvisebas warmoadgens.

Semdegi, razedac Rirs yuradRebis gamaxvileba, aris

fotografiis da fotografiuli negativis roli am saxis Tanamedrove

xelovnebaSi. swored is aniWebs mkvdris iersaxes uorolis qmnilebas,

romlis yinulovani eleganturi mokvdavoba materializebulia

mayureblis TvaliT imgvarad, rom Sinaarsis doneze verafers uxerxebs

sikvdils, akviatebul azrs, an wuxils sikvdilis Sesaxeb. rogorc

vvaraudobdiT, aq saqme gvaqvs van gogis utopiuri Jestis inversiasTan:

ufro adreul naSromSi morRveul samyaros nicSeanuri dekreti da is

aqti axlavs, romelic mTel nawarmoebs utopiur ferebSi gardasaxavs.

...

yovelive amas mivyavarT mesame TvisebasTan, romelic calke unda

ganvixiloT da, romelsac me vuwodeb klebis afeqts posmodernul

429

kulturaSi. ra Tqma unda, araswori iqneboda gvevarauda, rom yvela

grZnoba an emocia, subieqturoba sruliad gaqra axali suraTidan.

sinamdvileSi "margalitis mtvrian fexsacmelebSi" adgili aqvs

represiis erTgvar dabrunebas, ucnaur, makompensirebel, dekoraciul

mxiarulebas, romelic eqspliciturad dafiqsirebulia ukve

saxelwodebaSi, romelic brWyvialebs oqros mtvriT, elvarebs

mooqrovili qviSiT, romelsac beWdad azis suraTis zedapirs da

iqedan gvanaTebs. gnebavT, ganvixiloT grimbaudis magiuri yvavilebi

"rac Semogcqeris" an rilkes arqauli berZnuli torsisadmi miZRvnili

agvistos elvareba, romelic afrTxilebs burJua subieqts Seicvalos

cxovrebis wesi; araferi msgavsi ar gvaqvs finaluri dekoraciis am

graciozul zedapirulobaze. am eses italiuri versiis saintereso

mimoxilvaSi remo kaseranim gaavrcela es fexsacmlis fetiSizmi ormag

saxeSi, romelic van gogi-haidegeris fexsacmelebis mconare

"modernistul" eqspresiulobas umateben uolter evansis da jeims egis

"realistur" paToss.

430

manuel kastelsi

identurobis Zala

uZluri saxelmwifo?

“is, rac kapitalisturi saxelmwifosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli”, werda

nikos pulancasi 1978 wels, “mdgomareobs mis mier sazogadoebrivi

droisa da sivrcis absorbirebaSi, droisa da sivrcis matricebis

CamoyalibebaSi da droisa da sivrcis organizebis monopolizebaSi;

saxelwifos moqmedebiT isini gardaiqmnebian dominirebisa da

Zalauflebis qselebad. es aris is gza, romliTac saxelwmifos mier

iqmneba Tanamedrove eri”1. dReidan es ase aRar xdeba. sivrcesa da

droze saxelmwifos kontrols sul ufro gverds uvlian kapitalis,

saqonlis, momsaxurebis, teqnologiebis, komunikaciisa da informaciis

nakadebi. saxelmwifo, mis mier tradiciis miTvisebiTa da nacionaluri

identurobis (re)konstruqciiT flobda istoriul dros, rasac dRes

upirispirdeba avtonomiuri subieqtebis mier formirebuli mravlobiTi

identuroba. saxelmwifos mcdeloba ze-nacionaluri institutebis

Seqmnis gziT saerTaSoriso arenaze sakuTari Zalis ganmtkicebisa

kidev ufro asustebs mis suverenobas. xolo saxelmwifos mcdeloba

aRidginos legitimuroba administraciuli xelisuflebis

decentralizebiT, misi gadacemiT adgilobriv da regionul doneebze,

aZlierebs centrifugul tendenciebs, vinaidan moqalaqeebis

xelisuflebasTan daaxloebis paralelurad zrdis maT gaucxoebas

eri-saxelmwifosgan. amgvarad, mTel msoflioSi globaluri

kapitalizmis ayvavebisa da nacionalisturi ideologiebis aRmocenebis

paralelurad, eri-saxelmwifo, im formiT, romliTac is istoriulad

Tanamedroveobis xanaSi Camoyalibda, rogorc Cans, kargavs Tavis

Zalas, Tumca ki, rac arsebiTia, ara Tavis gavlenianobas2. . .

431

eri-saxelmwifos krizisi da saxelmwifos Teoria

devid heldi, Tavis klasikur statiaSi demokratiis, eri-saxelmwifosa

da globaluri sistemis Sesaxeb ajamebs analizs Semdegi sityvebiT:

“dRevandeli saerTaSoriso wesrigi xasiaTdeba rogorc

suverenul saxelmwifoTa sistemis mdgradobiT, aseve

Zalauflebis mravlobiTi struqturebis ganviTarebiT. amgvari

hibriduli sistemisadmi SesaZlebelia seriozuli pretenziebis

wayeneba. SeiZleba daveWvdeT - marTlac gvTavazobs is raime

models Tanamedrove politikuri azrovnebis fundamenturi

problemebis gadasaWrelad, romelic cdilobs, sxva sakiTxebTan

erTad, gamarTleba da safuZveli mouZebnos wesrigsa da

Semwynareblobas, demokratiasa da angariSvaldebulebas,

legitimur mmarTvelobas?”3

marTalia, SemdgomSi heldi gvTavazobs sakuTar optimistur xedvas

imisa, Tu rogor unda moxdes saxelmwifos re-legitimacia mis

postnacionalur reinkarnaciaSi, magram saxelmwifos suverenobis

gagrZelebis SeuZleblobis safuZvliani dasabuTeba, romelic mas wina

gverdebze mohyavs, gasagebs xdis meryev daskvniT winadadebas:

“arsebobs damajerebeli argumentebi imisTvisac, rom optimisturad

SevxedoT momavals – da imisTvisac, rom SevxedoT mas pesimisturad”.4

am konteqstSi CemTvis cota gaugebaria, Tu ras niSnavs “optimisturad”

da “pesimisturad”. me ar gamaCnia raime gansakuTrebuli simpaTia

Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifoebis mimarT, romlebic kacobriobis

istoriis yvelaze sisxliani – meoce – saukunis ganmavlobaSi didi

mzadyofniT axdendnen sakuTari xalxebis mobilizebas urTierT

JletvisTvis.5 magram es Sexedulebebzea damokidebuli. namdvilad

arsebiTi aris is, rom axali Zalauflebis sistema xasiaTdeba, da me

amaSi devid helds veTanxmebi, Zalauflebis (authority) wyaroebis

pluralizmiT, romelTagan eri-saxelmwifo mxolod erT-erTia.

istoriulad es viTareba, faqtobrivad, gamonakliss ar warmoadgens.

rogoc spriti (Spruyt) amtkicebs, Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifos hyavda

rigi ‘metoqeebisa”: qalaqi-saxelmwifo, savaWro kavSirebi, imperiebi,6 da,

432

me davamatebdi, aseve samxedro da diplomaturi aliansebi, romlebic

ki ar gaqra, aramed Tanamedrove xanaSi eri-saxelmwifosTan

Tanaarsebobs misi ganviTarebis paralelurad. miuxedavad amisa is, rac

amJamad viTardeba, am TavSi moyvanili mizezebis gamo eri-saxelwifos

rolis centralurobis dakninebas warmoadgens gaziarebuli

suverenitetis im sivceSi, romelic axasiaTebs Tanamedrove samyaros

politikur arenas. hirsti da tompsoni, romlebic mkacrad akritikeben

globalizaciis gamartivebul xedvas da xazs usvamen imas, rom eri-

saxelmwifoebi kvlavindeburad inarCuneben Tavis mniSvnelobas, mainc

acnobiereben saxelwmifos axlebur rols:

“saerTaSoriso bazrebis marTvis axlad warmoqmnad formebSi da

sxva saerTaSoriso procesebSi monawileoben didi erovnuli

mTavrobebi, magram axlebur rolSi: saxelmwifoebma unda

ifunqcioniron ufro rogorc saerTaSoriso “politiis”

komponentebma, vidre rogorc “suverenulma” warmonaqmnebma. maSin

eri-saxelmwifos centraluri funqcia xdeba ze-erovnuli da

erovnulze dabla mdgomi doneebis mmarTvelobis meqanizmebis

legitimizeba da maTi angariSvaldebulebis uzrunvelyofa.”7

metic, garda imisa, rom eri-saxelmwifo aris kompleqsur

urTierTdamokidebulebaSi politikuri Zalauflebis/

warmomadgenlobis mravalferovan gamomJRavnebebTan, mas mzard

konkurencias uweven Zalauflebis iseTi wyaroebi, romlebic

ganusazRvrelia da, zogjer, gaurkvevelic. esenia kapitalis,

warmoebis, komunikaciis, danaSaulis, saerTaSoriso institutebis, ze-

erovnuli samxedro aparatis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis,

transnacionaluri religiebis da sazogadoebrivi azris Semqmneli

moZraobebis qselebi. xolo saxelmwifos qveS arian Temebi, tomebi,

adgilobrivi wes-Cveulebebi, kultebi da bandebi. ase rom, Tumca ki

eri-saxelmwifo kvlavac agrZelebs arsebobas, da gaagrZelebs kidec

winaswarmetyvelebad momavalSi, is aris, da sul ufro gaxdeba,

Zalauflebis ufro farTo qselis kvanZi. am qselSi is xSirad

aRmoCndeba konkurenciaSi Zalauflebis sxva nakadebTan, romlebic

uSualod movlen winaaRmdegobaSi misi uzenaesobis ganxorcielebasTan,

433

da es mosdis kidec centralur bankebs, rodesac maT aqvT iluzia

rom umklavdebian globaluri bazris gavlenas konkretul valutaze. .

. .

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifos Teoria dominirebuli iyo

paeqrobiT institucionalizms, pluralizmsa da instrumentalizms

Soris maT nairnair versiebSi.8 institucionalistebi, veberiseuli

tradiciis Sesabamisad, xazs usvamen saxelmwifo institutebis

avtonomiurobas, romelic istoriulad mocemuli saxelmwifos Sida

logikidan momdinareobs mas mere, rac istoriis qariSxlebma Carges

misi Teslebi im teritoriaze, romelic misi erovnuli safuZveli

gaxda. pluralistebi saxelmwifos struqturasa da evolucias xsnian

mravalferovani gavlenebiT, romlebsac warmoSobs saxelmwifos

(re)formirebis gauTavebeli procesi pluraluri samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis dinamikis Sesabamisad, konstituciuri procesis mudmiv

ganxorcielebaSi.

instrumentalistebi, marqsistebi an istoricistebi saxelmwifos

ganixilaven rogorc socialuri aqtorebis iaraRs, romlebic misdeven

sakuTar interesebs da aRweven dominirebas, iqneba es dominireba

ukonkurento saxelmwifos SigniT (saxelmwifo - “burJuaziis

aRmasrulebeli komiteti”), Tu is warmoadgens brZolebis, aliansebisa

da kompromisebis arastabilur Sedegs. magram azrovnebis yvela

skolis mier, rogorc amas gidensi, gueheno (Guehenno) da heldi

uTiTeben, urTierToba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris, da,

amdenad, saxelmwifos Teoria, iazreba eris konteqstSi da

orientirebulia eri-saxelmwifoze rogorc aTvlis wertilze. ra

xdeba im dros, rodesac, heldis formulirebiT, “erovnuli erToba”

aRar warmoadgen, rogorc aseTi, “Sesabamisobis mqone erTobas” amgvari

aTvlis wertilisTvis?9 rogor unda warmovidginoT ara-erovnuli,

diversificirebuli socialuri interesebi, romlebic warmodgenilia

saxelmwifoSi an ibrZvian masze zegavlenis mosapoveblad? mTeli

samyaro? magram erToba, romelic kapitalis mimoqcevasTanaa kavSirSi,

sxva aris, vidre samuSao Zalis, sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis, an

434

kulturuli identurobebis Sesabamisi erTobebi. rogor gavaerTianoT

interesebi da Rirebulebebi, romlebic gamoxatulia, adgilobrivad da

globalurad, cvladi geometriiT, eri-saxelmwifos struqturasa da

politikasTan? es niSnavs imas, rom, Teoriis Tvalsawieridan, Cven unda

movaxdinoT kategoriebis rekonstruireba raTa SegveZlos

Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis gaazreba am winaswari pirobis - erisa

da saxelmwifos aucilebeli gadaxlarTulobis - moTxovnis gareSe,

anu identurobisa da instrumentalobis urTierTgayofiT. axali

Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebi, romlebic uZluri saxelmwifos miRmaa,

unda iyos gagebuli rogorc globaluri instrumentuli qselis

kontrolis SesaZlebloba, romelic xorcieldeba specifiuri

identurobebis safuZvelze, an, danaxuli globaluri qselis

Tvalsawieridan, rogorc SesaZlebloba nebismieri identurobis

CarTvisa transnacionaluri instrumentuli miznebis ganxorcielebaSi.

eri-saxelmwifos kontroli, asea Tu ise, xdeba ubralod erT-erTi

saSualeba Zalauflebis mosapoveblad . . .

. . . amdenad, komunalizmi namdvilad ayalibebs/inarCunebs

saxelmwifoebs axleburad globalizebul samyaroSi, magram, amave

dros, is namdvilad asustebs eri-saxelmwifos rogorc is Camoyalibda

Tanamedroveobis xanaSi, da kiTxvis qveS ayenebs eri-saxelmwifos

cnebas imiT, rom Slis mas kerZo identurobebad.

informaciuli politika da demokratiis krizisi

Sesavali: sazogadoebis politika

. . . eri-saxelmwifos sazRvrebis simkafiovis daknineba bundovans xdis

moqalaqeobis ganmartebas; Zalauflebis mkafio adgilmdebareobis

ararsebobis pirobebSi asustebs socialur kontrols da aqucmacebs

politikur gamowvevebs. komunalizmis zrda, mis nairnair formebSi,

asustebs politikuri danawevrebis princips, romelsac efuZneba

demokratiuli politika. saxelmwifos mzardi uunaroba akontrolos

kapitalis moZraoba da uzrunvelyos socialuri usafrTxoeba

435

aqveiTebs mis mniSvnelobas rigiTi moqalaqis TvalSi. mmarTvelobis

adgilobrivi institutebis win wamoweva zrdis manZils politikuri

kontrolis meqanizmebsa da globaluri problemebis menejments Soris.

socialuri kontraqtis gaqroba kapitals, Sromasa da saxelmwifos

Soris yvelas saxlebSi abrunebs sakuTari interesebis dasacavad,

mxolod sakuTari Zalebis imediT. rogorc gueheno wers,

“liberaluri demokratia efuZneboda or postulats, romlebic

amJamad eWvis qveS dgeba: arsebobs politikuri sfero, rogorc

socialuri konsensusisa da saerTo interesis adgilsamyofeli;

da arseboben sakuTari energiis mqone aqtorebi, romlebic

axorcieleben Tavis uflebebs, axdenen sakuTari Zalis

demonstrirebas manamdec ki, sanam sazogadoeba Camoayalibebs maT

avtonomiur subieqtebad. dResdReobiT avtonomiuri subieqtebis

nacvlad arsebobs mxolod efemeruli viTarebebi, romlebsac

eyrdnobian saxeldaxelo aliansebi, uzrunvelyofilebi

TiToeuli calkeuli SemTxvevis saWiroebisTvis mobilizebuli

SesaZleblobebiT. politikuri sivrcis - koleqtiuri

solidarobis adgilsamyofelisgan gansxvavebiT isini

warmoadgenen mxolod dominantur warmodgenebs, iseTive

efemeruls, rogor interesebi, romlebic maTiT manipulireben.

Tanadroulad xdeba atomizacia da homogenizacia. sazogadoeba,

romelic gauTaveblad fragmentacias ganicdis, romelsac ar

gaaCnia arc mexsiereba da arc solidaroba, sazogadoeba,

romelic ibrunebs Tavis erTobas mxolod gamosaxulebaTa im

rigis meSveobiT, romelsac media mas yovelkvireulad ubrunebs.

es aris sazogadoeba moqalaqeTa gareSe, da, sabolood, ara-

sazogadoeba. es krizisi ar aris – rogorc amas misgan

gadasarCenad evropelebi imedovneben – kerZo, amerikuli modelis

krizisi. SeerTebulma Statebma namdvilad ukiduresobamde

miiyvanes interesebis konfrontaciis logika, romelic Slis

saerTo interesis ideas; xolo koleqtiuri Sexedulebebis

marTva aRwevs amerikaSi iseT doneebs, romlebic arnaxulia

evropaSi. magram ukiduresi SemTxvevebi gvexmareba saerTo

436

viTarebis gaazrebaSi, xolo amerikis krizisi naTels hfens Cvens

momavals.”10

qselur sazogadoebebSi politikisa da demokratiuli procesis

transformireba kidev ufro Rrmaa, vidre es am analizSia

warmodgenili. amis mizezia am transformaciis momcveli umTavresi

faqtori, romelsac me xsenebul procesebs davamatebdi, anu axali

informaciuli teqnologiebis pirdapiri zegavlena politikur

debatebze da Zalauflebis moZiebis strategiebze. es teqnologiuri

ganzomileba urTierTqmedebs rogorc ufro farTo tendenciebTan,

romlebic axasiaTebs qselur sazogadoebas, aseve komunalur

reagirebasTan im dominantur procesebze, romelic socialur

struqturaSi viTardeba. magram igi am transformacias mZlavr brunviT

moments amatebs, romelsac me informaciul politikas vuwodeb. ase,

Tumca ki bobio marTalia, rodesac xazs usvams mTel msoflioSi

politikur memarjveneobasa da politikur memarcxeneobas Soris

arsebuli sxvaobis mdgradobas, (arsebiTad, socialuri Tanasworobis

sakiTxebisadmi maTi mkveTrad gansxvavebuli midgomis gamo)11

memarjveneebma, memarcxeneebma da centrma, Tu maT undaT sazogadoebaze

gasvla, unda warmarTon Tavisi strategiebi da proeqtebi msgavsi

teqnologiuri mediumis meSveobiT, raTa sakmarisi raodenobis

moqalaqeTa mxardaWera hpovon saxelmwifoze zegavlenis mosapoveblad.

me vamtkiceb, rom es teqnologiuri monawileoba qmnis TamaSis axal

wesebs, romlebic am wignSi warmodgenili socialuri, kulturuli da

politikuri transformaciis konteqstSi dramatul gavlenas axdens

politikis arsze. mTavari aris is, rom eleqtronuli media (ara marto

televizia da radio, aramed komunikaciis yvela forma, gazeTebisa da

internetis CaTvliT) gaxda politikis privilegirebuli sivrce. ara

marto mTeli politika SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas saxeebze, bgerebze an

simbolur manipulirebaze, aramed amis gareSe ar arsebobs

Zalauflebis mopovebisa an ganxorcielebis Sansi. amdenad, yvela

sabolood erTsa da imave TamaSs, TamaSobs Tumca ki ara erTnairad da

gansxvavebuli miznebiT.

437

gaugebroba rom ar moxdes, unda movuwodoT mkiTxvels ar gaiziaros

ori gamartivebuli, mcdari versia im Tezisisa, romlis mixedviTac

eleqtonuli media dominirebs politikaze. erTis mxriv, zogjer

amtkiceben, rom media Tavis politikur Sexedulebebs Tavs axvevs

sazogadoebriv azrs. es ase ar xdeba, vinaidan…. . .media metad

mravalferovania. misi kavSirebi politikasa da ideologiasTan

uaRresad rTulia da arapirdapiri, Tumca ki arsebobs gamonaklisebi,

romelTa sixSire damokidebulia qveyanaze, periodze da konkretul

mediaze. faqtobrivad, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mediaSi gamarTuli kampania

SeiZleba aRmoCndes mimarTuli sazogadoebis politikuri

istebliSmentis winaaRmdeg, rogorc es moxda amerikaSi uotergeitis

krizisis dros, an 1990 wels italiaSi, rodesac mediis udidesma

nawilma mxari dauWira iuridiul anti-korufciul moZraobas orive

tradiciuli partiis, da berluskonis winaaRmdeg, imisda miuxedavad,

rom es ukanaskneli sam erovnul telearxs flobda. meores mxriv,

sazogadoebrivi azri xSirad ganixileba gzavnilobebis pasiur

mimRebad, romliTac advilia manipulireba. es, aseve, baTildeba

empiriuli monacemebiT. . . mediasa da mis auditorias Soris arsebobs

ormxrivi interaqciis procesi, rac cvlis gzavnilobis realur

zegavlenas. gzavniloba yovelmxriv isinjeba, miiReba, da zogjer

trialdeba auditoriis mier. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, rogorc amas

politikuri strategiebisadmi moqalaqeTa ganwyobebis peijisa da

Sapiros mier Catarebuli analizi cxadyofs, amerikul konteqstSi,

rogorc wesi, koleqtiuri sazogadoebrivi azri damoukidebelia da

saR azrs eyrdnoba.12 mTlianobaSi, medias aqvs fesvebi sazogadoebaSi

da misi gadakveTa politikur procesTan uaRresad gaurkvevelia,

damokidebulia konteqstze, politikuri aqtorebis strategiebze, da

socialur, politikur da kulturul sakiTxebs Soris interaqciis

Taviseburebebze.

Tanamedrove politikaSi eleqtronuli mediis kritikuli rolis

xazgasmiT me sxva ramis Tqma minda. me vambob, rom tradiciuli

politikuri sistemebis krizisisa da axali mediis gavrcelebis

uaRresad farTo zrdis gavlenaTa konvergenciis Sedegad politikuri

438

komunikacia da informacia ZiriTadad qceulia mediis sivrceSi. mediis

sivrcis miRma arsebobs mxolod politikuri marginaloba. is, Tu ra

xdeba am media-dominirebul politikur sferoSi, ar aris

ganpirobebuli mediis mier: es aris Ria socialuri da politikuri

procesi. magram eleqtronuli mediis logika, da organizeba ayalibebs

da astruqturirebs politikas . . . politikis es formireba misi

moqceviT mediis sivrceSi (informaciuli xanis maxasiaTebeli trendi)

gavlenas axdens ara marto arCevnebze, aramed politikur

organizaciebze, gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaze, mmarTvelobaze, sabolood

cvlis urTierTobebs saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris. da

vinaidan dRes arsebuli politikuri sistemebi jer kidev imeoreben

industriuli xanis droindel organizaciul formebsa da politikur

strategiebs, is politikurad moZvelda, da maTi avtonomiuroba

ilaxeba informaciis im nakadebiT, romlebzedac isini damokidebulebi

arian. es aris informaciul xanaSi demokratiis krizisis fundameturi

wyaro.

1 Poulantzas (1978: 109) 2 Tilly (1975); Giddens (1985); Held (1991,1993); Sklair (1991); Camilleri and Falk (1992); Guehenno (1993); Horsman and Marshall (1994); Touraine (1994); Calderon et al. (1996) 3 Held (1991:161). 4 Held (1991:167) 5 Tilly (1995) 6 Spruyt (1994) 7 Hirst and Thompson (`1996: 171) 8 Carnoy (1984) 9 Held (1991: 142-3) 10 Guehenno (1993) 11 Bobbio (1994) 12 Page and Shapiro (1992) bibliografia: Bobbio, Norberto (1994) Destra e sinistra : ragioni e significati de una distinzione politica, Roma : Donzelli editore. Calderon, Fernando et al. (1996) Esa esquiva modernidad: desarrollo, cuidadania y cultura en America Latina y el Caribe, Caracas: Nueva Sociedad/UNESCO Camilleri, J.A. and Falk, K. (1992) The End of Sovereignty, Aldershot: Edward Elgar Carnoy, Martin (1984) The State and Political theory, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Giddens (1985) A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, vol. II: The nation –state and Violence, Berkley: University of California Press Guehenno, Jean Marie (1993) La fin de la democratie, Paris: Flammarion. Held, David (1991) “Democracy, the nation-state and the global system”, Economy and Society, 20 (2): 138-72 Held, David (ed) (1993) Prospects for Democracy, Cambridge: Polity Press.

439

Hirst, Paul and Thompson, Grahame (1996) Globalization in Question: the International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance, Cambridge: Polity Press Horsman, M. and Marshall, A. (1994) After the Nation State, New York: Harper-Collins Page, Benjamin I. and Shapiro, Robert Y. (1992) The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in American’s Policy Preferences, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Poulantzas, Nikos (1978) L’Etat, le pouvoir, le socialisme, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France – Politiques Sklair, Leslie (1991) The Sociology of the Global System, London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf. Tilly, Charles (ed.) (1975) The Formation of Nation States in Western Europe, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Spruyt, Hendrik (1994) The Sovereign State and its Competitors, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Tilly, Charles (1995) “State-incited violence, 1900-1999”, Political Power and Social theory, 9: 161-79 Touraine, Alan (1994) Qu’est-ce que la democratie? Paris: Fayard

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1. Weber M., Politik als Beruf – Gesammelte politische Serifter, Tübingen, 1980, S. 505-

560., (Max Weber (1970), London, Routledge&Kegan Paul, and New York, Oxford

University Press)

2. Carl Schmitt, Der Bergriff des Politischen, Duncker& Humblot, (1932The Concept of the

Political, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1996)

3. Jürgen Habermas, Faktizität und Geltung. Beiträge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und

des demokratischen Rechtsstaats, 1992, Suhrkamp Verlagh (Habermas H., Between Facts

and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, Cambridge,

1996)

4. Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice, New York: Basic, 1983

5. Jon Elster, „The Market and the Forum“, from J.Elster and A.Aanund, eds. The

Foundations of Social Choice Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986),

103-132

6. John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993,1996)

7. Karl Mannheim , Ideologie und Utopie. 8.Auflage,1995, Fr./M. (Карл Манхейм,

Диагноз нашего времени, Юрист, Москва, 1994)

8. Raymond Aron, L’Opium des Intellectuels. Paris, Calmann-Levy, 1955

9. Daniel Bell. The End of Ideology. The Free Press, 1960

10. John Stuart Mill On Liberty, in: J.S.Mill On Liberty and Other Essays, Oxford, Oxford

University Press, 1991 11. Edmund Burke “A Letter from Mr. Burke, to a Member of the National Assembly; in

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(Эдмунд Берк, Правление, политика и общество, Канон-Пресс-Ц Москва 2001)

12. Robert Nisbet, Conservatizm:Dream and Reality, 1986

13. Маркс, Карл – Экономическо-философские рукописи1844 года, К.Маркс и

Ф.Энгельс, Сочинения, Изд второе, Том 42, Издательство политической

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21. Gabriel A.Almond, “The Intellectual History of the Civic Culture Concept”, in Gabriel

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&Co., 1980), pp.1-36

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Political Change in 43 Societies, Princeton University Press, 1997

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24. Anthony D. Smith, “The Origins of Nations”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 12/3 (1989),

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27. Jürgen Habermas, “What does a Cryses Mean Today? Legitimation Problems in Late

Capitalizm”, Social Research, 40, no 4 (win. 1973)

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O’Donnell, Ergun Ozbudun, John E. Roemer, Phillipe C. Schmitter, Barbara Stallings,

Alfred Stepan, Franciso Weffort, Jerzy J.Wiatr, Sustainable Democracy, Cambridge

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442

informacia avtorebis Sesaxeb

almondi, gabriel (Almond, 1911) - amerikeli

politologi, specialisti zogadi Teoriebisa da SedarebiTi

politologiis sferoSi. ufro meti aRiareba almonds moutana misma

Sromebma politikuri sistemis Teoriisa da politikuri kulturis

Sesaxeb.

almondis mier SemuSavebuli politikuri sistemis modelSi umetesi

yuradReba eqceoda "Senatanis" da "Sedegis" funqciebs. amerikelma

politologma SeZlo damajereblad eCvenebina urTierTkavSiri im

politikur organizaciebs Soris, romlebic Seadgenen politikuri

kulturis Sinaarss da politikuri sistemis funqcionirebis xasiaTs.

g. almondis da s. veberis erTobliv naSromSi "samoqalaqo

kultura" (1963) - komparativistuli (SedarebiTi) politikuri analizis

meTodi demonstrirebulia xuTi qveynis xalxTa politikuri kulturis

Sedarebis magaliTze: aSS, meqsika, italia, didi britaneTi da germania.

almondis ZiriTadi naSromebia: "SedarebiTi politika: ganviTarebis

koncefcia" (1966), "ganviTarebadi regionebis politika" (1968), "SedarebiTi

politika dRes" (1988).

aroni, raimon (Aron, 1905-1983) - frangi sociologi da

politilogi. misi samecniero interesebis fokusSia - demokratiis

problemebi, politikuri Tavisuflebani, Tanamedrove politikuri

reJimebis tipologia, politikuri sistemis SedarebiTi analizi.

aroni - industriuli sazogadoebis Teoriis erT-erTi Semqmnelia.

mas miaCnda, rom civilizaciis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze iqmneba

sazogadoebis erTiani tipi (erTiani industriuli sazogadoeba), romlis

gansxvavebul modifikacias warmoadgens dasavleTis (demokratiuli) da

sabWoTa (totalitaruli) modelebi. industriuli civilizaciis

konfliqtebs mecnieri xedavs industriuli sazogadoebis moTxovnebisa

(centralizacia, mkacri ierarqizacia) da demokratiis idealebis

(Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba) Soris dapirispirebaSi. am mowinaaRmdege

443

tendenciebis dapirispirebis gamo industriuli sazogadoeba ganwirulia

arastabilurobisTvis.

aronis ZiriTadi naSromebia - "opiumi inteligenciisaTvis" (1955),

"imedgacrueba progresSi" (1967) da sxv.

beli (Bell) , daniel (daibada 1919 w.) - amerikeli sociologi da

politologi, harvardis universitetis profesori. Tavisi moRvaweoba

daiwyo 30-40-ian wlebSi memarcxene radikalur moZraobaSi monawileobiT;

iziarebda marqsizmisa da socializmis ideebs. mogvianebiT, 50-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi Seicvala ra pozicia, gadavida liberalur

reformizmze.

XXI^ saukunis 60-ian wlebSi gaxda deideologizaciis koncefciis

erT-erTi avtori aronTan, lipsetTan da SilzTan erTad. am ideebma

Tavisi asaxva hpoves wignSi `ideologiis dasasruli~ (1969). am

koncefciis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom xdeba ra sul ufro da ufro

ganaTlebuli, Tanamedrove adamiani upiratesobas aniWebs ara

Rirebulebebs, idealebs an religiur mrwamsa da politikur lozungebs,

aramed zust codnas, mecnierul monacemebs. SemdgomSi, 70-ian wlebSi

beli iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina, rom `Zveli ideologiis amowurvisas

Cndeba axali ideologiis moTxovnileba~. deideologizaciis koncefciis

sanacvlod, man wamoayena reideologizaciis koncefcia, romelSic aCvena,

rom xalxis politikuri da socialuri cxovreba damokidebulia

ideologiur faqtorze.

60-iani wlebis dasasruls - 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi belma

SeimuSava `postindustriuli sazogadoebis~ Teoria, romelic man

warmoadgina wignebSi: `momavali postindustriuli sazogadoeba~ (1973) da

`kapitalizmis kulturuli winaaRmdegobebi~ (1976). am Teoriis Tanaxmad,

sazogadoeba teqnologiisa da codnis gavleniT gadis ganviTarebis

evoluciur gzas winaindustriuli sazogadoebidan industriulamde da,

bolos, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis zemoqmedebiT transformirdeba

postindustriul sazogadoebad.

SemdgomSi belis Sexedulebebma ganicades evolucia da

Camoyalibdnen `saSualo donis~ Teoriebad, romlebic aRweren calkeul

socialur sferoebs da qvesistemebs. kerZod, politikur sferosTan

444

mimarTebaSi belma SeimuSava meritokratiis Teoria (meritokratiis

Teoriis Semqmnelia ingliseli sociologi mitCel iangi).

beli Tavs uwodebs `socialists ekonomikaSi, liberals

politikaSi da konservators kulturaSi~. is socialuri prognozirebis

erT-erTi udidesi specialistia.

berki, edmund (Burke)(1729-1797) - ingliseli politikuri

moRvawe, filosofosi da publicisti. igi iTvleba klasikuri

konservatizmis damfuZneblad.

1790 wels gamoqveynda misi umTavresi naSromi "fiqrebi safrangeTis

revoluciis Sesaxeb", romelSic Camoyalibebuli iyo konservatizmis

ZiriTadi principebi: adamianis gonebrivi sferos SezRuduloba, da

Sesabamisad universaluri moraluri wesrigis umTavresi mniSvneloba,

wesrigisa, romelic sanqcirebulia da mxardaWerili religiis mier; "is

rac SeiZleba ar Seicvalos, ar unda Seicvalos"; rwmena xalxis

tradiciisa da "siZvelis uflebisa"; rwmena imisa, rom klasebsa da

wodebebs Soric mkacri sazRvrebis arseboba aucilebelia socialuri

stabilurobisaTvis; kerZo sakuTrebis gareSe Tavisufleba SeuZlebelia,

xolo sazogadoeba ganwirulia dasaRupad; adamianis ganxilva, rogorc

arasrulyofili arsebisa, romelic eqvemdebareba codvian qcevas;

prezumpcia mmarTvelobis nebismieri damkvidrebuli sistemis

sasargeblod, nebismieri gamoucdeli (gamouyenebeli) proeqtis

winaaRmdeg; da a.S.

e. berkis mixedviT awmyo arasodes da arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar aris

Tavisufali warsulisagan. igi werda: "WeSmariti politikuri sibrZne

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gamoswordes, gaumjobesdes da ara ganadgurdes

adrindeli institutebi".

saxelmwifo cxaddeba berkis mier samudamo da ucvlel organizmad,

romelic pirovnebaze maRla dgas da ar eqvemdebareba mis nebas. tradicia

aris yvelaze saimedo avtoriteti, radgan masSi gansaxierdeba "adamianTa

modgmis koleqtiuri neba".

445

diuverJe (Duverger) , moris (daibada 1917 wels) - frangi

politologi da sociologi, sorbonis universitetis politikuri

sociologiis profesori. is iyo mTeli rigi mTavrobebis konsultanti

konstituciisa da saarCevno sistemebis sakiTxSi. man daaarsa da saTaveSi

Caudga politikuri sistemebis SedarebiTi analizis centrs. is aris aSS-

s mecnierebaTa da xelovnebaTa akademiis wevri. farTo sazogadoebaSi

diuverJe cnobilia rogorc politikuri partiebis Teoriisa da

politikis fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi problemebis Taobaze wignebis

avtori.

diuverJes azriT, politika warmoadgens nebismieri sazogadoebis

gansazRvruli tipis aqtiurobas. misi koncefciis Tanaxmad, politikuri

sistemebis imdeni varianti arsebobs, ramdenic socialuri sazogadoebaa.

politika moicavs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela Tu ara, TiTqmis

yvela sferos. sakuTriv mecniereba politikis Sesaxeb (politikuri

sociologia) aris socialuri mecniereba xelisuflebis, mmarTvelobisa

da avtoritetis Sesaxeb.

demokratia, diuverJes mixedviT, warmoadgens `yvelaze realur

Tavisuflebas~. is SesaZlebelia marto Zalian mkacri pirobebis

Sesrulebis pirobebSi. dasavleTSi am formam gaiara ganviTarebis gza

liberaluri demokratiidan teqnodemokratiamde, romelic efuZneba

organizaciebis Zalauflebas. Tanamedrove demokratiul qveynebSi xdeba

Zalauflebis axleburi dayofa: umravlesobis Zalauflebad da

opoziciis Zalauflebad.

diuverJes `savizito baraTia~ politikuri partiebis Teoria. misi

koncefciis Tanaxmad, politikuri partiebi - es iseTi organizaciebia,

romlebic gamoirCeva aSkara midrekilebiT damoukideblad

ganaxorcielon politikuri Zalaufleba an iyolion Tavisi

warmomadgenlebi saxelmwifo organoebSi. saxelmwifos arseboba

uciloblad gulisxmobs brZolas misi institutebisTvis. partiul

xasiaTs es brZola Rebulobs martooden saxelmwifo xelisuflebis

saarCevno organoebis gaCenis Sedegad. amitom partiebis gaCena da

ganviTareba didwilad ganpirobebulia parlamentarizmis ganviTarebiT.

446

elsteri (Elster) , jon daibada 1940 wlis 22 Tebervals

norvegiaSi. ganaTleba norvegiasa da safrangeTSi miiRo. sadoqtoro

disertacia daicva parizis universitetSi 1972 wels. vidre kolumbiis

universitetSi daiyebda muSaobs, igi parizSi, oslosa da CikagoSi

aswavlida. amJamad aris kolumbiis universitetis profesori. misi

kvleviTi interesebi moicavs racionaluri arCevanis Teorias,

ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis Teorias da socialuri azrovnebis

istorias (marqssa da tokvils). is amjerad muSaobs konstituciis Seqmnis

procesebis SedarebiT analizze da reqtroaqtiuli samarTlianobis

Seswavlaze im qveynebSi, romlebic avtoritaruli an totalitaruli

reJimidan bolo dros aRmocenda.

veberi, maqs (Weber) (1864-1929) - erT-erTi udidesi

warmomadgeneli dasavluri sociologiisa da politikuri mecnierebisa.

veberis politikur naazrevSi centralur adgils ikavebs

Zalauflebis problema. Zalauflebas, romelic dafuZnebulia brZanebasa

da morCilebaze, veberi uwodebda batonobas. batonobis safuZvelia

legitimuroba. yoveli batonoba saWiroebs TviTgamarTlebas, aRiarebas

da mxardaWeras. vebers mxedvelobaSi aqvs ara iuridiuli, aramed

sociologiuri maxasiaTeblebi batonobisa (Zalauflebisa) da mTavar

mniSvnelobas aniWebs Zaladobis (Zalis) monopoliuri gamoyenebis

faqtors.

veberma gamoyo legitimuri batonobis sami ZiriTadi tipi:

tradiciuli, xarizmatuli da legaluri (racionalur- biurokratiuli).

uaRresad mniSvnelovania veberis wvlili biurokratiis Teoriis

damuSavebaSi. biurokratia, veberis mixedviT, teqnikurad warmoadgens

legaluri batonobis yvelaze wminda tips. mis mier iqna Camoyalibebuli

ZiriTadi moTxovnebi biurokratiisadmi (moxeleebisadmi): moxele

pirovnulad Tavisufalia da emorCileba mxolod saqmian samsaxurebriv

vals (valdebulebas); aqvs gansazRvruli kompetencia; muSaobs

kontraqtis safuZvelze (Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelze); muSaobs

specialuri kvalifikaciis Sesabamisad; iRebs mudmiv gasamrjelos;

ganixilavs Tavis samsaxurs, rogorc erTaderT da mTavar profesias;

447

eqvemdebareba mkacr, erTian samsaxurebriv disciplinasa da kontrols da

sxv.

veberis interesTa sfero uaRresad farToa da misi naSromebi mTel

socialur mecnierebaTa speqtrs moicavs.

ingleharti (Inglehart) , ronald ronald inglhartma

daamTavra Cikagos universitetis magistratura da aqve daicva

sadoqtoro disertacia 1962 wels. igi 1978 wlidan dRemde miCiganis

universitetis politikuri mecnierebis profesoria. agreTve aris

miCiganis universitetTan arsebuli socialuri kvlevis institutis

politikuri kvlevis centris programis direqtori. misi publikaciebidan

aRsaniSnavia “Cumi revolucia – cvalebadi faseulobebi da politikur

stili dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi”, gamocemuli 1977 wels prinstonis

universitetis gamomcemlobis mier. agreTve igive gamomcemlobis mier 1990

wels dastambuli “kulturuli naxtomi ganviTarebul industriul

sazogadoebebSi” da 1997 wels dastambuli “modernizacia da

postmodernizacia: kulturuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri cvlilebebi

43 sazogadoebaSi.” misi bolo dros gamoqveynebuli statiebidan

aRsaniSnavia 2000 wlis zamTarSi « Washington Quarterly »-Si gamoqveynebuli

“globalizacia da postmodernistuli faseulobebi” da “kultura da

demokratia”, romelic samuel hantingtonisa da lorens harisonis

redaqciiT 2000 wels dastambul wignSi “kulturas aqvs mniSvneloba”

aris CarTuli.

istoni, devid (Easton) (1917 - ) – erT-erTi wamyvani amerikeli

politologi. istonis ZiriTadi wvlili politikur mecnierebaSi

dakavSirebulia sistemuri analizis principebisa da meTodebis

gamoyenebasTan politikuri sistemebis funqcionirebis Seswavlisas.

istoni gansazRvravs politikur sistemas, rogorc

urTierTqmedebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac sazogadoebaSi xorcieldeba

faseulobaTa ganawileba da am safuZvleze aRikveTeba konfliqtebi

sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris. istonis ZiriTadi naSromebia :

« politikuri sistema » (1953), « konceptualuri struqtura politikuri

448

analizisTvis » (1965), « politikuri cxovrebis sistemuri analizi »

(1965).

kastelsi, manueli (Castells) (1942 -) amerikeli sociologi

da ekonomisti. daibada espaneTSi. amJamad kaliforniis universitetis

sociologiisa da qalaqebis da regionuli gegmarebis profesoria.

urbanuli sociologiis Seswavlisas is aqcents akeTebs socialur

moZraobebze, romlebic did rols asruleben urbanuli lanSaftis

formirebaze mTel msoflioSi. dawyebuli 1983 wlidan kastelsi

swavlobs socialur da ekonomikur transformacias, romelic

gamowveulia informaciuli teqnologiebis danergviT. misi

Sexedulebebis SuagulSi dgas mtkicebuleba imis Taobaze, rom

sazogadoebebs sul ufro aformirebs bipolarulo opozicia qselsa da

individs Soris. misi ZiriTadi naSromebia: “qalaqi da misi mobinadreebi”

(1983), “informaciuli qalaqi” (1989), trilogia “informaciuli

sazogadoeba: ekonomika, sazogadoeba da kultura”. “galaqtika interneti:

refleqsia internetze, biznessa da sazogadoebaze” (2001).

manini (Manin) , bernard daibada 1951 wlis 19 aprils

marselSi, safrangeTSi. sadoqtoro disertacia politikur mecnierebaSi

daculi aqvs parizis politikis Seswavlis institutSi. 1996 wlidan

dRemde aris niu-iorkis universitetis politikis fakultetis profesori

da parizis politikis Seswavlis institutis profesori. bernar maninis

wignebis umetesoba miZRvnilia social-demokratiuli reJimis

Seswavlisadmi, aseve Tamedrove demokratiis sakiTxebisadmi.

manhaimi, karl (Manheim) (1893-1947) - germaneli filosofosi

da sociologi, codnis sociologiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. misi

ZiriTadi naSromebia "ideologia da utopia" (1929), "adamiani da

sazogadoeba gardaqmnis epoqaSi" (1935), "Cveni drois diagnozi: omis

drois narkvevebi, dawerili sociologis mier".

Tavis naSromSi "ideologia da utopia" manhaimi aRniSnavs, rom nebismieri

ideologia - es aris arsebuli wyobis apologia, Teoretizebuli

449

Sexedulebebi gabatonebuli klasisa, romelic dainteresebulia status-

qvos SenarCunebaSi. "ideologiebs" yovelTvis upirispirdeba "utopiebi" -

rogorc wesi, arasakmarisad Teoretizebuli, emociurad Seferili

"sulieri warmonaqmnebi". "utopiebs" qmnian daCagruli klasebi, fenebi an

jgufebi, romelnic miiswrafian socialuri revanSisaken, da amdenad,

iseve subieqturni da winaswarganwyobilni arian, rogorc "ideologebi".

arsiT, "utopiebi" arfriT gansxvavdebian "ideologiebisagan", ramdenadac

iseve eswrafian "warmoadginon nawili mTelad" - Tavisi calmxrivi

simarTle absolutur WeSmaritebad. Cagruli klasebis xelisuflebaSi

mosvlis SemTxvevaSi "utopiebi" avtomaturad iqcevian "ideologiebad".

marqsi, karl (Marx) (1818-1883) - marqss miekuTvneba

istoriis materialisturi koncefciis damuSaveba, romelic xazs usvams

ekonomikuri sferos gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.

marqsizmis filosofiuri da ekonomikuri moZRvrebidan gamomdinareobs

misi politikuri Teoriis Taviseburebebi. politikis marqsistuli

gagebis RerZi - es aris moZRvreba klasobrivi brZolis Sesaxeb,

orientacia klasobrivi miznebis upiratesad Zalismieri wesiT

realizebaze. proletariatis klasobrivi brZolis Sinaarsisa da formis

ganxilvisa da gamokvlevis Sedegad marqsi da engelsi mividnen

daskvnamde, rom am brZolis ZiriTadi da umTavresi mizania

proletariatis diqtaturis damyareba, romelic warmoadgens antipods

eqsplotatoruli klasebis diqtaturisa da, romelsac mivyevarT uklaso

sazogadoebis aSenebisaken, saxelmwifos TandaTanobiTi kvdomisaTvis

pirobebis Seqmnisaken.

klasebis, fenebis, socialuri jgufebis sazogadoebrivi

mdgomareobis analizi marqsizmSi warmoadgens sawyis punqts masebis,

jgufebisa da liderebis politikuri qcevis gagebisaTvis.

marqsis ZiriTadi Sromebia: "komunisturi partiis manifesti" (1848,

engelsTan erTad), "lui bonapartis Tvrameti briumeri" (1852), "kapitali"

(1867-1894) da sxv.

450

mili, jon stiuart (Mill) (1808-1873) - ingliseli filosofosi,

ekonomisti, liberaluri politikuri moazrovne, saxelmwifo moRvawe.

mili sakvanZo politikur da samarTlebriv problemebs ganixilavs

individis Tavisuflebis TvalTaxedviT. es aris liberalizmisaTvis

tradiciuli problemebi: pirovnebis Tavisuflebis winapirobebi da

Sinaarsi, Tavisufleba, wesrigi da progresi, optimaluri politikuri

mowyoba da a.S.

individualuri Tavisufleba niSnavs adamianis absolutur

damoukideblobas moqmedebis im sferoSi, romelic uSualod exeba

mxolod mas. individualuri Tavisuflebis niSnebad mili gamoyofs

Sexedulebisa da azris Tavisuflebas, Tavisuflebas sxva individebTan

erTad qmedebisa, arCevanis Tavisuflebas, sakuTari bedis gansazRvrisa

da cxovrebis miznebis arCevis Tavisuflebas.

pirovnebis, kerZo piris Tavisufleba pirveladia politikur

struqturebTan da maT funqcionirebasTan mimarTebaSi. aqedan

gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebrioba imgvaria, rogoricaa Tavad sazogadoeba

mTlianobaSi, da amitomac igi, sazogadoeba pasuxismgebelia saxelmwifos

mdgomareobaze. Rirseuli saxelmwifos arsebobis mTavari piroba - es

aris xalxis Tavisufleba, adamianuri Tvisebebis maRali xarisxi,

sazogadoebis im wevrTa, romelTaTvis arsebobs da mowodebulia

ifunqcioniros saxelmwifom.

mili cdilobda moeZebna gzebi da saSualebebi, romlebic

uzrunvelyofdnen erTis mxriv amomrCevelTa farTo monawileobas

arCevnebSi, xolo meores mxriv inteleqtualuri, ganaTlebuli elitis

gavlenis SenarCunebas.

mixelsi, robert (Michels) (1876- 1936) - germaneli

politologi, politikuri partiebis Seswavlis erT-erTi pioneri da am

mimarTulebis fuZemdebeli. misi mTavari naSromia: "politikuri partiebi:

Tanamedrove demokratiis oligarqiuli tendenciebis sociologiuri

gamokvleva" (1911).

451

mixelsi mivida im daskvnamde, rom pirdapiri demokratiis, masebis

uSualo mmarTvelobisa da batonobis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia. amis

Sedegia masebis mier calkeuli wevrebis delegireba specialur

organoebSi maTi interesebis gamosaxatavad da dasacavad. Zalauflebis

warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis, politikuri partiebis da msgavsi

institutebis warmoqmnisas Cndeba oligarqiulobis pirveli niSnebi -

gabatonebuli zedafenis (elitis) mowyveta masebisagan da misi gadaqceva

Caketil klasad.

mixelsi miuTiTebs sam mTavar mizezze, romelnic xels uwyoben

oligarqias, pirveli - viwro specializacia mmarTvelobaSi, rac xels

uSlis kontrols mmarTvelze. meore mizezi mdgomareobs Tavad masebis

fsiqologiur TvisebebSi - politikuri indiferentizmi, Zlieri

Zalauflebis moTxovnileba da sxva amgvari. mesame - es aris beladTa

xarizmatuli Tvisebebi, maTi unari Tavs moaxvion Tavisi neba marTulebs.

oligarqiuli Zalauflebis warmoqmnisa da organizaciis mizezTa

da meTodTa erTobliobas mixelsma uwoda "oligarqiis rkinis kanoni".

nisbeti, robert (Nisbet) (1913-1996) - konservatori

sociologi, komunitarianuli filosofiis Teoretikosi. man didi

wvlili Seitana konservatorul politikur azrovnebaSi da komiunitis

(erTobis) dacvaSi. misi mTavari Tema iyo is, rom Tanamedrove,

biurokratiuli centralizebuli saxelmwifos zrda xorcieldeba

eklesiis, samezoblos, ojaxisa da erTobis xarjze. amiT sustdeba

sazogadoeba. adgilobrivi erTobebis Senacvleba saxelmwifo programebs

ar SeuZlia. is mxars uWerda kulturis mravalferovnebas, asociaciebis

siWreles da xelisuflebis dayofas. man Seqmna iseTi naSromebi,

rogorebicaa « sociologiuri tradicia » (1966), « tradicia da

revolucia » (1968), « socialuri filosofosebi : komiuniti da

konfliqti dasavlur azrovnebaSi » (1973) da sxv.

olsoni, mankur (Olson) (1932-1998) – olsoni aRiarebulia

rogorc erT-erTi iSviaTi mkvlevari, romelmac gardaqmna ekonomikis

swavleba imgvarad, rom politika gaxda ekonomikuri azrovnebis da

452

strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebis Semadgeneli nawili. misma

naSromebma aCvena, rom qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas pirvel rigSi

gansazRvravs qveynis ekonomikuri politika da samarTlebrivi

institutebis funqcionirebis xarisxi. olsonma didi praqtikuli muSaoba

gaswia ruseTis ekonomikis transformaciis mxardasaWerad da sxva

tranzituli ekonomikebis gansaviTareblad. misi xelmZRvanelobiT

dafuZnda IRIS – araformaluri seqtoris institucionaluri reformis

centri, romelic emsaxureba misi naazrevis safuZvelze ganviTarebadi da

yofili sabWoTa ekonomikebis gardaqmnas. olsonis ori naSromi –

koleqtiuri moqmedebis logika da erebis aRzeveba da daknineba

warmoadgnen ganTqmul klasikur naSromebs ekonomikisa da politikuri

mecnierebis sferoebSi.

poji, janfranko (Poggi) (1934-) – sociologiisa da

politikuri mecnierebis profesori. misi interesebi ZiriTadad or Temas

exeba : Tanamedrove politikuri institutebis buneba da ganviTareba (mas

ekuTvnis ori wigni Tanamedrove saxelmwifoze) da klasikuri socialuri

Teoriis Sinaarsi da Tanamedrove mniSvneloba (misi sami wigni am

sferoSi ixilavs tokvilis, marqsis, diurkhaimis, veberisa da zimelis

naSromebs). DdaamTavra ra samarTlis fakulteti paduas universitetSi,

SemdgomSi man miiRo ganaTleba sociologiaSi (doqtorantura) berkliSi

kaliforniis universitetSi. SemdgomSi man imuSava bevr evropul,

amerikul da avstraliur universitetebSi, amJamad aris trentos

universitetis profesori. mas aqvs gamosaqveyneblad momzadebuli axali

wignebi : « emil diurkhaimi » da « socialuri Zalauflebis formebi da

maTi urTierTmimarTeba ».

pSevorski, adami (Przeworski)- amerikeli politologi. igi iyo

erT-erTi ZiriTadi monawile saerTaSoriso proeqtisa "avtoritarizmidan

demokratiaze gadasvlebi", romelic dasrulda 4-tomiani masalebis

gamocemiT hopkinsis universitetSi (aSS). es naSromi Seicavda samxreT

evropaSi da laTinur amerikaSi avtoritarizmidan demokratiaze

gadasvlis TaviseburebaTa analizs.

453

pSevorskis ZiriTadi naSromebia - "kapitalizmi da social-

demokratia" (1985), "demokratia da bazari. politikuri da ekonomikuri

reformebi aRmosavleT evropasa da laTinur amerikaSi" (1991).

rastou, dankvart (Rustow) - amerikeli politologi,

wamyvani politologiuri Jurnalis « Comparative Politics » mTavari

redaqtori 1978-1995 wlebSi. amave JurnalSi 1970 wels d.rastous mier

gamoqveynebulma statiam : « transformacia demokratiisaken : dinamikuri

modeli » moaxdina inspirireba mTeli mimarTulebis Camoyalibebisa,

romelic dRes « tranzitologiis » saxeliT moixsenieba.

roulzi (Rowls) , joni (1926-2002) - liberalur-reformistuli

mimarTulebis mqone amerikeli filosofosi, harvardis universitetis

profesori. misi ZiriTadi naSromebia: `samarTlianobis Teoria~, `kantis

konstruqtivizmi moralur TeoriaSi~, `samarTlianoba rogorc

patiosneba: politikuri da ara metafizikuri~, `jvaredini konsensusis

idea~, `politikuri liberalizmi~. roulzma scada SeemuSavebina

samarTlianobis Teoria, romelic adekvaturi iqneboda kapitalisturi

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis axali stadiisa - `socialuri sabazro

ekonomikis Teoria~. man ori amocana dasva - pirveli, samarTlianobis

iseTi zogadi principebis SemuSaveba, romelic adekvaturi iqneboda

Tanamedrove moralisa; meore, iseTi Teoriis Camoyalibeba, romelic

alternatiuli iqneboda utilitarizmis yvelaze gavrcelebuli versiisa.

roulzis samarTlianobis Teoriis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove

politikuri filosofiisTvis, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia

imasTan, rom man moaxerxa `gaedo xidi~ `memarjvene~ liberalizmsa da

memarcxene utilitarizms Soris. misi Teoria Zalian naTlad warmosaxavs

samarTlianobas, romelic iTvaliswinebs kapitalisturi sazogadoebis

aqtualur problemebs. es Teoria gansxvavdeba samarTlianobis

interpretaciebis sxva variantebisagan upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom is

Seicavs sazogadoebis gaazrebul struqturebs, romlebic gulisxmobs

rogorc individualur Tavisuflebas, ise materialuri sikeTeebis

samarTlian ganawilebas.

454

roulzis Teoria mniSvnelovania agreTve meTodologiuri

TvalsazrisiT. is warmoadgens imis magaliTs, Tu rogor unda moxdes

istoriulad sawinaaRmdego mimdinareobebis SeTanxmeba politikur-

filosofiuri azris Camoyalibebisas.

smiti (Smith) , entoni – sociologiis profesori londonis

ekonomikis skolaSi. smitis naSromTa umetesoba eZRvneba eTnosisa da

nacionalizmis kvlevas. gansakuTrebiT faseulia misi wvlili eris

Teoriis damuSavebaSi. misi ZiriTadi naSromebia « nacionalizmis

Teoriebi » (1971), « eTnikuri aRorZineba » (1981), « erebis eTnikuri

sawyisebi » (1986), « erovnuli identuroba » (1991). misi kvleva

fokusirebulia erebis warmoSobisa da Camoyalibebis istoriul da

socialur safuZvlebze, gansxvavebiT Tanamedrove « modernistuli »

Tvalsazrisebisgan, romelnic cdiloben axsnan Tanamedrove erebis

buneba da xasiaTi mxolod eTnikuri mexsierebiT, miTebiTa da

simboloebiT.

seligmani (Seligman) , adam muSaobs religiis profesorad

bostonis universitetSi. amave dros, igi aris mkvlevari amave

universitetTan arsebul ekonomikuri kulturis Semswavlel institutSi.

igi aswavlida ara mxolod amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, aramed

israelsa da ungreTSi, sadac is fulbraitis stipendiiT iyo

wargzavnili 1990-1992 wlebSi. misi publikaciebidan aRsaniSnavia 1992

wels gamocemuli “samoqalaqo sazogadoebis idea”, 1997 wels

gamocemuli “ndobis problema”, aseve mark liCbahTan erTad 2000 wels

gamocemuli “bazari da sazogadoeba”. misi axali wigni “zomieri

gancxadebebi, dialogi da eseebi tolerantobasa da tradiciaze”

gamoqveyndeba notr-damis universitetis gamomcemlobis mier 2003 wels.

tokvili (Tocqueville) , aleqsis de (1805-1889) - frangi

sociologi, politikuri moazrovne da sazogadoebrivi moRvawe, 1848

wels iyo safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri.

455

1831-1832 wlebSi man imogzaura amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

penitencialur sistemasTan gacnobis mizniT. amerikis sinamdvilis Rrma

Seswavlam tokvili ufro Rrma sakiTxebis kvlevamde miiyvana.

safrangeTSi dabrunebisTanave tokvilma daiwyo fundamentalur naSromze

muSaoba, saxelwodebiT `demokratia amerikaSi~, romlis pirveli da meore

tomi gamovida 1835 wels da maSinve saxeli gauTqva mis avtors. 1840 wels

gamovida III da IV tomi.

`demokratia amerikaSi~ warmoadgens pirvel kompleqsur naSroms

demokratiis sociologiis Taobaze, romelic ki gamosula politikuri

azrovnebis sferoSi, amasTan aq moyvanilia farTo empiriuli masala.

winasityvaobaSive tokvili aRniSnavs, rom is demokratia, romelic

Camoyalibda amerikaSi, warmoadgens evropaSi momavali ganviTarebis

gamoxatulebas. `Cven vcxovrobT - werda is - didi demokratiuli

revoluciis epoqaSi. yvela amCnevs amas, magram yvela ase ar afasebs~.

amerikuli demokratiis analizisas tokvili gamoyofs sami rigis

mizezebs, romlebic apirobeben anglo-amerikelebis sazogadoebrivi

ganviTarebis xasiaTs: 1) gansakuTrebuli situacia, romelSic aRmoCnda

amerikuli sazogadoeba; 2) kanonebi; 3) zne-Cveulebebi. tokvili iyo

pirveli politikuri moazrovne, romelic ganixilavda demokratias

rogorc ara marto politikur, aramed socialur wyobas.

tokvili erT-erTi pirvelTagania politikuri azrovnebis

istoriaSi, vinc akavSirebda demokratias adamianis iseTi Tvisebis

ganviTarebasTan, rogoricaa individualizmi. upirispirebs ra mas

egoizms, tokvili axasiaTebs individualizms rogorc awonil, mSvid

grZnobas, romelic ubiZgebs TiToeul moqalaqes gaemijnos masas.

tokvilis meore cnobili naSromia `Zveli wesrigi da revolucia~

(1856 w.), romelSic tokvili didi franguli revoluciis magaliTze

ikvlevs Zveli reJimis socialuri da politikuri krizisis mizezebs,

romlebic revoluciis mizezi gaxdnen.

tokvilis ideebma didi gavlena moaxdines liberaluri

sazogadoebriv-politikuri azris Semdgom ganviTarebaze. meore msoflio

omis Semdeg politikur mecnierebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki demokratiis

TeoriaSi, kvlav gaiRviZa interesma tokvilis Teoriuli naazrevisadmi.

misi aqtualoba dResac Zalze maRalia.

456

uolceri (Walzer), maikl – wamyvani amerikeli specialisti

politikis TeoriaSi, 1980 wlidan aris mowinave kvlevaTa institutis

(Institute for Advanced Studies) socialuri mecnierebis profesori (prinstoni,

niu jersi). mas ekuTvnis naSromebi politikuri Teoriisa da moralis

filosofiis sakiTxTa farTo speqtrze : politikuri valdebulebebi,

samarTliani da usamarTlo omebi, nacionalizmi da eTnikuroba,

ekonomikuri samarTlianoba da sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo.

man Seasrula mniSvnelovani roli praqtikuli, problemebze

orientirebuli eTikis gamococxlebaSi da politikuri da moraluri

cxovrebisadmi pluralisturi midgomis ganviTarebaSi. amJamad is muSaobs

« gansxvavebebis » yvela formis toleraciisa da damkvidrebis

sakiTxebze. man dawera rigi mniSvnelovani monografiebisa, maT Soris :

« toleraciis Sesaxeb » (1997), « samarTlianobis Sesaxeb : pluralizmisa

da Tanasworobis dasacavad » (1983) ; « eTnikurobis politika » (1982) ;

« wmindanTa revolucia ; radikaluri politikis sawyisebis Seswavla »

(1965)

Smiti (Smitt) , karl (1888-1987) - konservatuli orientaciis

germaneli iuristi da politologi. XXs-is 20-ian da 30-ian wlebSi

gamodioda liberaluri filosofiisa da politikis mkacri kritikiT.

misi azriT, umTavresi politikuri gansxvaveba, gamijvna - aris

gansxvaveba megobrisa da mtrisa. maT Soris mimdinareobs brZola

ganadgurebamde. umaRles politikur erTobad Smiti miiCnevda

saxelomwifos.

Sumpeteri (Shumpetter) , iozef (1883-1950) - XXs-is erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi ekonomisti, sociologi da politologi.

Sumpeteris mixedviT, kapitalizmis gageba SeuZlebelia mxolod

ekonomikuri procesebis logikidan gamomdinare. kapitalizmis

gagebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvT socialur, politikur da

kulturul faqtorebs. am faqtorebis ganxilvis Sedegad Sumpeteri

mivida "demokratiis gansxvavebuli Teoriis" ("elitaruli demokratiis")

457

formulirebamde. es Teoria upirispirdeba demokratiis klasikur Terias,

romelic efuZneba saxalxo suverenitets, saerTo nebisa da saerTo

sikeTis, warmomadgenlobis da amomrCevlis politikuri racionalobis

ideebs. yvela es cnebebi, miiCnevs Sumpeteri, kargaven azrs Tanamedrove

kapitalizmis pirobebSi, rodesac politika xdeba ekonomikis uSualo

gamoxatuleba da gagrZeleba. amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

ekonomika organizebulia racionalur-biurokratiuli da ara

Tavisufali sabazro wesiT, rogorc es warmoudgenia liberalizms, da

rogoric igi (ekonomika) iyo garkveulwilad wina epoqaSi.

politikur process Sumpeteri ganixilavs rogorc sabazro

process: amomrCevlebi - ayeneben moTxovnebs, politikosebi da

biurokratebi - akmayofileben am moTxovnebs.

Sumpeteris ZiriTadi naSromebia: "ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Teoria"

(1912), "kapitalizmi, socializmi da demokratia" (1942) da sxv.

jeimsoni (Jameson) , frederik (1934 - ) amerikeli socialuri

filosofosi, postmodernuli kulturis marqsistuli koncefciis

avtori. mis Semoqmedebaze yvelaze Zlieri gavlena iqonies

neomarqsistulma Teoriebma (adorno, altiuseri) da struqturalistuma

meTodologiam (klod levi-strosi). jeimsoni eZebs pozitivisturi

midgomis alternativas. is yvela teqsts istoriul WrilSi ixilavs. es

istoriuli Wrili kapitalizmis ganviTarebis etapebs eyrdnoba,

romlebsac Seesabameba realizmi, modernizmi da postmodernizmi.

jeimsonis mixedviT, analitikosi sakuTar naSromebs aseve maT istoriul

perspeqtivaSi unda ganixilavdes. ZiriTadi naSromebia : « sartri :

stilis sawyisi » (1961), « marqsizmi da forma : meoce saukunis

literaturis dialeqtikuri Teoria » (1971), « politikuri

gaucnobierebeli : narativi rogorc socialur-simboluri aqti » (1981),

« postmodernizmi anu gviandeli kapitalizmis kulturuli logika »

(1991), « drois wyaroebi » (1994) da sxv.

habermasi (Habermas) , iurgen (daibada 1929 wels) - germaneli

sociologi da politikuri filosofosi. frankfurtis skolis meore

458

Taobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli. 1971-1983 wlebSi

plankis saxelobis samecniero-teqnikuri samyaros kvlevis institutis

Tanadireqtori iyo StarnburgSi, Semdeg ki goeTes saxelobis

frankfurtis universitetis profesori.

`gviani kapitalizmis~ problematikas habermasi aRwers `kritikuli

Teoriis~ terminologiis gamoyenebiT, magram `axali memarcxeneebis~

radikaluri paTosis gareSe, romelTac is gaemijna 60-iani wlebis

bolos.

saarCevno uflebis demokratias habermasi miiCnevs dasavluri

politikuri kulturis did miRwevad, magram es demokratia rCeba

legitimaciis formalur procesad, romelic qmnis masobriv

loialurobas masebis monawileobis gareSe politikuri nebis

gamoxatvaSi. strategiulad aseTi demokratia emsaxureba umciresobis

interesebs.

habermasis politikuri filosofia mimarTulia demokratiis

rogorc cxovrebiseuli formis moZiebaze, romelSic yvela legitimuri

interesi ganxorcieldeba fundamentaluri interesis - TviTgamorkvevisa

da monawileobis - cxovrebaSi gatarebisas. misi azriT, demokratia aris

koleqtiuri nebis formirebis institutebis srulyofis procesi. misi

Sexeduleba gansxvavdeba social demokratiis oficialuri

ideologebisgan imiT, rom warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia mas esmis

rogorc formaluri.

habermasi kvlavac rCeba memarcxene politikuri speqtris wamyvan

Teoretikosad, romelic afasebs radikalur alternativebs rogorc

liberaluri sazogadoebis wamonazardebs.

tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba · pdf file- frederik jeimsoni; postmodernizmi anu gviani...

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