illocutionary purpose or point.. These elements, along with other less important units are enough to understand what sense of his intention puts the speaker into its words.

The theory of speech acts has its theoretical and practical development. On theoretical level it was reinterpreted by German sociologist Habermass as most important constituent of his his Theory of communicative action. On the practical level, elements of speech acts were included in analytical PR technologies of Russian PR companies. Our aim is to use all stated language instruments for analyzing political texts in such a way that separate the objective meaning of written words from the main intention that their author have to had..

36

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

politikuri

Teoria da

analizis praqtika

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

intensiuri seminari

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

mamuka biWaSvili

Tbilisi

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 5 - 0

surroundings, listener’s ability of understanding an etc. Intralinguistic context determines a sense of sentence buy its former content as well as buy a content of intended statements.

Survey of problems of pragmatics may be considered as a preparation for discussing more fundamental speech act theory, that was elaborated in the beginning by Austin and then developed by American philosopher, Searle.

Austin’s structure of speech acts contains such elements as (a) act of locution; (b) act of illocution and (c) the act of perlocution.. The first of them, act of locution, means normal speech activity. It in itself is divided into phonetical, phatical and rethical elements. The second one means that non-linguistic activity we are carrying out by use of words. For example, the plea of excuses, announcement of war, verdict of grand jury are forms of illocutionary acts. The third element of speech acts are so call perlocutionary act and it means an effect, that speaker makes on hearer.

Above mentioned elements of Austin’s theory developed from his former ideas about specificity of so call performative utterances. In contrast to constative utterances, performatives have no descriptive functions. They are not descriptive sentences, but words of action. Use the performative utterances means not only speaking, but also acting in the definite way.

Austin’s theory was developed by John Searle in his work “Speech Acts. An Essay in the Philosophy of Language”. Searle used the hypothesis of language as the rule-governed intentional behavior to explain the possibility of linguistic characterizations. The form that this hypothesis will take is that speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such making statements, giving commands, asking questions, making promises and so on. Searl’s specific approach to speech acts means, that the production of a sentence token under certain conditions is a speech act and speech acts are basic or minimal units of linguistic communication. When man takes a nise or a mark on a piece of paper to be an instance of linguistic communication, as a message, one of the things man must assume is that the noise or mark was produced by a being or beings more or less like him and produced with certain kinds of intentions. If we regard the noise or mark as a natural phenomenon like the wind in the trees or a stain on the paper, we exclude it from he class of linguistic communication, even tough the noise or mark may be indistinguishable from spoken or written words.

Searle’s approach is simply a study of, in Saussurisn terms, “parole”, rather than “langue”, but he believes, that an adequate study of speech acts is a study of langue. The communication necessarily involves speech acts and it is an analytical truth about language that whatever can be meant can be said. A theory of language is part of a theory of action, simply because speaking is a rule-governed form of behavior. The speech act or acts performed in the utterance of a sentence are in general a function of the meaning of the sentence. The meaning of a sentence does not in all cases uniquely determine what speech act is performed in a given utterance of that sentence, for a speaker may mean more than what he actually says, but it is always the principle possible for him to say exactly what he means.

Searle changed Austin’s structure of speech acts and gave them following form: (a) locution act, or broadly speech act; (b) prepositionary act and third element, (c)illocutionary act. Illocutionary act undoubtedly is most interesting phenomenon in linguistic theory of Searle. In broader characterization illocutionary acts based on definitions of prepositional and locutionary acts. Correlative with the notion of propositionary acts are certain kinds of expressions uttered in their performance: the characteristic grammatical form of the prepositional acts are parts of sentences: grammatical predicates for the act of predication and proper names, pronouns for reference. Propositional acts can not occur alone; that is, one can not just refer and predicate without making an assertion or asking a question or ferforming some other illocutionary acts. The linguistic correlate of this point is that sentences, not words are used to say things. This is also, what Frege meant when he said that only in the context of a sentence do words have reference. The same thing is asserting by Searle: one only refers as part of the performance of an illocutionary act and the grammatical clothing of an illocutionary act is the complete sentence. An utterance of a referring expression only counts as referring if one says something. Its analysis uncovered following elements of speaker’s intention – the direction of fit, psychological mode,

35

each of them independently. Last part of the logic is the theory of conclusion. Definition of conclusion we gave is

simple. The conclusion is the judgment that is derived from two previous judgments. In context of theory of conclusion we are discussing two kinds of conclusions, namely, deduction and induction. We point out, that Aristotle’s own theory was based on deduction, but later, under needs of empirical sciences inductive theory of conclusion, saying it broadly, inductive logic was developed.

The theme of second theoretical seminar is semiotics. Charles William Morris’ well known article “The Foundation of Theory of Signs” is considered as starting point of scientific study of signs. Semiotics is understood as science about signs and semiosis as a theory about use of signs. Semiotics divides into three main parts – semantics, syntax and pragmatics. The problems of semantics were analyzed earlier, problems of syntax a bit later, but the pragmatics was elaborated only in first part of XX century, under influence of works of Ludwig Wittgenstein.

First we take the semantics. We take a sign and try to analyze it under semantic structures. In this regard, we separate denoting phrases, designate and meaning of a sign. Let’s consider them one after another. We define a denoting phrase as a material or physical covering of each language sign. It always denotes something, something that is an object of our though. Denoting phrase always must be expressed physical, in a written or spelling form. It is a necessary form of communication. Designate from another hand, is to what refers denoting phrase. Sometimes it is a real object, sometimes our idea. The relationship between denotation and designated is not symmetric. We may have two or more denotative phrases and only one designated thing. For example, three phrases – “Morning star”, “Evening star” and “ “Venera” refers to one and same object. A meaning, in the end, may be defined as a mode of how denoting phrase refers to designate. The meaning belongs to words and definite phrases, but not to sentences. Sentences need beside of semantic qualities, also syntactic dimension. Different semantic conceptions have different structure.

Syntax can be defined as a science about word order. Syntax studies the rules that are regulating connection among different words and expressions. Only on the syntactic level we have a contact with the sense of sentences. There are two preconditions that determine the legitimacy of sentence’s sense. The first precondition requires, that all signs included in sentence have to have their own meanings. The requirement of second precondition is the maintenance of syntactic rules. If we need our sentence to have a sense, we have to keep the rules of the given language word order.

Pragmatics defined as a science that studies the use of signs. Classical language theory points at three main functions of language, that are function of expression, function of designation and function of communication. After the works of Wittgenstein number of functions increased up to infinity. Wittgenstein wrote about multiplicity, what he calls “language- games”. How many kinds of sentence are there? - asked and answered he, that there are countless different kinds of use of what we call “symbols”, “words”, “sentences”:

Giving order and obeying them – Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements – Constructing an object from description (drawing) – Reporting an event – Speculating about an event – Forming and testing a hypothesis – Presenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagrams – Making up a story and reading it and so on. All such kinds of activities Wittgenstein calls language –games and he believed that they

reflect different functions of language. This multiplicity is not something fixed, given once for all; but new types of language, new language-games. He thought, that commanding, questioning, recounting, chatting are as much a part of our natural history as walking, eating, drinking, playing.

One of the fundamental concept of pragmatics is the concept of context. Only thanks to contextual determination we understand the sense of sentences. There are two kind of contextual determination – extralinguistic and inrtalinguistic. Extralinguistic context determines such kind of events in speech activity as social status of speaker, speaker’s

34

s a r C e v i

seminaris gegema ........................................................................................................ 4

1. zogadi Tvalsazrisi logikis bunebisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb .......... 5

1. 1. cneba................................................................................................................. 6

1. 2. msjeloba........................................................................................................ 9

1. 3. analizis meTodi........................................................................................ 12

1. 4. daskvna........................................................................................................... 14

2.semiotikis elementebi ...................................................................................... 15

2. 1. termini "niSani" ....................................................................................... 16

2. 2. semantika ...................................................................................................... 20

2. 3. sintaqsi ........................................................................................................ 23

2. 4. pragmatika.................................................................................................... 25

3.molaparakis ganzraxva da

molaparakis sityvebis sazrisi metyvelebaSi....................................... 26

3. 1. sametyvelo moqmedeba da misi elementebi ...................................... 27

3. 2. subieqturi mniSvneloba........................................................................ 29

3.3. metyvelebis intencionaluri mxare. ganzraxva da ilokucia .........30

reziume. sametyvelo moqmedeba da analizis praqtika............................. 31

Political Theory and Practice of Analysis .........................................................33

3

seminaris gegema

seminaris saxelwodeba: politikuri Teoria da analizis praqtika.

seminaris daxasiaTeba: seminaris idea wamoiWra studentebTan wina wlebSi

gaweuli samuSaos safuZvelze. studentebs micemuli hqondaT ama Tu im avtoris

sakiTxavi masala, romelic asaxavda avtoris cnobil pozicias konkretul poli-

tikur sakiTxze. rogori paradoqsulic ar unda iyos studentebis umravlesobam

ver moaxerxa teqstebidan im daskvnebis gamotana, ris sailustraciodac iyo

SeTavazebuli teqsti. am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganzraxulia studentebs

SevTavazoT im teqstebis analizis praqtikuli samuSao, romelTa Sesaxebac isini

ismenen leqciebs politikur TeoriaSi.

seminaris Tanmimdevroba da dro:

a) Teoriuli nawili da misi Tematika (I kvira) —

• zogadi warmodgena logikis bunebisa da funqciebisSesaxeb;

• semiotikis elementebi (mniSvneloba, sazrisi, konteqsti).

• msjelobis saxeebi. winadadebebis formebi. sazrisi da WeSmariteba;

• intencionalobis Teoria. klasikuri da araklasikuri variantebi. iloku-

ciuri Zala da mosaubris (mwerlis ganzraxva).

b) studentTa individualuri samuSao (II kvira) —

• studentebs Semdegi kviris ganmavlobaSi miecemaT winaswarmomzadebuli

SedarebiT farTe moculobis teqstebi, romlebSiac gamoxatulia avtoris

damokidebuleba konkretuli sakiTxis mimarT. studentma unda zustad

SearCios fragmenti, romelSiac asaxulia es damokidebuleba;

• seminarze studenti warmoadgens ara mxolod saWiro fragments, aramed

moiyvans sakuTar argumentacias, Tu ratom fiqrobs, rom fragmentSi

asaxulia esa da es mosazreba. TiToeul maTgans gamosvlaze oponirebas

gauweven seminaris danaCeni monawileebi.

g) da bolos, Tu gaweuli samuSao Tavad studentebis mier Sefasdeba maTTvis

sasargeblod, maT SevTavazebT jgufur samuSaos, romlis drosac (III kvira) -

• SerCeuli jgufis wevrebi erToblivad moamzadeben konkretuli poli-

tikuri doqtrinis gamomxatvel pasaJs maTTvis cnobili teqstebidan,

romelTa oponirebas gaswevs studentTa meore jgufi, aseve winaswar-

momzadebuli pasaJidan.

4

Political Theory and Practice of Analysis

Summary

The idea of workshop comes from the former seminars, when students came into collision with their reading materials. Students did not understand not main idea of texts, not intention of authors. Come from such experience, we decide to give them some information about logic and semiotic and prepare them for clear analysis of political texts. Our seminar is divided into two, theoretical and practical parts. We meet once in a week during eight week. Three meeting deals with theory of linguistic analysis and the rest five meeting deals with the practical activity. Below we deliver summary content of theoretical part of our workshop.

First of all, we give some information about function and elements of logic. Aristotle considered as a founder of logic. He established new science, because of needs of discussion practice. The science of logic from the age of Aristotle did not developed during of centuries and was considered as a ideal of perfect science. Emmanuel Kant in his “Critic of Pure Reason” call all other sciences to look like logic. Fast development of logic began from XIX century, when George Bool combined classical logic with mathematics and linguistic. Although, contemporary mathematical logic is very successful science, in lectures we restrict ourselves to discuss only classical logic. We define logic as a formal science that produces rules of right thinking. Its formal character gives negative guarantee: in the case of not obeying its rules we’ll make s mistake, but the logic never guarantees that the obedience of its rules automatic gives us the truth. The reason of such its character is the formality of logic mean while, the truth of our judgment is depend not only on its form, but on its content and the logic never deals with content of our thinking. Classical, Aristotlian logic, contains three main theories: theory of concept, theory of judgment and the theory of conclusion. We take up them separately.

The theory of concept is most important part of logic. The content of concept ascertained by definition. The definition of concept says, that the concept is such content of our thought, where a thing or the group of things are represented by its essential feature. For example, Aristotle defined a human being as a political animal. In this definition, quality of political considered so specific, that it is absolutely enough for single out a man from all other things of the world. Every concept has its own intention and extension. These qualifications of concept are depended on each other. If the intension, or content of concept is poor, its extension is wide and vice versa, full content always refers to a concrete object. In context of the theory of concept we discuss three theories that deals with the problem of ontology of mental objects. these theories are Logicism, Formalism and Intuicionism.

Next part of logic is the theory of judgment. We define judgment as an idea about state of affair, where, at the same time, something is ascribe or deny to this state of affair. In contrast to concept, the judgment is always true or false. It represents complete sentence. The structure of judgment in all cases is same. It contains three main parts: the subject of judgment – it is to what something is ascribed; the predicate – what is ascribed to something and in the end, so call copula, a term that provides connection between the subject and predicate. There are different kinds of judgments. We concentrate attention to difference between analytic and synthetic judgments. Definitions: The judgment is analytic when the predicate is included into subject and derives from it with necessity and contrary, the judgment is synthetic when the predicate is not included in subject and prescribed to it from outside. It is clear, that because of such character, synthetic judgments are always accidental. From division of analytical and synthetic judgments we derive the classification of science. Those disciplines, where analytical judgments are dominant, such as in mathematics or logic, we call analytical sciences. Disciplines, where synthetic judgments are basic, we call empirical or synthetic sciences. Later, we separate in class of empirical sciences those disciplines that are concentrated on human being. These are so call humanitarian sciences. They have in use specific method – hermeneutic, the method, the first example of which was invented by German philosopher, Dilthey. Acquaintance with different kinds of judgments gives us a possibility to introduce a definition of “analysis”. Analysis as a practice implies a division of whole thing into separate constituents and study

33

Mamuka Bichashvili

mkvlevrebs saSualeba misca met-naklebi sizustiT warmoedginaT politikuri

gamosvlis miznebi, am miznebis gamosaxatavad gamoyenebuli saSualebebis

adekvaturoba da is intensivoba anu saTqmelis gadmocemis Tanmxlebi emociuri

muxtis xarisxi, romliTac politikosi cdilobs damajerebeli gaxados Tavisi

pozicia. amgvari analizis praqtika didi xania aiTvisa rusulma PR kampaniebma,

romelTac oriode wlis win mowinave adgili ekavaT msoflio masStabiT.

samwuxarod CemTvis ucnobia msgavsi teqnologiebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi,

xarsrisxi da done saqarTveloSi, Tumca, cxadia ver gamovricxav maT arsebobas.

intentanalizis praqtika TavisTavad Zalze sainteresoa, magram mas sxva iseTi

daniSnuleba aqvs, romelic scildeba Cvens miznebs.

sametyvelo moqmedebis Teoriis da logika/semiotikis elementebis gacnobam

imedia dagvarwmuna, rom Cven axla vflobT mniSvnelovani saxis instrumentariebs

imisaTvis, rom vawarmooT ara mxolod intentanalizi, aramed Cveulebrivi

teqstualuri analizisaTvis. Cevns Semdgom Sexvedrebs unda hqondes praqtikuli

samuSao xasiaTi, sadac vecdebodiT cal-calke segmentebad gamogveyo sxvadasxva

politikuri teqstebidan roorc wminda propoziciuli Sinaarsebi, agreTve

ilokuciuri Zalis iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa molaparakis ganzraxva,

fsiqologiuri modusi da sityvis saganTan Sesatyvisobis mimarTulobis

realoba. minda gamovTqva rwmena, rom amgvari analizi gacilebiT metis momcemia

teqsSi gadmocemuli Sinaarsis gasacnobad, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans. aqve

msurs gavakeTo ori gamafrTxilebeli gancxadeba. upirveles yovlisa, es exeba

wamowyebis siaxles CvenSi. me ar vici sxva SemTxveva, rodesac am tipis

analitikuri instrumentariebi analogiuri miznebiT gamoeyenebinos vinmes

saqarTveloSi (da Tu gulwrfeli viqnebi arc sxvagan sadme). Tumca, siZnele

mxolod pionerobaSi rodia, ufro arsebiTi siZnele axlavs imas, rom sametyvelo

moqmedebis Teoriis instrumetariebi Cveulebriv gamiznulia zepiri

metyvelebisaTvis, romelic yovelTvis ar emTxveva nawers (SesaZloa es iyos erT-

erTi mizezi imisa, ratomac Tavs ikaveben am tipis instrumentariebiT naweris

analizisagan) saWiroa Zalze didi samwerlo ostatoba imisaTvis, rom werilma

SeiZinos zepiri metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dinamika da daemsgavsos mas.

magram esec rom ar iyos, nawers Tavisi specifika aqvs da zepirmetyvelebas

Tavisi. amisda miuxedavad, iseT analizi, rogoric Cven gvaqvs ganzraxuli,

gamouvali siZneleebis winaSe ar unda dadges. miT ufro rom zemoT aRniSnuli PR teqnologiebis rusuli skola, marTalia sxva miznebisaTvis, magram mainc msgavs

instrumentariebs iyenebs sagazeTo da zepiri gamosvlebis Canawerebis

analizisaTvis.

literatura:

1. kote baqraZe — logika. ix. k.baqraZe, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebebi t.II,

gamomc. “mecniereba” Tbilisi, 1981

2.mamuka biWaSvili — sametyvelo moqmedebis analitikuri Teoria. gamomc. “goni”,

Tbilisi 1994.

3.ludvig vitgenStaini — filosofiuri gamokvlevebi. gamomc. logospresi”,

Tbilisi 2004.

4.Ludwig Wittgenstein – Philosophical Investigations. Oxford 1968.

5..John Searle – Speech Acts. An Essey in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge, 1969

6..Ludwig Wittgenstein – Tratcactus Logico-philosophicus.

7. Лудвиг Витгенштеин – Логико-философский трактат. Издю Иностр. литературы, Москва 1958.

8.Дж. Остин – Слово как действие. В кн. Новое в зарубежной лингвистике, выпуск Х111.

32

Teoriuli nawili

Tema 1: zogadi Tvalsazrisi logikis bunebisa da funqciebis

Sesaxeb

logikis mamamTavrad aristotele iTvleba. logikis mecnierebis mokle

daxasiaTebamde, albaT, saintereso iqneboda im pirobebisa da viTarebis

gaxseneba, romlebmac ganapiroba logikis saWiroeba. Zalze zogadi

gansazRvrebiT, logika aris mecniereba azrovnebis swori formebis Sesaxeb.

Tumca, logikis Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba ara azrovnebis funqciebis ufro

Rrmad Seswavlis saWiroebas, aramed misgan iseT daSorebul movlenas, rogoricaa

politika. aq ki, orma “kastam” iTamaSa mniSvnelovani roli _ demagogebma da

sofistebma.

aristoteles axalgzrdobis wlebi, periodi vidre is platonis akademiaSi

swavlobda, daemTxva saberZneTis erT-erTi kulturuli centris, aTenis

demokratiul mmarTvelobas. demokratiuli cxovrebis pirobebSi, politikuri

cxovrebis mTavar adgilad iqca ara warCinebulTa sasaxleebi, aramed agora, anu

aTenis is nawili, sadac qalaqis xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebi ikribebodnen

umniSvnelovanesi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. gadawyvetilebebis

miRebas, cxadia, win uZRoda debatebi saWirboroto problemis irgvliv da

swored aseT debatebSi gamovlinda pirvelad logikis saWiroeba. gamoCndnen

mopolitikoso pirTa gansakuTrebuli tipebi, demagogebi, anu demosis, xalxis

Tavis Wkuaze matarebeli adamianebi, romlebic ama Tu im politikuri

gadawyvetilebis misaRebad imdenad WeSmaritebis dadgeniT ki ar iyvnen

dainteresebuli, ramdenadac imiT, rom sxvadasxva enobrivi xerxebiT

dayoliebinaT Tanamoqalaqeebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom demagogebsa da sofistebs

Soris ar arsebobda pirdapiri da aucilebeli kavSiri, faqtia, rom demagogebis

umetesobas, ufro Teoriul planSi sofisturi moZraobis sxvadasxva

warmomadgenlebi Seadgendnen. sofistika, epistemologiur planSi, xels uwyobda

da afuZnebda demagogiis marTlzomierebas, radgan amtkicebda, rom WeSmariteba

raRac relatiuria da damokidebulia ara imdenad obieqtur viTarebebze,

ramdenadac yoveli individualuri adamianis Sexedulebebze. Tu, vTqvaT,

sokrate moaxerxebda msmenelTa darwmunebas ama Tu im mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi,

maSin WeSmaritad unda CaTvliliyo es mosazreba. Tu sxva dagviyoliebda igives

sapirispiro mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi, maSin upiratesoba am ukanasknels

eniWeboda.

arsebobs Tavbrudamxvevi frazebis da CaxlarTuli winadadebebis uamravi

nairsaxeoba. jer platoni da Semdeg aristotele cdilobdnen maT winaaRmdeg

brZolas, risTvisac saWiro iyo am gamonaTqvamebis jer klasifikacia da Semdeg

maTi bunebis analizi. warmodgena rom gvqondes, Tu ra tipis winadadebebze

saubari, neba momeciT moviyvano aseTi magaliTi: davuSvaT vinme amtkicebs

Semdegi xaiaTis debulebas _ “me vamtkiceb, rom Cemi mtkiceba yalbia”. vikiTxoT

axla, sinamdvileSi yalbia Tu ara es mtkiceba?

iqmneba paradoqsuli situacia, radgan am debulebis WeSmaritebis mtkiceba

mis siyalbes moaswavebs, xolo daSveba, rom is yalbia, misi WeSmaritebis garantias

iZleva. me axla modificirebuli saxiT moviyvane cnobili “crus antinomia”,

romelic, ra Tqma unda, ar aris erTaderTi. arsebobs antinomiebis mTeli rigi,

romelic dResac aqtiurad ganixileba da Seiswavleba. ase magaliTad, moyvanili

antinomiis amoxsna Cvens droSi scada amerikelma logikosma tarskim, romelic

amtkicebs, rom “crus antinomiis” srulyofili analizisaTvis aucilebelia

gavmijnoT metaena da enaobieqti, anu ena romliTac vlaparakobT da ena

romelzedac vlaparakobT.

aristotelem, Tavis droze dawera specialuri naSromi “sofistur yalb

mtkicebulebaTa Sesaxeb”, sadac Seecada moexdina sxvadasxva saxis paradoqsebis

klasifikacia. Tavis mxriv, logikac Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc mecniereba

azrovnebis wminda formebis Sesaxeb, im formebis Sesaxeb, romelTa dacva

5

agvacilebda Secdomebs. logika Tavidanve Camoyalibda rogorc formaluri

mecniereba, romelic negatiur garantiebs iZleva. kerZod, logika garantias

gvaZlevs, rom misi wesebis daucveloba aucileblad Secdomamde migviyvans,

logika ver iZleva magram imis garantias, rom Tu mis wesebs davicavT,

aucileblad mivalT WeSmaritebamde. mizezi amgvari negatiuri garantiebisa isaa,

rom logika formaluri mecnierebaa, xolo Cveni msjelobebi ki formis garda

Sinaarsobriv mxaresac Seicavs, romlebzedac logikis kompetencia veRar

vrceldeba. cxadia, SeiZleba savsebiT swori formiT yalbi Sinaarsebi gadmovceT,

vTqvaT, vilaparakoT “safrangeTis Tanamedrove mefis” an “mrgvali kvadratis “

Sesaxeb da ra- sakvirvelia Sesabamisi msjelobebi yalbi iqneba. Zalze zogadad,

logikas SegviZlia SevxedoT rogorc garkveul instruments, romelic

saSualebas gvaZlevs misi kompenetciis farglebSi Tavidan aviciloT Secdomebi.

Tumca, rogorc ukve iTqva, gadaWarbebuli imedebis damyareba logikaze, ar

SeiZleba.

ras warmoadgens, an iqneb ukeTesia vikiTxoT, rogorc arsebobs logikis

obieqtebi? arian isini raRac bunebaSi, konkretulad adamianis azrovnebaSi

arsebuli regularobebi, Tu, gramatikis msgavsad, isini mxolod formelur

wesebia, romlebic unda davicvaT Secdomebis Tavidan asacileblad? am da msgavs

kiTxvebze ar arsebobs martivi pasuxi. sxvadasxva mimarTuleba, sxvadasxva skola

gansxvevebulad iZleoda logikis arsis gagebas. Tavad aristotele Cans, iqeT

ixreboda rom logikac arsebulis Sesaxeb moZRvrebad gamoecxadebina. is

fiqrobda, rom winaaRmdegobis kanoni unda davicvaT ara mxolod imitom, rom

adamianis goneba isea mowyobili, rom muSaobs mis Sesabamisad, aramed imitomac

rom Tavad samayaroa am principis mixedviT dalagebuli. aqedan gamomdinareobs,

rom logikis wesebi deskripciuli wesebia da Cven mxolod aRmovaCenT mas. meore,

gansxvavebuli midgoma logikis principebisa da obieqtebis mimarT

Camoyalibebuli aqvs XIX saukunis cnobil germanel mkvlevars, edmund huserls..

huserlis mixedviT, logika aris ara arsebulis aRmweri, aramed normetiuli

mecniereba, romelic gviyalibebs savaldebulo wesebs. am wesebis dacvaze uaris

Tqma, ra Tqma unda,, ar niSnavs, rom Cven veRar viazrovnebT. magram niSnavs,

mudmivi riskis qveS yofnas, rom davuSvebT Secdomas.

logikas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da mas Semdeg, rac is Camoayaliba

aristotelem, igi mniSvnelovnad aRar Secvlila. marTalia zogierTi avtori

logikis saxelmZRvanelos gamocemisas sakuTriv logikur nakveTebs umatebda

calkeul Tavebs fsiqologiidan an pedagogikidan, magram es ufro masalis ukeT

aTvisebisaTvis. rac Seexeba logikis mecnierebis Senobas is mecxramete saukunis

meore naxevramde ucvleli rCeboda. ufro metic, cnobili germaneli

filosofosi, kanti “wminda gonebis kritikaSi” logikas am ucvleli xasiaTis

gamo, mecnierebis idealad miiCnevda da mouwodebda sxva mecnierebis

warmomadgenlebs logika gaexadaT mecnierulobis paradigmad. aseTi viTareba

mkveTrad Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac moxda logikisa da maTematikis daaxloeba.

gaCnda e.w. maTematikuri logika an logistika, romelic Semdgom Tavad daiSala

mraval disciplinad. dRes laparakoben droiT logikaze, modalur logikaze da

a.S. am disciplinebis umravlesobas Zalze saintereso sakvlevi Tematika gaaCnia

da dRes damoukidebeli interesebi amoZravebs. Cven maT metad aRar SevexebiT,

radgan Cveulebrivi msjelobebi da diskusiuli gansja savsebiT eteva

aristoteles mier Camoyalibebuli silogistikis farglebSi.

Tu Zalze zogadad vityviT, logika am Tavisi pirvandeli formiT Sedgeba sami

nawilisagan. erTi maTgania cnebis Teoria, meore msjelobis Teoria, xolo

mesame ki daskvnis Teoria. SevexoT Zalze mokled TiToeul maTgans.

1. 1. cneba

cneba logikis pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementia. cneba

SemuSavdeba gansazRvrebis saSualebiT. qarTulenovan literaturaSi

6

pasuxisaTvis SegviZlia mivmarToT serlis statias “ilokuciuri aqtebis

klasifikacia”. aq avtori ilokuciur Zalas ramdenime parametrisagan Semdgar

fenomenad warmogvidgens. gavecnoT am parametrebs:

(a) ilokuciuri aqtis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi elementi ilokuciuri

mizania. yoveli sametyvelo moqmedeba garkveuli mznis Sesabamisad

xorcieldeba. mtkicebis mizania sagnis an sganTa jgufis garkveuli

mdgomareobis gadmocema. Sepirebisa ki valdebulebis aReba. es ar niSnavs

simetriul mimarTebas miznebsa da aqtebs Soris. arseboben ilokuciuri

miznebi, romlebsac erTi da igive miznebi amoZravebT. ase magaliTad,

Txovnisa da brZanebis mizani erTi da igivea — gavakeTebinoT vinmes

raRac. Tu or ilokuciur aqts erTi da igive miznebi amoZravebT, maSin

isini sxva rameebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan;

(b) miznis fenomeni sakmaod axlos dgas ganzraxvisagan. ganzraxva ki

intencionaluri fenomenia da rogorc aseTs garkveuli mimarTuleba

aqvs. aqedan, ilokuciuri Zalis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani fenomeni

swored mimarTulobaa. analitikosebi laparakoben Sesatyvisobis

mimarTulobaze (direction of fit), romelic sul ori saxisaa: an samyaro unda

Seesatyvisebodes Cvens gamoTqmebs, an piriqiT, Cveni gamoTqmebi unda

eguebodes samyaros. ase magaliTad, mtkicecebs aqvT enis samayarosadmi

Sesatyvisobis mimarTuloba, xolo Txovnas ki piriqiT, samyaros enis

moTxovnebisadmi Sesatyvisobisa;

(c) Semdegi mniSvnelovani ganzomileba fsiqologiuri modusia. misi saSua-

lebiT molaparake gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas aqtisadmi. ase maga-

liTad, mtkicebis, konstataciis, axsnis an gancxadebisas, subieqti gamo-

xatavs Tavis rwmenas, rom ase da asea saqmis viTareba. zogadad iloku-

ciuri aqtis ganxorcielebis fsiqologiuri modusi Seesatyviseba

gulwrfelobis wess;

(d) ilokuciuri mizani sxvadasxvagvarad aris warmodgenili, mas

SemoTavazebis sxvadasxva xarisxi aqvs. es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs

gansxvavebas raimes gakeTebis Txovnasa da moTxovnas Soris.

SeiZleba kidev 12 sxva elementis gamoyofa, romlebic kinkretul saxes da

garkveulobas sZenen ilokuciur aqtebs. maTi simravlidan mainc gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba avtorebTan eniWeba sams: ilokuciur mizans (illocutionary purpose or point), Sesatyvisobis mimarTulobas (direction of fit) da fsiqologiur moduss

(psichological mode). Tavis mxriv, ilokuciuri mizani am samidanac SiZleba gamoiyos,

rogorc bazisuri kategoria, romlis irgvlivac Tavs iyris danarCeni yvela.

axla SegviZlia ukve aRvniSnoT, rom Cven praqtikulad gaveciT pasuxi zemoT

dasmul kiTxvas, Tu ra emateba propoziciul Sinaarss molaparake subieqtis

mxridan iseT, romelic am Sinaarss gadaaqcevs sametyvelo moqmedebad.

reziume. sametyvelo moqmedeba da analizis praqtika

yovelive imas, rac aqamde iyo gadmocemuli da gansakuTrebiT ki, es Seexeba

Cveni Temis mesame nawils, Tavisi gagrZeleba aqvs. erTi maTgani Teoriulia da mas

iolad aRmoaCens dainteresebuli mkiTxveli habermasis “komunikaciuri

moqmedebis TeoriaSi” (“Theorie von kommunikatiwen Handeln”). meore ki, praqtikuli

da neba momeciT masze oriode sityviT SevCerde. sametyvelo moqmedebis aparati

(ilokuciuri Zalis, fsiqologiuri modusis, Sesatyvisobi mimarTulobis da sxva

cnebebi) dRes farTod gamoiyeneba PR teqnologiebSi, rogorc analizis

mniSvnelovani instrumentariebi. es saSualebebi araCveulebrivad nayofieri

gamodga e.w. intentanalizis praqtikisaTvis. Tu aqamdeli kontentanalizi,

romlis teqnologia gacilebiT ufro adre damuSavda, mxolod masalis Sinaarsis

analizis saSualebas iZleoda, intentanalizma (anu intencionalurma analizma)

31

gamocnobis saSualebiT”.

SemoTavazebuli definicia, graisis mixedviT, WeSmaritia rogorc

informaciuli debulebebis mimarT, aseve arainformaciuli, magaliTad

imperatiuli winadadebebis mimarTac. gansxvaveba, romelic aq arsebobs, pirvel

SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs msmenelis dajerebis Sinaarsis analizs, xolo

imperativebis SemTxvevaSi ki kvlav analizs, oRond ara dajerebisa, aramed im

efeqtisa romelsac molaparake iqoniebs msmenelze. arsebiTi aq is aris, rom

rogorc erT, aseve meore SemTxvevaSi analizis samizne obieqti aris ganzraxva.

amrigad, graisis udavo damsaxurebad unda miviCnioT kvlevis arealSi

intencionaluri mniSvnelobis Semotana da misi daaxloeba molaparakis

ganzraxvasTan. enis specifika isaa, rom igi subieqturis da obieqturis

specifikur simbiozs warmoadgens. sityvebi, mTlianad ena, mxolod obieqtur

arsebobas rom flobdes, SeuZlebeli iqneboda misi adamianis miznebis Sesabamisad

gamoyeneba. rogori obiqturi JReradoba da funqcionirebac ar unda hqondes

enas is yovelTvis dakavSirebulia mosaubre da msmenel subieqtTan da yovelma

normalurma enis Teoriam unda gaiTvaliswinos amgvari viTareba. vnaxoT axla

rogor aisaxeba es fenomeni ilokuciuri aqtebSi.

3.3. metyvelebis intencionaluri mxare. ganzraxva da ilokucia

sametyvelo moqmedebis TeoriaSi sagangebodaa Seswavlili im wesebis

struqtura, romlebic aucilebelia molaparakis ganzraxvis warmatebiT ganxor-

cielebisaTvis. Tu sanimuSod aviRebT Sepirebas, maSin SegviZlia CamovayaliboT

misi ganxorcielebis wesebidan sailustraciod SevarCioT Semdegi:

1. Sepireba gamoiTqmeba mxolod winadadebis an ufro farTo diskursis

konteqstSi, misi gamoTqma (A) aqts miawers molaparakes. es wesi aris

propoziciuli Sinaarsis wesi;

2. Sepireba ganxorcielebulia mxolod maSin, rodesac rogorc

molaparakisaTvis, aseve msmenelisaTvis naTelia, rom molaparake

ganaxorcielebs (A) aqts saqmis normaluri msvlelobisas. es aris e.w.

Sepirebis mosamzadebeli wesi;

3. Sepireba gamoiTqmeba mxolod maSin, Tuki molaparakes ganzraxuli aqvs

ganaxorcielos (A) aqti. es gulwrfelobis wesia;

4. da bolos Sepireba iTvleba (A) aqtis valdebulebis aRebad. am wess avtori

arsebiT wess uwodebs.

es wesebi ganaxorcieleben mxolod Sepirebis moqmedebas, Tumca ukve maTSi

mocemulia bevri iseTi elementi, romelic saerToa sxva ilokuciuri moqmedebis

ganxorcielebisaTvis. ase magaliTad, Tu sanimuSod aviRebT gulwrfelobis wess,

mas Zala eqneba mtkicebis ilokuciuri aqtisaTvisac. Tumca mtkicebisas

Seicvleba misi Sinaarsi. ase magaliTad, gulwrfelobis wesi mtkicebasTan

dakavSirebiT gvetyvis, rom mtkiceba ganxorcieldeba mxolod maSin, Tu

molaparakes sjera, rom swored ase da asea saqme.

Zalze zogadad Tu ganvsjiT, es da sxva wesebi warmarTaven ara mxolod

enobrivi moqmedebis ganxorcielebas, aramed, ramdenadac es moqmedeba Cadebulia

zogadad metyvelebis aqtis struqturaSi, sametyvelo aqtsac. enis pragmatikuli

ganzomilebis Seswavlamde winadadebis gamoTqma gagebuli iyo upirveles

yovlisa garkveuli Sinaarsis gamocemad. Semdeg, ilokuciuri gamoTqmebis

analizisas naxeT, rom metyveleba mxolod Sinaarsebis gadmocema ki ar aris,

aramed garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebacaa. sametyvelo moqmedebis

struqturis SeswavliT Cven axla sakmaod momzadebulni varT imisaTvis, rom

pirdapir davsvaT kiTxva enobrivi moqmedebis bunebis raobis Taobaze, SegviZlia

vikiTxoT: ra emateba propoziciul Sinaarss iseTi, rom mas sametyvelo

moqmedebad aqcevs? zogadi pasuxi an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli orientiri

pasuxisaTvis Cven ukve viciT _ ganzraxva, ilokuciuri Zala. ufro konkretuli

30

“gansazRvrebis” sinonimad SeiZleba Segvxvdes laTinuri termini — “definicia” —

ramac ar unda gamoiwvios dabneuloba. Tuki vinme moiTxovda “gansazRvrebis”

gansazRvrebas, maSin SegviZlia ama Tu im terminis Sinaarsis daxasiaTebas

vuwodoT gansazRvreba. gansazRvrebis Sedeged dadgenili Sinaarsi mecnierul

msjelobebSi aRar unda Seicvalos. arsebobs SemTxvevei, rodesac romelime

bunebrivi enis sityvas viyenebT ama Tu im TeoriaSi ise, rom winaswar vadgenT mis

Sinaarss. es Sinaarsi SeiZleba Camohgavdes sityvis gavrcelebul mniSvnelobas da

SeiZleba misgan mkveTrad gansxvavebulic ki iyos. aseTi cvlilebis Setana

mecnierebaSi misaRebia da is damokidebulia konvenciaze, romlis wyalobiTac

dgindeba sakvlevi Teoriis ena. mniSvnelovani aq is aris, rom mas Semdeg, rac

gansazRvrebiT konvencionalurad miviReT terminis Sinaarsi da cneba garkveuli

gvaqvs, Tavad msjelobebis procesSi es mniSvneloba aRar SeiZleba Seicvalos da

cneba mudmivad SemoRebuli mniSvnelobiT unda gamoviyenoT. aseT SemTxvevebSi

Cven viTyviT, rom saqme gvaqvs ara Cveulebriv sityvebTan, aramed terminebTan.

termini winaswar SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT rogorc mecnieruli, anu Teoriuli

enisaTvis specialurad Semotanili sityva, romelic yovelTvis

konvencionalurad miRebuli wesiT unda gamoiyenebodes mocemuli Teoriis

farglebSi.

"termins" ZiriTadad logikur-gramatikuli xasiaTis teqstebSi vxvdebiT.

amitom, ra Tqma unda, semiotikuri instrumentariebis analizisas SegveZlo

gverdi agvevlo misTvis, magram rogorc "terminis" SinaarsTan gacnoba

gviCvenebs, misi araerTi makonstituirebeli momenti, gansxvavebul

konteqstebSi, semiotikuri obieqtebis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia. amitom,

"terminTan" gacnoba (misi met-naklebad detaluri eqsplikaciis gareSe) Cveni

miznebisaTvis savsebiT mizanSewonilia.

germanulenovan teqstebSi am sityvis gamoTqmad iyeneben "Ausdruck"-s.

terminebis Sesaxeb erT-erTi seriozuli gamokvleva ekuTvnis XVII saukunis

germanel swavluls, laibnics. is viTareba, rom "termins" laibnici umeteswilad

logikuri xasiaTis teqstebSi mimoixilavs, mis Sua saukuneebis tradiciasTan

kavSirze metyvelebs, romlisaTvisac ganmsazRvreli iyo "terminis" logikuri

patametrebis eqsplikacia. sqolasti avtorebis umravlesoba, gamoyofda

"terminis" sam ZiriTad mniSvnelobas: gagebiT, daweril da gamoTqmul terminebs:

(a)termini rogorc gagebis saSualeba iyo e.w. "terminus mentis", sadac termini

warmodgenili iyo rogorc adamianis gonebis saSualeba anu rogorc subieqturi

cneba. Sesabamisad, am obieqts zogjer aRniSnavdnen gamoTqmiT "conceptus subjectivus". mniSvnelovania miTiTeba imaze, rom terminis aseTi interpretacia mas

ar ganixilavda rogorc xelovnur, adamianis mier Seqmnil instruments. piriqiT,

termini gagebuli iyo gonebis bunebriv obieqtad, romelic nebis Caurevlad

warmogvidgens imas, rac masSi igulisxmeba. "terminis" meore, (b) mniSvneloba

pirvelTan iyo dakavSirebuli. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs e.w. "Vox" anu termini rogorc

naTqvami, verbalurad gamoxatuli ram. "terminis" es mniSvneloba, Tu SeiZleba

ase iTqvas, ufro meoradi, damatebiTi mniSvnelobaa, romelic pirvelTan

mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli misi gamoTqmis, Tavis TavSi garemocvis da

gamoxatvis saSualebiT. da bolos, "terminis" mesame, (g) mniSvnelobiT, laparkia

mis grafikul gamoxatvaze da Caweris adekvatur sistemaze, romelic

agvacilebda Secdomebs

terminis aRwerili mniSvnelobebidan, ra Tqma unda, ganmsazRvreli pirveli

mniSvnelobaa. sqolasturi tradiciiT termini ara mxolod sulis sakuTreba iyo,

rac mas garkveul statuss da niadags uqmnida, aramed gamoxatavda Cveni sulis

intencionalur xasiaTs (intencionalobis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi ufro mets

mogaxsenebT). "terminus subjectivus" yovelTvis mimarTulia raRac obieqtze da sulis

afeqcias, ase vTqvaT, mis individualur aqcidencias gamoxatavs da warmoadgens.

Sua saukuneebis avtorebis umravlesoba Tvlida, rom "terminus subjectivus" Cvens

sulSi bunebrivi wesiT aris konotirebuli. rasac is aRniSnavs, anu ufro zusti

iqneba vTqvaT, TanaaRniSnavs sulSi da sulTan erTad, aris misi Sinaarsi, "treminus objectivus" anu "terminus conceptus", e. i. cneba an idea.

""terminis" qveS me mesmis ara saxelebi, aramed azrebi anu is rac saxeliT

7

aRiniSneba, SegveZlo, agreTve gveTqva: cneba, idea" - werda laibnici.

bevr teqstSi laibnics sityva "termini" swored am, obieqturi mniSvnelobiT

esmis. marius nizoliusis Sromis winasityvaobaSi laibnici "terminis" sxva

mniSvnelobasac aRniSnavs da mis nacvlad zogjer iyenebs "vocabulum"-s anu

rogorc sityvis aRmniSvnels (C497). igive azriT iyenebs is "Vox"-sac, xolo ufro

gviandel, 1690 wlis teqstSi "terminis" tolZalovnad iyenebs "Character"-s. "termini" zogierT teqstSi sintaqsur datvirTvasac iZens imisda mixedviT, Tu ra

rols asrulebs is winadadebaSi. vTqvaT, kategoriul winadadebaSi is SeiZleba

Segvxvdes rogorc subieqti an rogorc predikati. mTlianobaSi laibnici

gamoyofs terminis sxvadasxva saxes sruliad sxvadasxva funqcionaluri

datvirTviT.

arsebobs integraluri da partikularuli terminebi, individualuri da

universaluri, konkretuli da abstraqtuli, intuiciuri, distribuciuli da

dayofadi terminebi. terminebis Sesabamisi analizi gviCvenebs, rom laibnici maTi

kvleviT amzadebda niadags winadadebaTa konstruqciuli analizisaTvis. Se-

sabamisad, gamosaxulebaTa am mravalferovnebasTan gasacnobad ganmsazRvrelia

daintereseba winadadebiT da misi adgiliT "Lingua rationalis"-Si.

magram davubrundeT Cveni interesis ZiriTad sagans, cnebas. cneba aris

usasrulobis inteleqtualuri dauflebis saSualeba. arsebobs azri, rom cneba

pirvelma sokratem Semiitana kvlevaSi. cneba aris raRac iseTi rac yovelTvis

zogadzea orientirebuli. amaSi iolad davrwmundebiT, Tu ganvixilavT

SemTxvevas, rodesac Cven vmsjelobT, davuSvaT, adamianze. adamianis cnebiT

moiazreba zogadad da ara romelime konkretuli adamiani. arsebobs adamianis

ramdenime definicia. maT Soris erT-erTi, romelsac Cven kargad vicnobT,

ekuTvnis aristoteles. es gansazRvreba gveubneba, rom adamiani aris politikuri

arseba. margam romel adamianzea aq saubari? ra simaRlisaa es adamiani? ra feris

Tma an Tvalebi aqvs? cxadia am da msgavs kiTxvebze ver gavcemT, mxolod cnebiTi

codnis safuZvelze, pasuxs, radgan kiTxvebi daesmis konkretul maxasiaTeblebs,

konkretul adamianebs maSin, rodesac cneba zogadzea orientirebuli. cneba

usasrulobis dauflebas cdilobs ara mxolod sivrceSi, aramed droSiac: radgan

adamianze msjelobisas, misi cneba exeba rogorc yvela imas, vinc odesme

arsebula, aramed imasac, vinc momavalSic iarsebebs. SesaZlebelia iseTi cnebis

arsebobac, romelsac arc ki viciT Seesatyviseba Tu ara raime samyaroSi. aseTi

viTareba verafers aklebs cnebis vargisianobas da is maSinve samuSao

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, rogorc ki misi Sesatyvisi obieqtebi aCveneben Tavs.

sikeTeze maSinac SegveZleba msjeloba, erTi keTili adamiani rom arsad ar

moipovebodes. rom ar gvqondes cneba, rogorc usasrulobis dauflebis

saSualeba, maSin iZulebuli viqnebodiT yovel calkeul saganze cal-calke

Segvegrovebina informacia da saWiro ar aris gansakuTrebuli argumentacia

imaSi dasarwmuneblad, Tu ramden uxerxulobasTan iqneboda es dakavSirebuli.

am mciredi Sesavlis Semdeg, cneba SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ase: “cneba aris

azri saganze an saganTa jgufze, romelSiac es sagnebi warmodgenilia

arsebiTi niSnebis mixedviT”. am gansazRvrebaSi yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imas,

rom cnebis SemuSavebisas orientacia xdeba saganTa arsebiT niSnebze, romelTa

saSualebiTac es sagnebi gamoiyofa sxva sagnebis usasrulo simravlidan.

aristoteles adamianis definiciaSi arsebiT niSnad gamoyenebulia politikuri

cxovrebis wesi. Tu sxva, magaliTad, franklinis, gansazRvrebas aviRebT

gamorCeulad adamianur niSnad is asaxelebs iaraRis keTebis unars. arsebiTi

niSani, rogorc vxedavT, sxvadasxva avtorTan gansxvavebulia, riTac araferi

Savdeba. mTavari misi funqcia isaa, rom man adamians imgvari unikaluri niSani

miaweros, romelic mas yvela sxvebisagan gamoarCevda. am konkretuli niSnis

SerCeva ki damokidebulia avtoris zogad xedvaze, gemovnebaze da

msoflmxedvelobaze.

ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela logikosi iziarebs cnebis niSanTa dayofas

arsebiTad da araarsebiTad. “opoziciaSi” mdgomi aseTi avtorebis ricxvs unda

mivakuTvnoT XX saukunis avstrieli mkvlevari, ludvig vitgenStaini.

vitgenStainisaTvis yvela niSani, romelic ki moiazreba cnebis SinaarsSi,

8

uaryofebs Soris Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgen Tu uaryofa propozicias exeba,

es uaryofa ar gavrceldeba ilokuciur Zalaze. uaryofis Sedegi igive Zalis

axli propozicia iqneba. magram Tu Cven uarvyofT ilokuciur ZalasamiT xasiaTi

ecvleba mTel ilokuciur aqts. gamoTqma “me ar gpirdebiT” axali Sepireba ki ar

aris, aramed Sepirebis uaryofaa maSin, rodesac gamoTqma “nu gaakeTebT” kvlav

axal moTxovnad rCeba.

3. 2. subieqturi mniSvneloba

is, rasac Cven gavecaniT sametyvelo moqmedebis elementebis saxiT,

winadadebis obieqturi ganzomilebaa. magram rogori obieqturi JReradibac ar

unda hqondes winadadebas, Cven isic kargad viciT, rom igi yovelTvis

mosaubresTan, mi azrebTan da ganzraxvebTanaa dakavSirebuli. vidre sametyvelo

moqmedebis am mxares gavecnobodeT, gvinda jer ganvixiloT erTi Zalze

saintereso mkvlevris, graisis Tvalsazrisi subieqturi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.

graisi gvesaWiroeba sametyvelo moqmedebis subieqturi mxaris gasagebad.

saqme isaa, rom graisi erT-erTi pirveli iyo maT Soris, vinc Tamamad Semoitana

analitikur tradiciaSi intencionalisturi terminologia da propoziciebis

TavisTavadi Sinaarsebis gverdiT, yuradReba gaamaxvila Sinaarsis im mxareze,

romelic molaparakem “Cado” gamoTqmasa da enobrivi moqmedebis ganxorci-

elebaSi. swored es viTarebaa dafiqsirebuli terminiT “intencionaloba”.

“intencionaloba” Zveli sqolasturi terminia, romelic Tavis droze

gulisxmobda cnobierebis mimarTulobas saganze. intencionalobis Teoria

mecxramete saukunis miwurulidan aaRorZina germanelma fenomenologma

huserlma. Cven aq, cxadia ar SevudgebiT sqolastebis da huserlis Teoriebis

aRweras. vityviT mxolod imas, rom is rac sqolastebs da huserls saerTo

hqondaT gaxldaT mtkiceba cnobierebis saganze mimarTulobis Sesaxeb.

cnobiereba, maTi azriT, arasdros ar aris “carieli”, aramed yovelTvis aris

“cnobiereba ... Sesaxeb”. enobrivi moqmedebis konteqstSi am terminma SemoaRwia

analitikur literaturaSi, Tumca SemoaRwia ara cnobierebis Sinaarsebis

dasaxasiaTeblad, aramed rogorc cnobierebis, ufro farTod adamianis

mimarTulobam, ganzraxvam ganaxorcielos esa Tu is enobrivi moqmedeba. amitom,

sametyvelo moqmedebis daxasiaTebis umravles SemTxvevebSi gamzraxva (“to intend to do ...”) “intencionalobiT” aRiniSneba. magram, davubrundeT graisis Teorias.

statiaSi “mniSvneloba” graisma gamojna naturaluri da aranaturaluri

mniSvnelobebi. naturaluri mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli winadadebaa: “is laqebi

kanze wiTelas niSnavs”. aranaturalurisa — “matareblis sayviri niSnavs, rom

matarebeli male daiZreba”. naturalur da aranaturalur mniSvnelobebs Soris

gansxvavebis farTo daxasiaTeba, graiss Sejamebuli aqvs aseTi saxiT:

naturaluri mniSvnelobis gamoTqma SeiZleba Sejamebuli amgvarad; “A aRniSnavs

aseT da aseT moqmedebas X-iT”, xolo aranaturaluri ki amgvarad: “A gulisxmobs

raRacas X-iT” an “A-s nagulisxmebi aqvs, rom ...”

imas, rasac aq graisi naturalur mniSvnelobas uwodebs, Tavisuflad SegviZlia

davarqvaT subieqturi mniSvneloba, radgan amgvari mniSvnelobebis miRma yovelTvis

igulisxmeba molaparake subieqti — garkveuli intenciebis mqone arseba, romelic

konkretuli niSnebiT migviTiTebs mis mier nagulisxmeb, ganzraxul saqmis

viTarebaze. Tu axla aviRebT e.w. naturalur mniSvnelobas, ioli dasanaxia, rom mis

ukan ar dgas araviTari ganzraxvis matarebeli subieqti. niSani aq bunebrivad

aRniSnavs raRacas. graisi savsebiT sworad uars ambobs mniSvnelobis bunebis

movlenebis msgavsad kauzaluri terminebiT analizze. radganac aseTi analizi Riad

datovebda kiTvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras gulisxmobda molaparake ama Tu im gamoTqmaSi,

ra iyo misi gamoTqmis ukan mdgari ganzraxva, graisi amjobinebs sakiTxi aRweros ufro

miznobriobis terminologiaSi. aranaturaluri mniSvnelobis formulireba,

definicia graisTan sabolood aseT saxes iRebs:

“A aranaturalurad gulisxmobs raRacas X-is saSualebiT”, eqvivalenturia

debulebisa “A gamoTqvams X-s ganzraxviT daajeros msmeneli am agnzraxvis

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aqtebs. Tavis mxriv, es niSnavs aqtebs Soris garkveuli subordinaciis arsebobas.

Tumca, amiT xeli ar eSleba aqtebis erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad warmodgenas.

anu sxvadasxva ilokuciur aqts SeiZleba erTi da igive propoziciuli aqti

Seesabamebodes da piriqiT, erTi da igive ilokuciuri ZaliT gamoiTqvas erTi da

igive propozicia. savsebiT SesaZlebelia gamoTqmiTi aqtis abstraqciaSi

damoukidebeli saxiT warmodgena, Tu davuSvebT, rom misi ganxorcielebisas

imave dros ar xorcieldeba arc predikacia da arc referencia.

ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan ilokucia da predikacia. ilokuciuri aqtis

gramatikuli forma mTeli winadadebaa, Tumdac is mxolod erTi sityvisagan

Sedgebodes. propoziciuli aqtisaTvis ki saWiroa ara mTeli winadadeba, aramed

mxolod misi nawili. kerZod, predikaciisaTvis gramatikuli predikati, xolo

referenciisaTvis sakuTari saxeli, arsebiTi saxeli an maTi Semcvleli

saSualebebi. ramdenadac propoziciuli aqti yovelTvis winadadebis raRac

nawiliT xorcieldeba, gsagebia, rom is ver ganxorcieldeba ilokuciuri

aqtisagan damoukideblad. sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia

gamovTqvaT propozicia ise, rom arc kiTxva davsvaT, arc brZaneba an sxva msgavsi

ram gamovxatoT. sagnebze saubari SeiZleba mxolod winadadebebiT da ara

winadadebebis nawilebiT. am axsnidan ufro gasagebi xdeba, Tu ra azriT

iqvemdebarebs propozicias ilokucia.

meti sicxadisaTvis, sametyvelo moqmedebis warmodgenili struqtura

SegviZlia SevadaroT im struqturas, romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo enobrivi

niSnebis daxasiaTebisas semantikur WrilSi. miuxedavad am ori rigis elementebs

Soris identobis ar arsebobisa, SegviZlia vilaparakoT garkveul msgavsebaze (a)

aRmniSvnelsa da sametyvelo aqtSi winadadebis gamoTqma/moqmedebas Soris.

Semdeg, (b)sityvis mniSvnelobasa da sametyvelo aqtis propozicias Soris.

amasTan mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom propozicia gamoixateba ara

winadadebiT, aramed molaparakis mier winadadebis gamoTqmisas. rac Seexeba

ilokucias, mas semantikuri analogia ar moeZebneba, radgan igi warmoadgens

wminda pragmatikul elements. kidev erTxel rom davubrundeT gansxvavebas

propozicias da ilokucias Soris, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom propozicia

winadadebis gamoTqmis Sinaarss Seadgens, xolo ilokucia ki misi mocemulobis

ganmsazRvreli Zala. ilokuciuri Zalis indikatori (romelic msgavsia

eqsplicituri performativisa) gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aris SemoTavazebuli

propozicia, anu ra Zala aqvs gamoTqmas, an, bolos, sakuTriv ra saxis enobrivi

moqmedeba ganaxorciela molaparakem.

ra enobrivi saSualebebi arsebobs imisaTvis, rom winadadebis gamoTqmisas

ganxorcieldes miTiTeba ilokuciur Zalaze. yovel enas Tavisi specifiuri

saSualebebi gaaCnia. inglisuri enisaTvis. magaliTad serli asaxelebs Semdegs:

sityvaTa wyobas, maxvils, gamomTqmelis intonacias, punqtuacias, zmnebis kilos

da ilokuciur zmnebs. yovelive amas unda daematos konteqsti, romelic

sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxados gamoTqmis ilokuciuri Zala.

Tu imgvarad moxda, rogorc amas adgili hqonda faruli performativebis

SemTxvevaSi, anu Tu gamoTqmis ilokuciuri Zala dafiqsirebuli ar aris

winadadebis zedapirul struqturaSi, aman ar unda Segveqmnas STabeWdileba, rom

saqme gvaqvs wminda propoziciebTan, wminda SinaarsebTan. magaliTisaTvis aviRoT

iseTi gamoTqma, rogoricaa “gpirdebiT mosvlas”. aq Znelia gaarCio, Tu romeli

frazaa propoziciis indikatori da romeli ilokuciuri Zalisa. winadadebis

siRrmiseuli struqturis eqsplikaciisas, miviRebT Semdegi saxis gamosaxulebas

— “me gpirdebiT, rom moval”. axla saSualeba gvaqvs davafiqsiroT, erTi mxriv,

ilokuciuri Zalis indikatori — “me gpirdebiT” — da meore mxriv, ki

propoziciuli Sinaarsisa — “rom moval”. gatarebuli gansxvavebis Rirebuleba

gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom is orgvari sruliad sxvadasxvagvari

uaryofis gamijvnis SesaZleblobas iZleva, romlebic xSirad erTmaneTSia

areuli da winadadebis zedapiruli struqturidan ar Cans. ase magaliTad,

winadadebas “me gpirdebiT mosvlas” SeiZleba hqondes orgvari uaryofa: “me ar

gpirdebiT mosvlas” da “me gpirdebiT, rom ar moval”. aq gasagebia, rom pirveli

ilokuciuri uaryofaa, xolo meore propoziciuli. gansxvaveba am ori saxis

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tolZalovania da ar arsebobs maT Soris raime rangireba. am amosaval pozicias is

iyenebs e.w. “ojaxuri msgavsebis” Teoriis asagebad, romelic ar gaimarTeboda

cnebis niSanTa tolZalovnebis postulatis gareSe.

yovel cnebas aqvs moculoba da Sinaarsi. cnebis SinaarsSi igulisxmeba am

cnebis maxasiaTeblebis erToblioba, xolo moculobaSi ki, misi SinaarsiT

gansazRvruli sagnebis raodenoba. rac ufro farToa cneba moculobiT, miT

ufro Raribia is SinaarsiT da, piriqiT, SinaarsiT mdidari cneba ufro metad

iswrafvis konkretulobisaken da, maSasadame, naklebia misi moculobac. hegeli

Tavis “logikas” iwyebs yvelaze ufro ganyenebuli da abstraqtuli cnebidan,

iseTi cnebidan romlis moculobac yovlismomcveli iqneboda. aseT cnebad man

SearCia yofierebis cneba, romelic moicavs yovlive arsebuls. samagierod es

cneba, Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze Raribia, radgan saganTa am

usasrulobas igi miawers erTaderT, arsebobis niSans da saganTa am simravles

sxva mxriv srul ganurCevlobaSi tovebs.

warmoSobis wyaros garda, cnebebi SeiZleba daxasiaTebulni iyvnen sruliad

sxva TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, SegviZlia vilaparakoT individualur da

abstraqtul cnebebze, romlebic sxvagvarad SeiZleba warmodgenilni iyvnen,

erTi mxriv, rogorc sruli, xolo meore mxriv, rogorc ganyenebuli cnebebi. am

oridan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa individualuri cneba, romelic indivi-

dualuri substanciis maxasiaTebelia da amitom masTan, rogorc substanciis

aRmniSvnel, Tu ukeTesia vTqvaT, gamomxatvel cnebasTan mTeli rigi problemebia

dakavSirebuli. cxadia, es problemebi ara mxolod logikur-enobrivi, aramed da

upirveles yovlisa, metafizikuri xasiaTisaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTi

daxasiaTebisas ver avcildebiT individualur substanciasTan dakavSirebul

sakiTxebs, rac wignis pirveli nawilis sagani iyo, Tumca, amgvari analizi, albaT,

axlac garkveulwilad momgebiani iqneba. amrigad, individis cneba aris individualuri substanciis sruli cneba da

mxolod mas mieyeneba. sisruleze xazgasma imis mauwyebelia formulaSi, rom

individis cnebis mimarT raime axali predikatebis damateba SeuZlebelia. am

Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT individualuri cneba amave dros maqsimaluri

Semcvelobis cnebacaa.

imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is nawilobrivi cneba Sevides individualuri cnebis

predikatis SemadgenlobaSi, mas waeyeneba ori moTxovna, (a) rom is unda iyos

arawinaaRmdegobrivi da (b) iyos TanaSeTavsebadi ufro meti moculobis

nawilobriv cnebebTan. principi, ris mixedviTac erTi cneba (sul erTia

nawilobrivia is Tu ara) SeiZleba Sevides meore cnebis moculobaSi, aris

msgavsebis mimarTeba, rac teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT ufro CarTulobad

ganisazRvreba.

individualuri cnebebis kidev erTi Tavisebureba is aris, rom yoveli

gamarTuli, normaluri individualuri cneba usasrulo raodenobis

predikatebs Seicavs. amitom, cnebebis moculobaze saubrisas, SesaZloa,

umjobesia visaubroT ara "meti" an "naklebi" moculobis cnebebze, aramed meti an

naklebi Zalis cnebebze. amgvari saubari ki saWiro gaxdeba maSin, rodesac

substanciebis konteqstSi, cnebaTa srulyofilebis sakiTxi dadgeba. gavixsenoT,

rom laibnicis metafizikiT is substanciaa ufro srulyofili, romelic

SeTavsebadia ufro meti moculobis aqcidenciasTan.

1. 2. msjeloba

logikis mecnierebis meore mniSvnelovani elementia msjeloba. msjeloba,

cnebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelc yovelTvis calkeul sagans an saganTa jgufs

aRniSnavs, msjeobis pirveli damaxasiaTebli niSani dasrulebuli azris

gadmocemaa. msjeloba ar exeba calkeul sagnebs, aramed am am saganTa arseboba ar

arsebobas xdomilebaTa konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, msjeloba, upirveles yovlisa,

asocirebulia sagnobriv viTarebasTan. magram aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT

9

msjelobis kidev erTi specifika — msjeloba sagnovrivi viTarebis martiv

deskripcias ar warmoadgens, aramed is iseTi aRweraa, romelic sagnobrivi

viTarebis sakuTrivi aRweris garda masve miawers am sagnobrivi viTarebis

arseboba-ararsebobis mtkicebas. amitom WeSmariteba/siyalbe msjelobis

Tvisebebia gansxvavebiT cnebebisagan, romelTac ar gaaCniaT WeSmaritebis fasebi.

am SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, msjeloba SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT amgvarad:

msjeloba aris azri sagnobrivi viTarebis Sesaxeb, romelSiac am sagnobriv

viTarebaze raRac mtkicdeba an uariyofa.

arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis msjelobebi. magram rogori konkretuli saxec ar

unda hqondes msjelobas, misi struqtura identuria yvela SemTxvevisaTvis.

kerZod, yoveli msjeloba Seicavs sam ZiriTad elements: subietqs, predikats da

makavSirebal sityvas _ kopulas. amitom “S & P” msjelobis uzogadesi

formulaa. misi pirveli elemeti, “S” — “subieqti” SeiZleba ganisazRvros

rogorc is razedac raRac gamoiTqmeba msjelobaSi. meore elementi,

“predikati”, “P” - SeiZleba ganisazRvros yvelafer imad, rac ki SeiZleba

mieweros subiqts. rac Seexeba makavSireblebs arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis

(erTadgiliani, oradgiliani...) makavSireblebi, romelTa erT nawils enobriv

gamoxatulebas vaZlevT. am mxriv ganasxvaveben, magaliTad, koniunqcias,

disunqcias, implikacias da a.S. koniunqcia SeiZleba gamoixatos sityviT “da”.

iTvleba, rom koniunqciis saSualebiT agebuli winadadeba WeSmaritia maSin,

rodesac misi orive wevri WeSmaritia. disunqcia gamoixateba sityviT “an“ da

iTvleba, rom disunqciuri debuleba WeSmaritia maSin, ordesac WeSmaritia misi

erTi wevri mainc. da bolos, implikaciiT agebuli debuleba (“Tu ... maSin...”)

WeSmaritia, Tu WeSmartia ara pirveli, aramed meore termini da a.S.

rogorc iTqva, arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis msjelobebi. SegviZlia gavmijnoT

zogaddadebiTi, zogaduaryofiTi, kerZoobiTdadebiTi da kerZoobiTuaryofiTi

msjelobebi. vTqvaT msjeloba _ “yvela adamiani mokvdavia” — warmoadgens

zogaddadebiTi msjelobis nimuSs, radgan igi dadebiT mtkicebas axorcielebs

zogad terminze — adamianze. zogaduaryofiTi msjelobis nimuSi iqneba Semdegi

saxis mtkicebuleba _ “arc erTi adamiani ar aris mokvdavi”. marTalia es

msjeloba wina msjelobis msgavsad kvlav zogad termins exeba, magram amjerad

masze uaryofas avrcelebs. kerZoobiTdadebiTi msjelobis magaliTad SegviZlia

moviyvanoT aseTi msjeloba — “sokrate mokvdavia”, xolo kerZoobiTuaryofiTis

nimuSad ki, amgvari — “sokrate ukvdavia”.

msjelobebis es daxasiaTeba ar aris erTaderTi. arsebobs sxva saxis

msjelobaTa klasifikacia. CvenTvis maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania msjelobebis

dayofa analizur da sinTezur msjelobebad. msjelobaTa dayofaze analizuad

da sinTezurad damokidebulia iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, rogoricaa

mecnierebaTa klasifikacia, gansxvaveba apriorulsa da aposterioruls Soris,

empiriuli da wminda goniT Semecnebas Soris danawileba da sxv. gavmijnoT jer

erTmaneTisagan analizuri da sinTezuri msjelobebi.

Cven vityviT, rom msjeloba aris sinTezuri, Tuki msjelobis predikati ki ar

igulisxmeba mis subieqtSi, aramed garedan miewereba mas. informacia msjelobis

predikatis Sesaxeb sinTezur msjelobaSi modis empiriuli codnis bazaze.

aviRoT sinTezuri msjelobis nimuSad amgvari debuleba:

“vardi aris wiTeli”

am msjelobis sinTezuri xasiaTi, gansazRvrebis mixedviT, aSkaraa, radgan

rogor damajerebladac ar unda gavaanalizoT vardis cneba, masSi siwiTis cnebis

niSanwyalsac ki ver aRmovaCenT. informacia vardis siwiTlis Sesaxeb mocemuli

konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis miviReT mxolod da mxlod erTi wyarodan _

gamocdilebidan.

aviRoT axla analizuri msjelobis SemTxveva da davrwmundebiT, rom viTareba

aq mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuilia. analizuria Semdegi saxis msjeloba:

“sxeuli aris ganfenili”

sinTezuri msjelobisagan gansxvavebiT, ganfeniloba aq subieqtis cnebidan,

raRacis sxeulebrivi yofidan gamoiyvaneba. marTlacda, SeuZlebelia vinmem

10

gamoTqma SeiZleba swored am formiT Segvxvdes winadadebaSi, magram is arasdros

ar aris neitraluri. mocemuli saxiT warmodgenili performativi farulia da is

realurad SeiZleba warmoadgendes an brZanebas, an Txovnas, an moTxovnas, an

sulac vedrebas. Tu mocemuli winadadebis nacvlad me vityodi “me moviTxov

daxuro karebi” maSin saqme gveqneba eqsplicitur performativTan. ostinma

mTeli rigi procedurebi SemoiRo imisaTvis, rom mosaxerxebeli yofiliyo

faruli performativis eqsplikacia.

kidev erTi cneba, romelic sameytyvelo moqmedebis gasagebad gvWirdeba aris

“referencia”. termini referencia modis inglisurenovani gamoTqmidan “to refer to”, rac “SesabamisobaSi yofnas”, “Sestyvisobas”, “SeTanadebas” gulisxmobs.

referencia gulisxmobs enobrivi gamosaxulebis Sesatyvisobas Sesabamis

obieqtTan. am terminis Semotana saWiro gaxda mas Semdeg, rac gaacnobieres, rom

aRmniSvnelis cneba ver faravs enobrivi saSualebebis obieqtebTan Sesabamisobis

yvela SemTxvevas. kerZod, aRmniSvneli frazis ZiriTadi funqcia mniSvnelobis

materialuri gamosaxvaa, xolo referencia arkvevs imas, modis Tu ara es fraza an

mniSvneloba SesabamisobaSi, gnebavT vuwodoT, SexebaSi im obieqtTan romelzedac

is aris gamiznuli. aviRoT aseTi gamoTqma: “safrangeTis Tanamedrove mefe

melotia”. es winadadeba SeiZleba mravalmxriv gavaanalizoT. magram Tu misi

referentulobiT davinteresdebiT, unda ganvacxadoT, rom is “carieli

gamoTqmaa” radgan ar xorcieldeba referencia winadadebasa da Sesabamis obieqts

Soris. referenciis mniSvneloba enobrivi analizisaTvis, ra Tqma unda ar

SemoizRudeba mxolod am da msgavsi SemTxvevebiT, magram CvenTvis Zalze

mniSvnelovania yuradReba gavamaxviloT warmodgenil magaliTze da teqstze

muSaobisas mudmivad mxedvelobaSi viqonioT frazebis “savseoba/sicariele”,

romlis dadgenac referenciis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli.

3. 1. sametyvelo moqmedeba da misi elementebi

amrigad, metyvelebis, ufro zogadad enis funqciebi Zalze didia. am

funqciebs Soris Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT konstatiur da performatiul

gamoTqmebze da davafiqsireT maT Soris gansxvaveba. konstativebis Taobaze,

romlebic WeSmariteba/siyalbis niSnebiT xasiaTdebian Cven sakmarisi informacia

gvaqvs. ufro sainteresoa performatiuli gamoTqmebi, romelTa pirveli

monaxazi warmodgenili iyo ostinis SexedulebaTa gadmocemiT. jer kidev Tavad

ostinma scada performatuli gamoTqmebi sxva terminebSi aRewera, radgan

performativi da masTan dakavSirebuli terminologia ver itevs yvela saWiro

niuanss. sametyvelo moqmedebis struqtura warmodgenili iqneba ara ostinis,

aramed serlis Teoriis mixedviT. saqme isaa, rom ostinis struqtura ufro

samuSao varianti iyo, romelic mas wignad gamosacemad ar moumzadebia. am

struqturas, ra Tqma unda, axlda rigi gaumarTavi elementebi, romlebic Semdeg

serlis interprataciis sagani gaxda. ostinis sametyvelo moqmedeba gulisxmobda

Semdeg elementebs:

1.lokuciuri aqti — es aris metyvelebis aqti;

2.ilokuciuri aqti — metyvelebiT ganxorcielebuli moqmedeba (perfo-

rmativis analogia);

3.perlokuciuri aqti — msmenelze ganxorcielebuli efeqti;

serlma sametyvelo aqtis struqtura warmoadgina Semdegi saxecvlili

formiT:

1.gamoTqma/moqmedeba = sityvebis (winadadebebis) gamoTqma;

2.propoziciuli aqti, moqmedeba = referencis da predikaciis ganxorcieleba;

3.ilokuciuri aqti = dadgena, brZaneba, SekiTxva, Sepireba da a.S.

warmodegnil elementebs Soris serli xedavs Semdegi saxis mimarTebas:

miuxedavad imisa, rom sametyvelo moqmedebis elementebi warmodgenil

struqturaSi damoukideblad arian warmodgenilni, reluri metyvelebisas isini

erTad xorcieldeba. erTdrouloba aq mxolod imas niSnavs, rom ilokuciuri

aqti, romelic yvelaze ufro rTulia ganxorcielebisas iqvemdebarebs danarCen

27

Targmna —

Txovna, madlobis Tqma, dawyevla, misalmeba, locva.”

cxadia, rom enobrivi aqtiobis amgvari warmodgenis Semdeg, Znelia

vilaparakoT, rom enas sami ZiriTadi funqcia gaaCnia. aranakleb Zneli iqneba, Tu

vecdebiT enis funqciebis mkacrad reglamentaciasac. Tavad vitgenStaini

darwmunebuli iyo, rom enis funqciebi usasrulod SegviZlia aRvweroT.

Tu semantikia ZiriTadi enobrivi elementi aris enibrivi niSani an termini,

xolo sintaqsisa ki winadadeba, pragmatikis ZiriTadi samuSao cneba aris

gamoTqma. gamoTqmis specifika isaa, rom is aris ara imdenad werilis, aramed

meytvelebis primatiT gansazRvruli erTeuli.

pragmatikis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi kategoriaa konteqsti. arsebobs

konteqstis ori nairsaxeoba lingvisturi da eqstralingvisturi. erTic da

meorec sazrisis determinacias axorcielebs, oRond sxvadasxvagvarad.

eqstralingvisturi konteqsti iTvaliswinebs molaparakis socialur statuss,

mis kmpetencias, viTarebas romelSiac gamoiyeneba ena, konkretuli viTarebis

ganmsazRvrel sxvadasxva parametrebs da a.S.

rac Seexeba lingistur konteqsts, is axorcielebs konkretuli gamoTqmis

determinacias yvelaferi imis safuZvelze, rac manmade iTqva Tenis Sesaxeb da

garda amisa, yvelaferi imiTac ris Tqmasac molaparake apirebs gamoTqmis Semdeg

Temis irgvliv.

pragmatikuli ganzomilebis kvlevis procesSi sul ufro da ufro meti

yuradReba daeTmo imgvari fenomenis Seswavlas, rogoricaa ganzraxva anu

intencionaloba. es ukanaskneli Cveni Semdgomi gadmocemis ZiriTadi obieqtia,

amitom mas damoukidebel Temas mivuZRvniT.

3.molaparakis ganzraxva da molaparakis

sityvebis sazrisi metyvelebaSi.

vidre metyevelebis struqturas gadmovcemde, minda Semovitano erTi

mniSvnelovani cneba, romelic gagviiolebs SemdgomSi masalis gamocemas. es cneba

gaxlavT performatiuli gamoTqmis cneba. termini performativi, pirvelad

mecnierebaSi Semoitana ingliselma filosofosma ostinma. performatiuli

gamoTqma anu performativi imgvari enobrivi aqtiobis formaa, romelic

gamoTqma/moqmedebas warmoadgens. ra azriT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom performa-

tivebi gamoTqma moqmedebebia? garkveuli azriT, yovelgvari enobrivi aqtivoba

xom moqmedebis, konkretulad enobrivi moqmedebis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens?

performativebi gamoTqma/moqmedebebia ara ase vaTqvaT raime metaforuli

azriT, aramed pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. amis gasagebad ostini gvTavazobs erT-

maneTisagan gavmijnoT konstativebi da performativebi. konstatiuri

gamoTqmis magaliTia “romi mdebareobs tibrze”, xolo performativisa ki nafic

msajulTa mier gamoTqmuli - “Cven vcnobT amas da amas damnaSaved”. gansxvaveba am

ori tipis winadadebebs Soris aSkaraa. konstativebi raime viTarebis aRwerebs

warmoadgenen, xolo performativebi ki konkretuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas.

marTlac, am ukanaskneli gamoTqmis SemTxvevvaSi piri, romelic manmade mxolod

eWvmitanilis statusiT sargeblobda, nafici msajulebis verdiqtiT iqca

damnaSaved.

performativebisa da konstativebis moyvanili gansxvavebidan gamomdinareobs

meore kidev ufro mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba. ostini sayvedurobs winamorbed

logikosebs am gansxvavebaze yuradRebis gaumaxvileblobas. kerZod, ostinis

azriT, mxolod konstativebi xasiaTdebian WeSmariteba-siyalbis niSnebiT maSin,

rodesac performatiuli gamoTqmebi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes warmateba-

warumateblobiT.

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani niSani, romelic performativebs axlavs, aris maTi

faruli da Ria xasiaTi. aviRoT winadadeba “dakete karebi”. es performatiuli

26

moiazros sxeulis cneba ise, rom es sxeuli imTaviTve ar iyos ganfenili.

arsebobs identobis niSani “sxeulebrivad yofnasa” da “ganfenilad yofnas” Soris

im donemde, rom yvelgan, sadac ki laparakia “sxeulze”, SegviZlia es termini

CavanacvloT “ganfenilad yofniT” ise, rom mTeli msjelobis mniSvneloba ar

Seicvalos.

sinTezuri da analizuri msjelobebis SemoTavazebuli gansazRvrebidan da

maTi mokle daxasiaTebidan SegviZlia mokled SevexoT mecnierebis Tanamderove

klasifikacias. zogadad laparakoben gansxvavebaze analizur da empiriul

mecnierebebs Soris. empiriuli mecnierebebi Tavis fundamentur mtkicebebs

sinTezur msjelobebze amyareben. ramdenadac sinTezur mecnierebebSi

predikatsa da subieqts Soris kavSiri SemTxveviTia, am mecnierebebis kanonebsac

SemTxveviTi buneba aqvT. araviTari aucilebloba ar ganapirobebs imas, rom

fizikis an biologiis fundamenturi kanonebi ar dairRves. am mecnierebebs

kanonebs aqvT ara aucileblobiTi simyare, aramed albaTuri.

ramdenadac sityva Camovarda msjelobaTa safuZvelaze macnierebebis

klasifikaciis Sesaxeb, barem ukve empiriuli mecnierebebis farglebSi

gamovyofT kidev erT damoukidebel jgufs, romelic arc Tavisi sagniT, arc misi

Seswavlis obieqtiT ar daiyvaneba sxva empiriul mecnierebebze. es gaxlavT e.w.

humanitaruli mecnierebebi. humanitaruli mecnierebebis gamoyofa calke

jgufad ganpirobebuli iyo ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo. jer erTi, maTi Seswavlis

ZiriTadi obieqti, sagani aris adamiani da misi Semoqmedeba. adamiani ki

gansxvavdeba sxva bunebis arsebaTagan, upirveles yovlisa, imiT, rom

dajildoebulia Tavisufali nebiT. amitom rogorc misi namoqmdaris gageba,

aseve momaval gadawyvetilebaTa wanaswar prognozireba, Zalze did sirTuleebs

awydeba. am sirTuleebis Taobaze SegviZlia SevadaroT adamianis momavali

moqmedebis gaTvlis SesaZlebloba gatyorcnili fizikuri nivTis frenis

traeqtoriis gaTvlis SesaZleblobas. am ukanasknelis gamosaTvlelad mravali

ramis gaTvaliswineba gvmarTebs. magaliTad gatyorcnis Zalis, nivTis wonis,

haeris winaaRmdegobis, qaris arseboba-ararsebobis, sxva winaaRmdegobebis

arseboba-ararsebobis da a.S. amisgan, gansxvavebiT adamianis samoqmedo “gegmis”

gageba Seudareblad ufro rTulia ara mxolod imitom, rom gacilebiT meti

detalis gaTvaliswineba gviwevs, vidre sxva bunebis arsebebis gamosaTvlelad

(sul erTia isini sulierebi arian Tu usuloebi), aramed, pirvel rigSi, adamianis

Tavisufali nebis, kidev iseTi sulieri Tvisebebis gamo, rogoricaa Rirsebis

grZnoba da a.S. romelTa ZaliTac adamianma SeiZleba sruliad moulodneli

gadawyvetileba miiRos da Sesabamisad warmarTos Tavisi qceva. humanitaruli

mecnierebebis calke jgufad gamoyofis erT-erTi mizezi maTi obieqtis aseTi

specifikuri xasiaTia.

meore mizezi ufro meTodologiuria da iTvaliswinebs im faqts, rom

adamianis irgvliv koncentrirebuli codnisaTvis maTematikuri meTodebi, an

meTodebi romlebic aTvlasa da gazomva-awonvas mimarTaven araadekvaturia.

Sesabamisad, gasuli XIX saukunidan laparaki daiwyes hermenevtikul

meTodologiaze, romlis fuZemdeblad (Tu Slaiermaxeris manamdel Sromebs ar

gaviTvaliswinebT), dilTai unda CaiTvalos. hermenevtika sxvagvarad gagebis

meTodadaa aRiarebuli da is gulisxmobs garkveuli xidis arsebobas warsul

kulturasa da Tanamedrove mkvlevars Soris, pirovnebis naazrevsa da

Semoqmedebas da mis mkvlevars Soris. hermenevtikis sakvlevi horizonti Zalze

farToa. arsebobs hermenevtikis lingvisturi nairsaxeobebi (haidegeris da

gadameris hermenevtikebis saxiT), an mis analitikuri variaciebi vitgenStainis da

karl-oto apelis hermenevtikuli Studiebis saxiT. hermenevtikis teqstis

gagebis mecnierebad interpretacias didi xnis istoria aqvs da ebraul

kabalistikaze rom araferi vTqvaT, is sakmaod naTlad Cndeba im qristian

avtorebTan, vinc bibliis interprataciiT an TargmaniT iyvnen dainteresebulni

(amitomac, hermenevtikis erT-erT adreul warmomadgenlad asaxeleben luTers,

romelic bibliis germaul enaze mTargmnelia. bolos, aRvniSnavT imasac, rom

arsebobs fsiqoanalizis hermenevtikuli interpretacia, rac ar unda iyos

moulodneli, radgan sityva iyo is ZiriTadi iaraRi, romliTac froidi Tavisi

miznebis miRwevas cdilobda.

11

amisgan gansxvavebiT, analizuri msjelobebs aucilebeli xasiaTi aqvT da

Sesabamisad aseTive bunebisani arian am mecnierebis kanonebic, romlebic

analizur msjelobebze ageben sakuTari mecnierebis Senobas. analizuri

mecnierebebis rigs miekuTvnebian maTematikuri da logikuri disciplinebi.

rogorc analizur mecnierebebTan, aseve Sesabamis msjelobebTan dakavSirebiT

arsebobs erTi problema, romelic cnobilia kantis droidan. kanti analizuri da

sinTezuri msjelobebis dayofisas werda, rom analizuri msjelobis

apodiqturoba (anu misi sayovelTao da aucilebeli xasiaTi), miRweulia wminda

gamomdinareobis xasiaTiT subieqtsa da predikats Soris, rac erTi mxriv,

marTalia apodiqturobas uzrunvelyofs, magram, meore mxriv, statikur codnas

iZleva. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, analizur msjelobebSi codna ar izrdeba

obieqturad. aq codnis zrdaze laparaki SeiZleba iyos mxolod fsiqologiuri

xasiaTis mixedviT informirebulobaze, anu Tuki vinmem ar icoda romelime

sayovelTaod cnobili WeSmaroteba da man es gaigo masalis aTvisebis wyalobiT,

es sulac ar niSnavs codnis obieqtur zrdas, aramed mxolod moswavlis

warmatebiT ganswavlulobas. is faqti, rom orjer ori aris oTxi, kantis da misi

mimdevrebis azriT, ar warmoadgens codnis obieqtur zrdas. gamosaxuleba 2 x 2 = 4, Tu mas mkacrad CavwerT, mxolod Caweris or formas Soris igiveobas aCvenebs.

is mxolod igiveobis niSans svams or gamosaxulebas, “2 x 2 “-sa da “4”-s Soris.

kantis es cnobili mosazreba sakamaTod gaixada XX saukunis cnobilma finelma

logikosma, hintkam, romelic masSi dasaeWveblad sakmaod mativ kiTxvas svams _

Tu analitikuri msjelobebi marTlac ar zrdian codnas, maSin saidan viRebT

maTematikis da logikis sakiTxebze iseT mdidar codnas, romelic biblioTekebs

avsebs? hintika imis Cvenebas cdilobda, rom gavrcelebuli azris miuxedavad,

analizuri msjelobebi mainc zrdian codnas.

analizuri mecnierebebi sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba iyvnen dafuZnebulni.

Zalze zogadad, gasul, XX saukuneSi gamoiyo sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba,

romlebic maTematikis da logikis dafuZneba ides Tavs. es mimarTulebebia

logicizmi, formalizmi da intuicionizmi. yvelaze cnobili logicistebi

iyvnen frege, raseli da vitgenSteini. logicizms xSirad Sua saukuneebis

realizms adareben, radgan, Tu realistebi cnebebis realur arsebobas

uSvebdnen, logicistebisaTvis, magaliTad, raselisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

msgavSi logiuri elementebis, tipebis arsebobis daSveba. Tavis cnobil ortomian

gamokvlevaSi, sdac uaiThedTan erTad raseli imis Cvenebas Seecada, rom

maTematika logikis kerZo SemTxvevaa (amitomac hqvia am mimdinareobas

logicizmi), tipebis arseboba daSvebulia. logicistebisagan gansxvavebiT,

formelistebi, vTqvaT, igive bernaisi, Zveli nominalistebis msgavsad,

gamoricxavda gansakuTrebuli logikuri da meTematikuri obieqtebis arsebobis

daSvebis saWiroebas. formalistebi am disciplinebs Soris arsebul sxvaobas

xsnidnen Caweris sxvadasxva sistemebis safuZvelze. da bolos, intuicionistebi,

magaliTad, cnobili maTematikosi markovi ruseTSi, icavda konceptualistebis

msgavs pozicias, rodesac ambobda, rom maTematikuri obieqtebis arseboba-

ararsebobaze azriania laparaki mxolod matematikuri amocanis arsebobis

SemTxvevaSio.

1. 3. analizis meTodi

msjelobebis dayofa analizurad da sinTezurad cnobili iyo axal droSiac.

laibnici mis Sesabamisad laparakobda orgvar WeSmaritebebze — faqtis

WeSmaritebebze da gonebis WeSmaritebebze, romelTagan pirveli empiriuli

dakvirvebebis, xolo meore logikis, maTematikis, moralis da metafizikis

sferos warmoadgens.

aq unda davazustoT eTi viTareba. saqme isaa, rom CvenSi da ara marto CvenSi

gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi laibnics damsaxurebad uTvlis orgvari

WeSmaritebis, gonebis da faqtis WeSmaritebis gamijvnas. amgvari ram laibnics

gansakuTrebiT pozitivistebma mouwones, romlebic Tavad mijnavdnen analizur

12

2. 4. pragmatika

pragmatika rogorc semiotikis nawili kidev ufro gvian ganviTarda, vidre

sintaqsi. miuxedavad calkeul avtorTa mniSvnelovani wvlilisa pragmatikis

sferoSi, semiotikis es sfero yvelaze ufro sistematizirebuli saxiT

damuSavebuli hqonda zemoT xsenebul moriss aRniSnul statiaSi. termini

“pragmatika” morisma Seomoitana pragmatizmTan axlo asociaciiT, Tumca

pragmatikasa da pragmatizms Soris araviTari uSualo kavSiri ar arsebobs.

pragmatika swavlobs enobrivi niSnebis gamomyenebelTan damokidebu-

lebas. pragmatikas ainteresebs, Tu rogor iyenebs adamiani niSnebs, ra

Zalisxmevas axmars is mas. pragmatikuli elementis Semotanam semiotikur

kvlevebSi mniSvnelovnad Secvala winadadebis szrisis gageba. Tu aqamde

semantikuri da sintaqsuri struqturebi TviTkmarad iTvleboda, pragmatikuli

ganzomilebis kvlevebSi Semosvlis Semdeg cxadi gaxda, rom aucilebelia

pragmatikuli fenomenis gaTvaliswinebac. amgvari transformacia naTlad aisaxa

vitgenStainis kvlevebSi. Tu “logikur-filosofiur traqtatSi” is aigivebda

aRsaniSnsa da mniSvnelobas (da, maSasadame idga orfenovani semantikis

poziciaze), gviandel “filosofiur gamokvlevebSi” mniSvnelobas gansazRvravda,

rogorc enobrivi niSnis, ukve gamoTqmis gamoyenebis wess. igive vitgenStainis

mixedviT, enobrivi niSnebis gamoyenebis wesebis raodenoba Zalze didia da

Sesabamisad am Tvalsazrisisa, vitgenStains arc ucdia am wesebis klasifikacia.

samagierod es ganaxorciela misma mimdevarma, amerikelma lingvistma, serlma,

romelmac moaxdina wesebis reducireba or mTavar nairsaxeobaze. es wesebia

regulatoruli da konstituciuri wesebi. ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?

regulatoruli wesi niSanTa mowesrigeba dalagebas cdilobs. es wesebi SegviZlia

SevadaroT quCaSi moZraobis wesebs. arsebiTia is faqti, rom moZraobis wesebis ar

arseboba ver mospobs Tavad moZraobas. Tu wesebi ar iarsebebs, iarsebebs

moZraooba, Tumca mouwesrigebeli da qaoturi, saxifaTo saxiT. amisagan

gansxvavebiT konstituciuri wesebi ara mxolod awesrigebs movlenas, aramed is

am movlenis da movlenis sazrisis konstruirebas axdens. konstituciuri wesebis

nimuSad serli asaxelebs TamaSis wesebs. TamaSi (aq laparakia game-ze da ara play-

ze), SeiZleba ganisazRvros garkveuli wesebis Sesabamisad ganxorcielebul

moqmedebad. wesebi TamaSSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben. swored, amitom

cdilobda gviani vitgenStaini enobrivi aqtivoba aRewera TamaSis terminebiT.

albaT, ar gadavuxvevT Temidan, Tu aRvniSnavT, rom enis amgvari gagebiT

vitgenStainma mniSvnelovnad Secvala enis funqciebis tradiciuli gageba.

Cveulebriv iTvleboda, rom enas gaaCnia sami ZiriTadi funqcia: komunikaciuri,

eqspresiuli da designatiuri. enis saSualebiT adamianebi an urTierToben

erTmaneTTan, an gamoxataven Tavis Tavs, an aRniSnaven raRacas. mas Semdeg, rac

enobriv aqtivobas pragmatikuli interpretacia mieca, vitgenStainma gazarda

enis funqciebi. “filosofiur gamokvlevebSi” is werda: “terminma ‘enobrivma

TamaSma’ aq unda gamokveTos, rom enaze laparaki saqmianobis an sicocxlis

formis nawilia. am da sxva magaliTebze dayrdnobiT warmoidgine enobrivi

TamaSebis mravalferovneba:

brZaneba da brZanebis mixedviT moqmedeba —

sagnis aRwera misi garegnuli saxis an zomenis mixedviT-

sagnis damzadeba naxazis mixedviT —

movlenis Setyobineba —

movlenis Sesaxeb varaudis gamoTqma —

hipoTezis wamoyeneba da Semowmeba —

eqsperimentis Sedegebis warmodgena cxrilebis da diagremebis meSveobiT —

moTxrobis mofiqreba da wakiTxva —

TeatrSi TamaSi —

saferxulo simRerebis mRera —

gamocanebis gamocnoba —

xumroba; anekdotebis moyola —

amocanis amoxsna —

25

sintaqsuri struqturebis Seswavla SedarebiT gvian ganviTarda semiotikaSi,

magram Tavisi mniSvnelobiT man male daimkvidra adgili da aRiareba. sintaqsuri

struqturebis mniSvnelobis cxad gacnobierebas ukve calsaxad vafiqsirebT

vitgenStainis “logikur-filosofiur traqtatSi”, sadac sintaqsur erTeulad

warmodgenili erTeuli, winadadeba imgvaradaa gaazrebuli, rom misi Semdgomi

danawileba da daSla SeiZlebladaa gamocxadebuli. elementaruli winadadebis

es Tviseba analitikur literaturaSi xSiard cnobilia logikuri atomizmis

saxeliT. logikuri atomizmi gulisxmobs iseTi enobrivi atomebis, erTeulebis

arsebobas, romlis Semdgomi analizi SeuZlebelia da romlebic aRar iSlebian

ufro martiv damoukidebel erTeulebad. vitgenSainis “traqtatSi” vkiTxulobT:

“2.01. atomaruli faqti aris obieqtebis SeerTeba

2.011. sagnisaTvis mniSvnelovania is, rom igi SeiZleba iyos atomaruil faqtis

Semadgeneli nawili.

2.0122. sagani damoukidebelia, ramdenadac mas SeuZlia arseboba yvela

SesaZlo garemoebebSi, magram damoukideblobis es forma aris misi atomarul

faqtTan kabSiris, atomarul faqtze damokidebulebis forma. (SeuZlebelia

sityvebi arsebobdnen ori saxiT damoukideblad da winadadebebSi).”

vitgenSteinis am axsna-ganmartebebidan cxadi xdeba, rom atomaruli faqti,

romelic elementaruli winadadebaa, ra Tqma unda, Sinaganad diferencirebulia

da Cvens mier aqamde ganxiluli enobrivi niSnebisagan Sedgeba. erTaderTi,

gamorCeuli, rasac vitgenStani amtkicebs is gaxlavT, rom rom enobrivi niSnebi

yovelTvis winadadebebSia gaerTianebuli da maT ver moviazrebT am

winadadebebisagan damoukidebeli wesiT. Tavis mxriv ki es niSnavs —

elementaruli winadadebebi araanalizebadia.

amrigad, sintaqsis ZiriTadi enobrivi erTeuli aris winadadeba.

semantikisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic mxolod mniSvnelobebis irgvliv

trialebda, sintaqsur doneze SegviZlia visaubroT sazrisis Sesaxeb, romelic

winadadebis Sinaarsobrivi ekvivalentia. mxolod winadadebebs aqvT sazrisi

maSin, rodesac sityvebs mniSvnelobebi gaaCniaT. sintaqsi SeiZleba ganisazRvros

im wesebis Semswavlel disciplinad, romelic arkevs Tu ra saxis relaciebi

arsebobs winadadebaSi enobriv niSnebs Soris.

ra SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom winadadebas aqvs sazrisi? imisaTvis rom

winadadebas sazrisi hqondes unda dakmayofilebuli iyos ori ZiriTadi piroba (a)

winadadebaSi Semavali yvela enobrivi niSani unda iyos mniSvnelobis mqone da (b)

es enobrivi niSnebi unda dakavSrebuli iyos im wesebis Sesabamisad, romelsac

adgens mocemuli enis sintaqsi.

da bolos, SevexoT sakiTxs winadadebebis WeSmaritebis da sazrisianobis

mimarTebis Taobaze. aris Tu ara enobrivi analizi winadadebis sazrisianobis

garantia, an SeuZlia Tu ara analizis praqtikas dagvarwmunos winadadebis

WeSmaritebaSi? ra mimarTebaa winadadebis sazrisianobasa da mis WeSmaritebas

Soris?

iqedan rac faqtis da gonebis WeSmaritebebis lainbicis doqtrinaze iTqva,

gasagebi xdeba, rom analizis praqtika mxolod analitikuri winadadebebis

WeSmaritebaSi Tu dagvarwmunebs (sxvaTa Soris msgavsia vitgenSteinis poziciac).

rac Seexeba sinTezur anu empiriul winadadebebs, aq mxolod analizi

WeSmaritebis garantias ver mogvcems, radgan sakuTriv msjelobis Sinaarsi

scildeba wminda cnebiT dones da imgvari momentebiT ivseba, romlebis

gamoclilebidan momdinareobs. amitom, empiriuli winadadebis WeSmariteba

empiriuli gziT unda dadgundes, ra mizniTac Cveulebriv verifikacia

gamoiyeneba. verifikaciamde analizs SeuZlia dagvarwmunos empiriuli

winadadebis WeSmaritebis pirobis realizaciaSi. xolo empiriuli winadadebis

WeSmaritebis piroba ki misi sazrisianobaa. swored es aris pasuxi kiTxvaze, ra

mimarTebaa winadadebis sazrisianobasa da WeSmaritebas Soris. imisaTvis, rom

winadadeba WeSmariti iyos, jer misi sazrisianobaSi unda davrwmundeT.

winadadebis sazrisianoba misi WeSmaritebis pirobaa.

24

WeSmaritebas faqtis WeSmaritebisagan. ver vityviT, rom aseTi diferencis

laibnicisaTvis miwera sruliad usafuZvloa, magram is ki usaTuod

xazgasasmelia, rom is garkveul dazustebas saWiroebs, Tuki, ra Tqma unda,

sakuTriv laibnicis Tvalsazrisi gvainteresebs. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mkacri

azriT, rogorc gonebis, aseve faqtis WeSmariteba, laibnicis TeoriiT, orive

gonebis sakuTrebaa da maT Soris ar aris iseTi mwvave konfliqti, rogorc amis

gamoxatvas gvavaldebulebs empirizmis da racionalizmis alternativebis

filosofiur-istoriuli Stampi. aRniSnuli viTarebis dauzusteblobas

SeiZleba mohyves uaresi gaugebroba faqtis WeSmaritebebTan dakavSirebiT,

radgan rogorc wesi faqtis WeSmaritebebi ufro grZnobebis sakuTrebad

iTvleba, vidre gonebisa da misi wyaro gamocdilebaSi unda veZeboT, rac kvlav,

Tuki Tavad laibnicze vilaparakebT da ara kantze an pozitivizmze, arasworia.

saqme is aris, rom gamocdilebas laibnicis epistemologiaSi ar miewereba codnis

wyaros funqcia. is SeiZleba ufro codnis dazustebis an misi verifikaciis

saSualebad iyos miCneuli.

analizuri debulebebis zemoT aRwerili buneba ufro farTod SegviZlia

gavigoT, vidre amas moiTxovs logikis mecniereba. arsebobs erT-erTi yvelaze

gavrcelebuli Tanamedrove dasavluri filosofiuri mimarTuleba —

analitikuri filosofia. analitikuri filosofia miuTiTebs imaze, rom

analizis procesi, sulerTia es analizi Seexeba logikur figurebs, Tu dazvervis

mier mowodebul informacias, mxolod mas Semdeg iwyeba, rac ukve mocemuli

gvaqvs gasaanalizebeli masala. arc erT analitikoss arsad ar hqonia faqtebis

mopovebasTan saqme. misi samuSao mxolod mas Semdeg iwyeba, rac ukve mocemulia

is, ris analizsac moiTxoven.

analizis aseTi buneba, vfiqrobT sakmaod gamWvirvale gaxda sinTezuri da

analizuri msjelobebis struqturis ganxilvidan gamomdinare. Zalze zogadad

rom vTqvaT, analizis procesi sxva araferia, Tu ara raime rTulis Semadgenel

nawilebad daSla da am nawilebis (romlebic, Cveulebriv manamde dafarulni

iyvnen) naTlad eqsplikacia. analizis meTodi mecnierebaSi ZvelaTaganve

arsebobs da amgvari mdgradi buneba mis araCveulebrivad nayofier xasiaTze

migvaniSnebs. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba analizis meTodis

sxvadasxva saxeebs Soris. yvelaze Zveli, metafizikuri analizis umartives

variantad unda miviCnioT atomistebis moZRvreba, romelic Cvens darwmunebas

imaSi cdilobda, rom samyaro sulac araa iseTi, rogorsac Cven mas aRviqvamT,

aramed warmoadgens Semadgeneli elementebis kombinaciebs. analizis saSualebiT

es mkvlevrebi cdilobdnen gasuliyvnen sagnobrivi realobis iseT umartives

Semadgenlebze, rogoricaa atomebi.

aq, albaT, unda davakonkretoT mosazreba, romelic met-naklebi sicxadiT iyo

gamoTqmuli zemoT. analitikuri filosofiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

warmomadgeneli, uisdomi erTmaneTisagan mijnavda spekulaturul kiTxvebs da

kiTxvebs, romlebzedac pasuxis gasacemad analizis meTodi saukeTesoa.

spekulaturia iseTi kiTxvebi, rogoricaa: “arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi?” “samyaroSi

sikeTe sWarbobs Tu boroteba?” “ra aris materiis ukanaskneli Semadgeneli

elementebi?” da a.S. spekulaciuri kiTxvebi Zalze mniSvnelovania im azriT, rom

maTze pasuxi mogvcems axal informacias CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.

maTgan gansxvavebiT, kiTxvebi romlebzedac pasuxisaTvisac Cven mivmarTavT

analizis meTods, ar gvawvdis axal codnas faqtebis Sesaxeb, aramed gvawvdis

ufro naTel codnas im faqtebze, romlebic CvenTvis ukve cnobilia. am

daxasiaTebidan uisdomi atarebda mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas spekulaciuri

kvlevasa da analitikas Soris da miuTiTebda, rom pirvelis mizani WeSmaritebaa,

xolo analizisa ki sicxade. mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom uisdomis SemoTavazebuli

daxasiaTeba rogorRac konotaciaSi modis Cvens zemo mtkicebasTan sinTezur-

analizuri msjelobebis dixotomiis konteqstSi, rodesac Cven vamtkicebdiT,

rom analizuri msjelobebi codnas ar zrdis da ar gvaZlebs axal codnas, aramed

mxolod ufro naTlad gvagebinebs imas, rac manamde ukve igulisxmeboda cnebaSi.

analizi, romelsac Cven davemyarebiT SemdgomSi, ra Tqma unda, ar aris

metafizikuri da mxolod enobrivi veliT SemoisazRvreba. emyareboda ra

propoziciuli aparatis funqcias, bertran raseli iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinc

13

metafizikuri analizidan enobriv analizze gadavida. riTac ar unda yofiliyo

motivirebuli aseTi gadasvla, CvenTvis savsebiT sakmarisia enobrivi analizis

erTi Taviseburaba: Cven SegviZlia ise gavaanalizoT raime koncepti, rom

saerTod

ar davsvaT Semadgeneli elementebis arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb da es

sakiTxi warmovadginoT ara Teoriuli da analizuri saqmianobis prerogativad,

aramed veirfikaciis problemad, romelic enis da yovelgvari enobrivis gareT

dgas. Tumca, amaze cota qvemoT visaubroT.

1. 4. daskvna

Cven dagvrCa logikis bolo sfero, bolo nawili, daskvnis Teoria. daskvnis is

saxeoba, romelic SeimuSava aristotelem kategoriuli silogizmis saxiT Cveni

miznebisaTvis savsebiT sakmarisia da amitom daskvnis Teoriis detalebs

damoukideblad aRar SevexebiT. zogadad SevgiZlia daskvna ganvsazRvoT Zlze

martivad ase _ ori msjelobis safuZvelaze miRebul axal mesame msjelobas

daskvna ewodeba. im msjelobebs, saidanac gamoiyvaneba axali mesame msjeloba

ewodeba wanamZRvrebi, xolo mesame daskvniT msjelobas ki danaskvni. nimuSad,

vTqvaT, SegviZlia aviRoT aseTi daskvna:

”yvela adamiani mokvdavia

sokrate adamiania

----------------------------

maSasadame, sokrate mokvdvia”

logikuri daskvnis saxeebze msjelobisas gverds ver auvliT gansxvavebas

induqciur da deduqciur daskvnebs Soris. aristoteles kategoriuli

silogizmi da mTlianad aristoteles lkogika icnobda mxolod deduqciur

daskvnas. deduqciuria daskvna, romlis danaskvni ufro zogdi wanamZRvaridan

gamoiyvaneba. deduqcias, am azriT, zogadidan kerZosaken mimavali gezi aqvs.

deduqciuri daskvnebi axlos dgas analizis procesTan da ZiriTadad analitikur

mecnierebebSi funqcionireben. maTgan gansxvavebiT, induqciuri mecniere-

bebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania induqciuri daskvnebi. es savsebiT bunebrivia,

radgan induqciuri daskvna mimarTulia kerZodan zogadisaken da arsebiTad

mopovebuli codnis ganzogadebas eweva. ganzogadoeba ki Zalze mniSvnelovania

empiriuli mecnierebisaTvis, romelic gamocdilebas emyareba da da pirveladi

Sexeba individualur sagnebTan aqvs. ganmeorebadoba anu regularoba bunebaSi

kanonis asociacias iwvevs. amitom mecnierebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania jer

daafiqsiros da Semdeg ganazogados bunebis regularobebi. magram am procesSi

induqciuri daskvnebiT miRebul codnas Sesabamisi nakli aqvs. saqme isaa, rom

singularuli msjelobebidan zogadze gadasvla xorcieldeba naxtomis

saSualebiT. swored es naxtomi warmoadgens induqciuri daskvnis sust wertils.

ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTi: davuSvaT vinme Semovida am auditoriaSi da daiwyo

gogonebis saxelebis gamokiTxva. gamokiTxvis SedegebiT yvela magistranti

gogonas saxeli aRmoCnda nana. am tipis gamokiTxva an Zieba aucileblad unda

SeCerdes sadme, Tuki saqme gvaqvs ara am auditoriaSi myofTa SezRuduli

raodenobis adamianebTan, aramed usasrulo raodenobis sagnebTan, romelTa

sruli dafarvisaTvis mkvlevars ubralod dro ar eyofa. iqedan, sadac mkvlevari

SeCerdeba, Tuki manamde man aRmoaCina, rom yvela gamokiTxulis saxelia nana,

gaakeTebs daskvnas, romelic emyareba naxtoms. is gaakeTebs daskvnas induqciuri

ganzogadoebisa, rom am qveyanaSi (auditoriaSi) yvela gogonas saxelia nana.

naxtomi, romelsac emyareba induqciuri daskvna, upirveles yovlisa exeba

daskvnaSi Semaval logiur operators _ ”yvela” — romelic danaskvns

absolutur zogadobas aniWebs. misi problematuroba isaa, mdgomareobs, rom

sakmarisia erTi sawinaaRmdego empiriuli ekzemplari aRmoCndes sadme, rom

mTeli daskvna yalbad gamocxaddes. es viTareba induqciis erT-erTi problemaa.

14

2. 3. sintaqsi

sintaqsuri xasiaTis Studiebi Tavdapirvelad axal droSi universaluri enis

kvlevis konteqstSi ganviTarda. rac Seexeba antikuri periodis enobriv da

logikur Studiebs sintaqsi enobriv segmentebs Soris yvelaze sustad

warmodgenili sfero iyo. arsebobda ramdenime mizezi imisa, ramac XVII saukunis

mkvlevrebis daintereseba gamoiwvia universaluri eniT. pirvel mizezad

asaxeleben mecnierebis, gansakuTrebiT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis ganvi-

Tarebas, rasac Tan sdevda laTinuri enis nacvled nacionaluri samecniero

enebis intensiuri gamoyeneba kvlevebSi. amgvarma viTarebam wamoWra interna-

cionaluri komunikaciis problema, radgan dacemis gzaze damdgari laTinuri

veRar asrulebda im enis funqcias, romelsac gamoiyenebda samecniero

sazogadoeba rogorc urTierTkontaqtebisaTvis, aseve Sromebis yvela evropeli

inteletqualisaTvis gasageb enaze gamosaqveyneblad. meore mizezi axali drois

racionalizmis zegavlenas unda mivaweroT. ramdenadac adamianis goneba

miCneuli iyo mravalferovani SemecnebiTi aqtivobebisaTvis igiveobriv instru-

mentad. aqedan dgeboda misi adeqvaturi da, rac mTavaria, sxvadasxva ada-

mianisaTvis identuri gamoxatvis saSualebis, racionaluri enis rekonstruqciis

moTxovna. da bolos, mesame mizezad, ufro religiur-moraluri xasiaTis

motivebs asaxeleben. kerZod, rogorc amis Sesaxeb wina Tavis bolo paragrafSi

visaubreT, unda aRmdgariyo e.w. adamis ena, ena romelzedac adami da RmerTi

saubrobdnen da romelic daviwyebuli iqna codvili adamianis moraluri

degradaciis Sedegad.

aRniSnul sam mizezs, Tumca ara izomorfulad, SegviZlia SevusabamoT am

amocans gadaWris sami mimarTuleba, romelic TandaTan gamoikveTa evropeli

swavlulebis saqmianobaSi:

(1)pirveli mimarTuleba miznad isaxavda Caweris universaluri sistemis

SemoRebas. ideis mixedviT, qaraqterebs (warmodgenilebs, Tundac rogorc

cifrobriv aRniSvnebs) unda gamoesaxaT rogorc realuri obieqtebi, aseve

adamianis azrebi am obieqtebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, qaraqterebs unda SeedginaT ara

axali enobrivi sistema, aramed mxolod maTi Caweris axali saxe, romelic misi

universalizmis wyalobiT wakiTxvadi iqneboda yvela nacionalur enaze. amgvar

proeqts safuZvlad edo Tvalsazrisi, romelic enobriv simboloebs realuri

sagnebis analogiiT ganixilavda.

(2) sxva proeqti ukve axali enis konstituirebas isaxavda miznad. es ena unda

gamxdariyo raRac esperantos msgavsi, mTeli Tanmxlebi atributebiT. am enis

SemuSavebisas mxedvelobaSi unda yofiliyo miRebuli evropuli bunebrivi enebis

struqtura, romelic garkveuli modelis rols Sesarulebda axali enis

konstruirebis procesSi.

(3) kidev erTi proeqti, romelic filosofosebis da lingvistebis

gamorCeuli yuradRebis sagani gaxda, literaturaSi cnobilia "filosofiuri

enis" saxelwodebiT. es proeqti Tavis mravalricxovan variaciebSi gulisxmobda

realobis mecnierul gaazrebas da dafiqsirebas, obieqtebis klasifikacias da

reprezentacias ikonuri saxis gamoTqmebSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,

raodenobrivad SesabamisobaSi movidodnen cnebebis raodenobasTan. amave dros,

gamoTqmebs unda gamoexataT Tvisebebi da daefiqsirebinaT cneba-obieqtebis

adgili enis ierarqiaSi.

aRwerili tipis enis yvelaze ufro srulyofili modelebi SeimuSaves

ingliselma swavlulebma, jorj dalgarnom (1661) da jon uilkinsma (1668). maTi

proeqtebi Seicavda sintaqsis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze saintereso, e.w.

filosofiuri gramatikis aRwerasac, romelSiac winadadebebis struqtura azris

struqturasTan iyo identificirebuli. unda iTqvas, rom filosofiuri

gramatikis kvleva mecnierTa nawilobriv damoukidebeli interesis sagani iyo da

is avtomaturad ar gulisxmobda masTan erTad universaluri enis

konstruirebas. aseTi iyo, magaliTad antonin arnos da klod lanselotis

gamokvlevebi, romlebic mxolod gramatikuli problemebiT SemoizRudebodnen

da ar cdilobdnen zogadad universaluri enis agebas.

23

niSnis gamoyenebis tipi, saxe, romelic ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva TamaSis

wesebiT. wesebis raodenoba am TeoriaSi ganusazRvrelad miiCneva;

3. graisis mniSvnelobis Teoria. es Teoria mniSvnelobas subieqtis

intenciebTan da ganzraxvebTan aigivebs. mniSvneloba aris molaparakis

ganzraxva Segvatyobinos esa da es. swored is faqti, rom metyvelebas

Tan axlavs aseTi ganzraxva molaparakisa, gamoarCevs mas xmaurisagan, an

sxva iseTi fizikuri movlenisagan, romelic SeiZleba TavisTavad

sulac ar iyos moklebuli mniSvnelobas;

4. ostonis mniSvnelobis Teoria, romelic enobriv mniSvnelobas gaigebs

enobrivi moqmedebis konteqstSi. ostinma SeinarCuna gviani vitgen-

Steinis TeoriisaTvis ganmsazRvreli wesebis fenomeni, Tumca wesebis

raodenobas sazRvari daudo da Camoayaliba sul xuTi wesi;

5. serlis mniSvnelobis Teoria, romelic yvelaze axlos dgas klasikur

konceptualizmTan da aris raRac saSualo vithenStein/ostinis

Teoriebsa da graisis doqtrinas Soris. serlis TeoriaSi arsebuli

mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli wesebi daiyvaneba ori tpis, regulatorul

da konstituciur wesebze;

6. da bolos, mniSvnelobis huserliseuli doqtrina, romelic calsaxad

afuZnebs mniSvnelobebis obieqturobas, magram amas akeTebs Taviseburi

platonizmis xarjze. visTvisac miuRebelia platonis ideebis Teoria,

misTvis miuRebeli unda iyos huserlis mniSvnelobis Teoriac.

mas Semdeg, rac gavatareT gansxvaveba ZiriTad semantikur elementebs Soris,

SegviZlia gadavideT maT enobriv adekvaciebze. konkretulad ra enobrivi

saSualebebi gvaqvs denotaciis gansaxorcieleblad? raselis deskripciis

Teoria migviTiTebs or ZiriTad enobriv saSualebaze. es aris sakuTari saxelebi

da deskripciuli frazebi. maT Soris gansxvaveba gamomdinareobs raselis mier

gatarebuli gansxvavebidan Semecnebis or saxes — nacnobobiT Semecnebasa da

aRweriT Semecnebas — Soris. sakuTari saxeli funqcionirebs uSualo Semecnebis

SemTxvevaSi. “daviTi”, “parizi”, “CineTi” sakuTari saxelebia da imisaTvis, rom maT

TavianTi funqcia warmatebiT ganaxorcielon sakmarisia Cveni uSualo warmod-

gena Sesabamis obieqtebze. misgan gansxvavebiT, deskripciuli frazebi aRweriTi

codnis enobrivi saxeebia. imisaTvis, rom deskripciulma frazam mizans miaRwios,

man unda miaweros misTvis saintereso movlenas an sagans imgvari gamorCeuli Tvi-

seba, romelic sakmarisi iqneboda am sagnis an movlenis usasrulo simravlidan

gamosayofad. zemoT moyvanili ciuri sxeulis aRmniSvneli frazebi axlaxans

aRwerili viTarebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenen. “venera”, ra Tqma unda, saku-

Tari saxelia, romelic Sesabamisi varskvlavze uSualo warmodgenas saWiroebs.

igive obieqti aRiniSneba kidev ori deskripciuli fraziT, romelTagan erTi

gvarwmunebs, rom es erTaderTi varskvlavia, romelic diliT SeviZlia davinaxoT,

xolo meore igive varskvlavs saRamos gamoCenis msgavs niSans miawers.

Temis amowurvamde, minda gavixseno diskusia, romelic fregesa da raselis

mimdevrebs Soris arsebobda deskripciul frazebTan da sakuTar saxelebTan

dakavSirebiT. saqme isaa, rom raselisagan gansxvavebiT, frege uaryofda

sakuTari saxelebis damoukidebel xasiaTs. is miiCnevda, rom yoveli sakuTari

saxeli faruli deskripciuli frazaa. magaliTad, Tu Cven gamoviyenebT, sakuTar

saxels “aristoteles”, gvarwmunebda frege, am frazas damoukidebeli mniSvne-

loba ki ar hqonda, aramed mxolod saSualeba iyo imisaTvis, rom CvenTvis

moegonebina romelime deskripciuli fraza, vTqvaT “logikis Semqmneli” an

“aleqsandre didis maswavlebeli”, romlebic realurad igulisxmebian mocemuli

sakuTari saxelis qveS. freges es pozicia, ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelobas moklebuli

rodia, magram is warmoadgens ufro farTo Tvalsazrisis dakonkretebas, romlis

analizic scildeba Cveni interesis miznebs.

22

zemoT ukve avRniSneT, rom logikis mecniereba gvTavazobs kanonebs,

romlebic Secdomis Tavidan acilebis mxolod formalur garantiebs iZleva. aq

moviyvanT logikis oriode kanons, romlebic am Teziss gaamarTdebs. minda aqve

mogaxsenoT, rom es kanonebi aristoteles droidan momdinareobs da, rom, cxadia,

am kanonebiT ar amoiwureba Tanamedrove logikis analizurad miRebuli

kanonebis arsenali. logikuri kanonebi Zalze bevria, Tumca isini, romlebic

aristotelem Camoayaliba, Cveni azrovnebisaTvis, maT Soris yvelaze

mniSvnelovania.

pirvelad SegviZlia ganvixiloT winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni. es

kanoni SegviZlia CamovayaliboT Semdegi saxiT: ”SeuZlebelia, rom erTi da igive

ram, erTsa da imave dros, erTi da igive mimarTebiT erTdroulad iyos da ar

iyos kidevac”. kanonis srulyofilad gagebisaTvis, SevxedoT mis Semadgenel

elementebs meti yuradRebiT. kanoni laparakobs erTi da igive nivTis an movlenis

SeuZleblobaze, erTsa da imave dros da erTi da igive mimarTebiT. anu

SeuZlebelia mavani erTsa da imave dros iyos da ar iyos kidevac studenti, Torem

sxvadasxva dros ra Tqma unda amgvari ram savsebiT SesaZlebelia. msgavsad amisa,

ralarakia erTi da imave mimarTebiT raRacis SeuZleblobaze, Torem sxvadasxva

mimarTebiT erTi da igive pirovneba erTsa da imave dros SeiZleba atarebdes da

Semdeg ar atarebdes raime Tvisebas, vTqvaT, Tu erTi mimarTebiT piri aris

studenti, sxva mimarTebiT ara studenti, aramed deda da a.S.

principSi, Zalze zogadad, kanoni amtkicebs da moiTxovs winaaRmdegobis

ararsebobas. zemoT iTqva, rom aristotelesaTvis logikis kanonebi ara mxolod

azrovnebis principebia, aramed yofierebis fundamenturi gansazRvrulobebic.

amitom winaaRmdegobis ararsebobis moTxovna aq Seexeba rogorc azrovnebas,

aseve sinamdvilesac. davakonkretoT kanoni orive mimarTulebiT: maSin, sinam-

dvilesTan mimarTebiT is gveubneba, rom SeuZlebelia samyaroSi raRac

erTdroulad iyos da arc iyos kidevac. azrovnebis segmentSi kanoni gveubneba,

rom SeuZlebelia erTdroulad vamtkicoT raRac da misi sapirispiroc.

aviRoT axla aristoteles kidev erTi, anu gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni. es

kanoni TTiTqos wina kanonis gagrZelebas da dakonkretebas warmoadgens.

gamoricxuli mesamis principi ambobs: sagani an aris, an ar aris. mesame

gamoricxulia. igive kanons WeSmaritebis konteqstSi aseTi JReradoba eqneba:

msjeloba ar WeSmaritia an yalbi, mesame gamoricxulia. gamoricxuli mesamis

kanoni mWidrod ukavSirdeba aristoteles WeSmaritebis orfasobis princips da

am principTan erTad qmnis mTel konceptualur karkass codnis

funqcionirebisaTvis.

2.semiotikis elementebi

semiotika Tavisi zogadi definiciiT aris niSanTa zogadi Teoria. niSnis

gamoyenebis procesi semiozisis procesad iwodeba. niSnebis mimarT Cveni

interesi gamowveulia enisadmi interesiT. saqme isaa, rom enis sxvadasxva

gansazRvrebaTagan Cven vamjobinebT gansazRvrebas, romelsac iZleva

Sveicarieli enaTmecnieri, ferdinand de sosiuri. sosiuris mixedviT, ena aris

niSanTa sistema. aqedan, ramdenadac ena niSanTa sistemaa, xolo analizis procesi

CvennTvis sxva araferia, Tu ara enobriv niSnebTan manipulireba, bunebrivia Cveni

daintereseba im mecnierebiT, romelic swavlobs niSnebs da maT funqcionalur

mxares zogadad. aseTi mecniereba ki, rogorc iTqva, aris semiotika. miuxedavad am

identuri elementebisa, Cven mainc ar migvaCnia marTebulad niSanTa Teoriis

sruli gaigiveba enobrivi niSnebis Semswvlel mecnierebasTan. saqme isaa, rom

Cveni warmodgeniT, ena gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomenia da amitom

umarTebuloa misi sruli gaigiveba niSanTa sistemasTan. amgvari gaigivebis

safuZvelze xSirad msjeloben xolme ”cxovelTa enaze”, ”manqanebis enaze” d a> S.

es da msgavsi gamoTqmebi ufro metaforebi gvgonia da swored amitom miviCnevT

saWirod enis mimarT ufro viwro kvalifikaciebs.

15

semiotikis damfuZneblad iTvleba amerikeli mecnieri Carlz uiliam morisi.

misi naSromi, romelSiac avtori semiotikis zogad safuZvlebs aRwers, aris

”niSanTa Teoriis safuZvlebi” (”Theory of Foundation of Signs”). am SromaSi

semiozisis procesi morisma sam ZiriTad nawilad dayo. es nawilebia semantika,

sintaqsi da pragmatika. SemdgomSi Cven SevinarCunebT am dayofas da SevecdebiT

saTiTaod davaxasiaToT semiotikis Semadgeneli disciplinebi. Tumca, jer

sjobia oriode sityviT SevexoT semiotikis istorias.

marTlia semiotika sxvebTan SedarebiT axalgazrda mecnierebaa, magram

semiotikis calkeul mxareebze sxvadasxva periodSi muSavdeboda Zalze

saintereso mosazrebebi. es Tvalsazrisebi marTalia SemuSavebuli iyo an enis

Teoriis, SesaZloa misi mxolod gramatikuli mxaris Semadgenel nawilad, an

logikisa, magram isini yvela SemTxvevaSi yuradRebas imsaxureben CvenTvis

saintereso kuTxiT.

antikur periodSi, niSnebis funqcionirebiT erT-erTi pirvelebi, TavianTi

logikuri gamokvlevebis farglebSi stoelebi dainteresdnen. semiotikis

sxvadasxva saintereso mxare sakmaod intensiurad ganixileboda Sua

saukuneebSiac. axal droSi problemas mniSvnelovanwilad mohfina naTeli

laibnicma, romelsac Cven sxvebze ukeT vicnobT da neba momeciT, warmovadgino

erTi CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi misi niSanTa Teoriidan. upirveles

yovlisa, gvinda daviwyoT termin niSnis daxasiaTebiT.

2. 1. termini "niSani"

garda Tavisi epoqis avtorebisa, romelTa teqstebsac laibnici kargad

icnobs, misi niSnis Teoria davalebulia sqolasturi ideebiTac. Toma aqvinelma,

okamma da albert zaqselma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes niSnis Teoriis rigi

sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi Sexedulebebi niSnebis

bunebisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb umTavresad gadabmuli iyo logikuri an

lingvisturi xasiaTis SromebTan da ar hqondaT wminda semiotikuri daniSnuleba,

am avtorebma gamoimuSaves met-naklebad msgavsi Sexedulebebi, romelTac

"semiotikuri JReradoba" gaaCniaT. sqolastikis periodis teqstebSi gamoikveTa

niSanTa oTxwevrovani struqtura, romlis elementebia (a) Tavad niSnebi, e.i.

iseTi grZnobad-aRqmadi saSualebebi, romlebic sxvaze migviTiTeben; (b) sagnebi,

romlebzedac migviTiTeben niSnebi; (g) gamaSualebeli Sinaarsi, raSiac

xorcieldeba miTiTeba saganze da, bolos (d) informacia, Sinaarsi, romelic

nawvdomia niSnis mier. niSnebis amgvari funqciebi arc laibnicisaTvis iyo ucxo.

gviansqolastur periodSi, niSnis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, ganakuTrebiT

saintereso iyo domenikaneli beris, banesiusis 1600 wels kiolnSi gamocemuli

saxelmZRvanelo "Institutiones minores dialectiae", romelSiac logikuri wesebis garda

dawvrilebiT iyo mimoxiluli niSnebis buneba, saxeebi da funqciebi. ufro gvian

klod lanselotma, romelic kargad icnobda sqolastur literaturas niSnebis

Sesaxeb, maTi definiciebis umravlesoba ucvlelad gadaitana Tavis naSromSi

"Grammarie generale et raisonnee"(1660).

Tavad laibnicis mier SemoTavazebuli niSnis zogadi ganmartebac advilad

SeiZleba gvepovna zemoT aRniSnuli avtorebidan romelimesTan:

"niSani iseTi aRqmadi saSualebaa, saidanac vakeTebT

daskvnas araRqmulis arsebobis Sesaxeb".

laibnicis am gansazRvrebaSi ZiriTadia ara aRqmadsa da araaRqmads Soris

urTierTobis faqti, aramed is, rom yoveli niSani mis gareT arsebul im obieqtze

migviTiTebs, romelic Tavisi bunebiT gansxvavdeba niSnisagan. niSnis meore

Tavisebureba, rogorc gansazRvreba gviCvenebs, aris misi grZnobadi xasiaTi.

imisaTvis, rom niSanma SeZlos miTiTeba raime sxvaze, is grZnobadad unda

mogveces, gamocdilebis sagani gaxdes. amgvari niSani SeiZleba arsebobdes

rogorc bunebrivad, aseve iyos mizandasaxulad Seqmnili adamianis mier. niSnebis

16

fildi, romelmac amerikul lingvistikaSi ara mxolod daamkvidra antimentalis-

turi ganwyobebi, aramed Teoriulad daafuZna antimentalizmi. biheviorizmi

rogorc mimdinareoba fsiqologiaSi aris ukiduresi empirizmis gamoxatuleba,

romelic moiTxovs fsiqologiis mecnierebidan gavaZevoT yvela is fenomeni da

cneba, romelic ki ar eqvemdebareba empirul deskripcias. aseTi cneba

biheviorizmisaTvis upirveles yovlisa aris “fsixes”, anu sulis cneba. suli,

rogorc Zveli metafizikuri kategoria ar eqvemdebareba verifikacias. is rac

gveZleva gamocdilebaSi, aris ara suli, aramed adamianis qceva, romelic

SeiZleba aRiweros da gaizomos. aqedan, bihevioristebi moiTxoven fsiqologiis

qcevaTmecnierebiT Secvlas. raRac msgavsi ram ganaxorciela blumfildma

enaTmecnierebaSi. misi azriT aqamdeli enaTmecnierebisaTvis Zalze mniSvne-

lovani iyo enis materialuri mxaris garda idealur mxareze saubari, saubari e.w.

mniSvnelobebze da sazrisebze, romlebic gagebuli iyo azrismier fenomenebad.

blumfildis mcdeloba enidan ganedevna idealuri araempiriuli movlenebi,

romelic Tavis Tavad CvenTvis miuRebelia, ar aris moklebuli logikur

Tanmimdevrulobas da ar JRers absurdulad. mas arsad ar uTqvams, rom

adamianebs ara aqvT azrebi da rom Cveni sulieri samyaro sruliad moklebulia

yovelgvar idealurs. Tavisi poziciis gansamtkiceblad, igi iyenebs e.w. “okamis

samarTebelis” arguments, romelic enis konteqstSi amgvarad JRers: Tu me

SemiZlia ori ZiriTadi postulatidan _ stimul-reaqciidan da bgerebis

gamoTqmidan avago enis Teoria, ratom unda gavakeTo kidev erTi daSveba idea-

luri mentaluri obieqtebis xarjze. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, blumfildisa

da misi mimdevari antimentalistebis semantika yovelTvis orfenovania da

gulisxmobs mxolod aRmniSvnels (bgerebis kompleqsi) da aRsaniSns. rac Seexeba

mniSvnelobas, rogorc azrismier obieqts, amgvari ram antimentalistebTan ar

arsebobs da aq mniSvneloba aRsaniSns emTxveva.

axla ganvixiloT oTxfenovani semantikis nimuSad huserlis lingvisturi

doqtrina. huserls SenarCunebuli aqvs yvela is elementi, romelic Cven

samfenovan semantikaSi aRvwereT erTi niuansis dmatebiT: is erTmaneTisagan

asxvavebs fsiqikurs da idealurs. sametyvelo procesSi CarTulia orive maTgani,

magram sxvadasxvanairad. Tu me vamtkiceb, rom “magida TeTria”, maSin Cems mier

enis gamoyenebas Tan axlavs garkveuli fsiqikui procesi, romelic metyvelebis

momentSi avsebs Cemi bgerebis Sinaarseul mxares. magram metyveleba SeuZlebeli

iqneboda, gvarwmunebs huserli, mis garda, rom ar arsebobdes idealuri

“magidobis” da “siTeTris” mniSvnelobebic. es mniSvnelobebi fsiqikuri proce-

sebisagan TavianTi zedrouli, idealuri xasiaTiT gansxvavdebian. isini ar

arseboben droSi, radgan wminda SesaZleblobebs warmoadgenen da warmoadgenen

SesaZleblobas imisa, rom me gamoviyeno gamoTqmebi “magida” da “TeTri”. serli

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs mniSvnelobas da mniSvneladobas. enobrivi niSani

metyvelebis procesSi mniSvneladobs Tavisi fsiqologiuri modusiT, magram is

mniSvneladobs idealuri mniSvnelobis xarjze, romelic gansazRvravs ara mis

arsebobas, aramed SesaZleblobas.

amrigad, arsebobs orfenovani, samfenovani da oTxfenovani semantikebi.

gansxvavebebi maT Soris gamowveulia sxvdasxva zogadTeoriuli, zog SemTxvevaSi,

sulac zogadfilosofiuri mizezebiT da maTiT daintereseba ufro Sesabamisi

motivaciiT unda ganisazRvros da ara imgvari ganzraxulobebiT, rogoric Cven

gvaqvs semantikis da zogadad enobrivi analizis mimarT.

gansxvavebuli semantikuri Teoriebis ufro sruli dxaiaTebisaTvis, neba

momeciT ganvixilo gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis Teoriebic. amasTan, aq saqme

Seexeba sakuTriv mniSvnelobis bunebis gagebas, damoukideblad imisagan, Tu

rogor aris gaSlili enobrivi niSani semantikur WrilSi. am miTiTebis kvalad,

SegviZlia gamovyoT, mniSvnelobis ramdenime tipi:

1. adreuli vitgenSteinis mniSvnelobis Teoria. es Teoria axlos dgas

asaxvis doqtrinasTan, Tumca inarCunebs specifikasac. mniSvneloba

misTvis gaigivebulia aRmniSvnelTan SesatyvisobaSI myof saganTan;

2. mniSvnelobis funqcionalisturi Teoria, romelic gisn vitgenSteins

ekuTvnis. es Teoria miiCnevs, rom gamoTqmis mniSvneloba aris enobrivi

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tikaSi arseboba, misi Rrma rwmeniT, amgvari eqstrapolaciis saSualebas iZleoda.

niSanTa srulyofili Teoria, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovani nabiji unda

yofiliyo mecnierebaTa maTematizaciis (laibnicis gagebiT, ra Tqma unda) gzaze.

niSnis SemoTavazebul daxasiaTebas laibnicis mier, gvinda dazustebisa da

ganmartebis saxiT davamatoT principuli gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs niSans

da simbolos Soris, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Cven momavalSi saqme gveqneba

mxolod niSnebTan da ara simboloebTan. niSani, rogor definiciasac ar unda

aZlevdes mas esa Tu is avtori, im obieqtTan mimarTebaSi, romelsc is aRniSnavs,

yovelTvis aris raRac sxva maSin, rodesac simbolosa da imas Soris, risi

simboloc is aris ar arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba.

2. 2. semantika

semantika aris semiotikis pirveli da istoriulad yvelaze adre

damuSavebuli nawili. semantika swavlobs niSanTa Sinaarsobriv mxares. semantika

arkvevs enobrivi niSnebis Sinaarsobriv mxares. misi ZiriTadi kategriaa

“mniSvneloba”. semantikis bunebis gasacnobad saWirod migvaCnia enobrivi niSani

warmovadginoT semantikur WrilSi da misi analizis saSualebiT gamovkveToT

umniSvnelovanesi semantikuri erTeulebi. enobrivi niSnebis zemoT mocemuli

farTo daxasiaTebis Sinaarsisagan ganyenebiT aq SevTanxmdeT, rom enobrivi niSani

aris semantikuri analizis bazisuri erTeuli d is ar unda gavigoT arc sityvis

da, miT ufri arc calkeuli asos analogiiT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi enobrivi niSani

SeiZleba daemTxves calkeul sityvas, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki mTel frazas. yvela

SemTxvevaSi enobrivi niSani imgvari semantikuri erTeulia, romlis Semdgomi

azriani danawevreba aRar SeiZleba. amgvarad gagebuli enobrivi niSnida SeiZleba

gamoiyos Semdegi elementebi: aRmniSvneli, aRsaniSni da mniSvneloba.

gavaanalizoT TiToeuli elementi cal-calke.

enobrivi niSnis aRmniSvneli mxare (“denoting” — aqedan qarTul

sityvaTxmarebaSi SeiZleba SegvZvdes — “denotati”) niSnis materialur mxares

warmoadgens. enobrivi niSnebi aucileblad materialuri saxiT unda iyvnen

gamoxatulni, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes maTi saSualebiT komunikacia. sxva gza

adamianebs ubralod ar gaaCniaT (Tu, ra Tqma unda, iogebis msgavs

telekomunikacias, rodesac maTi mtkicebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba manZilze rCeul

adamianTa Soris azrebis uSualo gaziareba). aRmniSvneli SeiZleba iyos

dawerili, gamoTqmuli, wakiTxuli an mosmenili. yvela SemTxvevaSi figurirebs

niSnis materialuri garsi. aRmniSvneli aris is, rac warmoadgens enobriv

niSans da axorcielebs ama Tu im obieqtis aRniSvnas.

niSnis meore struqturuli elementia aRsaniSni (“designing” — aqedan qarTul

sityvaTxmarebaSi SeiZleba SegvZvdes — “designati”). aRsaniSni sxva araferia,

Tu ara is obieqti, romelsac aRmniSvneli aRniSnavs. aseTi obieqti SeiZleba

iyos rogorc sinamdvilis sagani, aseve Cveni azrovnebis ganyenebuli obieqti.

enas unari qvs orive SemTxvevaSi wrmatebiT ganaxorcielos denotacia. mimarTeba

aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris ar aris simetriuli. umetes SemTxvevebSi, aRm-

niSvneli da aRsaniSni erTi-erTze emTxveva erTmaneTs. magram aris gansxvavebuli

SemTxvevebic, rogorc, magaliTad, “dilis varskvlavis”, “saRamos varskvlavis”

da “veneras” SemTxvevaSi. samive aRmniSvnels aq erTaderTi aRsaniSni ciuri

sxeuli aqvs.

da bolos, niSnis mesame struqturuli elementi aris mniSvneloba, anu is

wesi, romliTac aRminSvneli aRniSnavs aRsaniSns. SegviZlia aviRoT mniSvne-

lobis sxva definiciac. mis mixedviT, mniSvneloba iqneba aRsaniSnis Sesatyvisi

idealuri obieqti, romelic aRmniSvnelis Sinaarseul mxares warmoadgens.

axla warmodgenili enobrivi niSnis semantikuri struqtura samelementian an

samfenovan semantikas gulisxmobs. semantika amis garda SeiZleba iyos orelemen-

tiani da oTxelementiani. orelementiani an orfenovania, magaliTad, yvela bihe-

vioristuli semantika. SevCerdeT am sakiTxze ramdenadme ufro dawvrilebiT.

bihevioristuli lingvistikis udidesi warmomadgeneli iyo leonard blum-

20

erT yvelaze did jgufs, mis empiriul mocemulobaSi grafikul-optikuri saxe

aqvT. laibnici maT "qaraqterebs" uwodebs. maTze dawvrilebiT aq ar SevCerdebiT,

Tumca davsZenT, rom zogjer "qaraqterebis" nacvlad, igive mniSvnelobiT

laparakoben xolme "sityva-niSnebze" an "cneba-niSnebze" da sxv. msgavsi

terminebis ZiriTad daniSnulebas azrebis gamoxatva warmoadgens.

niSnebis zemoT aRweril oTxwevrovan funqcionalur struqturas

laibnicisaTvis ufro zogadi suraTis warmomdgenis pretenzia aqvs, vidre

savaldebulosi. niSanTa mis struqturul elementebs ara aqvT normatiuli

xasiaTi. anu, Tuki arsebobs samwevra an, gnebavT, orwevra semantikuri

mimarTebebi aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris, es sulac ar metyvelebs aseT

mimarTebebSi CarTuli niSnebis defeqturobaze. magaliTad, maTemetikur

operaciebSi gamoyenebuli niSnebi ar migviTiTeben sagnebze am sityvis

Cveulebrivi mniSvnelobiT. "geometriul qaraqteristikebSi" (1679) laibnici

aRniSnavda, rom kalkulaciebSi monawileobiT niSnebs uwevT urTierToba

sagnebTan, romelTa ontologiuri statusi aris "entia rationis cum fundamento in re".

niSnebi mravali saxisaa. maT Soris laibnici CamoTvlis asoebs, sityvebs,

qimiur formulebs, astronomiul aRniSvnebs da Cinuri damwerlobis simboloebs,

ieroglifebs, musikalur notebs, ariTmetikul, algebrul da sxva saxis niSnebs,

romelTac Cveni azrovneba sagnebis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs.

ramdenadac grafikul-optikuri niSnebis did simravle arsebobs, laibnici

gulmodgined swavlobda TiToeuli maTganis SesaZleblobebs da cdilobda

Tavisi miznebisaTvis SeerCia saukeTeso. amiT aris gamowveuli is viTareba, rom

sxvadasxva periodSi erTi da igive problemis analizisas laibnici sruliad

sxvadasxvagvar aRniSvnebs iyenebs. ase magaliTad, axalgazrdobaSi, "kombina-

torul xelovnebaSi", is iyenebda cifrebs, laTinur, berZnul da ebraul asoebs.

ufro gvian periodSi, man araerTi siaxle Seitana Caweris sistemaSi, rac kargad

Cans misi werilidan boineburgisadmi, romelSiac silogisturi figurebis

gamosaxva nacadia geometriuli figurebiT. msgavsi ram gvxvdeba 1686 da 1690

wlebis periodis kalkulaciebSi. arsebobs piruku mcdelobebic, rodesac

geometriuli figurebi gamooisaxeba asoebisa da relaciebis saSualebiT. aseTia,

magaliTad, misi "nalisis situs" (1679). erT-erTi mniSvnelovani azri, romelic

amgvari "eqsperimentis" ukan unda davinaxoT, mdgomareobs laibnicis ganzraxvaSi

warmoadginos maTematikuri, ufro zustad, geometriuli obieqtebi maTTvis

ufro bunebriv, idealur mdgomareobasTan axlo mdgomi saxiT, vidre es xdeba

Cvveulebriv am obieqtebis grZnobad-aRqmadi saxiT gamosaxvisas. ufro gviani

periodis teqstebSi TandaTanobiT izrdeba maTematikuri operaciebis ZiriTad

niSnebad asoebis SerCevis tendencia.

kidev erTi motivacia, rac laibnicis mier niSanTa gamudmebuli Ziebisa da

gadasinjvis wyaro iyo, ganpirobebulia niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris kavSiris

TviTneburi xasiaTiT. laibnici cdilobda maTi kavSiri ufro myar niadagze

daemyarebina.

'"Cven rom SegvZleboda SesaniSnavi bunebrivi TavdaWeriloba

gamogveCina, araviTari abstraqtuli azrebi ar gveqneboda,

romlebic grZnobadi movlenebisaTvisaa saWiro, msgavsad

imisa, rogorc gviwevs gamoviyenoT iseTi niSnebi, rogoric

asoebi da bgerebia miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs

araviTari aucilebeli kavSiri rig TviTnebur niSnebsa da

aseTive azrebs Soris"

msgavsi mosazrebebis safuZvelze, erTi periodi, laibnici piqtogramebiT

dainteresda da fiqrobda, rom suraTebrivi msgavseba, gamosaxviTi mimarTeba

aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris moxsnida TviTnebur SerCevas. piqtogramas

bundovani sagani naTeli unda gaexada misi Tanmxlebi cxadi gamosaxvis

saSualebiT. erTgan is xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom piqtogramebi, gamosaxvis

geometriuli figurebis msgavsad, Seicaven msgavsebas imasTan, rasac isini

gamosaxaven. aseT niSnebze gadasvla laibnics samomavlod hqonda Cafiqrebuli im

mizniT, rom yvela sxva SemTxveviTi da TviTneburi niSnebi TandaTanobiT

eliminirebuli yofiliyo mecnierebidan. igive zogadi mosazrebebi edo

safuZvlad laibnicis dainteresebas Cinuri damwerlobiT da Semdgom ufro

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zogadad Cinuri kulturiT.

niSnebis aseTi erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqcia Cveni azrebis reprezentaciaa,

radgan rogorc Tavad laibnici SeniSnavda azri Sesabamisi niSnis gareSe

SeuZlebelia:

"yoveli adamianuri azri xorcieldeba garkveuli niSnebis anu

qaraqterebis meSveobiT. mizezi amisa is aris, rom ara mxolod

Tavad sagnebi, aramed maTi warmodgenebi ar aris xolme da arc

SeiZleba iyos gonebis mier yovelTvis cxadad aRqmuli: amitom

SemoklebisaTvis maT nacvlad niSnebi gamoiyeneba" laibnicis moyvanili

sityvebi, Tuki maT ganvixilavT niSnis da azris mimarTebis funqcionaluri

kuTxiT, ramdenime TvalsazrisiT aris saintereso. niSnis upirvelesi funqcia,

rogorc vxedavT Sekvecaa. azrebis da warmodgenebis zusti dafiqsireba adamianis

gonebas yovelTvis rodi SeuZlia. amitom, zogjer, azris nakadi Sekvecas

saWiroebs, rac niSnebiT xorcieldeba. warmodgenebis da azrebis Sekveca

TviTmizani ki ar aris, aramed aucilebeli samuSaoa imisaTvis, rom niSanma

ganaxorcielos Tavisi meore ZiriTadi funqcia, azrebis fiqsireba. Tavis mxriv,

rogorc Sekveca, aseve azris fiqsireba SegviZlia niSnebis mnemonikur funqcias

mivakuTvnoT, romelic orives aerTianebs. da bolos mesame da SesaZloa yvelaze

arsebiTi funqcia romelsac axorcielebs niSani, Semecnebiseulia da is

mniSvnelobis konstitucias gulisxmobs. mniSvneloba laibnicisaTvis arc

azrovnebiT da arc warmosaxvis ZaliT ar SeiZleba amoiwuros, radgan es mesame

funqcia damoukideblad ki ar arsebobs azrebTan da warmosaxvebTan mimarTebaSi,

aramed moicavs niSnebis or, zemoT aRweril funqcias. niSnebis am sam

funqcionalur anu pragmatul elements Soris mkacri subordinacia arsebobs.

maTi sxvagvari, e.i. araswori, araTanmimdevruli rigi ukve garantiaa cnebaTa

aRrevisa da dabneulobisa.

ufro konkretulad, ra rols asrulebs ufro mniSvnelobis konstruqciaSi?

niSnis am funqcias, romelsac laibnici zogjer "exprimere"-s da zogjerac

"repraesentare"-s uwodebs, igi adarebs azrovnebis unars. laibnici SeniSnavs,

rom zogjer savsebiT SesaZlebelia meTodurad, nabij-nabij saganTan mivideT,

magram miuxedavad amisa mainc ar vflobdeT mis ideas. unda arsebobdes raRac,

rac ara mxolod migviyvanda saganTan, aramed am sagnis gamosaxvis saSualebasac

mogvcemda. azrovneba, romelic am SemTxvevaSi cnebis gamoxatvazea gadatanili,

Tumca misulia saganTan, magram am ukanasknelis gamoxatva mxolod niSnis

saSualebiT SeuZlia. aviRoT viTareba, rodesac meTodurad gamoTvlili da

gamoxatulia wrfis kveTa. igive SeiZleba hiperbolasaTvisac iyos gamosadegi ise,

rom mis ideaze saerTod ar vsaubrobdeT. swored aseT SemTxvevaSi gvWirdeba

Cveni azrovnebis sagnis sxva msgavsi sagnebidan calke gamoyofa da dafiqsireba

specialuri aRniSvnis saSualebiT, rasac azrovneba niSnebis gamoyenebiT

axorcielebs, rodesac is Tavis obieqts warmoidgens rogorc swored "wrfis

kveTas". ramdenadac amgvari niSniT konstituirebuli sagani xelmisawvdomia

yvelasaTvis, visac ki am niSnis gageba SeuZlia, amdenad SegviZlia visaubroT

komunikaciaze codnis urTierTgaziarebis TvalsazrisiT. amrigad, Tu

SevajamebT niSnebis funqciebs codnasTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, gamoiyofa

sami mTavari funqcia: mnemonuri, azris makonstruirebeli da komunikaciuri

funqciebi. rogorc burkxardi samarTlianad SeniSnavs, gamoTqmebis mnemonur da

komunikaciur funqciebze laibnicamde hobsma warmoadgina gaSlili daxasiaTeba

naSromSi "sxeulebis Sesaxeb", xolo laibnici ki, hobsis Sromebs Zalian kargad

icnobda. niSnebis mnemonuri funqciisaTvis hobss hqonda specialuri terminebi,

"notae" an "marques", xolo komunikaciurs aRniSnavda gamoTqmebiT "signum" an

"signae".

kutiura "laibnicis logikaSi" (gv. 81 ) da burkxardti gamoTqvamen mosazrebas,

rom laibnici erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda agreTve referenciul da

inferenciul niSnebs. referenciuli niSnebis ZiriTadi funqcia obieqtebis

swori aRniSvnaa. amis nimuSs warmoadgens qimiis da astronomiis niSnebi. maTgan

gansxvavebiT, ariTmetikuli da algebruli niSnebi mxolod obieqtebis aRniSvniT

ki ar Semoifarglebian, aramed CarTulni arian gamomdinareobis operaciebSic.

18

Sesabamisad, maT laibnici inferenciul niSnebs uwodebda.

zogierT teqstSi niSnis denotaciuri (cxadia es termini laibnics ar hqonda)

funqciis aRwerisas, laibnici gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs niSnis mimarTebas ara

imdenad saganTan, ramdenadac cnebasTan. SesaZloa es gamovlena iyos imisa, rom

zemoT aRwerili oTxadgiliani semantikisagan gansxvavebiT, laibnici

samadgilian semantikas emyareba. am semantikaSi gzamkvlevis funqcia SeiZleba

itvirTos niSnis kidev erTma, amjerad ramdenadme gansxvavebulma gansazRvrebam,

romelic xSirad mohyavT komentatorebs:

"niSani (signum) aris is, rasac Cven axla aRviqvamT da rac

mis garda Cveni sakuTari an sxvisi gamocdilebis

safuZvelze mTlianad sxvasTan dakavSirebulad gaiazreba".

am sam adgiliani semantikis ZiriTadi instrumentariebia: saxeli (niSani) -

cneba (idea) - sagani. Tanac wminda denotaciur doneze, kriterialur funqcias

asrulebs niSnis da cnebis SesaZlebloba (arawinaaRmdegobrioba) - SeuZlebloba

(winaaRmdegobrioba) da ara WeSmariteba-siyalbe, romelic pirvelad saqmeSi

Semodis msjelobasTan dakavSirebiT.

laibnici Tvlida, rom bunebrivi sametyvelo enis niSnebi sagnebTan

mimarTebiT sruliad TviTneburad aris dakavSirebuli. SemdgomSi,

etimilogiuri analizis saSualebiT man gamoikvlia sityvebis onomatopoeturi

gavrcelebis specifika, erT enaze mezobeli enebis zegavlenis mizezebi da Zala

da mivida daskvnamde, rom bunebrivi enebis aRniSvnebi da obieqtebi, romelTac

isini afiqsireben, arc TviTneburia da arc aucilebeli, aramed yovelTvis

motivirebuli.

marius nizoliusis Sromis winaswarsityvaoba erTaderTia, romelSiac

laibnicma met-naklebad koncentrirebuli saxiT gadmosca Tavisi Sexedulebebi

bunebrivi enebis Sesaxeb. swored am winasityvaobaSi aqebs is germanuli enis

filosofiur SesaZleblobebs, romelsac is am mizniT TiTqmis ar iyenebda. igive

winasityvaobaSi laibnici bunebrivi enis ZiriTad amocanas ara imdenad WeS-

mariteba-siyalbis gamoxatvasa da ZiebaSi iazrebs, ramdenadac ufro hermenev-

tikul ganzomilebaSi. bunebrivi ena, upirveles yovlisa, gagebis instrumentia.

Sesabamisad, mas Cveni ideebis naTelyofa evaleba da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac

sasurveli sicxade miRweuli iqneba, SegviZlia vilaparakoT enis WeSmaritebasa

da eleganturobaze. sicxade, WeSmariteba da eleganturoba enis normaluri

gamoyenebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebia.

tradiciulad, sqolastika enobriv kvlevebSi sityvebis analizs aniWebda

upiratesobas. calkeuli sityvebis Seswavlis gverdiT naklebad vipovniT

konteqstualur analizs. "winasityvaobaSi" laibnicic ZiriTadad amgvar pozi-

ciaze dgas, Tumca konteqstualuri semantikis fenomeni saerTod misTvis ucxo

movlena ar yofila. imis gamo, rom aRniSnul teqstSi aSkaraa sityvebis izo-

lirebuli Seswavlis tendencia, kvlevis ZiriTadi saSualeba, romelsac laibnici

mxars uWers, aris etimologiuri Zieba. aq sintaqss saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva.

filosofosebis enis mouwesrigeblobas igi mxolod imiT xsnis, rom cota maTgani

Tu iyo gamorCeuli ritori.

laibnicis leqsikuri analizi ori ZiriTadi wyaroTi sargeblobs. es aris

sityvebis pirveladi mniSvnelobebi da maTi gamoyenebis wesi. Tavis mxriv,

pirveladi mniSnvnelobebis kvleva sityvebis fesvebis kvlevaze daiyvaneba, rac

Semdeg, analogiiT, gvixsnis sityvis gamoyenebas gansxvavebul situaciaSi.

"analogia", Tavis mxriv, gagebulia, rogorc sityvis fesvis mimarTeba warmoebul

sityvasTan.

bunebrivi enis niSnebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic umeteswilad mowesri-

gebulia, Caweris zustma sistemam, fiqrobda laibnici, maTematikaSi didad

ganapiroba am mecnierebis progresi. laibnics maTematika mecnierebis idealad

hqonda warmodgenili. am mxriv, igi ufro epoqis suliskveTebas iziarebda da es

ganwyobebi, misi Sromebis garda, kargad Cans sxva avtorebis, dekartes da

spinozas nawerebSi. maTematikuri mecnierebis warmatebebi laibnicsac acdunebda

"maTematikurad eazrovna" maTematikis gareT. amis ganxorcielebas gansakuT-

rebiT Seecada is logikis sferoSi. dasabuTebis eqsplicituri formebis maTema-

19

zogadad Cinuri kulturiT.

niSnebis aseTi erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqcia Cveni azrebis reprezentaciaa,

radgan rogorc Tavad laibnici SeniSnavda azri Sesabamisi niSnis gareSe

SeuZlebelia:

"yoveli adamianuri azri xorcieldeba garkveuli niSnebis anu

qaraqterebis meSveobiT. mizezi amisa is aris, rom ara mxolod

Tavad sagnebi, aramed maTi warmodgenebi ar aris xolme da arc

SeiZleba iyos gonebis mier yovelTvis cxadad aRqmuli: amitom

SemoklebisaTvis maT nacvlad niSnebi gamoiyeneba" laibnicis moyvanili

sityvebi, Tuki maT ganvixilavT niSnis da azris mimarTebis funqcionaluri

kuTxiT, ramdenime TvalsazrisiT aris saintereso. niSnis upirvelesi funqcia,

rogorc vxedavT Sekvecaa. azrebis da warmodgenebis zusti dafiqsireba adamianis

gonebas yovelTvis rodi SeuZlia. amitom, zogjer, azris nakadi Sekvecas

saWiroebs, rac niSnebiT xorcieldeba. warmodgenebis da azrebis Sekveca

TviTmizani ki ar aris, aramed aucilebeli samuSaoa imisaTvis, rom niSanma

ganaxorcielos Tavisi meore ZiriTadi funqcia, azrebis fiqsireba. Tavis mxriv,

rogorc Sekveca, aseve azris fiqsireba SegviZlia niSnebis mnemonikur funqcias

mivakuTvnoT, romelic orives aerTianebs. da bolos mesame da SesaZloa yvelaze

arsebiTi funqcia romelsac axorcielebs niSani, Semecnebiseulia da is

mniSvnelobis konstitucias gulisxmobs. mniSvneloba laibnicisaTvis arc

azrovnebiT da arc warmosaxvis ZaliT ar SeiZleba amoiwuros, radgan es mesame

funqcia damoukideblad ki ar arsebobs azrebTan da warmosaxvebTan mimarTebaSi,

aramed moicavs niSnebis or, zemoT aRweril funqcias. niSnebis am sam

funqcionalur anu pragmatul elements Soris mkacri subordinacia arsebobs.

maTi sxvagvari, e.i. araswori, araTanmimdevruli rigi ukve garantiaa cnebaTa

aRrevisa da dabneulobisa.

ufro konkretulad, ra rols asrulebs ufro mniSvnelobis konstruqciaSi?

niSnis am funqcias, romelsac laibnici zogjer "exprimere"-s da zogjerac

"repraesentare"-s uwodebs, igi adarebs azrovnebis unars. laibnici SeniSnavs,

rom zogjer savsebiT SesaZlebelia meTodurad, nabij-nabij saganTan mivideT,

magram miuxedavad amisa mainc ar vflobdeT mis ideas. unda arsebobdes raRac,

rac ara mxolod migviyvanda saganTan, aramed am sagnis gamosaxvis saSualebasac

mogvcemda. azrovneba, romelic am SemTxvevaSi cnebis gamoxatvazea gadatanili,

Tumca misulia saganTan, magram am ukanasknelis gamoxatva mxolod niSnis

saSualebiT SeuZlia. aviRoT viTareba, rodesac meTodurad gamoTvlili da

gamoxatulia wrfis kveTa. igive SeiZleba hiperbolasaTvisac iyos gamosadegi ise,

rom mis ideaze saerTod ar vsaubrobdeT. swored aseT SemTxvevaSi gvWirdeba

Cveni azrovnebis sagnis sxva msgavsi sagnebidan calke gamoyofa da dafiqsireba

specialuri aRniSvnis saSualebiT, rasac azrovneba niSnebis gamoyenebiT

axorcielebs, rodesac is Tavis obieqts warmoidgens rogorc swored "wrfis

kveTas". ramdenadac amgvari niSniT konstituirebuli sagani xelmisawvdomia

yvelasaTvis, visac ki am niSnis gageba SeuZlia, amdenad SegviZlia visaubroT

komunikaciaze codnis urTierTgaziarebis TvalsazrisiT. amrigad, Tu

SevajamebT niSnebis funqciebs codnasTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, gamoiyofa

sami mTavari funqcia: mnemonuri, azris makonstruirebeli da komunikaciuri

funqciebi. rogorc burkxardi samarTlianad SeniSnavs, gamoTqmebis mnemonur da

komunikaciur funqciebze laibnicamde hobsma warmoadgina gaSlili daxasiaTeba

naSromSi "sxeulebis Sesaxeb", xolo laibnici ki, hobsis Sromebs Zalian kargad

icnobda. niSnebis mnemonuri funqciisaTvis hobss hqonda specialuri terminebi,

"notae" an "marques", xolo komunikaciurs aRniSnavda gamoTqmebiT "signum" an

"signae".

kutiura "laibnicis logikaSi" (gv. 81 ) da burkxardti gamoTqvamen mosazrebas,

rom laibnici erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda agreTve referenciul da

inferenciul niSnebs. referenciuli niSnebis ZiriTadi funqcia obieqtebis

swori aRniSvnaa. amis nimuSs warmoadgens qimiis da astronomiis niSnebi. maTgan

gansxvavebiT, ariTmetikuli da algebruli niSnebi mxolod obieqtebis aRniSvniT

ki ar Semoifarglebian, aramed CarTulni arian gamomdinareobis operaciebSic.

18

Sesabamisad, maT laibnici inferenciul niSnebs uwodebda.

zogierT teqstSi niSnis denotaciuri (cxadia es termini laibnics ar hqonda)

funqciis aRwerisas, laibnici gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs niSnis mimarTebas ara

imdenad saganTan, ramdenadac cnebasTan. SesaZloa es gamovlena iyos imisa, rom

zemoT aRwerili oTxadgiliani semantikisagan gansxvavebiT, laibnici

samadgilian semantikas emyareba. am semantikaSi gzamkvlevis funqcia SeiZleba

itvirTos niSnis kidev erTma, amjerad ramdenadme gansxvavebulma gansazRvrebam,

romelic xSirad mohyavT komentatorebs:

"niSani (signum) aris is, rasac Cven axla aRviqvamT da rac

mis garda Cveni sakuTari an sxvisi gamocdilebis

safuZvelze mTlianad sxvasTan dakavSirebulad gaiazreba".

am sam adgiliani semantikis ZiriTadi instrumentariebia: saxeli (niSani) -

cneba (idea) - sagani. Tanac wminda denotaciur doneze, kriterialur funqcias

asrulebs niSnis da cnebis SesaZlebloba (arawinaaRmdegobrioba) - SeuZlebloba

(winaaRmdegobrioba) da ara WeSmariteba-siyalbe, romelic pirvelad saqmeSi

Semodis msjelobasTan dakavSirebiT.

laibnici Tvlida, rom bunebrivi sametyvelo enis niSnebi sagnebTan

mimarTebiT sruliad TviTneburad aris dakavSirebuli. SemdgomSi,

etimilogiuri analizis saSualebiT man gamoikvlia sityvebis onomatopoeturi

gavrcelebis specifika, erT enaze mezobeli enebis zegavlenis mizezebi da Zala

da mivida daskvnamde, rom bunebrivi enebis aRniSvnebi da obieqtebi, romelTac

isini afiqsireben, arc TviTneburia da arc aucilebeli, aramed yovelTvis

motivirebuli.

marius nizoliusis Sromis winaswarsityvaoba erTaderTia, romelSiac

laibnicma met-naklebad koncentrirebuli saxiT gadmosca Tavisi Sexedulebebi

bunebrivi enebis Sesaxeb. swored am winasityvaobaSi aqebs is germanuli enis

filosofiur SesaZleblobebs, romelsac is am mizniT TiTqmis ar iyenebda. igive

winasityvaobaSi laibnici bunebrivi enis ZiriTad amocanas ara imdenad WeS-

mariteba-siyalbis gamoxatvasa da ZiebaSi iazrebs, ramdenadac ufro hermenev-

tikul ganzomilebaSi. bunebrivi ena, upirveles yovlisa, gagebis instrumentia.

Sesabamisad, mas Cveni ideebis naTelyofa evaleba da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac

sasurveli sicxade miRweuli iqneba, SegviZlia vilaparakoT enis WeSmaritebasa

da eleganturobaze. sicxade, WeSmariteba da eleganturoba enis normaluri

gamoyenebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebia.

tradiciulad, sqolastika enobriv kvlevebSi sityvebis analizs aniWebda

upiratesobas. calkeuli sityvebis Seswavlis gverdiT naklebad vipovniT

konteqstualur analizs. "winasityvaobaSi" laibnicic ZiriTadad amgvar pozi-

ciaze dgas, Tumca konteqstualuri semantikis fenomeni saerTod misTvis ucxo

movlena ar yofila. imis gamo, rom aRniSnul teqstSi aSkaraa sityvebis izo-

lirebuli Seswavlis tendencia, kvlevis ZiriTadi saSualeba, romelsac laibnici

mxars uWers, aris etimologiuri Zieba. aq sintaqss saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva.

filosofosebis enis mouwesrigeblobas igi mxolod imiT xsnis, rom cota maTgani

Tu iyo gamorCeuli ritori.

laibnicis leqsikuri analizi ori ZiriTadi wyaroTi sargeblobs. es aris

sityvebis pirveladi mniSvnelobebi da maTi gamoyenebis wesi. Tavis mxriv,

pirveladi mniSnvnelobebis kvleva sityvebis fesvebis kvlevaze daiyvaneba, rac

Semdeg, analogiiT, gvixsnis sityvis gamoyenebas gansxvavebul situaciaSi.

"analogia", Tavis mxriv, gagebulia, rogorc sityvis fesvis mimarTeba warmoebul

sityvasTan.

bunebrivi enis niSnebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic umeteswilad mowesri-

gebulia, Caweris zustma sistemam, fiqrobda laibnici, maTematikaSi didad

ganapiroba am mecnierebis progresi. laibnics maTematika mecnierebis idealad

hqonda warmodgenili. am mxriv, igi ufro epoqis suliskveTebas iziarebda da es

ganwyobebi, misi Sromebis garda, kargad Cans sxva avtorebis, dekartes da

spinozas nawerebSi. maTematikuri mecnierebis warmatebebi laibnicsac acdunebda

"maTematikurad eazrovna" maTematikis gareT. amis ganxorcielebas gansakuT-

rebiT Seecada is logikis sferoSi. dasabuTebis eqsplicituri formebis maTema-

19

tikaSi arseboba, misi Rrma rwmeniT, amgvari eqstrapolaciis saSualebas iZleoda.

niSanTa srulyofili Teoria, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovani nabiji unda

yofiliyo mecnierebaTa maTematizaciis (laibnicis gagebiT, ra Tqma unda) gzaze.

niSnis SemoTavazebul daxasiaTebas laibnicis mier, gvinda dazustebisa da

ganmartebis saxiT davamatoT principuli gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs niSans

da simbolos Soris, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Cven momavalSi saqme gveqneba

mxolod niSnebTan da ara simboloebTan. niSani, rogor definiciasac ar unda

aZlevdes mas esa Tu is avtori, im obieqtTan mimarTebaSi, romelsc is aRniSnavs,

yovelTvis aris raRac sxva maSin, rodesac simbolosa da imas Soris, risi

simboloc is aris ar arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba.

2. 2. semantika

semantika aris semiotikis pirveli da istoriulad yvelaze adre

damuSavebuli nawili. semantika swavlobs niSanTa Sinaarsobriv mxares. semantika

arkvevs enobrivi niSnebis Sinaarsobriv mxares. misi ZiriTadi kategriaa

“mniSvneloba”. semantikis bunebis gasacnobad saWirod migvaCnia enobrivi niSani

warmovadginoT semantikur WrilSi da misi analizis saSualebiT gamovkveToT

umniSvnelovanesi semantikuri erTeulebi. enobrivi niSnebis zemoT mocemuli

farTo daxasiaTebis Sinaarsisagan ganyenebiT aq SevTanxmdeT, rom enobrivi niSani

aris semantikuri analizis bazisuri erTeuli d is ar unda gavigoT arc sityvis

da, miT ufri arc calkeuli asos analogiiT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi enobrivi niSani

SeiZleba daemTxves calkeul sityvas, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki mTel frazas. yvela

SemTxvevaSi enobrivi niSani imgvari semantikuri erTeulia, romlis Semdgomi

azriani danawevreba aRar SeiZleba. amgvarad gagebuli enobrivi niSnida SeiZleba

gamoiyos Semdegi elementebi: aRmniSvneli, aRsaniSni da mniSvneloba.

gavaanalizoT TiToeuli elementi cal-calke.

enobrivi niSnis aRmniSvneli mxare (“denoting” — aqedan qarTul

sityvaTxmarebaSi SeiZleba SegvZvdes — “denotati”) niSnis materialur mxares

warmoadgens. enobrivi niSnebi aucileblad materialuri saxiT unda iyvnen

gamoxatulni, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes maTi saSualebiT komunikacia. sxva gza

adamianebs ubralod ar gaaCniaT (Tu, ra Tqma unda, iogebis msgavs

telekomunikacias, rodesac maTi mtkicebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba manZilze rCeul

adamianTa Soris azrebis uSualo gaziareba). aRmniSvneli SeiZleba iyos

dawerili, gamoTqmuli, wakiTxuli an mosmenili. yvela SemTxvevaSi figurirebs

niSnis materialuri garsi. aRmniSvneli aris is, rac warmoadgens enobriv

niSans da axorcielebs ama Tu im obieqtis aRniSvnas.

niSnis meore struqturuli elementia aRsaniSni (“designing” — aqedan qarTul

sityvaTxmarebaSi SeiZleba SegvZvdes — “designati”). aRsaniSni sxva araferia,

Tu ara is obieqti, romelsac aRmniSvneli aRniSnavs. aseTi obieqti SeiZleba

iyos rogorc sinamdvilis sagani, aseve Cveni azrovnebis ganyenebuli obieqti.

enas unari qvs orive SemTxvevaSi wrmatebiT ganaxorcielos denotacia. mimarTeba

aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris ar aris simetriuli. umetes SemTxvevebSi, aRm-

niSvneli da aRsaniSni erTi-erTze emTxveva erTmaneTs. magram aris gansxvavebuli

SemTxvevebic, rogorc, magaliTad, “dilis varskvlavis”, “saRamos varskvlavis”

da “veneras” SemTxvevaSi. samive aRmniSvnels aq erTaderTi aRsaniSni ciuri

sxeuli aqvs.

da bolos, niSnis mesame struqturuli elementi aris mniSvneloba, anu is

wesi, romliTac aRminSvneli aRniSnavs aRsaniSns. SegviZlia aviRoT mniSvne-

lobis sxva definiciac. mis mixedviT, mniSvneloba iqneba aRsaniSnis Sesatyvisi

idealuri obieqti, romelic aRmniSvnelis Sinaarseul mxares warmoadgens.

axla warmodgenili enobrivi niSnis semantikuri struqtura samelementian an

samfenovan semantikas gulisxmobs. semantika amis garda SeiZleba iyos orelemen-

tiani da oTxelementiani. orelementiani an orfenovania, magaliTad, yvela bihe-

vioristuli semantika. SevCerdeT am sakiTxze ramdenadme ufro dawvrilebiT.

bihevioristuli lingvistikis udidesi warmomadgeneli iyo leonard blum-

20

erT yvelaze did jgufs, mis empiriul mocemulobaSi grafikul-optikuri saxe

aqvT. laibnici maT "qaraqterebs" uwodebs. maTze dawvrilebiT aq ar SevCerdebiT,

Tumca davsZenT, rom zogjer "qaraqterebis" nacvlad, igive mniSvnelobiT

laparakoben xolme "sityva-niSnebze" an "cneba-niSnebze" da sxv. msgavsi

terminebis ZiriTad daniSnulebas azrebis gamoxatva warmoadgens.

niSnebis zemoT aRweril oTxwevrovan funqcionalur struqturas

laibnicisaTvis ufro zogadi suraTis warmomdgenis pretenzia aqvs, vidre

savaldebulosi. niSanTa mis struqturul elementebs ara aqvT normatiuli

xasiaTi. anu, Tuki arsebobs samwevra an, gnebavT, orwevra semantikuri

mimarTebebi aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris, es sulac ar metyvelebs aseT

mimarTebebSi CarTuli niSnebis defeqturobaze. magaliTad, maTemetikur

operaciebSi gamoyenebuli niSnebi ar migviTiTeben sagnebze am sityvis

Cveulebrivi mniSvnelobiT. "geometriul qaraqteristikebSi" (1679) laibnici

aRniSnavda, rom kalkulaciebSi monawileobiT niSnebs uwevT urTierToba

sagnebTan, romelTa ontologiuri statusi aris "entia rationis cum fundamento in re".

niSnebi mravali saxisaa. maT Soris laibnici CamoTvlis asoebs, sityvebs,

qimiur formulebs, astronomiul aRniSvnebs da Cinuri damwerlobis simboloebs,

ieroglifebs, musikalur notebs, ariTmetikul, algebrul da sxva saxis niSnebs,

romelTac Cveni azrovneba sagnebis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs.

ramdenadac grafikul-optikuri niSnebis did simravle arsebobs, laibnici

gulmodgined swavlobda TiToeuli maTganis SesaZleblobebs da cdilobda

Tavisi miznebisaTvis SeerCia saukeTeso. amiT aris gamowveuli is viTareba, rom

sxvadasxva periodSi erTi da igive problemis analizisas laibnici sruliad

sxvadasxvagvar aRniSvnebs iyenebs. ase magaliTad, axalgazrdobaSi, "kombina-

torul xelovnebaSi", is iyenebda cifrebs, laTinur, berZnul da ebraul asoebs.

ufro gvian periodSi, man araerTi siaxle Seitana Caweris sistemaSi, rac kargad

Cans misi werilidan boineburgisadmi, romelSiac silogisturi figurebis

gamosaxva nacadia geometriuli figurebiT. msgavsi ram gvxvdeba 1686 da 1690

wlebis periodis kalkulaciebSi. arsebobs piruku mcdelobebic, rodesac

geometriuli figurebi gamooisaxeba asoebisa da relaciebis saSualebiT. aseTia,

magaliTad, misi "nalisis situs" (1679). erT-erTi mniSvnelovani azri, romelic

amgvari "eqsperimentis" ukan unda davinaxoT, mdgomareobs laibnicis ganzraxvaSi

warmoadginos maTematikuri, ufro zustad, geometriuli obieqtebi maTTvis

ufro bunebriv, idealur mdgomareobasTan axlo mdgomi saxiT, vidre es xdeba

Cvveulebriv am obieqtebis grZnobad-aRqmadi saxiT gamosaxvisas. ufro gviani

periodis teqstebSi TandaTanobiT izrdeba maTematikuri operaciebis ZiriTad

niSnebad asoebis SerCevis tendencia.

kidev erTi motivacia, rac laibnicis mier niSanTa gamudmebuli Ziebisa da

gadasinjvis wyaro iyo, ganpirobebulia niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris kavSiris

TviTneburi xasiaTiT. laibnici cdilobda maTi kavSiri ufro myar niadagze

daemyarebina.

'"Cven rom SegvZleboda SesaniSnavi bunebrivi TavdaWeriloba

gamogveCina, araviTari abstraqtuli azrebi ar gveqneboda,

romlebic grZnobadi movlenebisaTvisaa saWiro, msgavsad

imisa, rogorc gviwevs gamoviyenoT iseTi niSnebi, rogoric

asoebi da bgerebia miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs

araviTari aucilebeli kavSiri rig TviTnebur niSnebsa da

aseTive azrebs Soris"

msgavsi mosazrebebis safuZvelze, erTi periodi, laibnici piqtogramebiT

dainteresda da fiqrobda, rom suraTebrivi msgavseba, gamosaxviTi mimarTeba

aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris moxsnida TviTnebur SerCevas. piqtogramas

bundovani sagani naTeli unda gaexada misi Tanmxlebi cxadi gamosaxvis

saSualebiT. erTgan is xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom piqtogramebi, gamosaxvis

geometriuli figurebis msgavsad, Seicaven msgavsebas imasTan, rasac isini

gamosaxaven. aseT niSnebze gadasvla laibnics samomavlod hqonda Cafiqrebuli im

mizniT, rom yvela sxva SemTxveviTi da TviTneburi niSnebi TandaTanobiT

eliminirebuli yofiliyo mecnierebidan. igive zogadi mosazrebebi edo

safuZvlad laibnicis dainteresebas Cinuri damwerlobiT da Semdgom ufro

17

semiotikis damfuZneblad iTvleba amerikeli mecnieri Carlz uiliam morisi.

misi naSromi, romelSiac avtori semiotikis zogad safuZvlebs aRwers, aris

”niSanTa Teoriis safuZvlebi” (”Theory of Foundation of Signs”). am SromaSi

semiozisis procesi morisma sam ZiriTad nawilad dayo. es nawilebia semantika,

sintaqsi da pragmatika. SemdgomSi Cven SevinarCunebT am dayofas da SevecdebiT

saTiTaod davaxasiaToT semiotikis Semadgeneli disciplinebi. Tumca, jer

sjobia oriode sityviT SevexoT semiotikis istorias.

marTlia semiotika sxvebTan SedarebiT axalgazrda mecnierebaa, magram

semiotikis calkeul mxareebze sxvadasxva periodSi muSavdeboda Zalze

saintereso mosazrebebi. es Tvalsazrisebi marTalia SemuSavebuli iyo an enis

Teoriis, SesaZloa misi mxolod gramatikuli mxaris Semadgenel nawilad, an

logikisa, magram isini yvela SemTxvevaSi yuradRebas imsaxureben CvenTvis

saintereso kuTxiT.

antikur periodSi, niSnebis funqcionirebiT erT-erTi pirvelebi, TavianTi

logikuri gamokvlevebis farglebSi stoelebi dainteresdnen. semiotikis

sxvadasxva saintereso mxare sakmaod intensiurad ganixileboda Sua

saukuneebSiac. axal droSi problemas mniSvnelovanwilad mohfina naTeli

laibnicma, romelsac Cven sxvebze ukeT vicnobT da neba momeciT, warmovadgino

erTi CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi misi niSanTa Teoriidan. upirveles

yovlisa, gvinda daviwyoT termin niSnis daxasiaTebiT.

2. 1. termini "niSani"

garda Tavisi epoqis avtorebisa, romelTa teqstebsac laibnici kargad

icnobs, misi niSnis Teoria davalebulia sqolasturi ideebiTac. Toma aqvinelma,

okamma da albert zaqselma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes niSnis Teoriis rigi

sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi Sexedulebebi niSnebis

bunebisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb umTavresad gadabmuli iyo logikuri an

lingvisturi xasiaTis SromebTan da ar hqondaT wminda semiotikuri daniSnuleba,

am avtorebma gamoimuSaves met-naklebad msgavsi Sexedulebebi, romelTac

"semiotikuri JReradoba" gaaCniaT. sqolastikis periodis teqstebSi gamoikveTa

niSanTa oTxwevrovani struqtura, romlis elementebia (a) Tavad niSnebi, e.i.

iseTi grZnobad-aRqmadi saSualebebi, romlebic sxvaze migviTiTeben; (b) sagnebi,

romlebzedac migviTiTeben niSnebi; (g) gamaSualebeli Sinaarsi, raSiac

xorcieldeba miTiTeba saganze da, bolos (d) informacia, Sinaarsi, romelic

nawvdomia niSnis mier. niSnebis amgvari funqciebi arc laibnicisaTvis iyo ucxo.

gviansqolastur periodSi, niSnis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, ganakuTrebiT

saintereso iyo domenikaneli beris, banesiusis 1600 wels kiolnSi gamocemuli

saxelmZRvanelo "Institutiones minores dialectiae", romelSiac logikuri wesebis garda

dawvrilebiT iyo mimoxiluli niSnebis buneba, saxeebi da funqciebi. ufro gvian

klod lanselotma, romelic kargad icnobda sqolastur literaturas niSnebis

Sesaxeb, maTi definiciebis umravlesoba ucvlelad gadaitana Tavis naSromSi

"Grammarie generale et raisonnee"(1660).

Tavad laibnicis mier SemoTavazebuli niSnis zogadi ganmartebac advilad

SeiZleba gvepovna zemoT aRniSnuli avtorebidan romelimesTan:

"niSani iseTi aRqmadi saSualebaa, saidanac vakeTebT

daskvnas araRqmulis arsebobis Sesaxeb".

laibnicis am gansazRvrebaSi ZiriTadia ara aRqmadsa da araaRqmads Soris

urTierTobis faqti, aramed is, rom yoveli niSani mis gareT arsebul im obieqtze

migviTiTebs, romelic Tavisi bunebiT gansxvavdeba niSnisagan. niSnis meore

Tavisebureba, rogorc gansazRvreba gviCvenebs, aris misi grZnobadi xasiaTi.

imisaTvis, rom niSanma SeZlos miTiTeba raime sxvaze, is grZnobadad unda

mogveces, gamocdilebis sagani gaxdes. amgvari niSani SeiZleba arsebobdes

rogorc bunebrivad, aseve iyos mizandasaxulad Seqmnili adamianis mier. niSnebis

16

fildi, romelmac amerikul lingvistikaSi ara mxolod daamkvidra antimentalis-

turi ganwyobebi, aramed Teoriulad daafuZna antimentalizmi. biheviorizmi

rogorc mimdinareoba fsiqologiaSi aris ukiduresi empirizmis gamoxatuleba,

romelic moiTxovs fsiqologiis mecnierebidan gavaZevoT yvela is fenomeni da

cneba, romelic ki ar eqvemdebareba empirul deskripcias. aseTi cneba

biheviorizmisaTvis upirveles yovlisa aris “fsixes”, anu sulis cneba. suli,

rogorc Zveli metafizikuri kategoria ar eqvemdebareba verifikacias. is rac

gveZleva gamocdilebaSi, aris ara suli, aramed adamianis qceva, romelic

SeiZleba aRiweros da gaizomos. aqedan, bihevioristebi moiTxoven fsiqologiis

qcevaTmecnierebiT Secvlas. raRac msgavsi ram ganaxorciela blumfildma

enaTmecnierebaSi. misi azriT aqamdeli enaTmecnierebisaTvis Zalze mniSvne-

lovani iyo enis materialuri mxaris garda idealur mxareze saubari, saubari e.w.

mniSvnelobebze da sazrisebze, romlebic gagebuli iyo azrismier fenomenebad.

blumfildis mcdeloba enidan ganedevna idealuri araempiriuli movlenebi,

romelic Tavis Tavad CvenTvis miuRebelia, ar aris moklebuli logikur

Tanmimdevrulobas da ar JRers absurdulad. mas arsad ar uTqvams, rom

adamianebs ara aqvT azrebi da rom Cveni sulieri samyaro sruliad moklebulia

yovelgvar idealurs. Tavisi poziciis gansamtkiceblad, igi iyenebs e.w. “okamis

samarTebelis” arguments, romelic enis konteqstSi amgvarad JRers: Tu me

SemiZlia ori ZiriTadi postulatidan _ stimul-reaqciidan da bgerebis

gamoTqmidan avago enis Teoria, ratom unda gavakeTo kidev erTi daSveba idea-

luri mentaluri obieqtebis xarjze. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, blumfildisa

da misi mimdevari antimentalistebis semantika yovelTvis orfenovania da

gulisxmobs mxolod aRmniSvnels (bgerebis kompleqsi) da aRsaniSns. rac Seexeba

mniSvnelobas, rogorc azrismier obieqts, amgvari ram antimentalistebTan ar

arsebobs da aq mniSvneloba aRsaniSns emTxveva.

axla ganvixiloT oTxfenovani semantikis nimuSad huserlis lingvisturi

doqtrina. huserls SenarCunebuli aqvs yvela is elementi, romelic Cven

samfenovan semantikaSi aRvwereT erTi niuansis dmatebiT: is erTmaneTisagan

asxvavebs fsiqikurs da idealurs. sametyvelo procesSi CarTulia orive maTgani,

magram sxvadasxvanairad. Tu me vamtkiceb, rom “magida TeTria”, maSin Cems mier

enis gamoyenebas Tan axlavs garkveuli fsiqikui procesi, romelic metyvelebis

momentSi avsebs Cemi bgerebis Sinaarseul mxares. magram metyveleba SeuZlebeli

iqneboda, gvarwmunebs huserli, mis garda, rom ar arsebobdes idealuri

“magidobis” da “siTeTris” mniSvnelobebic. es mniSvnelobebi fsiqikuri proce-

sebisagan TavianTi zedrouli, idealuri xasiaTiT gansxvavdebian. isini ar

arseboben droSi, radgan wminda SesaZleblobebs warmoadgenen da warmoadgenen

SesaZleblobas imisa, rom me gamoviyeno gamoTqmebi “magida” da “TeTri”. serli

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs mniSvnelobas da mniSvneladobas. enobrivi niSani

metyvelebis procesSi mniSvneladobs Tavisi fsiqologiuri modusiT, magram is

mniSvneladobs idealuri mniSvnelobis xarjze, romelic gansazRvravs ara mis

arsebobas, aramed SesaZleblobas.

amrigad, arsebobs orfenovani, samfenovani da oTxfenovani semantikebi.

gansxvavebebi maT Soris gamowveulia sxvdasxva zogadTeoriuli, zog SemTxvevaSi,

sulac zogadfilosofiuri mizezebiT da maTiT daintereseba ufro Sesabamisi

motivaciiT unda ganisazRvros da ara imgvari ganzraxulobebiT, rogoric Cven

gvaqvs semantikis da zogadad enobrivi analizis mimarT.

gansxvavebuli semantikuri Teoriebis ufro sruli dxaiaTebisaTvis, neba

momeciT ganvixilo gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis Teoriebic. amasTan, aq saqme

Seexeba sakuTriv mniSvnelobis bunebis gagebas, damoukideblad imisagan, Tu

rogor aris gaSlili enobrivi niSani semantikur WrilSi. am miTiTebis kvalad,

SegviZlia gamovyoT, mniSvnelobis ramdenime tipi:

1. adreuli vitgenSteinis mniSvnelobis Teoria. es Teoria axlos dgas

asaxvis doqtrinasTan, Tumca inarCunebs specifikasac. mniSvneloba

misTvis gaigivebulia aRmniSvnelTan SesatyvisobaSI myof saganTan;

2. mniSvnelobis funqcionalisturi Teoria, romelic gisn vitgenSteins

ekuTvnis. es Teoria miiCnevs, rom gamoTqmis mniSvneloba aris enobrivi

21

niSnis gamoyenebis tipi, saxe, romelic ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva TamaSis

wesebiT. wesebis raodenoba am TeoriaSi ganusazRvrelad miiCneva;

3. graisis mniSvnelobis Teoria. es Teoria mniSvnelobas subieqtis

intenciebTan da ganzraxvebTan aigivebs. mniSvneloba aris molaparakis

ganzraxva Segvatyobinos esa da es. swored is faqti, rom metyvelebas

Tan axlavs aseTi ganzraxva molaparakisa, gamoarCevs mas xmaurisagan, an

sxva iseTi fizikuri movlenisagan, romelic SeiZleba TavisTavad

sulac ar iyos moklebuli mniSvnelobas;

4. ostonis mniSvnelobis Teoria, romelic enobriv mniSvnelobas gaigebs

enobrivi moqmedebis konteqstSi. ostinma SeinarCuna gviani vitgen-

Steinis TeoriisaTvis ganmsazRvreli wesebis fenomeni, Tumca wesebis

raodenobas sazRvari daudo da Camoayaliba sul xuTi wesi;

5. serlis mniSvnelobis Teoria, romelic yvelaze axlos dgas klasikur

konceptualizmTan da aris raRac saSualo vithenStein/ostinis

Teoriebsa da graisis doqtrinas Soris. serlis TeoriaSi arsebuli

mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli wesebi daiyvaneba ori tpis, regulatorul

da konstituciur wesebze;

6. da bolos, mniSvnelobis huserliseuli doqtrina, romelic calsaxad

afuZnebs mniSvnelobebis obieqturobas, magram amas akeTebs Taviseburi

platonizmis xarjze. visTvisac miuRebelia platonis ideebis Teoria,

misTvis miuRebeli unda iyos huserlis mniSvnelobis Teoriac.

mas Semdeg, rac gavatareT gansxvaveba ZiriTad semantikur elementebs Soris,

SegviZlia gadavideT maT enobriv adekvaciebze. konkretulad ra enobrivi

saSualebebi gvaqvs denotaciis gansaxorcieleblad? raselis deskripciis

Teoria migviTiTebs or ZiriTad enobriv saSualebaze. es aris sakuTari saxelebi

da deskripciuli frazebi. maT Soris gansxvaveba gamomdinareobs raselis mier

gatarebuli gansxvavebidan Semecnebis or saxes — nacnobobiT Semecnebasa da

aRweriT Semecnebas — Soris. sakuTari saxeli funqcionirebs uSualo Semecnebis

SemTxvevaSi. “daviTi”, “parizi”, “CineTi” sakuTari saxelebia da imisaTvis, rom maT

TavianTi funqcia warmatebiT ganaxorcielon sakmarisia Cveni uSualo warmod-

gena Sesabamis obieqtebze. misgan gansxvavebiT, deskripciuli frazebi aRweriTi

codnis enobrivi saxeebia. imisaTvis, rom deskripciulma frazam mizans miaRwios,

man unda miaweros misTvis saintereso movlenas an sagans imgvari gamorCeuli Tvi-

seba, romelic sakmarisi iqneboda am sagnis an movlenis usasrulo simravlidan

gamosayofad. zemoT moyvanili ciuri sxeulis aRmniSvneli frazebi axlaxans

aRwerili viTarebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenen. “venera”, ra Tqma unda, saku-

Tari saxelia, romelic Sesabamisi varskvlavze uSualo warmodgenas saWiroebs.

igive obieqti aRiniSneba kidev ori deskripciuli fraziT, romelTagan erTi

gvarwmunebs, rom es erTaderTi varskvlavia, romelic diliT SeviZlia davinaxoT,

xolo meore igive varskvlavs saRamos gamoCenis msgavs niSans miawers.

Temis amowurvamde, minda gavixseno diskusia, romelic fregesa da raselis

mimdevrebs Soris arsebobda deskripciul frazebTan da sakuTar saxelebTan

dakavSirebiT. saqme isaa, rom raselisagan gansxvavebiT, frege uaryofda

sakuTari saxelebis damoukidebel xasiaTs. is miiCnevda, rom yoveli sakuTari

saxeli faruli deskripciuli frazaa. magaliTad, Tu Cven gamoviyenebT, sakuTar

saxels “aristoteles”, gvarwmunebda frege, am frazas damoukidebeli mniSvne-

loba ki ar hqonda, aramed mxolod saSualeba iyo imisaTvis, rom CvenTvis

moegonebina romelime deskripciuli fraza, vTqvaT “logikis Semqmneli” an

“aleqsandre didis maswavlebeli”, romlebic realurad igulisxmebian mocemuli

sakuTari saxelis qveS. freges es pozicia, ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelobas moklebuli

rodia, magram is warmoadgens ufro farTo Tvalsazrisis dakonkretebas, romlis

analizic scildeba Cveni interesis miznebs.

22

zemoT ukve avRniSneT, rom logikis mecniereba gvTavazobs kanonebs,

romlebic Secdomis Tavidan acilebis mxolod formalur garantiebs iZleva. aq

moviyvanT logikis oriode kanons, romlebic am Teziss gaamarTdebs. minda aqve

mogaxsenoT, rom es kanonebi aristoteles droidan momdinareobs da, rom, cxadia,

am kanonebiT ar amoiwureba Tanamedrove logikis analizurad miRebuli

kanonebis arsenali. logikuri kanonebi Zalze bevria, Tumca isini, romlebic

aristotelem Camoayaliba, Cveni azrovnebisaTvis, maT Soris yvelaze

mniSvnelovania.

pirvelad SegviZlia ganvixiloT winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni. es

kanoni SegviZlia CamovayaliboT Semdegi saxiT: ”SeuZlebelia, rom erTi da igive

ram, erTsa da imave dros, erTi da igive mimarTebiT erTdroulad iyos da ar

iyos kidevac”. kanonis srulyofilad gagebisaTvis, SevxedoT mis Semadgenel

elementebs meti yuradRebiT. kanoni laparakobs erTi da igive nivTis an movlenis

SeuZleblobaze, erTsa da imave dros da erTi da igive mimarTebiT. anu

SeuZlebelia mavani erTsa da imave dros iyos da ar iyos kidevac studenti, Torem

sxvadasxva dros ra Tqma unda amgvari ram savsebiT SesaZlebelia. msgavsad amisa,

ralarakia erTi da imave mimarTebiT raRacis SeuZleblobaze, Torem sxvadasxva

mimarTebiT erTi da igive pirovneba erTsa da imave dros SeiZleba atarebdes da

Semdeg ar atarebdes raime Tvisebas, vTqvaT, Tu erTi mimarTebiT piri aris

studenti, sxva mimarTebiT ara studenti, aramed deda da a.S.

principSi, Zalze zogadad, kanoni amtkicebs da moiTxovs winaaRmdegobis

ararsebobas. zemoT iTqva, rom aristotelesaTvis logikis kanonebi ara mxolod

azrovnebis principebia, aramed yofierebis fundamenturi gansazRvrulobebic.

amitom winaaRmdegobis ararsebobis moTxovna aq Seexeba rogorc azrovnebas,

aseve sinamdvilesac. davakonkretoT kanoni orive mimarTulebiT: maSin, sinam-

dvilesTan mimarTebiT is gveubneba, rom SeuZlebelia samyaroSi raRac

erTdroulad iyos da arc iyos kidevac. azrovnebis segmentSi kanoni gveubneba,

rom SeuZlebelia erTdroulad vamtkicoT raRac da misi sapirispiroc.

aviRoT axla aristoteles kidev erTi, anu gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni. es

kanoni TTiTqos wina kanonis gagrZelebas da dakonkretebas warmoadgens.

gamoricxuli mesamis principi ambobs: sagani an aris, an ar aris. mesame

gamoricxulia. igive kanons WeSmaritebis konteqstSi aseTi JReradoba eqneba:

msjeloba ar WeSmaritia an yalbi, mesame gamoricxulia. gamoricxuli mesamis

kanoni mWidrod ukavSirdeba aristoteles WeSmaritebis orfasobis princips da

am principTan erTad qmnis mTel konceptualur karkass codnis

funqcionirebisaTvis.

2.semiotikis elementebi

semiotika Tavisi zogadi definiciiT aris niSanTa zogadi Teoria. niSnis

gamoyenebis procesi semiozisis procesad iwodeba. niSnebis mimarT Cveni

interesi gamowveulia enisadmi interesiT. saqme isaa, rom enis sxvadasxva

gansazRvrebaTagan Cven vamjobinebT gansazRvrebas, romelsac iZleva

Sveicarieli enaTmecnieri, ferdinand de sosiuri. sosiuris mixedviT, ena aris

niSanTa sistema. aqedan, ramdenadac ena niSanTa sistemaa, xolo analizis procesi

CvennTvis sxva araferia, Tu ara enobriv niSnebTan manipulireba, bunebrivia Cveni

daintereseba im mecnierebiT, romelic swavlobs niSnebs da maT funqcionalur

mxares zogadad. aseTi mecniereba ki, rogorc iTqva, aris semiotika. miuxedavad am

identuri elementebisa, Cven mainc ar migvaCnia marTebulad niSanTa Teoriis

sruli gaigiveba enobrivi niSnebis Semswvlel mecnierebasTan. saqme isaa, rom

Cveni warmodgeniT, ena gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomenia da amitom

umarTebuloa misi sruli gaigiveba niSanTa sistemasTan. amgvari gaigivebis

safuZvelze xSirad msjeloben xolme ”cxovelTa enaze”, ”manqanebis enaze” d a> S.

es da msgavsi gamoTqmebi ufro metaforebi gvgonia da swored amitom miviCnevT

saWirod enis mimarT ufro viwro kvalifikaciebs.

15

metafizikuri analizidan enobriv analizze gadavida. riTac ar unda yofiliyo

motivirebuli aseTi gadasvla, CvenTvis savsebiT sakmarisia enobrivi analizis

erTi Taviseburaba: Cven SegviZlia ise gavaanalizoT raime koncepti, rom

saerTod

ar davsvaT Semadgeneli elementebis arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb da es

sakiTxi warmovadginoT ara Teoriuli da analizuri saqmianobis prerogativad,

aramed veirfikaciis problemad, romelic enis da yovelgvari enobrivis gareT

dgas. Tumca, amaze cota qvemoT visaubroT.

1. 4. daskvna

Cven dagvrCa logikis bolo sfero, bolo nawili, daskvnis Teoria. daskvnis is

saxeoba, romelic SeimuSava aristotelem kategoriuli silogizmis saxiT Cveni

miznebisaTvis savsebiT sakmarisia da amitom daskvnis Teoriis detalebs

damoukideblad aRar SevexebiT. zogadad SevgiZlia daskvna ganvsazRvoT Zlze

martivad ase _ ori msjelobis safuZvelaze miRebul axal mesame msjelobas

daskvna ewodeba. im msjelobebs, saidanac gamoiyvaneba axali mesame msjeloba

ewodeba wanamZRvrebi, xolo mesame daskvniT msjelobas ki danaskvni. nimuSad,

vTqvaT, SegviZlia aviRoT aseTi daskvna:

”yvela adamiani mokvdavia

sokrate adamiania

----------------------------

maSasadame, sokrate mokvdvia”

logikuri daskvnis saxeebze msjelobisas gverds ver auvliT gansxvavebas

induqciur da deduqciur daskvnebs Soris. aristoteles kategoriuli

silogizmi da mTlianad aristoteles lkogika icnobda mxolod deduqciur

daskvnas. deduqciuria daskvna, romlis danaskvni ufro zogdi wanamZRvaridan

gamoiyvaneba. deduqcias, am azriT, zogadidan kerZosaken mimavali gezi aqvs.

deduqciuri daskvnebi axlos dgas analizis procesTan da ZiriTadad analitikur

mecnierebebSi funqcionireben. maTgan gansxvavebiT, induqciuri mecniere-

bebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania induqciuri daskvnebi. es savsebiT bunebrivia,

radgan induqciuri daskvna mimarTulia kerZodan zogadisaken da arsebiTad

mopovebuli codnis ganzogadebas eweva. ganzogadoeba ki Zalze mniSvnelovania

empiriuli mecnierebisaTvis, romelic gamocdilebas emyareba da da pirveladi

Sexeba individualur sagnebTan aqvs. ganmeorebadoba anu regularoba bunebaSi

kanonis asociacias iwvevs. amitom mecnierebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania jer

daafiqsiros da Semdeg ganazogados bunebis regularobebi. magram am procesSi

induqciuri daskvnebiT miRebul codnas Sesabamisi nakli aqvs. saqme isaa, rom

singularuli msjelobebidan zogadze gadasvla xorcieldeba naxtomis

saSualebiT. swored es naxtomi warmoadgens induqciuri daskvnis sust wertils.

ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTi: davuSvaT vinme Semovida am auditoriaSi da daiwyo

gogonebis saxelebis gamokiTxva. gamokiTxvis SedegebiT yvela magistranti

gogonas saxeli aRmoCnda nana. am tipis gamokiTxva an Zieba aucileblad unda

SeCerdes sadme, Tuki saqme gvaqvs ara am auditoriaSi myofTa SezRuduli

raodenobis adamianebTan, aramed usasrulo raodenobis sagnebTan, romelTa

sruli dafarvisaTvis mkvlevars ubralod dro ar eyofa. iqedan, sadac mkvlevari

SeCerdeba, Tuki manamde man aRmoaCina, rom yvela gamokiTxulis saxelia nana,

gaakeTebs daskvnas, romelic emyareba naxtoms. is gaakeTebs daskvnas induqciuri

ganzogadoebisa, rom am qveyanaSi (auditoriaSi) yvela gogonas saxelia nana.

naxtomi, romelsac emyareba induqciuri daskvna, upirveles yovlisa exeba

daskvnaSi Semaval logiur operators _ ”yvela” — romelic danaskvns

absolutur zogadobas aniWebs. misi problematuroba isaa, mdgomareobs, rom

sakmarisia erTi sawinaaRmdego empiriuli ekzemplari aRmoCndes sadme, rom

mTeli daskvna yalbad gamocxaddes. es viTareba induqciis erT-erTi problemaa.

14

2. 3. sintaqsi

sintaqsuri xasiaTis Studiebi Tavdapirvelad axal droSi universaluri enis

kvlevis konteqstSi ganviTarda. rac Seexeba antikuri periodis enobriv da

logikur Studiebs sintaqsi enobriv segmentebs Soris yvelaze sustad

warmodgenili sfero iyo. arsebobda ramdenime mizezi imisa, ramac XVII saukunis

mkvlevrebis daintereseba gamoiwvia universaluri eniT. pirvel mizezad

asaxeleben mecnierebis, gansakuTrebiT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis ganvi-

Tarebas, rasac Tan sdevda laTinuri enis nacvled nacionaluri samecniero

enebis intensiuri gamoyeneba kvlevebSi. amgvarma viTarebam wamoWra interna-

cionaluri komunikaciis problema, radgan dacemis gzaze damdgari laTinuri

veRar asrulebda im enis funqcias, romelsac gamoiyenebda samecniero

sazogadoeba rogorc urTierTkontaqtebisaTvis, aseve Sromebis yvela evropeli

inteletqualisaTvis gasageb enaze gamosaqveyneblad. meore mizezi axali drois

racionalizmis zegavlenas unda mivaweroT. ramdenadac adamianis goneba

miCneuli iyo mravalferovani SemecnebiTi aqtivobebisaTvis igiveobriv instru-

mentad. aqedan dgeboda misi adeqvaturi da, rac mTavaria, sxvadasxva ada-

mianisaTvis identuri gamoxatvis saSualebis, racionaluri enis rekonstruqciis

moTxovna. da bolos, mesame mizezad, ufro religiur-moraluri xasiaTis

motivebs asaxeleben. kerZod, rogorc amis Sesaxeb wina Tavis bolo paragrafSi

visaubreT, unda aRmdgariyo e.w. adamis ena, ena romelzedac adami da RmerTi

saubrobdnen da romelic daviwyebuli iqna codvili adamianis moraluri

degradaciis Sedegad.

aRniSnul sam mizezs, Tumca ara izomorfulad, SegviZlia SevusabamoT am

amocans gadaWris sami mimarTuleba, romelic TandaTan gamoikveTa evropeli

swavlulebis saqmianobaSi:

(1)pirveli mimarTuleba miznad isaxavda Caweris universaluri sistemis

SemoRebas. ideis mixedviT, qaraqterebs (warmodgenilebs, Tundac rogorc

cifrobriv aRniSvnebs) unda gamoesaxaT rogorc realuri obieqtebi, aseve

adamianis azrebi am obieqtebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, qaraqterebs unda SeedginaT ara

axali enobrivi sistema, aramed mxolod maTi Caweris axali saxe, romelic misi

universalizmis wyalobiT wakiTxvadi iqneboda yvela nacionalur enaze. amgvar

proeqts safuZvlad edo Tvalsazrisi, romelic enobriv simboloebs realuri

sagnebis analogiiT ganixilavda.

(2) sxva proeqti ukve axali enis konstituirebas isaxavda miznad. es ena unda

gamxdariyo raRac esperantos msgavsi, mTeli Tanmxlebi atributebiT. am enis

SemuSavebisas mxedvelobaSi unda yofiliyo miRebuli evropuli bunebrivi enebis

struqtura, romelic garkveuli modelis rols Sesarulebda axali enis

konstruirebis procesSi.

(3) kidev erTi proeqti, romelic filosofosebis da lingvistebis

gamorCeuli yuradRebis sagani gaxda, literaturaSi cnobilia "filosofiuri

enis" saxelwodebiT. es proeqti Tavis mravalricxovan variaciebSi gulisxmobda

realobis mecnierul gaazrebas da dafiqsirebas, obieqtebis klasifikacias da

reprezentacias ikonuri saxis gamoTqmebSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,

raodenobrivad SesabamisobaSi movidodnen cnebebis raodenobasTan. amave dros,

gamoTqmebs unda gamoexataT Tvisebebi da daefiqsirebinaT cneba-obieqtebis

adgili enis ierarqiaSi.

aRwerili tipis enis yvelaze ufro srulyofili modelebi SeimuSaves

ingliselma swavlulebma, jorj dalgarnom (1661) da jon uilkinsma (1668). maTi

proeqtebi Seicavda sintaqsis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze saintereso, e.w.

filosofiuri gramatikis aRwerasac, romelSiac winadadebebis struqtura azris

struqturasTan iyo identificirebuli. unda iTqvas, rom filosofiuri

gramatikis kvleva mecnierTa nawilobriv damoukidebeli interesis sagani iyo da

is avtomaturad ar gulisxmobda masTan erTad universaluri enis

konstruirebas. aseTi iyo, magaliTad antonin arnos da klod lanselotis

gamokvlevebi, romlebic mxolod gramatikuli problemebiT SemoizRudebodnen

da ar cdilobdnen zogadad universaluri enis agebas.

23

sintaqsuri struqturebis Seswavla SedarebiT gvian ganviTarda semiotikaSi,

magram Tavisi mniSvnelobiT man male daimkvidra adgili da aRiareba. sintaqsuri

struqturebis mniSvnelobis cxad gacnobierebas ukve calsaxad vafiqsirebT

vitgenStainis “logikur-filosofiur traqtatSi”, sadac sintaqsur erTeulad

warmodgenili erTeuli, winadadeba imgvaradaa gaazrebuli, rom misi Semdgomi

danawileba da daSla SeiZlebladaa gamocxadebuli. elementaruli winadadebis

es Tviseba analitikur literaturaSi xSiard cnobilia logikuri atomizmis

saxeliT. logikuri atomizmi gulisxmobs iseTi enobrivi atomebis, erTeulebis

arsebobas, romlis Semdgomi analizi SeuZlebelia da romlebic aRar iSlebian

ufro martiv damoukidebel erTeulebad. vitgenSainis “traqtatSi” vkiTxulobT:

“2.01. atomaruli faqti aris obieqtebis SeerTeba

2.011. sagnisaTvis mniSvnelovania is, rom igi SeiZleba iyos atomaruil faqtis

Semadgeneli nawili.

2.0122. sagani damoukidebelia, ramdenadac mas SeuZlia arseboba yvela

SesaZlo garemoebebSi, magram damoukideblobis es forma aris misi atomarul

faqtTan kabSiris, atomarul faqtze damokidebulebis forma. (SeuZlebelia

sityvebi arsebobdnen ori saxiT damoukideblad da winadadebebSi).”

vitgenSteinis am axsna-ganmartebebidan cxadi xdeba, rom atomaruli faqti,

romelic elementaruli winadadebaa, ra Tqma unda, Sinaganad diferencirebulia

da Cvens mier aqamde ganxiluli enobrivi niSnebisagan Sedgeba. erTaderTi,

gamorCeuli, rasac vitgenStani amtkicebs is gaxlavT, rom rom enobrivi niSnebi

yovelTvis winadadebebSia gaerTianebuli da maT ver moviazrebT am

winadadebebisagan damoukidebeli wesiT. Tavis mxriv ki es niSnavs —

elementaruli winadadebebi araanalizebadia.

amrigad, sintaqsis ZiriTadi enobrivi erTeuli aris winadadeba.

semantikisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic mxolod mniSvnelobebis irgvliv

trialebda, sintaqsur doneze SegviZlia visaubroT sazrisis Sesaxeb, romelic

winadadebis Sinaarsobrivi ekvivalentia. mxolod winadadebebs aqvT sazrisi

maSin, rodesac sityvebs mniSvnelobebi gaaCniaT. sintaqsi SeiZleba ganisazRvros

im wesebis Semswavlel disciplinad, romelic arkevs Tu ra saxis relaciebi

arsebobs winadadebaSi enobriv niSnebs Soris.

ra SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom winadadebas aqvs sazrisi? imisaTvis rom

winadadebas sazrisi hqondes unda dakmayofilebuli iyos ori ZiriTadi piroba (a)

winadadebaSi Semavali yvela enobrivi niSani unda iyos mniSvnelobis mqone da (b)

es enobrivi niSnebi unda dakavSrebuli iyos im wesebis Sesabamisad, romelsac

adgens mocemuli enis sintaqsi.

da bolos, SevexoT sakiTxs winadadebebis WeSmaritebis da sazrisianobis

mimarTebis Taobaze. aris Tu ara enobrivi analizi winadadebis sazrisianobis

garantia, an SeuZlia Tu ara analizis praqtikas dagvarwmunos winadadebis

WeSmaritebaSi? ra mimarTebaa winadadebis sazrisianobasa da mis WeSmaritebas

Soris?

iqedan rac faqtis da gonebis WeSmaritebebis lainbicis doqtrinaze iTqva,

gasagebi xdeba, rom analizis praqtika mxolod analitikuri winadadebebis

WeSmaritebaSi Tu dagvarwmunebs (sxvaTa Soris msgavsia vitgenSteinis poziciac).

rac Seexeba sinTezur anu empiriul winadadebebs, aq mxolod analizi

WeSmaritebis garantias ver mogvcems, radgan sakuTriv msjelobis Sinaarsi

scildeba wminda cnebiT dones da imgvari momentebiT ivseba, romlebis

gamoclilebidan momdinareobs. amitom, empiriuli winadadebis WeSmariteba

empiriuli gziT unda dadgundes, ra mizniTac Cveulebriv verifikacia

gamoiyeneba. verifikaciamde analizs SeuZlia dagvarwmunos empiriuli

winadadebis WeSmaritebis pirobis realizaciaSi. xolo empiriuli winadadebis

WeSmaritebis piroba ki misi sazrisianobaa. swored es aris pasuxi kiTxvaze, ra

mimarTebaa winadadebis sazrisianobasa da WeSmaritebas Soris. imisaTvis, rom

winadadeba WeSmariti iyos, jer misi sazrisianobaSi unda davrwmundeT.

winadadebis sazrisianoba misi WeSmaritebis pirobaa.

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WeSmaritebas faqtis WeSmaritebisagan. ver vityviT, rom aseTi diferencis

laibnicisaTvis miwera sruliad usafuZvloa, magram is ki usaTuod

xazgasasmelia, rom is garkveul dazustebas saWiroebs, Tuki, ra Tqma unda,

sakuTriv laibnicis Tvalsazrisi gvainteresebs. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mkacri

azriT, rogorc gonebis, aseve faqtis WeSmariteba, laibnicis TeoriiT, orive

gonebis sakuTrebaa da maT Soris ar aris iseTi mwvave konfliqti, rogorc amis

gamoxatvas gvavaldebulebs empirizmis da racionalizmis alternativebis

filosofiur-istoriuli Stampi. aRniSnuli viTarebis dauzusteblobas

SeiZleba mohyves uaresi gaugebroba faqtis WeSmaritebebTan dakavSirebiT,

radgan rogorc wesi faqtis WeSmaritebebi ufro grZnobebis sakuTrebad

iTvleba, vidre gonebisa da misi wyaro gamocdilebaSi unda veZeboT, rac kvlav,

Tuki Tavad laibnicze vilaparakebT da ara kantze an pozitivizmze, arasworia.

saqme is aris, rom gamocdilebas laibnicis epistemologiaSi ar miewereba codnis

wyaros funqcia. is SeiZleba ufro codnis dazustebis an misi verifikaciis

saSualebad iyos miCneuli.

analizuri debulebebis zemoT aRwerili buneba ufro farTod SegviZlia

gavigoT, vidre amas moiTxovs logikis mecniereba. arsebobs erT-erTi yvelaze

gavrcelebuli Tanamedrove dasavluri filosofiuri mimarTuleba —

analitikuri filosofia. analitikuri filosofia miuTiTebs imaze, rom

analizis procesi, sulerTia es analizi Seexeba logikur figurebs, Tu dazvervis

mier mowodebul informacias, mxolod mas Semdeg iwyeba, rac ukve mocemuli

gvaqvs gasaanalizebeli masala. arc erT analitikoss arsad ar hqonia faqtebis

mopovebasTan saqme. misi samuSao mxolod mas Semdeg iwyeba, rac ukve mocemulia

is, ris analizsac moiTxoven.

analizis aseTi buneba, vfiqrobT sakmaod gamWvirvale gaxda sinTezuri da

analizuri msjelobebis struqturis ganxilvidan gamomdinare. Zalze zogadad

rom vTqvaT, analizis procesi sxva araferia, Tu ara raime rTulis Semadgenel

nawilebad daSla da am nawilebis (romlebic, Cveulebriv manamde dafarulni

iyvnen) naTlad eqsplikacia. analizis meTodi mecnierebaSi ZvelaTaganve

arsebobs da amgvari mdgradi buneba mis araCveulebrivad nayofier xasiaTze

migvaniSnebs. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba analizis meTodis

sxvadasxva saxeebs Soris. yvelaze Zveli, metafizikuri analizis umartives

variantad unda miviCnioT atomistebis moZRvreba, romelic Cvens darwmunebas

imaSi cdilobda, rom samyaro sulac araa iseTi, rogorsac Cven mas aRviqvamT,

aramed warmoadgens Semadgeneli elementebis kombinaciebs. analizis saSualebiT

es mkvlevrebi cdilobdnen gasuliyvnen sagnobrivi realobis iseT umartives

Semadgenlebze, rogoricaa atomebi.

aq, albaT, unda davakonkretoT mosazreba, romelic met-naklebi sicxadiT iyo

gamoTqmuli zemoT. analitikuri filosofiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

warmomadgeneli, uisdomi erTmaneTisagan mijnavda spekulaturul kiTxvebs da

kiTxvebs, romlebzedac pasuxis gasacemad analizis meTodi saukeTesoa.

spekulaturia iseTi kiTxvebi, rogoricaa: “arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi?” “samyaroSi

sikeTe sWarbobs Tu boroteba?” “ra aris materiis ukanaskneli Semadgeneli

elementebi?” da a.S. spekulaciuri kiTxvebi Zalze mniSvnelovania im azriT, rom

maTze pasuxi mogvcems axal informacias CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.

maTgan gansxvavebiT, kiTxvebi romlebzedac pasuxisaTvisac Cven mivmarTavT

analizis meTods, ar gvawvdis axal codnas faqtebis Sesaxeb, aramed gvawvdis

ufro naTel codnas im faqtebze, romlebic CvenTvis ukve cnobilia. am

daxasiaTebidan uisdomi atarebda mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas spekulaciuri

kvlevasa da analitikas Soris da miuTiTebda, rom pirvelis mizani WeSmaritebaa,

xolo analizisa ki sicxade. mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom uisdomis SemoTavazebuli

daxasiaTeba rogorRac konotaciaSi modis Cvens zemo mtkicebasTan sinTezur-

analizuri msjelobebis dixotomiis konteqstSi, rodesac Cven vamtkicebdiT,

rom analizuri msjelobebi codnas ar zrdis da ar gvaZlebs axal codnas, aramed

mxolod ufro naTlad gvagebinebs imas, rac manamde ukve igulisxmeboda cnebaSi.

analizi, romelsac Cven davemyarebiT SemdgomSi, ra Tqma unda, ar aris

metafizikuri da mxolod enobrivi veliT SemoisazRvreba. emyareboda ra

propoziciuli aparatis funqcias, bertran raseli iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinc

13

amisgan gansxvavebiT, analizuri msjelobebs aucilebeli xasiaTi aqvT da

Sesabamisad aseTive bunebisani arian am mecnierebis kanonebic, romlebic

analizur msjelobebze ageben sakuTari mecnierebis Senobas. analizuri

mecnierebebis rigs miekuTvnebian maTematikuri da logikuri disciplinebi.

rogorc analizur mecnierebebTan, aseve Sesabamis msjelobebTan dakavSirebiT

arsebobs erTi problema, romelic cnobilia kantis droidan. kanti analizuri da

sinTezuri msjelobebis dayofisas werda, rom analizuri msjelobis

apodiqturoba (anu misi sayovelTao da aucilebeli xasiaTi), miRweulia wminda

gamomdinareobis xasiaTiT subieqtsa da predikats Soris, rac erTi mxriv,

marTalia apodiqturobas uzrunvelyofs, magram, meore mxriv, statikur codnas

iZleva. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, analizur msjelobebSi codna ar izrdeba

obieqturad. aq codnis zrdaze laparaki SeiZleba iyos mxolod fsiqologiuri

xasiaTis mixedviT informirebulobaze, anu Tuki vinmem ar icoda romelime

sayovelTaod cnobili WeSmaroteba da man es gaigo masalis aTvisebis wyalobiT,

es sulac ar niSnavs codnis obieqtur zrdas, aramed mxolod moswavlis

warmatebiT ganswavlulobas. is faqti, rom orjer ori aris oTxi, kantis da misi

mimdevrebis azriT, ar warmoadgens codnis obieqtur zrdas. gamosaxuleba 2 x 2 = 4, Tu mas mkacrad CavwerT, mxolod Caweris or formas Soris igiveobas aCvenebs.

is mxolod igiveobis niSans svams or gamosaxulebas, “2 x 2 “-sa da “4”-s Soris.

kantis es cnobili mosazreba sakamaTod gaixada XX saukunis cnobilma finelma

logikosma, hintkam, romelic masSi dasaeWveblad sakmaod mativ kiTxvas svams _

Tu analitikuri msjelobebi marTlac ar zrdian codnas, maSin saidan viRebT

maTematikis da logikis sakiTxebze iseT mdidar codnas, romelic biblioTekebs

avsebs? hintika imis Cvenebas cdilobda, rom gavrcelebuli azris miuxedavad,

analizuri msjelobebi mainc zrdian codnas.

analizuri mecnierebebi sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba iyvnen dafuZnebulni.

Zalze zogadad, gasul, XX saukuneSi gamoiyo sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba,

romlebic maTematikis da logikis dafuZneba ides Tavs. es mimarTulebebia

logicizmi, formalizmi da intuicionizmi. yvelaze cnobili logicistebi

iyvnen frege, raseli da vitgenSteini. logicizms xSirad Sua saukuneebis

realizms adareben, radgan, Tu realistebi cnebebis realur arsebobas

uSvebdnen, logicistebisaTvis, magaliTad, raselisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

msgavSi logiuri elementebis, tipebis arsebobis daSveba. Tavis cnobil ortomian

gamokvlevaSi, sdac uaiThedTan erTad raseli imis Cvenebas Seecada, rom

maTematika logikis kerZo SemTxvevaa (amitomac hqvia am mimdinareobas

logicizmi), tipebis arseboba daSvebulia. logicistebisagan gansxvavebiT,

formelistebi, vTqvaT, igive bernaisi, Zveli nominalistebis msgavsad,

gamoricxavda gansakuTrebuli logikuri da meTematikuri obieqtebis arsebobis

daSvebis saWiroebas. formalistebi am disciplinebs Soris arsebul sxvaobas

xsnidnen Caweris sxvadasxva sistemebis safuZvelze. da bolos, intuicionistebi,

magaliTad, cnobili maTematikosi markovi ruseTSi, icavda konceptualistebis

msgavs pozicias, rodesac ambobda, rom maTematikuri obieqtebis arseboba-

ararsebobaze azriania laparaki mxolod matematikuri amocanis arsebobis

SemTxvevaSio.

1. 3. analizis meTodi

msjelobebis dayofa analizurad da sinTezurad cnobili iyo axal droSiac.

laibnici mis Sesabamisad laparakobda orgvar WeSmaritebebze — faqtis

WeSmaritebebze da gonebis WeSmaritebebze, romelTagan pirveli empiriuli

dakvirvebebis, xolo meore logikis, maTematikis, moralis da metafizikis

sferos warmoadgens.

aq unda davazustoT eTi viTareba. saqme isaa, rom CvenSi da ara marto CvenSi

gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi laibnics damsaxurebad uTvlis orgvari

WeSmaritebis, gonebis da faqtis WeSmaritebis gamijvnas. amgvari ram laibnics

gansakuTrebiT pozitivistebma mouwones, romlebic Tavad mijnavdnen analizur

12

2. 4. pragmatika

pragmatika rogorc semiotikis nawili kidev ufro gvian ganviTarda, vidre

sintaqsi. miuxedavad calkeul avtorTa mniSvnelovani wvlilisa pragmatikis

sferoSi, semiotikis es sfero yvelaze ufro sistematizirebuli saxiT

damuSavebuli hqonda zemoT xsenebul moriss aRniSnul statiaSi. termini

“pragmatika” morisma Seomoitana pragmatizmTan axlo asociaciiT, Tumca

pragmatikasa da pragmatizms Soris araviTari uSualo kavSiri ar arsebobs.

pragmatika swavlobs enobrivi niSnebis gamomyenebelTan damokidebu-

lebas. pragmatikas ainteresebs, Tu rogor iyenebs adamiani niSnebs, ra

Zalisxmevas axmars is mas. pragmatikuli elementis Semotanam semiotikur

kvlevebSi mniSvnelovnad Secvala winadadebis szrisis gageba. Tu aqamde

semantikuri da sintaqsuri struqturebi TviTkmarad iTvleboda, pragmatikuli

ganzomilebis kvlevebSi Semosvlis Semdeg cxadi gaxda, rom aucilebelia

pragmatikuli fenomenis gaTvaliswinebac. amgvari transformacia naTlad aisaxa

vitgenStainis kvlevebSi. Tu “logikur-filosofiur traqtatSi” is aigivebda

aRsaniSnsa da mniSvnelobas (da, maSasadame idga orfenovani semantikis

poziciaze), gviandel “filosofiur gamokvlevebSi” mniSvnelobas gansazRvravda,

rogorc enobrivi niSnis, ukve gamoTqmis gamoyenebis wess. igive vitgenStainis

mixedviT, enobrivi niSnebis gamoyenebis wesebis raodenoba Zalze didia da

Sesabamisad am Tvalsazrisisa, vitgenStains arc ucdia am wesebis klasifikacia.

samagierod es ganaxorciela misma mimdevarma, amerikelma lingvistma, serlma,

romelmac moaxdina wesebis reducireba or mTavar nairsaxeobaze. es wesebia

regulatoruli da konstituciuri wesebi. ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?

regulatoruli wesi niSanTa mowesrigeba dalagebas cdilobs. es wesebi SegviZlia

SevadaroT quCaSi moZraobis wesebs. arsebiTia is faqti, rom moZraobis wesebis ar

arseboba ver mospobs Tavad moZraobas. Tu wesebi ar iarsebebs, iarsebebs

moZraooba, Tumca mouwesrigebeli da qaoturi, saxifaTo saxiT. amisagan

gansxvavebiT konstituciuri wesebi ara mxolod awesrigebs movlenas, aramed is

am movlenis da movlenis sazrisis konstruirebas axdens. konstituciuri wesebis

nimuSad serli asaxelebs TamaSis wesebs. TamaSi (aq laparakia game-ze da ara play-

ze), SeiZleba ganisazRvros garkveuli wesebis Sesabamisad ganxorcielebul

moqmedebad. wesebi TamaSSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben. swored, amitom

cdilobda gviani vitgenStaini enobrivi aqtivoba aRewera TamaSis terminebiT.

albaT, ar gadavuxvevT Temidan, Tu aRvniSnavT, rom enis amgvari gagebiT

vitgenStainma mniSvnelovnad Secvala enis funqciebis tradiciuli gageba.

Cveulebriv iTvleboda, rom enas gaaCnia sami ZiriTadi funqcia: komunikaciuri,

eqspresiuli da designatiuri. enis saSualebiT adamianebi an urTierToben

erTmaneTTan, an gamoxataven Tavis Tavs, an aRniSnaven raRacas. mas Semdeg, rac

enobriv aqtivobas pragmatikuli interpretacia mieca, vitgenStainma gazarda

enis funqciebi. “filosofiur gamokvlevebSi” is werda: “terminma ‘enobrivma

TamaSma’ aq unda gamokveTos, rom enaze laparaki saqmianobis an sicocxlis

formis nawilia. am da sxva magaliTebze dayrdnobiT warmoidgine enobrivi

TamaSebis mravalferovneba:

brZaneba da brZanebis mixedviT moqmedeba —

sagnis aRwera misi garegnuli saxis an zomenis mixedviT-

sagnis damzadeba naxazis mixedviT —

movlenis Setyobineba —

movlenis Sesaxeb varaudis gamoTqma —

hipoTezis wamoyeneba da Semowmeba —

eqsperimentis Sedegebis warmodgena cxrilebis da diagremebis meSveobiT —

moTxrobis mofiqreba da wakiTxva —

TeatrSi TamaSi —

saferxulo simRerebis mRera —

gamocanebis gamocnoba —

xumroba; anekdotebis moyola —

amocanis amoxsna —

25

Targmna —

Txovna, madlobis Tqma, dawyevla, misalmeba, locva.”

cxadia, rom enobrivi aqtiobis amgvari warmodgenis Semdeg, Znelia

vilaparakoT, rom enas sami ZiriTadi funqcia gaaCnia. aranakleb Zneli iqneba, Tu

vecdebiT enis funqciebis mkacrad reglamentaciasac. Tavad vitgenStaini

darwmunebuli iyo, rom enis funqciebi usasrulod SegviZlia aRvweroT.

Tu semantikia ZiriTadi enobrivi elementi aris enibrivi niSani an termini,

xolo sintaqsisa ki winadadeba, pragmatikis ZiriTadi samuSao cneba aris

gamoTqma. gamoTqmis specifika isaa, rom is aris ara imdenad werilis, aramed

meytvelebis primatiT gansazRvruli erTeuli.

pragmatikis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi kategoriaa konteqsti. arsebobs

konteqstis ori nairsaxeoba lingvisturi da eqstralingvisturi. erTic da

meorec sazrisis determinacias axorcielebs, oRond sxvadasxvagvarad.

eqstralingvisturi konteqsti iTvaliswinebs molaparakis socialur statuss,

mis kmpetencias, viTarebas romelSiac gamoiyeneba ena, konkretuli viTarebis

ganmsazRvrel sxvadasxva parametrebs da a.S.

rac Seexeba lingistur konteqsts, is axorcielebs konkretuli gamoTqmis

determinacias yvelaferi imis safuZvelze, rac manmade iTqva Tenis Sesaxeb da

garda amisa, yvelaferi imiTac ris Tqmasac molaparake apirebs gamoTqmis Semdeg

Temis irgvliv.

pragmatikuli ganzomilebis kvlevis procesSi sul ufro da ufro meti

yuradReba daeTmo imgvari fenomenis Seswavlas, rogoricaa ganzraxva anu

intencionaloba. es ukanaskneli Cveni Semdgomi gadmocemis ZiriTadi obieqtia,

amitom mas damoukidebel Temas mivuZRvniT.

3.molaparakis ganzraxva da molaparakis

sityvebis sazrisi metyvelebaSi.

vidre metyevelebis struqturas gadmovcemde, minda Semovitano erTi

mniSvnelovani cneba, romelic gagviiolebs SemdgomSi masalis gamocemas. es cneba

gaxlavT performatiuli gamoTqmis cneba. termini performativi, pirvelad

mecnierebaSi Semoitana ingliselma filosofosma ostinma. performatiuli

gamoTqma anu performativi imgvari enobrivi aqtiobis formaa, romelic

gamoTqma/moqmedebas warmoadgens. ra azriT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom performa-

tivebi gamoTqma moqmedebebia? garkveuli azriT, yovelgvari enobrivi aqtivoba

xom moqmedebis, konkretulad enobrivi moqmedebis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens?

performativebi gamoTqma/moqmedebebia ara ase vaTqvaT raime metaforuli

azriT, aramed pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. amis gasagebad ostini gvTavazobs erT-

maneTisagan gavmijnoT konstativebi da performativebi. konstatiuri

gamoTqmis magaliTia “romi mdebareobs tibrze”, xolo performativisa ki nafic

msajulTa mier gamoTqmuli - “Cven vcnobT amas da amas damnaSaved”. gansxvaveba am

ori tipis winadadebebs Soris aSkaraa. konstativebi raime viTarebis aRwerebs

warmoadgenen, xolo performativebi ki konkretuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas.

marTlac, am ukanaskneli gamoTqmis SemTxvevvaSi piri, romelic manmade mxolod

eWvmitanilis statusiT sargeblobda, nafici msajulebis verdiqtiT iqca

damnaSaved.

performativebisa da konstativebis moyvanili gansxvavebidan gamomdinareobs

meore kidev ufro mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba. ostini sayvedurobs winamorbed

logikosebs am gansxvavebaze yuradRebis gaumaxvileblobas. kerZod, ostinis

azriT, mxolod konstativebi xasiaTdebian WeSmariteba-siyalbis niSnebiT maSin,

rodesac performatiuli gamoTqmebi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes warmateba-

warumateblobiT.

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani niSani, romelic performativebs axlavs, aris maTi

faruli da Ria xasiaTi. aviRoT winadadeba “dakete karebi”. es performatiuli

26

moiazros sxeulis cneba ise, rom es sxeuli imTaviTve ar iyos ganfenili.

arsebobs identobis niSani “sxeulebrivad yofnasa” da “ganfenilad yofnas” Soris

im donemde, rom yvelgan, sadac ki laparakia “sxeulze”, SegviZlia es termini

CavanacvloT “ganfenilad yofniT” ise, rom mTeli msjelobis mniSvneloba ar

Seicvalos.

sinTezuri da analizuri msjelobebis SemoTavazebuli gansazRvrebidan da

maTi mokle daxasiaTebidan SegviZlia mokled SevexoT mecnierebis Tanamderove

klasifikacias. zogadad laparakoben gansxvavebaze analizur da empiriul

mecnierebebs Soris. empiriuli mecnierebebi Tavis fundamentur mtkicebebs

sinTezur msjelobebze amyareben. ramdenadac sinTezur mecnierebebSi

predikatsa da subieqts Soris kavSiri SemTxveviTia, am mecnierebebis kanonebsac

SemTxveviTi buneba aqvT. araviTari aucilebloba ar ganapirobebs imas, rom

fizikis an biologiis fundamenturi kanonebi ar dairRves. am mecnierebebs

kanonebs aqvT ara aucileblobiTi simyare, aramed albaTuri.

ramdenadac sityva Camovarda msjelobaTa safuZvelaze macnierebebis

klasifikaciis Sesaxeb, barem ukve empiriuli mecnierebebis farglebSi

gamovyofT kidev erT damoukidebel jgufs, romelic arc Tavisi sagniT, arc misi

Seswavlis obieqtiT ar daiyvaneba sxva empiriul mecnierebebze. es gaxlavT e.w.

humanitaruli mecnierebebi. humanitaruli mecnierebebis gamoyofa calke

jgufad ganpirobebuli iyo ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo. jer erTi, maTi Seswavlis

ZiriTadi obieqti, sagani aris adamiani da misi Semoqmedeba. adamiani ki

gansxvavdeba sxva bunebis arsebaTagan, upirveles yovlisa, imiT, rom

dajildoebulia Tavisufali nebiT. amitom rogorc misi namoqmdaris gageba,

aseve momaval gadawyvetilebaTa wanaswar prognozireba, Zalze did sirTuleebs

awydeba. am sirTuleebis Taobaze SegviZlia SevadaroT adamianis momavali

moqmedebis gaTvlis SesaZlebloba gatyorcnili fizikuri nivTis frenis

traeqtoriis gaTvlis SesaZleblobas. am ukanasknelis gamosaTvlelad mravali

ramis gaTvaliswineba gvmarTebs. magaliTad gatyorcnis Zalis, nivTis wonis,

haeris winaaRmdegobis, qaris arseboba-ararsebobis, sxva winaaRmdegobebis

arseboba-ararsebobis da a.S. amisgan, gansxvavebiT adamianis samoqmedo “gegmis”

gageba Seudareblad ufro rTulia ara mxolod imitom, rom gacilebiT meti

detalis gaTvaliswineba gviwevs, vidre sxva bunebis arsebebis gamosaTvlelad

(sul erTia isini sulierebi arian Tu usuloebi), aramed, pirvel rigSi, adamianis

Tavisufali nebis, kidev iseTi sulieri Tvisebebis gamo, rogoricaa Rirsebis

grZnoba da a.S. romelTa ZaliTac adamianma SeiZleba sruliad moulodneli

gadawyvetileba miiRos da Sesabamisad warmarTos Tavisi qceva. humanitaruli

mecnierebebis calke jgufad gamoyofis erT-erTi mizezi maTi obieqtis aseTi

specifikuri xasiaTia.

meore mizezi ufro meTodologiuria da iTvaliswinebs im faqts, rom

adamianis irgvliv koncentrirebuli codnisaTvis maTematikuri meTodebi, an

meTodebi romlebic aTvlasa da gazomva-awonvas mimarTaven araadekvaturia.

Sesabamisad, gasuli XIX saukunidan laparaki daiwyes hermenevtikul

meTodologiaze, romlis fuZemdeblad (Tu Slaiermaxeris manamdel Sromebs ar

gaviTvaliswinebT), dilTai unda CaiTvalos. hermenevtika sxvagvarad gagebis

meTodadaa aRiarebuli da is gulisxmobs garkveuli xidis arsebobas warsul

kulturasa da Tanamedrove mkvlevars Soris, pirovnebis naazrevsa da

Semoqmedebas da mis mkvlevars Soris. hermenevtikis sakvlevi horizonti Zalze

farToa. arsebobs hermenevtikis lingvisturi nairsaxeobebi (haidegeris da

gadameris hermenevtikebis saxiT), an mis analitikuri variaciebi vitgenStainis da

karl-oto apelis hermenevtikuli Studiebis saxiT. hermenevtikis teqstis

gagebis mecnierebad interpretacias didi xnis istoria aqvs da ebraul

kabalistikaze rom araferi vTqvaT, is sakmaod naTlad Cndeba im qristian

avtorebTan, vinc bibliis interprataciiT an TargmaniT iyvnen dainteresebulni

(amitomac, hermenevtikis erT-erT adreul warmomadgenlad asaxeleben luTers,

romelic bibliis germaul enaze mTargmnelia. bolos, aRvniSnavT imasac, rom

arsebobs fsiqoanalizis hermenevtikuli interpretacia, rac ar unda iyos

moulodneli, radgan sityva iyo is ZiriTadi iaraRi, romliTac froidi Tavisi

miznebis miRwevas cdilobda.

11

msjelobis kidev erTi specifika — msjeloba sagnovrivi viTarebis martiv

deskripcias ar warmoadgens, aramed is iseTi aRweraa, romelic sagnobrivi

viTarebis sakuTrivi aRweris garda masve miawers am sagnobrivi viTarebis

arseboba-ararsebobis mtkicebas. amitom WeSmariteba/siyalbe msjelobis

Tvisebebia gansxvavebiT cnebebisagan, romelTac ar gaaCniaT WeSmaritebis fasebi.

am SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, msjeloba SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT amgvarad:

msjeloba aris azri sagnobrivi viTarebis Sesaxeb, romelSiac am sagnobriv

viTarebaze raRac mtkicdeba an uariyofa.

arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis msjelobebi. magram rogori konkretuli saxec ar

unda hqondes msjelobas, misi struqtura identuria yvela SemTxvevisaTvis.

kerZod, yoveli msjeloba Seicavs sam ZiriTad elements: subietqs, predikats da

makavSirebal sityvas _ kopulas. amitom “S & P” msjelobis uzogadesi

formulaa. misi pirveli elemeti, “S” — “subieqti” SeiZleba ganisazRvros

rogorc is razedac raRac gamoiTqmeba msjelobaSi. meore elementi,

“predikati”, “P” - SeiZleba ganisazRvros yvelafer imad, rac ki SeiZleba

mieweros subiqts. rac Seexeba makavSireblebs arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis

(erTadgiliani, oradgiliani...) makavSireblebi, romelTa erT nawils enobriv

gamoxatulebas vaZlevT. am mxriv ganasxvaveben, magaliTad, koniunqcias,

disunqcias, implikacias da a.S. koniunqcia SeiZleba gamoixatos sityviT “da”.

iTvleba, rom koniunqciis saSualebiT agebuli winadadeba WeSmaritia maSin,

rodesac misi orive wevri WeSmaritia. disunqcia gamoixateba sityviT “an“ da

iTvleba, rom disunqciuri debuleba WeSmaritia maSin, ordesac WeSmaritia misi

erTi wevri mainc. da bolos, implikaciiT agebuli debuleba (“Tu ... maSin...”)

WeSmaritia, Tu WeSmartia ara pirveli, aramed meore termini da a.S.

rogorc iTqva, arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis msjelobebi. SegviZlia gavmijnoT

zogaddadebiTi, zogaduaryofiTi, kerZoobiTdadebiTi da kerZoobiTuaryofiTi

msjelobebi. vTqvaT msjeloba _ “yvela adamiani mokvdavia” — warmoadgens

zogaddadebiTi msjelobis nimuSs, radgan igi dadebiT mtkicebas axorcielebs

zogad terminze — adamianze. zogaduaryofiTi msjelobis nimuSi iqneba Semdegi

saxis mtkicebuleba _ “arc erTi adamiani ar aris mokvdavi”. marTalia es

msjeloba wina msjelobis msgavsad kvlav zogad termins exeba, magram amjerad

masze uaryofas avrcelebs. kerZoobiTdadebiTi msjelobis magaliTad SegviZlia

moviyvanoT aseTi msjeloba — “sokrate mokvdavia”, xolo kerZoobiTuaryofiTis

nimuSad ki, amgvari — “sokrate ukvdavia”.

msjelobebis es daxasiaTeba ar aris erTaderTi. arsebobs sxva saxis

msjelobaTa klasifikacia. CvenTvis maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania msjelobebis

dayofa analizur da sinTezur msjelobebad. msjelobaTa dayofaze analizuad

da sinTezurad damokidebulia iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, rogoricaa

mecnierebaTa klasifikacia, gansxvaveba apriorulsa da aposterioruls Soris,

empiriuli da wminda goniT Semecnebas Soris danawileba da sxv. gavmijnoT jer

erTmaneTisagan analizuri da sinTezuri msjelobebi.

Cven vityviT, rom msjeloba aris sinTezuri, Tuki msjelobis predikati ki ar

igulisxmeba mis subieqtSi, aramed garedan miewereba mas. informacia msjelobis

predikatis Sesaxeb sinTezur msjelobaSi modis empiriuli codnis bazaze.

aviRoT sinTezuri msjelobis nimuSad amgvari debuleba:

“vardi aris wiTeli”

am msjelobis sinTezuri xasiaTi, gansazRvrebis mixedviT, aSkaraa, radgan

rogor damajerebladac ar unda gavaanalizoT vardis cneba, masSi siwiTis cnebis

niSanwyalsac ki ver aRmovaCenT. informacia vardis siwiTlis Sesaxeb mocemuli

konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis miviReT mxolod da mxlod erTi wyarodan _

gamocdilebidan.

aviRoT axla analizuri msjelobis SemTxveva da davrwmundebiT, rom viTareba

aq mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuilia. analizuria Semdegi saxis msjeloba:

“sxeuli aris ganfenili”

sinTezuri msjelobisagan gansxvavebiT, ganfeniloba aq subieqtis cnebidan,

raRacis sxeulebrivi yofidan gamoiyvaneba. marTlacda, SeuZlebelia vinmem

10

gamoTqma SeiZleba swored am formiT Segvxvdes winadadebaSi, magram is arasdros

ar aris neitraluri. mocemuli saxiT warmodgenili performativi farulia da is

realurad SeiZleba warmoadgendes an brZanebas, an Txovnas, an moTxovnas, an

sulac vedrebas. Tu mocemuli winadadebis nacvlad me vityodi “me moviTxov

daxuro karebi” maSin saqme gveqneba eqsplicitur performativTan. ostinma

mTeli rigi procedurebi SemoiRo imisaTvis, rom mosaxerxebeli yofiliyo

faruli performativis eqsplikacia.

kidev erTi cneba, romelic sameytyvelo moqmedebis gasagebad gvWirdeba aris

“referencia”. termini referencia modis inglisurenovani gamoTqmidan “to refer to”, rac “SesabamisobaSi yofnas”, “Sestyvisobas”, “SeTanadebas” gulisxmobs.

referencia gulisxmobs enobrivi gamosaxulebis Sesatyvisobas Sesabamis

obieqtTan. am terminis Semotana saWiro gaxda mas Semdeg, rac gaacnobieres, rom

aRmniSvnelis cneba ver faravs enobrivi saSualebebis obieqtebTan Sesabamisobis

yvela SemTxvevas. kerZod, aRmniSvneli frazis ZiriTadi funqcia mniSvnelobis

materialuri gamosaxvaa, xolo referencia arkvevs imas, modis Tu ara es fraza an

mniSvneloba SesabamisobaSi, gnebavT vuwodoT, SexebaSi im obieqtTan romelzedac

is aris gamiznuli. aviRoT aseTi gamoTqma: “safrangeTis Tanamedrove mefe

melotia”. es winadadeba SeiZleba mravalmxriv gavaanalizoT. magram Tu misi

referentulobiT davinteresdebiT, unda ganvacxadoT, rom is “carieli

gamoTqmaa” radgan ar xorcieldeba referencia winadadebasa da Sesabamis obieqts

Soris. referenciis mniSvneloba enobrivi analizisaTvis, ra Tqma unda ar

SemoizRudeba mxolod am da msgavsi SemTxvevebiT, magram CvenTvis Zalze

mniSvnelovania yuradReba gavamaxviloT warmodgenil magaliTze da teqstze

muSaobisas mudmivad mxedvelobaSi viqonioT frazebis “savseoba/sicariele”,

romlis dadgenac referenciis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli.

3. 1. sametyvelo moqmedeba da misi elementebi

amrigad, metyvelebis, ufro zogadad enis funqciebi Zalze didia. am

funqciebs Soris Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT konstatiur da performatiul

gamoTqmebze da davafiqsireT maT Soris gansxvaveba. konstativebis Taobaze,

romlebic WeSmariteba/siyalbis niSnebiT xasiaTdebian Cven sakmarisi informacia

gvaqvs. ufro sainteresoa performatiuli gamoTqmebi, romelTa pirveli

monaxazi warmodgenili iyo ostinis SexedulebaTa gadmocemiT. jer kidev Tavad

ostinma scada performatuli gamoTqmebi sxva terminebSi aRewera, radgan

performativi da masTan dakavSirebuli terminologia ver itevs yvela saWiro

niuanss. sametyvelo moqmedebis struqtura warmodgenili iqneba ara ostinis,

aramed serlis Teoriis mixedviT. saqme isaa, rom ostinis struqtura ufro

samuSao varianti iyo, romelic mas wignad gamosacemad ar moumzadebia. am

struqturas, ra Tqma unda, axlda rigi gaumarTavi elementebi, romlebic Semdeg

serlis interprataciis sagani gaxda. ostinis sametyvelo moqmedeba gulisxmobda

Semdeg elementebs:

1.lokuciuri aqti — es aris metyvelebis aqti;

2.ilokuciuri aqti — metyvelebiT ganxorcielebuli moqmedeba (perfo-

rmativis analogia);

3.perlokuciuri aqti — msmenelze ganxorcielebuli efeqti;

serlma sametyvelo aqtis struqtura warmoadgina Semdegi saxecvlili

formiT:

1.gamoTqma/moqmedeba = sityvebis (winadadebebis) gamoTqma;

2.propoziciuli aqti, moqmedeba = referencis da predikaciis ganxorcieleba;

3.ilokuciuri aqti = dadgena, brZaneba, SekiTxva, Sepireba da a.S.

warmodegnil elementebs Soris serli xedavs Semdegi saxis mimarTebas:

miuxedavad imisa, rom sametyvelo moqmedebis elementebi warmodgenil

struqturaSi damoukideblad arian warmodgenilni, reluri metyvelebisas isini

erTad xorcieldeba. erTdrouloba aq mxolod imas niSnavs, rom ilokuciuri

aqti, romelic yvelaze ufro rTulia ganxorcielebisas iqvemdebarebs danarCen

27

aqtebs. Tavis mxriv, es niSnavs aqtebs Soris garkveuli subordinaciis arsebobas.

Tumca, amiT xeli ar eSleba aqtebis erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad warmodgenas.

anu sxvadasxva ilokuciur aqts SeiZleba erTi da igive propoziciuli aqti

Seesabamebodes da piriqiT, erTi da igive ilokuciuri ZaliT gamoiTqvas erTi da

igive propozicia. savsebiT SesaZlebelia gamoTqmiTi aqtis abstraqciaSi

damoukidebeli saxiT warmodgena, Tu davuSvebT, rom misi ganxorcielebisas

imave dros ar xorcieldeba arc predikacia da arc referencia.

ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan ilokucia da predikacia. ilokuciuri aqtis

gramatikuli forma mTeli winadadebaa, Tumdac is mxolod erTi sityvisagan

Sedgebodes. propoziciuli aqtisaTvis ki saWiroa ara mTeli winadadeba, aramed

mxolod misi nawili. kerZod, predikaciisaTvis gramatikuli predikati, xolo

referenciisaTvis sakuTari saxeli, arsebiTi saxeli an maTi Semcvleli

saSualebebi. ramdenadac propoziciuli aqti yovelTvis winadadebis raRac

nawiliT xorcieldeba, gsagebia, rom is ver ganxorcieldeba ilokuciuri

aqtisagan damoukideblad. sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia

gamovTqvaT propozicia ise, rom arc kiTxva davsvaT, arc brZaneba an sxva msgavsi

ram gamovxatoT. sagnebze saubari SeiZleba mxolod winadadebebiT da ara

winadadebebis nawilebiT. am axsnidan ufro gasagebi xdeba, Tu ra azriT

iqvemdebarebs propozicias ilokucia.

meti sicxadisaTvis, sametyvelo moqmedebis warmodgenili struqtura

SegviZlia SevadaroT im struqturas, romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo enobrivi

niSnebis daxasiaTebisas semantikur WrilSi. miuxedavad am ori rigis elementebs

Soris identobis ar arsebobisa, SegviZlia vilaparakoT garkveul msgavsebaze (a)

aRmniSvnelsa da sametyvelo aqtSi winadadebis gamoTqma/moqmedebas Soris.

Semdeg, (b)sityvis mniSvnelobasa da sametyvelo aqtis propozicias Soris.

amasTan mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom propozicia gamoixateba ara

winadadebiT, aramed molaparakis mier winadadebis gamoTqmisas. rac Seexeba

ilokucias, mas semantikuri analogia ar moeZebneba, radgan igi warmoadgens

wminda pragmatikul elements. kidev erTxel rom davubrundeT gansxvavebas

propozicias da ilokucias Soris, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom propozicia

winadadebis gamoTqmis Sinaarss Seadgens, xolo ilokucia ki misi mocemulobis

ganmsazRvreli Zala. ilokuciuri Zalis indikatori (romelic msgavsia

eqsplicituri performativisa) gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aris SemoTavazebuli

propozicia, anu ra Zala aqvs gamoTqmas, an, bolos, sakuTriv ra saxis enobrivi

moqmedeba ganaxorciela molaparakem.

ra enobrivi saSualebebi arsebobs imisaTvis, rom winadadebis gamoTqmisas

ganxorcieldes miTiTeba ilokuciur Zalaze. yovel enas Tavisi specifiuri

saSualebebi gaaCnia. inglisuri enisaTvis. magaliTad serli asaxelebs Semdegs:

sityvaTa wyobas, maxvils, gamomTqmelis intonacias, punqtuacias, zmnebis kilos

da ilokuciur zmnebs. yovelive amas unda daematos konteqsti, romelic

sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxados gamoTqmis ilokuciuri Zala.

Tu imgvarad moxda, rogorc amas adgili hqonda faruli performativebis

SemTxvevaSi, anu Tu gamoTqmis ilokuciuri Zala dafiqsirebuli ar aris

winadadebis zedapirul struqturaSi, aman ar unda Segveqmnas STabeWdileba, rom

saqme gvaqvs wminda propoziciebTan, wminda SinaarsebTan. magaliTisaTvis aviRoT

iseTi gamoTqma, rogoricaa “gpirdebiT mosvlas”. aq Znelia gaarCio, Tu romeli

frazaa propoziciis indikatori da romeli ilokuciuri Zalisa. winadadebis

siRrmiseuli struqturis eqsplikaciisas, miviRebT Semdegi saxis gamosaxulebas

— “me gpirdebiT, rom moval”. axla saSualeba gvaqvs davafiqsiroT, erTi mxriv,

ilokuciuri Zalis indikatori — “me gpirdebiT” — da meore mxriv, ki

propoziciuli Sinaarsisa — “rom moval”. gatarebuli gansxvavebis Rirebuleba

gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom is orgvari sruliad sxvadasxvagvari

uaryofis gamijvnis SesaZleblobas iZleva, romlebic xSirad erTmaneTSia

areuli da winadadebis zedapiruli struqturidan ar Cans. ase magaliTad,

winadadebas “me gpirdebiT mosvlas” SeiZleba hqondes orgvari uaryofa: “me ar

gpirdebiT mosvlas” da “me gpirdebiT, rom ar moval”. aq gasagebia, rom pirveli

ilokuciuri uaryofaa, xolo meore propoziciuli. gansxvaveba am ori saxis

28

tolZalovania da ar arsebobs maT Soris raime rangireba. am amosaval pozicias is

iyenebs e.w. “ojaxuri msgavsebis” Teoriis asagebad, romelic ar gaimarTeboda

cnebis niSanTa tolZalovnebis postulatis gareSe.

yovel cnebas aqvs moculoba da Sinaarsi. cnebis SinaarsSi igulisxmeba am

cnebis maxasiaTeblebis erToblioba, xolo moculobaSi ki, misi SinaarsiT

gansazRvruli sagnebis raodenoba. rac ufro farToa cneba moculobiT, miT

ufro Raribia is SinaarsiT da, piriqiT, SinaarsiT mdidari cneba ufro metad

iswrafvis konkretulobisaken da, maSasadame, naklebia misi moculobac. hegeli

Tavis “logikas” iwyebs yvelaze ufro ganyenebuli da abstraqtuli cnebidan,

iseTi cnebidan romlis moculobac yovlismomcveli iqneboda. aseT cnebad man

SearCia yofierebis cneba, romelic moicavs yovlive arsebuls. samagierod es

cneba, Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze Raribia, radgan saganTa am

usasrulobas igi miawers erTaderT, arsebobis niSans da saganTa am simravles

sxva mxriv srul ganurCevlobaSi tovebs.

warmoSobis wyaros garda, cnebebi SeiZleba daxasiaTebulni iyvnen sruliad

sxva TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, SegviZlia vilaparakoT individualur da

abstraqtul cnebebze, romlebic sxvagvarad SeiZleba warmodgenilni iyvnen,

erTi mxriv, rogorc sruli, xolo meore mxriv, rogorc ganyenebuli cnebebi. am

oridan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa individualuri cneba, romelic indivi-

dualuri substanciis maxasiaTebelia da amitom masTan, rogorc substanciis

aRmniSvnel, Tu ukeTesia vTqvaT, gamomxatvel cnebasTan mTeli rigi problemebia

dakavSirebuli. cxadia, es problemebi ara mxolod logikur-enobrivi, aramed da

upirveles yovlisa, metafizikuri xasiaTisaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTi

daxasiaTebisas ver avcildebiT individualur substanciasTan dakavSirebul

sakiTxebs, rac wignis pirveli nawilis sagani iyo, Tumca, amgvari analizi, albaT,

axlac garkveulwilad momgebiani iqneba. amrigad, individis cneba aris individualuri substanciis sruli cneba da

mxolod mas mieyeneba. sisruleze xazgasma imis mauwyebelia formulaSi, rom

individis cnebis mimarT raime axali predikatebis damateba SeuZlebelia. am

Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT individualuri cneba amave dros maqsimaluri

Semcvelobis cnebacaa.

imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is nawilobrivi cneba Sevides individualuri cnebis

predikatis SemadgenlobaSi, mas waeyeneba ori moTxovna, (a) rom is unda iyos

arawinaaRmdegobrivi da (b) iyos TanaSeTavsebadi ufro meti moculobis

nawilobriv cnebebTan. principi, ris mixedviTac erTi cneba (sul erTia

nawilobrivia is Tu ara) SeiZleba Sevides meore cnebis moculobaSi, aris

msgavsebis mimarTeba, rac teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT ufro CarTulobad

ganisazRvreba.

individualuri cnebebis kidev erTi Tavisebureba is aris, rom yoveli

gamarTuli, normaluri individualuri cneba usasrulo raodenobis

predikatebs Seicavs. amitom, cnebebis moculobaze saubrisas, SesaZloa,

umjobesia visaubroT ara "meti" an "naklebi" moculobis cnebebze, aramed meti an

naklebi Zalis cnebebze. amgvari saubari ki saWiro gaxdeba maSin, rodesac

substanciebis konteqstSi, cnebaTa srulyofilebis sakiTxi dadgeba. gavixsenoT,

rom laibnicis metafizikiT is substanciaa ufro srulyofili, romelic

SeTavsebadia ufro meti moculobis aqcidenciasTan.

1. 2. msjeloba

logikis mecnierebis meore mniSvnelovani elementia msjeloba. msjeloba,

cnebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelc yovelTvis calkeul sagans an saganTa jgufs

aRniSnavs, msjeobis pirveli damaxasiaTebli niSani dasrulebuli azris

gadmocemaa. msjeloba ar exeba calkeul sagnebs, aramed am am saganTa arseboba ar

arsebobas xdomilebaTa konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, msjeloba, upirveles yovlisa,

asocirebulia sagnobriv viTarebasTan. magram aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT

9

aRiniSneba, SegveZlo, agreTve gveTqva: cneba, idea" - werda laibnici.

bevr teqstSi laibnics sityva "termini" swored am, obieqturi mniSvnelobiT

esmis. marius nizoliusis Sromis winasityvaobaSi laibnici "terminis" sxva

mniSvnelobasac aRniSnavs da mis nacvlad zogjer iyenebs "vocabulum"-s anu

rogorc sityvis aRmniSvnels (C497). igive azriT iyenebs is "Vox"-sac, xolo ufro

gviandel, 1690 wlis teqstSi "terminis" tolZalovnad iyenebs "Character"-s. "termini" zogierT teqstSi sintaqsur datvirTvasac iZens imisda mixedviT, Tu ra

rols asrulebs is winadadebaSi. vTqvaT, kategoriul winadadebaSi is SeiZleba

Segvxvdes rogorc subieqti an rogorc predikati. mTlianobaSi laibnici

gamoyofs terminis sxvadasxva saxes sruliad sxvadasxva funqcionaluri

datvirTviT.

arsebobs integraluri da partikularuli terminebi, individualuri da

universaluri, konkretuli da abstraqtuli, intuiciuri, distribuciuli da

dayofadi terminebi. terminebis Sesabamisi analizi gviCvenebs, rom laibnici maTi

kvleviT amzadebda niadags winadadebaTa konstruqciuli analizisaTvis. Se-

sabamisad, gamosaxulebaTa am mravalferovnebasTan gasacnobad ganmsazRvrelia

daintereseba winadadebiT da misi adgiliT "Lingua rationalis"-Si.

magram davubrundeT Cveni interesis ZiriTad sagans, cnebas. cneba aris

usasrulobis inteleqtualuri dauflebis saSualeba. arsebobs azri, rom cneba

pirvelma sokratem Semiitana kvlevaSi. cneba aris raRac iseTi rac yovelTvis

zogadzea orientirebuli. amaSi iolad davrwmundebiT, Tu ganvixilavT

SemTxvevas, rodesac Cven vmsjelobT, davuSvaT, adamianze. adamianis cnebiT

moiazreba zogadad da ara romelime konkretuli adamiani. arsebobs adamianis

ramdenime definicia. maT Soris erT-erTi, romelsac Cven kargad vicnobT,

ekuTvnis aristoteles. es gansazRvreba gveubneba, rom adamiani aris politikuri

arseba. margam romel adamianzea aq saubari? ra simaRlisaa es adamiani? ra feris

Tma an Tvalebi aqvs? cxadia am da msgavs kiTxvebze ver gavcemT, mxolod cnebiTi

codnis safuZvelze, pasuxs, radgan kiTxvebi daesmis konkretul maxasiaTeblebs,

konkretul adamianebs maSin, rodesac cneba zogadzea orientirebuli. cneba

usasrulobis dauflebas cdilobs ara mxolod sivrceSi, aramed droSiac: radgan

adamianze msjelobisas, misi cneba exeba rogorc yvela imas, vinc odesme

arsebula, aramed imasac, vinc momavalSic iarsebebs. SesaZlebelia iseTi cnebis

arsebobac, romelsac arc ki viciT Seesatyviseba Tu ara raime samyaroSi. aseTi

viTareba verafers aklebs cnebis vargisianobas da is maSinve samuSao

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, rogorc ki misi Sesatyvisi obieqtebi aCveneben Tavs.

sikeTeze maSinac SegveZleba msjeloba, erTi keTili adamiani rom arsad ar

moipovebodes. rom ar gvqondes cneba, rogorc usasrulobis dauflebis

saSualeba, maSin iZulebuli viqnebodiT yovel calkeul saganze cal-calke

Segvegrovebina informacia da saWiro ar aris gansakuTrebuli argumentacia

imaSi dasarwmuneblad, Tu ramden uxerxulobasTan iqneboda es dakavSirebuli.

am mciredi Sesavlis Semdeg, cneba SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ase: “cneba aris

azri saganze an saganTa jgufze, romelSiac es sagnebi warmodgenilia

arsebiTi niSnebis mixedviT”. am gansazRvrebaSi yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imas,

rom cnebis SemuSavebisas orientacia xdeba saganTa arsebiT niSnebze, romelTa

saSualebiTac es sagnebi gamoiyofa sxva sagnebis usasrulo simravlidan.

aristoteles adamianis definiciaSi arsebiT niSnad gamoyenebulia politikuri

cxovrebis wesi. Tu sxva, magaliTad, franklinis, gansazRvrebas aviRebT

gamorCeulad adamianur niSnad is asaxelebs iaraRis keTebis unars. arsebiTi

niSani, rogorc vxedavT, sxvadasxva avtorTan gansxvavebulia, riTac araferi

Savdeba. mTavari misi funqcia isaa, rom man adamians imgvari unikaluri niSani

miaweros, romelic mas yvela sxvebisagan gamoarCevda. am konkretuli niSnis

SerCeva ki damokidebulia avtoris zogad xedvaze, gemovnebaze da

msoflmxedvelobaze.

ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela logikosi iziarebs cnebis niSanTa dayofas

arsebiTad da araarsebiTad. “opoziciaSi” mdgomi aseTi avtorebis ricxvs unda

mivakuTvnoT XX saukunis avstrieli mkvlevari, ludvig vitgenStaini.

vitgenStainisaTvis yvela niSani, romelic ki moiazreba cnebis SinaarsSi,

8

uaryofebs Soris Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgen Tu uaryofa propozicias exeba,

es uaryofa ar gavrceldeba ilokuciur Zalaze. uaryofis Sedegi igive Zalis

axli propozicia iqneba. magram Tu Cven uarvyofT ilokuciur ZalasamiT xasiaTi

ecvleba mTel ilokuciur aqts. gamoTqma “me ar gpirdebiT” axali Sepireba ki ar

aris, aramed Sepirebis uaryofaa maSin, rodesac gamoTqma “nu gaakeTebT” kvlav

axal moTxovnad rCeba.

3. 2. subieqturi mniSvneloba

is, rasac Cven gavecaniT sametyvelo moqmedebis elementebis saxiT,

winadadebis obieqturi ganzomilebaa. magram rogori obieqturi JReradibac ar

unda hqondes winadadebas, Cven isic kargad viciT, rom igi yovelTvis

mosaubresTan, mi azrebTan da ganzraxvebTanaa dakavSirebuli. vidre sametyvelo

moqmedebis am mxares gavecnobodeT, gvinda jer ganvixiloT erTi Zalze

saintereso mkvlevris, graisis Tvalsazrisi subieqturi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.

graisi gvesaWiroeba sametyvelo moqmedebis subieqturi mxaris gasagebad.

saqme isaa, rom graisi erT-erTi pirveli iyo maT Soris, vinc Tamamad Semoitana

analitikur tradiciaSi intencionalisturi terminologia da propoziciebis

TavisTavadi Sinaarsebis gverdiT, yuradReba gaamaxvila Sinaarsis im mxareze,

romelic molaparakem “Cado” gamoTqmasa da enobrivi moqmedebis ganxorci-

elebaSi. swored es viTarebaa dafiqsirebuli terminiT “intencionaloba”.

“intencionaloba” Zveli sqolasturi terminia, romelic Tavis droze

gulisxmobda cnobierebis mimarTulobas saganze. intencionalobis Teoria

mecxramete saukunis miwurulidan aaRorZina germanelma fenomenologma

huserlma. Cven aq, cxadia ar SevudgebiT sqolastebis da huserlis Teoriebis

aRweras. vityviT mxolod imas, rom is rac sqolastebs da huserls saerTo

hqondaT gaxldaT mtkiceba cnobierebis saganze mimarTulobis Sesaxeb.

cnobiereba, maTi azriT, arasdros ar aris “carieli”, aramed yovelTvis aris

“cnobiereba ... Sesaxeb”. enobrivi moqmedebis konteqstSi am terminma SemoaRwia

analitikur literaturaSi, Tumca SemoaRwia ara cnobierebis Sinaarsebis

dasaxasiaTeblad, aramed rogorc cnobierebis, ufro farTod adamianis

mimarTulobam, ganzraxvam ganaxorcielos esa Tu is enobrivi moqmedeba. amitom,

sametyvelo moqmedebis daxasiaTebis umravles SemTxvevebSi gamzraxva (“to intend to do ...”) “intencionalobiT” aRiniSneba. magram, davubrundeT graisis Teorias.

statiaSi “mniSvneloba” graisma gamojna naturaluri da aranaturaluri

mniSvnelobebi. naturaluri mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli winadadebaa: “is laqebi

kanze wiTelas niSnavs”. aranaturalurisa — “matareblis sayviri niSnavs, rom

matarebeli male daiZreba”. naturalur da aranaturalur mniSvnelobebs Soris

gansxvavebis farTo daxasiaTeba, graiss Sejamebuli aqvs aseTi saxiT:

naturaluri mniSvnelobis gamoTqma SeiZleba Sejamebuli amgvarad; “A aRniSnavs

aseT da aseT moqmedebas X-iT”, xolo aranaturaluri ki amgvarad: “A gulisxmobs

raRacas X-iT” an “A-s nagulisxmebi aqvs, rom ...”

imas, rasac aq graisi naturalur mniSvnelobas uwodebs, Tavisuflad SegviZlia

davarqvaT subieqturi mniSvneloba, radgan amgvari mniSvnelobebis miRma yovelTvis

igulisxmeba molaparake subieqti — garkveuli intenciebis mqone arseba, romelic

konkretuli niSnebiT migviTiTebs mis mier nagulisxmeb, ganzraxul saqmis

viTarebaze. Tu axla aviRebT e.w. naturalur mniSvnelobas, ioli dasanaxia, rom mis

ukan ar dgas araviTari ganzraxvis matarebeli subieqti. niSani aq bunebrivad

aRniSnavs raRacas. graisi savsebiT sworad uars ambobs mniSvnelobis bunebis

movlenebis msgavsad kauzaluri terminebiT analizze. radganac aseTi analizi Riad

datovebda kiTvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras gulisxmobda molaparake ama Tu im gamoTqmaSi,

ra iyo misi gamoTqmis ukan mdgari ganzraxva, graisi amjobinebs sakiTxi aRweros ufro

miznobriobis terminologiaSi. aranaturaluri mniSvnelobis formulireba,

definicia graisTan sabolood aseT saxes iRebs:

“A aranaturalurad gulisxmobs raRacas X-is saSualebiT”, eqvivalenturia

debulebisa “A gamoTqvams X-s ganzraxviT daajeros msmeneli am agnzraxvis

29

gamocnobis saSualebiT”.

SemoTavazebuli definicia, graisis mixedviT, WeSmaritia rogorc

informaciuli debulebebis mimarT, aseve arainformaciuli, magaliTad

imperatiuli winadadebebis mimarTac. gansxvaveba, romelic aq arsebobs, pirvel

SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs msmenelis dajerebis Sinaarsis analizs, xolo

imperativebis SemTxvevaSi ki kvlav analizs, oRond ara dajerebisa, aramed im

efeqtisa romelsac molaparake iqoniebs msmenelze. arsebiTi aq is aris, rom

rogorc erT, aseve meore SemTxvevaSi analizis samizne obieqti aris ganzraxva.

amrigad, graisis udavo damsaxurebad unda miviCnioT kvlevis arealSi

intencionaluri mniSvnelobis Semotana da misi daaxloeba molaparakis

ganzraxvasTan. enis specifika isaa, rom igi subieqturis da obieqturis

specifikur simbiozs warmoadgens. sityvebi, mTlianad ena, mxolod obieqtur

arsebobas rom flobdes, SeuZlebeli iqneboda misi adamianis miznebis Sesabamisad

gamoyeneba. rogori obiqturi JReradoba da funqcionirebac ar unda hqondes

enas is yovelTvis dakavSirebulia mosaubre da msmenel subieqtTan da yovelma

normalurma enis Teoriam unda gaiTvaliswinos amgvari viTareba. vnaxoT axla

rogor aisaxeba es fenomeni ilokuciuri aqtebSi.

3.3. metyvelebis intencionaluri mxare. ganzraxva da ilokucia

sametyvelo moqmedebis TeoriaSi sagangebodaa Seswavlili im wesebis

struqtura, romlebic aucilebelia molaparakis ganzraxvis warmatebiT ganxor-

cielebisaTvis. Tu sanimuSod aviRebT Sepirebas, maSin SegviZlia CamovayaliboT

misi ganxorcielebis wesebidan sailustraciod SevarCioT Semdegi:

1. Sepireba gamoiTqmeba mxolod winadadebis an ufro farTo diskursis

konteqstSi, misi gamoTqma (A) aqts miawers molaparakes. es wesi aris

propoziciuli Sinaarsis wesi;

2. Sepireba ganxorcielebulia mxolod maSin, rodesac rogorc

molaparakisaTvis, aseve msmenelisaTvis naTelia, rom molaparake

ganaxorcielebs (A) aqts saqmis normaluri msvlelobisas. es aris e.w.

Sepirebis mosamzadebeli wesi;

3. Sepireba gamoiTqmeba mxolod maSin, Tuki molaparakes ganzraxuli aqvs

ganaxorcielos (A) aqti. es gulwrfelobis wesia;

4. da bolos Sepireba iTvleba (A) aqtis valdebulebis aRebad. am wess avtori

arsebiT wess uwodebs.

es wesebi ganaxorcieleben mxolod Sepirebis moqmedebas, Tumca ukve maTSi

mocemulia bevri iseTi elementi, romelic saerToa sxva ilokuciuri moqmedebis

ganxorcielebisaTvis. ase magaliTad, Tu sanimuSod aviRebT gulwrfelobis wess,

mas Zala eqneba mtkicebis ilokuciuri aqtisaTvisac. Tumca mtkicebisas

Seicvleba misi Sinaarsi. ase magaliTad, gulwrfelobis wesi mtkicebasTan

dakavSirebiT gvetyvis, rom mtkiceba ganxorcieldeba mxolod maSin, Tu

molaparakes sjera, rom swored ase da asea saqme.

Zalze zogadad Tu ganvsjiT, es da sxva wesebi warmarTaven ara mxolod

enobrivi moqmedebis ganxorcielebas, aramed, ramdenadac es moqmedeba Cadebulia

zogadad metyvelebis aqtis struqturaSi, sametyvelo aqtsac. enis pragmatikuli

ganzomilebis Seswavlamde winadadebis gamoTqma gagebuli iyo upirveles

yovlisa garkveuli Sinaarsis gamocemad. Semdeg, ilokuciuri gamoTqmebis

analizisas naxeT, rom metyveleba mxolod Sinaarsebis gadmocema ki ar aris,

aramed garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebacaa. sametyvelo moqmedebis

struqturis SeswavliT Cven axla sakmaod momzadebulni varT imisaTvis, rom

pirdapir davsvaT kiTxva enobrivi moqmedebis bunebis raobis Taobaze, SegviZlia

vikiTxoT: ra emateba propoziciul Sinaarss iseTi, rom mas sametyvelo

moqmedebad aqcevs? zogadi pasuxi an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli orientiri

pasuxisaTvis Cven ukve viciT _ ganzraxva, ilokuciuri Zala. ufro konkretuli

30

“gansazRvrebis” sinonimad SeiZleba Segvxvdes laTinuri termini — “definicia” —

ramac ar unda gamoiwvios dabneuloba. Tuki vinme moiTxovda “gansazRvrebis”

gansazRvrebas, maSin SegviZlia ama Tu im terminis Sinaarsis daxasiaTebas

vuwodoT gansazRvreba. gansazRvrebis Sedeged dadgenili Sinaarsi mecnierul

msjelobebSi aRar unda Seicvalos. arsebobs SemTxvevei, rodesac romelime

bunebrivi enis sityvas viyenebT ama Tu im TeoriaSi ise, rom winaswar vadgenT mis

Sinaarss. es Sinaarsi SeiZleba Camohgavdes sityvis gavrcelebul mniSvnelobas da

SeiZleba misgan mkveTrad gansxvavebulic ki iyos. aseTi cvlilebis Setana

mecnierebaSi misaRebia da is damokidebulia konvenciaze, romlis wyalobiTac

dgindeba sakvlevi Teoriis ena. mniSvnelovani aq is aris, rom mas Semdeg, rac

gansazRvrebiT konvencionalurad miviReT terminis Sinaarsi da cneba garkveuli

gvaqvs, Tavad msjelobebis procesSi es mniSvneloba aRar SeiZleba Seicvalos da

cneba mudmivad SemoRebuli mniSvnelobiT unda gamoviyenoT. aseT SemTxvevebSi

Cven viTyviT, rom saqme gvaqvs ara Cveulebriv sityvebTan, aramed terminebTan.

termini winaswar SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT rogorc mecnieruli, anu Teoriuli

enisaTvis specialurad Semotanili sityva, romelic yovelTvis

konvencionalurad miRebuli wesiT unda gamoiyenebodes mocemuli Teoriis

farglebSi.

"termins" ZiriTadad logikur-gramatikuli xasiaTis teqstebSi vxvdebiT.

amitom, ra Tqma unda, semiotikuri instrumentariebis analizisas SegveZlo

gverdi agvevlo misTvis, magram rogorc "terminis" SinaarsTan gacnoba

gviCvenebs, misi araerTi makonstituirebeli momenti, gansxvavebul

konteqstebSi, semiotikuri obieqtebis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia. amitom,

"terminTan" gacnoba (misi met-naklebad detaluri eqsplikaciis gareSe) Cveni

miznebisaTvis savsebiT mizanSewonilia.

germanulenovan teqstebSi am sityvis gamoTqmad iyeneben "Ausdruck"-s.

terminebis Sesaxeb erT-erTi seriozuli gamokvleva ekuTvnis XVII saukunis

germanel swavluls, laibnics. is viTareba, rom "termins" laibnici umeteswilad

logikuri xasiaTis teqstebSi mimoixilavs, mis Sua saukuneebis tradiciasTan

kavSirze metyvelebs, romlisaTvisac ganmsazRvreli iyo "terminis" logikuri

patametrebis eqsplikacia. sqolasti avtorebis umravlesoba, gamoyofda

"terminis" sam ZiriTad mniSvnelobas: gagebiT, daweril da gamoTqmul terminebs:

(a)termini rogorc gagebis saSualeba iyo e.w. "terminus mentis", sadac termini

warmodgenili iyo rogorc adamianis gonebis saSualeba anu rogorc subieqturi

cneba. Sesabamisad, am obieqts zogjer aRniSnavdnen gamoTqmiT "conceptus subjectivus". mniSvnelovania miTiTeba imaze, rom terminis aseTi interpretacia mas

ar ganixilavda rogorc xelovnur, adamianis mier Seqmnil instruments. piriqiT,

termini gagebuli iyo gonebis bunebriv obieqtad, romelic nebis Caurevlad

warmogvidgens imas, rac masSi igulisxmeba. "terminis" meore, (b) mniSvneloba

pirvelTan iyo dakavSirebuli. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs e.w. "Vox" anu termini rogorc

naTqvami, verbalurad gamoxatuli ram. "terminis" es mniSvneloba, Tu SeiZleba

ase iTqvas, ufro meoradi, damatebiTi mniSvnelobaa, romelic pirvelTan

mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli misi gamoTqmis, Tavis TavSi garemocvis da

gamoxatvis saSualebiT. da bolos, "terminis" mesame, (g) mniSvnelobiT, laparkia

mis grafikul gamoxatvaze da Caweris adekvatur sistemaze, romelic

agvacilebda Secdomebs

terminis aRwerili mniSvnelobebidan, ra Tqma unda, ganmsazRvreli pirveli

mniSvnelobaa. sqolasturi tradiciiT termini ara mxolod sulis sakuTreba iyo,

rac mas garkveul statuss da niadags uqmnida, aramed gamoxatavda Cveni sulis

intencionalur xasiaTs (intencionalobis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi ufro mets

mogaxsenebT). "terminus subjectivus" yovelTvis mimarTulia raRac obieqtze da sulis

afeqcias, ase vTqvaT, mis individualur aqcidencias gamoxatavs da warmoadgens.

Sua saukuneebis avtorebis umravlesoba Tvlida, rom "terminus subjectivus" Cvens

sulSi bunebrivi wesiT aris konotirebuli. rasac is aRniSnavs, anu ufro zusti

iqneba vTqvaT, TanaaRniSnavs sulSi da sulTan erTad, aris misi Sinaarsi, "treminus objectivus" anu "terminus conceptus", e. i. cneba an idea.

""terminis" qveS me mesmis ara saxelebi, aramed azrebi anu is rac saxeliT

7

agvacilebda Secdomebs. logika Tavidanve Camoyalibda rogorc formaluri

mecniereba, romelic negatiur garantiebs iZleva. kerZod, logika garantias

gvaZlevs, rom misi wesebis daucveloba aucileblad Secdomamde migviyvans,

logika ver iZleva magram imis garantias, rom Tu mis wesebs davicavT,

aucileblad mivalT WeSmaritebamde. mizezi amgvari negatiuri garantiebisa isaa,

rom logika formaluri mecnierebaa, xolo Cveni msjelobebi ki formis garda

Sinaarsobriv mxaresac Seicavs, romlebzedac logikis kompetencia veRar

vrceldeba. cxadia, SeiZleba savsebiT swori formiT yalbi Sinaarsebi gadmovceT,

vTqvaT, vilaparakoT “safrangeTis Tanamedrove mefis” an “mrgvali kvadratis “

Sesaxeb da ra- sakvirvelia Sesabamisi msjelobebi yalbi iqneba. Zalze zogadad,

logikas SegviZlia SevxedoT rogorc garkveul instruments, romelic

saSualebas gvaZlevs misi kompenetciis farglebSi Tavidan aviciloT Secdomebi.

Tumca, rogorc ukve iTqva, gadaWarbebuli imedebis damyareba logikaze, ar

SeiZleba.

ras warmoadgens, an iqneb ukeTesia vikiTxoT, rogorc arsebobs logikis

obieqtebi? arian isini raRac bunebaSi, konkretulad adamianis azrovnebaSi

arsebuli regularobebi, Tu, gramatikis msgavsad, isini mxolod formelur

wesebia, romlebic unda davicvaT Secdomebis Tavidan asacileblad? am da msgavs

kiTxvebze ar arsebobs martivi pasuxi. sxvadasxva mimarTuleba, sxvadasxva skola

gansxvevebulad iZleoda logikis arsis gagebas. Tavad aristotele Cans, iqeT

ixreboda rom logikac arsebulis Sesaxeb moZRvrebad gamoecxadebina. is

fiqrobda, rom winaaRmdegobis kanoni unda davicvaT ara mxolod imitom, rom

adamianis goneba isea mowyobili, rom muSaobs mis Sesabamisad, aramed imitomac

rom Tavad samayaroa am principis mixedviT dalagebuli. aqedan gamomdinareobs,

rom logikis wesebi deskripciuli wesebia da Cven mxolod aRmovaCenT mas. meore,

gansxvavebuli midgoma logikis principebisa da obieqtebis mimarT

Camoyalibebuli aqvs XIX saukunis cnobil germanel mkvlevars, edmund huserls..

huserlis mixedviT, logika aris ara arsebulis aRmweri, aramed normetiuli

mecniereba, romelic gviyalibebs savaldebulo wesebs. am wesebis dacvaze uaris

Tqma, ra Tqma unda,, ar niSnavs, rom Cven veRar viazrovnebT. magram niSnavs,

mudmivi riskis qveS yofnas, rom davuSvebT Secdomas.

logikas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da mas Semdeg, rac is Camoayaliba

aristotelem, igi mniSvnelovnad aRar Secvlila. marTalia zogierTi avtori

logikis saxelmZRvanelos gamocemisas sakuTriv logikur nakveTebs umatebda

calkeul Tavebs fsiqologiidan an pedagogikidan, magram es ufro masalis ukeT

aTvisebisaTvis. rac Seexeba logikis mecnierebis Senobas is mecxramete saukunis

meore naxevramde ucvleli rCeboda. ufro metic, cnobili germaneli

filosofosi, kanti “wminda gonebis kritikaSi” logikas am ucvleli xasiaTis

gamo, mecnierebis idealad miiCnevda da mouwodebda sxva mecnierebis

warmomadgenlebs logika gaexadaT mecnierulobis paradigmad. aseTi viTareba

mkveTrad Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac moxda logikisa da maTematikis daaxloeba.

gaCnda e.w. maTematikuri logika an logistika, romelic Semdgom Tavad daiSala

mraval disciplinad. dRes laparakoben droiT logikaze, modalur logikaze da

a.S. am disciplinebis umravlesobas Zalze saintereso sakvlevi Tematika gaaCnia

da dRes damoukidebeli interesebi amoZravebs. Cven maT metad aRar SevexebiT,

radgan Cveulebrivi msjelobebi da diskusiuli gansja savsebiT eteva

aristoteles mier Camoyalibebuli silogistikis farglebSi.

Tu Zalze zogadad vityviT, logika am Tavisi pirvandeli formiT Sedgeba sami

nawilisagan. erTi maTgania cnebis Teoria, meore msjelobis Teoria, xolo

mesame ki daskvnis Teoria. SevexoT Zalze mokled TiToeul maTgans.

1. 1. cneba

cneba logikis pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementia. cneba

SemuSavdeba gansazRvrebis saSualebiT. qarTulenovan literaturaSi

6

pasuxisaTvis SegviZlia mivmarToT serlis statias “ilokuciuri aqtebis

klasifikacia”. aq avtori ilokuciur Zalas ramdenime parametrisagan Semdgar

fenomenad warmogvidgens. gavecnoT am parametrebs:

(a) ilokuciuri aqtis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi elementi ilokuciuri

mizania. yoveli sametyvelo moqmedeba garkveuli mznis Sesabamisad

xorcieldeba. mtkicebis mizania sagnis an sganTa jgufis garkveuli

mdgomareobis gadmocema. Sepirebisa ki valdebulebis aReba. es ar niSnavs

simetriul mimarTebas miznebsa da aqtebs Soris. arseboben ilokuciuri

miznebi, romlebsac erTi da igive miznebi amoZravebT. ase magaliTad,

Txovnisa da brZanebis mizani erTi da igivea — gavakeTebinoT vinmes

raRac. Tu or ilokuciur aqts erTi da igive miznebi amoZravebT, maSin

isini sxva rameebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan;

(b) miznis fenomeni sakmaod axlos dgas ganzraxvisagan. ganzraxva ki

intencionaluri fenomenia da rogorc aseTs garkveuli mimarTuleba

aqvs. aqedan, ilokuciuri Zalis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani fenomeni

swored mimarTulobaa. analitikosebi laparakoben Sesatyvisobis

mimarTulobaze (direction of fit), romelic sul ori saxisaa: an samyaro unda

Seesatyvisebodes Cvens gamoTqmebs, an piriqiT, Cveni gamoTqmebi unda

eguebodes samyaros. ase magaliTad, mtkicecebs aqvT enis samayarosadmi

Sesatyvisobis mimarTuloba, xolo Txovnas ki piriqiT, samyaros enis

moTxovnebisadmi Sesatyvisobisa;

(c) Semdegi mniSvnelovani ganzomileba fsiqologiuri modusia. misi saSua-

lebiT molaparake gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas aqtisadmi. ase maga-

liTad, mtkicebis, konstataciis, axsnis an gancxadebisas, subieqti gamo-

xatavs Tavis rwmenas, rom ase da asea saqmis viTareba. zogadad iloku-

ciuri aqtis ganxorcielebis fsiqologiuri modusi Seesatyviseba

gulwrfelobis wess;

(d) ilokuciuri mizani sxvadasxvagvarad aris warmodgenili, mas

SemoTavazebis sxvadasxva xarisxi aqvs. es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs

gansxvavebas raimes gakeTebis Txovnasa da moTxovnas Soris.

SeiZleba kidev 12 sxva elementis gamoyofa, romlebic kinkretul saxes da

garkveulobas sZenen ilokuciur aqtebs. maTi simravlidan mainc gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba avtorebTan eniWeba sams: ilokuciur mizans (illocutionary purpose or point), Sesatyvisobis mimarTulobas (direction of fit) da fsiqologiur moduss

(psichological mode). Tavis mxriv, ilokuciuri mizani am samidanac SiZleba gamoiyos,

rogorc bazisuri kategoria, romlis irgvlivac Tavs iyris danarCeni yvela.

axla SegviZlia ukve aRvniSnoT, rom Cven praqtikulad gaveciT pasuxi zemoT

dasmul kiTxvas, Tu ra emateba propoziciul Sinaarss molaparake subieqtis

mxridan iseT, romelic am Sinaarss gadaaqcevs sametyvelo moqmedebad.

reziume. sametyvelo moqmedeba da analizis praqtika

yovelive imas, rac aqamde iyo gadmocemuli da gansakuTrebiT ki, es Seexeba

Cveni Temis mesame nawils, Tavisi gagrZeleba aqvs. erTi maTgani Teoriulia da mas

iolad aRmoaCens dainteresebuli mkiTxveli habermasis “komunikaciuri

moqmedebis TeoriaSi” (“Theorie von kommunikatiwen Handeln”). meore ki, praqtikuli

da neba momeciT masze oriode sityviT SevCerde. sametyvelo moqmedebis aparati

(ilokuciuri Zalis, fsiqologiuri modusis, Sesatyvisobi mimarTulobis da sxva

cnebebi) dRes farTod gamoiyeneba PR teqnologiebSi, rogorc analizis

mniSvnelovani instrumentariebi. es saSualebebi araCveulebrivad nayofieri

gamodga e.w. intentanalizis praqtikisaTvis. Tu aqamdeli kontentanalizi,

romlis teqnologia gacilebiT ufro adre damuSavda, mxolod masalis Sinaarsis

analizis saSualebas iZleoda, intentanalizma (anu intencionalurma analizma)

31

mkvlevrebs saSualeba misca met-naklebi sizustiT warmoedginaT politikuri

gamosvlis miznebi, am miznebis gamosaxatavad gamoyenebuli saSualebebis

adekvaturoba da is intensivoba anu saTqmelis gadmocemis Tanmxlebi emociuri

muxtis xarisxi, romliTac politikosi cdilobs damajerebeli gaxados Tavisi

pozicia. amgvari analizis praqtika didi xania aiTvisa rusulma PR kampaniebma,

romelTac oriode wlis win mowinave adgili ekavaT msoflio masStabiT.

samwuxarod CemTvis ucnobia msgavsi teqnologiebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi,

xarsrisxi da done saqarTveloSi, Tumca, cxadia ver gamovricxav maT arsebobas.

intentanalizis praqtika TavisTavad Zalze sainteresoa, magram mas sxva iseTi

daniSnuleba aqvs, romelic scildeba Cvens miznebs.

sametyvelo moqmedebis Teoriis da logika/semiotikis elementebis gacnobam

imedia dagvarwmuna, rom Cven axla vflobT mniSvnelovani saxis instrumentariebs

imisaTvis, rom vawarmooT ara mxolod intentanalizi, aramed Cveulebrivi

teqstualuri analizisaTvis. Cevns Semdgom Sexvedrebs unda hqondes praqtikuli

samuSao xasiaTi, sadac vecdebodiT cal-calke segmentebad gamogveyo sxvadasxva

politikuri teqstebidan roorc wminda propoziciuli Sinaarsebi, agreTve

ilokuciuri Zalis iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa molaparakis ganzraxva,

fsiqologiuri modusi da sityvis saganTan Sesatyvisobis mimarTulobis

realoba. minda gamovTqva rwmena, rom amgvari analizi gacilebiT metis momcemia

teqsSi gadmocemuli Sinaarsis gasacnobad, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans. aqve

msurs gavakeTo ori gamafrTxilebeli gancxadeba. upirveles yovlisa, es exeba

wamowyebis siaxles CvenSi. me ar vici sxva SemTxveva, rodesac am tipis

analitikuri instrumentariebi analogiuri miznebiT gamoeyenebinos vinmes

saqarTveloSi (da Tu gulwrfeli viqnebi arc sxvagan sadme). Tumca, siZnele

mxolod pionerobaSi rodia, ufro arsebiTi siZnele axlavs imas, rom sametyvelo

moqmedebis Teoriis instrumetariebi Cveulebriv gamiznulia zepiri

metyvelebisaTvis, romelic yovelTvis ar emTxveva nawers (SesaZloa es iyos erT-

erTi mizezi imisa, ratomac Tavs ikaveben am tipis instrumentariebiT naweris

analizisagan) saWiroa Zalze didi samwerlo ostatoba imisaTvis, rom werilma

SeiZinos zepiri metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dinamika da daemsgavsos mas.

magram esec rom ar iyos, nawers Tavisi specifika aqvs da zepirmetyvelebas

Tavisi. amisda miuxedavad, iseT analizi, rogoric Cven gvaqvs ganzraxuli,

gamouvali siZneleebis winaSe ar unda dadges. miT ufro rom zemoT aRniSnuli PR teqnologiebis rusuli skola, marTalia sxva miznebisaTvis, magram mainc msgavs

instrumentariebs iyenebs sagazeTo da zepiri gamosvlebis Canawerebis

analizisaTvis.

literatura:

1. kote baqraZe — logika. ix. k.baqraZe, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebebi t.II,

gamomc. “mecniereba” Tbilisi, 1981

2.mamuka biWaSvili — sametyvelo moqmedebis analitikuri Teoria. gamomc. “goni”,

Tbilisi 1994.

3.ludvig vitgenStaini — filosofiuri gamokvlevebi. gamomc. logospresi”,

Tbilisi 2004.

4.Ludwig Wittgenstein – Philosophical Investigations. Oxford 1968.

5..John Searle – Speech Acts. An Essey in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge, 1969

6..Ludwig Wittgenstein – Tratcactus Logico-philosophicus.

7. Лудвиг Витгенштеин – Логико-философский трактат. Издю Иностр. литературы, Москва 1958.

8.Дж. Остин – Слово как действие. В кн. Новое в зарубежной лингвистике, выпуск Х111.

32

Teoriuli nawili

Tema 1: zogadi Tvalsazrisi logikis bunebisa da funqciebis

Sesaxeb

logikis mamamTavrad aristotele iTvleba. logikis mecnierebis mokle

daxasiaTebamde, albaT, saintereso iqneboda im pirobebisa da viTarebis

gaxseneba, romlebmac ganapiroba logikis saWiroeba. Zalze zogadi

gansazRvrebiT, logika aris mecniereba azrovnebis swori formebis Sesaxeb.

Tumca, logikis Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba ara azrovnebis funqciebis ufro

Rrmad Seswavlis saWiroebas, aramed misgan iseT daSorebul movlenas, rogoricaa

politika. aq ki, orma “kastam” iTamaSa mniSvnelovani roli _ demagogebma da

sofistebma.

aristoteles axalgzrdobis wlebi, periodi vidre is platonis akademiaSi

swavlobda, daemTxva saberZneTis erT-erTi kulturuli centris, aTenis

demokratiul mmarTvelobas. demokratiuli cxovrebis pirobebSi, politikuri

cxovrebis mTavar adgilad iqca ara warCinebulTa sasaxleebi, aramed agora, anu

aTenis is nawili, sadac qalaqis xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebi ikribebodnen

umniSvnelovanesi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. gadawyvetilebebis

miRebas, cxadia, win uZRoda debatebi saWirboroto problemis irgvliv da

swored aseT debatebSi gamovlinda pirvelad logikis saWiroeba. gamoCndnen

mopolitikoso pirTa gansakuTrebuli tipebi, demagogebi, anu demosis, xalxis

Tavis Wkuaze matarebeli adamianebi, romlebic ama Tu im politikuri

gadawyvetilebis misaRebad imdenad WeSmaritebis dadgeniT ki ar iyvnen

dainteresebuli, ramdenadac imiT, rom sxvadasxva enobrivi xerxebiT

dayoliebinaT Tanamoqalaqeebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom demagogebsa da sofistebs

Soris ar arsebobda pirdapiri da aucilebeli kavSiri, faqtia, rom demagogebis

umetesobas, ufro Teoriul planSi sofisturi moZraobis sxvadasxva

warmomadgenlebi Seadgendnen. sofistika, epistemologiur planSi, xels uwyobda

da afuZnebda demagogiis marTlzomierebas, radgan amtkicebda, rom WeSmariteba

raRac relatiuria da damokidebulia ara imdenad obieqtur viTarebebze,

ramdenadac yoveli individualuri adamianis Sexedulebebze. Tu, vTqvaT,

sokrate moaxerxebda msmenelTa darwmunebas ama Tu im mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi,

maSin WeSmaritad unda CaTvliliyo es mosazreba. Tu sxva dagviyoliebda igives

sapirispiro mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi, maSin upiratesoba am ukanasknels

eniWeboda.

arsebobs Tavbrudamxvevi frazebis da CaxlarTuli winadadebebis uamravi

nairsaxeoba. jer platoni da Semdeg aristotele cdilobdnen maT winaaRmdeg

brZolas, risTvisac saWiro iyo am gamonaTqvamebis jer klasifikacia da Semdeg

maTi bunebis analizi. warmodgena rom gvqondes, Tu ra tipis winadadebebze

saubari, neba momeciT moviyvano aseTi magaliTi: davuSvaT vinme amtkicebs

Semdegi xaiaTis debulebas _ “me vamtkiceb, rom Cemi mtkiceba yalbia”. vikiTxoT

axla, sinamdvileSi yalbia Tu ara es mtkiceba?

iqmneba paradoqsuli situacia, radgan am debulebis WeSmaritebis mtkiceba

mis siyalbes moaswavebs, xolo daSveba, rom is yalbia, misi WeSmaritebis garantias

iZleva. me axla modificirebuli saxiT moviyvane cnobili “crus antinomia”,

romelic, ra Tqma unda, ar aris erTaderTi. arsebobs antinomiebis mTeli rigi,

romelic dResac aqtiurad ganixileba da Seiswavleba. ase magaliTad, moyvanili

antinomiis amoxsna Cvens droSi scada amerikelma logikosma tarskim, romelic

amtkicebs, rom “crus antinomiis” srulyofili analizisaTvis aucilebelia

gavmijnoT metaena da enaobieqti, anu ena romliTac vlaparakobT da ena

romelzedac vlaparakobT.

aristotelem, Tavis droze dawera specialuri naSromi “sofistur yalb

mtkicebulebaTa Sesaxeb”, sadac Seecada moexdina sxvadasxva saxis paradoqsebis

klasifikacia. Tavis mxriv, logikac Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc mecniereba

azrovnebis wminda formebis Sesaxeb, im formebis Sesaxeb, romelTa dacva

5

seminaris gegema

seminaris saxelwodeba: politikuri Teoria da analizis praqtika.

seminaris daxasiaTeba: seminaris idea wamoiWra studentebTan wina wlebSi

gaweuli samuSaos safuZvelze. studentebs micemuli hqondaT ama Tu im avtoris

sakiTxavi masala, romelic asaxavda avtoris cnobil pozicias konkretul poli-

tikur sakiTxze. rogori paradoqsulic ar unda iyos studentebis umravlesobam

ver moaxerxa teqstebidan im daskvnebis gamotana, ris sailustraciodac iyo

SeTavazebuli teqsti. am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganzraxulia studentebs

SevTavazoT im teqstebis analizis praqtikuli samuSao, romelTa Sesaxebac isini

ismenen leqciebs politikur TeoriaSi.

seminaris Tanmimdevroba da dro:

a) Teoriuli nawili da misi Tematika (I kvira) —

• zogadi warmodgena logikis bunebisa da funqciebisSesaxeb;

• semiotikis elementebi (mniSvneloba, sazrisi, konteqsti).

• msjelobis saxeebi. winadadebebis formebi. sazrisi da WeSmariteba;

• intencionalobis Teoria. klasikuri da araklasikuri variantebi. iloku-

ciuri Zala da mosaubris (mwerlis ganzraxva).

b) studentTa individualuri samuSao (II kvira) —

• studentebs Semdegi kviris ganmavlobaSi miecemaT winaswarmomzadebuli

SedarebiT farTe moculobis teqstebi, romlebSiac gamoxatulia avtoris

damokidebuleba konkretuli sakiTxis mimarT. studentma unda zustad

SearCios fragmenti, romelSiac asaxulia es damokidebuleba;

• seminarze studenti warmoadgens ara mxolod saWiro fragments, aramed

moiyvans sakuTar argumentacias, Tu ratom fiqrobs, rom fragmentSi

asaxulia esa da es mosazreba. TiToeul maTgans gamosvlaze oponirebas

gauweven seminaris danaCeni monawileebi.

g) da bolos, Tu gaweuli samuSao Tavad studentebis mier Sefasdeba maTTvis

sasargeblod, maT SevTavazebT jgufur samuSaos, romlis drosac (III kvira) -

• SerCeuli jgufis wevrebi erToblivad moamzadeben konkretuli poli-

tikuri doqtrinis gamomxatvel pasaJs maTTvis cnobili teqstebidan,

romelTa oponirebas gaswevs studentTa meore jgufi, aseve winaswar-

momzadebuli pasaJidan.

4

Political Theory and Practice of Analysis

Summary

The idea of workshop comes from the former seminars, when students came into collision with their reading materials. Students did not understand not main idea of texts, not intention of authors. Come from such experience, we decide to give them some information about logic and semiotic and prepare them for clear analysis of political texts. Our seminar is divided into two, theoretical and practical parts. We meet once in a week during eight week. Three meeting deals with theory of linguistic analysis and the rest five meeting deals with the practical activity. Below we deliver summary content of theoretical part of our workshop.

First of all, we give some information about function and elements of logic. Aristotle considered as a founder of logic. He established new science, because of needs of discussion practice. The science of logic from the age of Aristotle did not developed during of centuries and was considered as a ideal of perfect science. Emmanuel Kant in his “Critic of Pure Reason” call all other sciences to look like logic. Fast development of logic began from XIX century, when George Bool combined classical logic with mathematics and linguistic. Although, contemporary mathematical logic is very successful science, in lectures we restrict ourselves to discuss only classical logic. We define logic as a formal science that produces rules of right thinking. Its formal character gives negative guarantee: in the case of not obeying its rules we’ll make s mistake, but the logic never guarantees that the obedience of its rules automatic gives us the truth. The reason of such its character is the formality of logic mean while, the truth of our judgment is depend not only on its form, but on its content and the logic never deals with content of our thinking. Classical, Aristotlian logic, contains three main theories: theory of concept, theory of judgment and the theory of conclusion. We take up them separately.

The theory of concept is most important part of logic. The content of concept ascertained by definition. The definition of concept says, that the concept is such content of our thought, where a thing or the group of things are represented by its essential feature. For example, Aristotle defined a human being as a political animal. In this definition, quality of political considered so specific, that it is absolutely enough for single out a man from all other things of the world. Every concept has its own intention and extension. These qualifications of concept are depended on each other. If the intension, or content of concept is poor, its extension is wide and vice versa, full content always refers to a concrete object. In context of the theory of concept we discuss three theories that deals with the problem of ontology of mental objects. these theories are Logicism, Formalism and Intuicionism.

Next part of logic is the theory of judgment. We define judgment as an idea about state of affair, where, at the same time, something is ascribe or deny to this state of affair. In contrast to concept, the judgment is always true or false. It represents complete sentence. The structure of judgment in all cases is same. It contains three main parts: the subject of judgment – it is to what something is ascribed; the predicate – what is ascribed to something and in the end, so call copula, a term that provides connection between the subject and predicate. There are different kinds of judgments. We concentrate attention to difference between analytic and synthetic judgments. Definitions: The judgment is analytic when the predicate is included into subject and derives from it with necessity and contrary, the judgment is synthetic when the predicate is not included in subject and prescribed to it from outside. It is clear, that because of such character, synthetic judgments are always accidental. From division of analytical and synthetic judgments we derive the classification of science. Those disciplines, where analytical judgments are dominant, such as in mathematics or logic, we call analytical sciences. Disciplines, where synthetic judgments are basic, we call empirical or synthetic sciences. Later, we separate in class of empirical sciences those disciplines that are concentrated on human being. These are so call humanitarian sciences. They have in use specific method – hermeneutic, the method, the first example of which was invented by German philosopher, Dilthey. Acquaintance with different kinds of judgments gives us a possibility to introduce a definition of “analysis”. Analysis as a practice implies a division of whole thing into separate constituents and study

33

Mamuka Bichashvili

each of them independently. Last part of the logic is the theory of conclusion. Definition of conclusion we gave is

simple. The conclusion is the judgment that is derived from two previous judgments. In context of theory of conclusion we are discussing two kinds of conclusions, namely, deduction and induction. We point out, that Aristotle’s own theory was based on deduction, but later, under needs of empirical sciences inductive theory of conclusion, saying it broadly, inductive logic was developed.

The theme of second theoretical seminar is semiotics. Charles William Morris’ well known article “The Foundation of Theory of Signs” is considered as starting point of scientific study of signs. Semiotics is understood as science about signs and semiosis as a theory about use of signs. Semiotics divides into three main parts – semantics, syntax and pragmatics. The problems of semantics were analyzed earlier, problems of syntax a bit later, but the pragmatics was elaborated only in first part of XX century, under influence of works of Ludwig Wittgenstein.

First we take the semantics. We take a sign and try to analyze it under semantic structures. In this regard, we separate denoting phrases, designate and meaning of a sign. Let’s consider them one after another. We define a denoting phrase as a material or physical covering of each language sign. It always denotes something, something that is an object of our though. Denoting phrase always must be expressed physical, in a written or spelling form. It is a necessary form of communication. Designate from another hand, is to what refers denoting phrase. Sometimes it is a real object, sometimes our idea. The relationship between denotation and designated is not symmetric. We may have two or more denotative phrases and only one designated thing. For example, three phrases – “Morning star”, “Evening star” and “ “Venera” refers to one and same object. A meaning, in the end, may be defined as a mode of how denoting phrase refers to designate. The meaning belongs to words and definite phrases, but not to sentences. Sentences need beside of semantic qualities, also syntactic dimension. Different semantic conceptions have different structure.

Syntax can be defined as a science about word order. Syntax studies the rules that are regulating connection among different words and expressions. Only on the syntactic level we have a contact with the sense of sentences. There are two preconditions that determine the legitimacy of sentence’s sense. The first precondition requires, that all signs included in sentence have to have their own meanings. The requirement of second precondition is the maintenance of syntactic rules. If we need our sentence to have a sense, we have to keep the rules of the given language word order.

Pragmatics defined as a science that studies the use of signs. Classical language theory points at three main functions of language, that are function of expression, function of designation and function of communication. After the works of Wittgenstein number of functions increased up to infinity. Wittgenstein wrote about multiplicity, what he calls “language- games”. How many kinds of sentence are there? - asked and answered he, that there are countless different kinds of use of what we call “symbols”, “words”, “sentences”:

Giving order and obeying them – Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements – Constructing an object from description (drawing) – Reporting an event – Speculating about an event – Forming and testing a hypothesis – Presenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagrams – Making up a story and reading it and so on. All such kinds of activities Wittgenstein calls language –games and he believed that they

reflect different functions of language. This multiplicity is not something fixed, given once for all; but new types of language, new language-games. He thought, that commanding, questioning, recounting, chatting are as much a part of our natural history as walking, eating, drinking, playing.

One of the fundamental concept of pragmatics is the concept of context. Only thanks to contextual determination we understand the sense of sentences. There are two kind of contextual determination – extralinguistic and inrtalinguistic. Extralinguistic context determines such kind of events in speech activity as social status of speaker, speaker’s

34

s a r C e v i

seminaris gegema ........................................................................................................ 4

1. zogadi Tvalsazrisi logikis bunebisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb .......... 5

1. 1. cneba................................................................................................................. 6

1. 2. msjeloba........................................................................................................ 9

1. 3. analizis meTodi........................................................................................ 12

1. 4. daskvna........................................................................................................... 14

2.semiotikis elementebi ...................................................................................... 15

2. 1. termini "niSani" ....................................................................................... 16

2. 2. semantika ...................................................................................................... 20

2. 3. sintaqsi ........................................................................................................ 23

2. 4. pragmatika.................................................................................................... 25

3.molaparakis ganzraxva da

molaparakis sityvebis sazrisi metyvelebaSi....................................... 26

3. 1. sametyvelo moqmedeba da misi elementebi ...................................... 27

3. 2. subieqturi mniSvneloba........................................................................ 29

3.3. metyvelebis intencionaluri mxare. ganzraxva da ilokucia .........30

reziume. sametyvelo moqmedeba da analizis praqtika............................. 31

Political Theory and Practice of Analysis .........................................................33

3

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 5 - 0

surroundings, listener’s ability of understanding an etc. Intralinguistic context determines a sense of sentence buy its former content as well as buy a content of intended statements.

Survey of problems of pragmatics may be considered as a preparation for discussing more fundamental speech act theory, that was elaborated in the beginning by Austin and then developed by American philosopher, Searle.

Austin’s structure of speech acts contains such elements as (a) act of locution; (b) act of illocution and (c) the act of perlocution.. The first of them, act of locution, means normal speech activity. It in itself is divided into phonetical, phatical and rethical elements. The second one means that non-linguistic activity we are carrying out by use of words. For example, the plea of excuses, announcement of war, verdict of grand jury are forms of illocutionary acts. The third element of speech acts are so call perlocutionary act and it means an effect, that speaker makes on hearer.

Above mentioned elements of Austin’s theory developed from his former ideas about specificity of so call performative utterances. In contrast to constative utterances, performatives have no descriptive functions. They are not descriptive sentences, but words of action. Use the performative utterances means not only speaking, but also acting in the definite way.

Austin’s theory was developed by John Searle in his work “Speech Acts. An Essay in the Philosophy of Language”. Searle used the hypothesis of language as the rule-governed intentional behavior to explain the possibility of linguistic characterizations. The form that this hypothesis will take is that speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such making statements, giving commands, asking questions, making promises and so on. Searl’s specific approach to speech acts means, that the production of a sentence token under certain conditions is a speech act and speech acts are basic or minimal units of linguistic communication. When man takes a nise or a mark on a piece of paper to be an instance of linguistic communication, as a message, one of the things man must assume is that the noise or mark was produced by a being or beings more or less like him and produced with certain kinds of intentions. If we regard the noise or mark as a natural phenomenon like the wind in the trees or a stain on the paper, we exclude it from he class of linguistic communication, even tough the noise or mark may be indistinguishable from spoken or written words.

Searle’s approach is simply a study of, in Saussurisn terms, “parole”, rather than “langue”, but he believes, that an adequate study of speech acts is a study of langue. The communication necessarily involves speech acts and it is an analytical truth about language that whatever can be meant can be said. A theory of language is part of a theory of action, simply because speaking is a rule-governed form of behavior. The speech act or acts performed in the utterance of a sentence are in general a function of the meaning of the sentence. The meaning of a sentence does not in all cases uniquely determine what speech act is performed in a given utterance of that sentence, for a speaker may mean more than what he actually says, but it is always the principle possible for him to say exactly what he means.

Searle changed Austin’s structure of speech acts and gave them following form: (a) locution act, or broadly speech act; (b) prepositionary act and third element, (c)illocutionary act. Illocutionary act undoubtedly is most interesting phenomenon in linguistic theory of Searle. In broader characterization illocutionary acts based on definitions of prepositional and locutionary acts. Correlative with the notion of propositionary acts are certain kinds of expressions uttered in their performance: the characteristic grammatical form of the prepositional acts are parts of sentences: grammatical predicates for the act of predication and proper names, pronouns for reference. Propositional acts can not occur alone; that is, one can not just refer and predicate without making an assertion or asking a question or ferforming some other illocutionary acts. The linguistic correlate of this point is that sentences, not words are used to say things. This is also, what Frege meant when he said that only in the context of a sentence do words have reference. The same thing is asserting by Searle: one only refers as part of the performance of an illocutionary act and the grammatical clothing of an illocutionary act is the complete sentence. An utterance of a referring expression only counts as referring if one says something. Its analysis uncovered following elements of speaker’s intention – the direction of fit, psychological mode,

35

illocutionary purpose or point.. These elements, along with other less important units are enough to understand what sense of his intention puts the speaker into its words.

The theory of speech acts has its theoretical and practical development. On theoretical level it was reinterpreted by German sociologist Habermass as most important constituent of his his Theory of communicative action. On the practical level, elements of speech acts were included in analytical PR technologies of Russian PR companies. Our aim is to use all stated language instruments for analyzing political texts in such a way that separate the objective meaning of written words from the main intention that their author have to had..

36

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

politikuri

Teoria da

analizis praqtika

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

intensiuri seminari

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

mamuka biWaSvili

Tbilisi

2006