nano-structured optics for gw detectors

1A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

A. Bunkowski, O. Burmeister, D. Friedrich, K. Danzmann, and R. Schnabel

in collaboration with

T. Clausnitzer, S. Fahr, E.-B. Kley, and A. Tünnermann

Institute of Applied Physics, Jena

Max-Planck-InstitutFür Gravitationsphysik(Albert-Einstein-Institut)

UniversitätHannover

2A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Outline

Summary of:All-reflective Interferomtry

(with multilayer coatings)

Outlook to:High reflective diffractive structures

(without multilayer coatings)

3A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Motivation #1

Interferometers beyond LIGOII (MW of power)

Transmission Absorption Thermal problems

All-reflective interferometers:

• Allow opaque test mass materials • New interferometer topologies

4A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

MI with all-reflective beamsplitter

5A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

What kind of gratings?

Coating below Coating on top

Period defines # of orders & direction

Grating equation: d>>scalar approachdrigorous theories (RCWA, Modal method)d<<effective medium theories (ETM)

6A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

1R

Cavity couplers

1st order Littrow 2nd order Littrow

Need high efficiency

(which is hard to achieve)

Only low efficiency

(3 ports are more Complicated)

99.62% achieved(Finesse of 1580)

A. Bunkowski et al, Applied Optics (in press) http://ao.osa.org/upcoming_pdf.cfm?id=66481

Input

0R1R

Input

0R2R

InputInput

Appl. Opt. (in press)

7A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Cavity couplers

1st order Littrow 2nd order Littrow

Need high efficiency

(which is hard to achieve)

Only low efficiency

(3 ports are more Complicated)

A. Bunkowski et al, Applied Optics (in press) http://ao.osa.org/upcoming_pdf.cfm?id=66481

99.62% achieved(Finesse of 1580)

A. Bunkowski et al, Applied Optics (in press) http://ao.osa.org/upcoming_pdf.cfm?id=66481

Input

0R1R

Input

0R2R

InputInput

1R

8A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

3-port couplers

A. Bunkowski et al, Opt. Lett. 30, 1183 (2005)R. Schnabel et al, Opt. Lett. 31 658 (2006)

A. Bunkowski et al, Opt. Lett. 29, 2342 (2004)

A. Bunkowski et al, Opt. Lett. (in press) http://ol.osa.org/upcoming_pdf.cfm?id=69970

9A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Angle resolved scattering

-1st +1st

diffraction ordersdue to e-beamwriting errors

backgrounddue to statistical roughness

„Variable shaped beam“

apertures

shapedbeam

electronbeam

work field stitching

E-beam exposure

10A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Grating beneath coating

Small fill factor

same diffraction efficiency

systematical errorsreduced

statistical backgroundreduced

groove depth 40nmfill factor 50%

T. Clausnitzer et. al., Optics Express, 13, 4370 (2005)

11A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

diffraction efficiency1.5% 0.03%

systematical errors

statistical background

Large fill factor

groove depth 40nmfill factor 82%

Grating beneath coating II

T. Clausnitzer et al, Optics Express, 13, 4370 (2005)

12A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Conclusion #1

Summary:• High quality all-reflective components • Demonstration of new cavity coupling concept • Reduction of scattering loss

Outlook:• Further reduction of loss• Scale to large test mass• Suspended 10 m all-reflected cavity to be built in Glasgow later this year

13A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Motivation #2

S. Penn et.al, LIGO-P050049-00-R (2005)

Several fundamental noise sources as currently estimated for advanced LIGO:

14A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Beating Coating Noise

The high refractive material tantala(Ta2O5) has been identified to be themain source of coating thermal noise.

Some ideas so far:

• Less tantala in stack

Innocenzo Pinto’s talk

• Doping of tantala with TiO2

Harry et al, Appl. Opt. 45, 1569 (2006)

• Total internal reflection Adalberto Giazotto’s talk

V. Braginsky and S. Vyatchanin,

Phys. Lett. A 324, 345 (2004)

• Double mirrors: F. Ya. Khalili, Phys. Lett. A 334, 67 (2005)

Substrate

Coating stack

AR-Coating stack

15A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Coating Thermal Noise

Grating waveguide reflector AR-Coating stack

Substrate

Another approach:Substrate

Coating stack

16A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Grating waveguide Structures

see for example: Sharon et al, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 14 (1997)

nLow

(substrate)

nHigh

Interfere destructively

100%reflection

Total internal reflection

0R

1T

0T

waveguide

(Simplified ray picture)

17A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Narrow reflection peak

Liu et al,Opt. Lett. 23, 1556 (1998)

18A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Design width of reflection peak

d: periodg: groove depthr: ridge widths: film thicknessr/d: fill factor

g

n=1.45(substrate)

d

sn=2.04

r

Fill factor

g [

µm

]

[%]

19A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Design width of reflection peak

Fill factor

g [

µm

]

[%]

X

1-R

20A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Broadband mirror for 1550nm

Mateus et al, IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 16, NO. 7, JULY 2004

Si

SiO2

Poly-Si

0dB reference mirror with R=98.5%

21A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

Conclusion #2

Summary:• High reflectivity is possible with single layerOutlook:• Check fabrication tolerances, finite size effects…• Design, build and test gratings• Think of better suited wave guide structures

22A. Bunkowski Nano-structured Optics for GW Detectors

great, greater, grating