marcia rioux professor & graduate program director, m.a., phd (critical disability studies) york...
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Marcia RiouxProfessor & Graduate Program Director,
M.A., PhD (Critical Disability Studies)York University, Toronto Canada
mrioux@yorku.cadrpi@yorku.ca
D.R.P.I. Session Rehabilitation International World Congress
August, 2008
Disability Rights Promotion International:
A Holistic Approach to Monitoring the Human Rights of People with Disabilities
in the Global World
RAISING AWARENESS THAT DISABILITY IS A HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUE
IS AN IMPORTANT FIRST STEP
“ In all societies of the world there are obstacles preventing
persons with disabilities from exercising their rights and
freedoms, and making it difficult for them to participate fully
in the activities of their societies.”
Bengt Lindqvist (U.N. Special Rapporteur on Disability (1994-2002)
EU Conference on Disability, November 2006
Holistic Monitoring Builds in a way to measure the Gap
Government policies, programs and constitutional guarantees and…
The realities for people with disabilities who continue to live without their human rights.
U.N. Special Rapporteur Recommends Twin-Track Approach
“ Mainstreaming and a convention should be seen
as complementary approaches and a ‘twin-track’
approach should be applied in the field of human
rights and disabled persons.”
Bengt Lindqvist
U.N. Special Rapporteur on Disability (1994-2002)
“Almåsa Seminar”November 2000:
International Seminar
“Let the World Know”
recommends establishing an international disability rights monitoring system
Disability Rights Promotion International
DRPI is a collaborative project working to establish a comprehensive, sustainable international system to monitor human rights of people with disabilities.
Human Rights Principles
DignityAutonomy Non-discrimination & EqualityParticipation, Inclusion & AccessibilityRespect for difference
Cameroon
Addressing Disability Discrimination Worldwide
Cameroon
Kenya
What is monitoring?
The collection, verification and use of information to address human rights problems;
Involves researching, gathering, analysing, and reporting information;
With the purpose of identifying human rights abuses and violations and support efforts to remedy them;
Monitoring is intended to bring about social change: recommendations for law and policy development
Monitoring is an Empowering Activity
Provides a voice to marginalized people;
Enhances public awareness by documenting abuses and violations;
Reinforces a collective identity among persons with disabilities;
Supports efforts to achieve social justice
Monitoring is ……
measuring progress toward justice for people with
disabilities.
DRPI Monitors Disability Discrimination Worldwide
Africa South AmericaAsiaNorth America
AfricaSouth America
North AmericaAsia
DRPI Guiding Principles
• Leading role of People with Disabilities & their Organizations
• Sustainability and Capacity Building• Cross-Disability Involvement• Holistic Monitoring: Integrating 3
monitoring information from 3 areas• Engagement with Multi-Sectoral
Organizations
Holistic Approach to Disability Rights Monitoring
Holistic approach examines 3 monitoring areas providing a broad picture of human rights situation of people with disabilities.
MonitorinMonitoringg
IndividuaIndividual l
ExperiencExperiences es
Monitoring
Societal Attitudes
MonitoriMonitoringng
SystemsSystems
HOLISTIC MONITORING
1. Monitoring Systems
Fact finding about government laws, policies, programs and legal cases
• Legal Education & Research• National Human Rights Cases• Strategic Disability Rights Litigation
On-going systemic monitoring in Australia, Bolivia, Canada, India, Kenya, U.S.A.
Monitoring Systems
Places individual stories in context; Involves the investigation of the laws,
policies and programs affecting people with disabilities in a particular jurisdiction;
Serves to determine whether legislative frameworks in place fail to respect and protect the human rights of disabled people, or even violate them by containing discriminatory dispositions
Monitoring Systems
Case Law* decisions of courts of law,
national human rights institutions and other judicial
bodies
Policies * government
strategies setting out important
guiding statements but not necessarily
binding in law
Legislation* constitutions,
statutes & codes
Programs & Disability Benefit
Plans*measures enabling implementation of policy & legislative
directives
Monitors Ask: 1. Do they protect, promote
& fulfill disability rights? 2. Are government and
other public actors using a “disability lens” for both process & substance?
DRPI Law and Policy Monitoring Template Principles and Concepts
Right to Access to Justice
Rights to Information and Communication
Rights to Privacy and Family Life
Rights to Independent Living and Participation
Right to Education
Rights to Income Security and Support Services
Rights to Health, Habilitation and Rehabilitation
Right to WorkMonitoring Systems
DRPI Law and Policy Monitoring Template
Convention/Art
(1)
Question
(2)
Definitions and Requirements of the Question
(3)
Citation to
Relevant Documents
(4)
Other Source
s
(5)
Analysis/Justification of Score
(6)
Score
(7)
I. Principles & Concepts
ICRPD, 5.2, 3b
IACEDPD, 2, 3aSR, Pr, 14, 15ICCPR, 2,3,26ICESCR, 2CERD, 5CEDAW, 2ECHR 14, P12 -1ACHR, 24ACHR-PSS, 3
Does the State Constitution or other appropriate legislation prohibit discrimination on the grounds of disability, including denial of reasonable accommodation?
Y N
“Prohibition of discrimination” is defined on the UN Disability Convention as “any distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of disability which has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights or fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil, or any other field”.
4 Excellent3 Fair2 Poor1 No compliance or no law policy
Monitoring Systems
Partners in Monitoring Systems
Human Rights Organizations:Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
(Geneva)International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) (Geneva)Interights (England)Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights & Humanitarian Law (Sweden)
National Human Rights Institutions: Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights
Institutions Canadian Human Rights Commission
Partners in Monitoring Systems: Canada
Government Departments & Agencies:ARCH – Legal Resource Centre for People with
Disabilities (Canada)Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in
Rehabilitationand Social Integration (Canada)
Office des personnes handicapées du Québec –Government of Quebec (Canada)
Office for Disability Issues – Government of Canada
Statistics Canada
2. Monitoring Individual Experiences
Fact-finding about peoples’ actual situations in their communities.
Disability and Human Rights Seminar, Nairobi, Kenya Involving representatives from 78
Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, Switzerland
Monitoring Individual Experiences:
To document individual experiences of exercise and denial of human rights;
The aggregate outcome of individual monitoring can reveal broader patterns of discrimination;
Individual interviews;
Monitors are persons with disabilities.
Monitoring Individual Experiences
The Interview Guide covers:
Socio-demographic variables (e.g. age, sex, type of disability, type of household, proximity of infrastructures in the community,..)
Experiences of access to, or denial of, human rights basic principles, and how interviewees dealt with them
Qualitative analysis of data on the basis of the DRPI coding scheme and supported by DRPI technical manuals
Monitoring Individual Experiences
Excerpt from the D.R.P.I. Interview Guide
[ Dignity ]
HOW did this situation make you feel and WHY? (For example, did you feel respected/not respected, ignored/cared for, worthy/unworthy?)
WHAT made you feel that way?
WHY do you think people treated you that way?
Monitoring Individual Experiences Reporting: an excerpt from State of Disabled Peoples Rights in Kenya,
2007:
“[the research] clearly indicates that experiences of oppression,
discrimination and violation of basic human rights pervade the lives of
many disabled people in Kenya. As it emerged from the stories gathered,
most people with disabilities, regardless of their age, gender, where they
live or their disability type, are prevented from making decisions on
issues that affect their lives. (…) They face prejudice and negative
stereotypes, and are excluded in a multitude of ways from their
communities and mainstream society. Viewed as a burden and a curse to
their families, they are regarded as second class citizens. Their dignity, as
members of the human family, is seriously affected.”
Disability and Human Rights Seminar Nairobi, Kenya
Technical Skills
Learning How to Monitor:Obtaining consentInterviewing techniquesGetting all the factsSnowball samplingTaking notes & recordingMaintaining confidentiality
Monitoring Individual Experiences
Essential Principles
All reporting documents and practices must be user-friendly.
Involvement of people with disabilities is necessary and essential.
Monitoring Individual Experiences
Monitoring in Teams of People with Disabilities
Builds solidarity Builds capacityFosters
sustainability
Monitoring Individual Experiences
Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya
DRPI – KENYAIndividual Disability Rights Monitor
Training February, 2006
Monitoring Sites:Nairobi (urban)Rift Valley (urban & rural)Nyanza (urban & rural)
Monitoring Individual Experiences
DRPI - KENYA
Partners:African Union of the Blind (AFUB)Kenya Union of the Blind (KUB)Kenya Centre for Disability Rights Education &
Advocacy (CREAD)University of Nairobi, Faculty of LawSwedish Association of the Visually Impaired
(SRF)
Monitoring Individual Experiences
Kenya
Kenya
DRPI – CAMEROON Individual Disability Rights Monitor
Training October, 2006
Monitoring Sites:Yaoundé (urban)Menoua Division (rural)Bamenda (urban)
Monitoring Individual Experiences
DRPI – CAMEROONPartners:
African Union of the BlindCameroon National Association of the BlindCameroon National Association of Disabled
CameroonNational Association of the DeafCameroon National Association of Lepers Cameroon National Association of the
Physically DisabledCameroon National Commission on Human
Rights and Freedoms
Monitoring Individual Experiences
Kenya
Countryside near Nairobi
Cameroon
Cameroon
Cameroon
Cameroon
Cameroon
Workshop on Understanding Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities
India
September, 2006
Monitoring Individual Experiences
India
DRPI - INDIAIndividual Disability Rights Monitor
Training May, 2007
Monitoring Sites:Hyderabad (urban)Kurnool (town)Villages in Visakhapatnam District (rural)
• Thokuru Village (Ananthagiri Mandal)• Konapuram (Ananthagiri Mandal)• Kondiva (Ananthagiri Mandal)• Malchingaram (Araku Mandal)
Monitoring Individual Experiences
India
India
DRPI - INDIAPartners:
Swadhikaar Center for Disabilities Information, Research & Resource Development
Asmita Resource Centre for WomenNALSAR School of LawNational Institute for Mental HandicapLeonard Cheshire International South-Asia
RegionAP State Legal Services Authority
Monitoring Individual Experiences
India
India
DRPI Bolivia Individual Disability Rights Monitor
Training July, 2008
Monitoring Sites:Santa Cruz (urban)Provincia Obispo Santistevan (rural)La Paz (urban) Provincia El Alto (rural)
Monitoring Individual Experiences
DRPI Bolivia Partners:
Confederación Boliviana de Personas con Discapacidad
Federación Cruceña de Personas con Discapacidad (FECRUPDI) - Carlos Loli Cortez Vasquez
Federación Departamental de Personas con Discapacidad (FEDEPDI) -Teclo Gonzales Puquimia
Monitoring Individual Experiences
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
DRPI – CANADAPartners:
national & local organizations of people with disabilities
individual disability rights experts (academics, independent researchers, lawyers)
human rights NGOs universitiesgovernment offices for disability issuesdisability & human rights research institutes
Newfoundland, Canada
Quebec City, Canada
Toronto, Canada
DRPI – CANADAOrganizational Partners:
Amnesty International ARCH - A legal resource centre
for persons with disabilitiesCanadian Abilities Foundation Canadian Association of
Independent Living Centres Canadian Human Rights
CommissionCentre interdiscipinaire de
recherche en réadaptation et intégration sociale
Council of Canadians with Disabilities
DisAbled Women's Network Ontario
Equitas Institute for Social Research,
York UniversityOffice des personne
handicapées du Québec Office for Disability Issues,
Government of CanadaRaoul Wallenberg Institute of
Human Rights & Humanitarian Law
Université de LavalUniversity of VictoriaYork University
3. Monitoring Societal Attitudes
Fact finding about societal attitudes to disability and people with disabilities by monitoring media coverage and depiction.
Media:reflects & influences public opinion is a proxy
for societal attitudes
Media can:perpetuate negative myths & stereotypes
But media can also:be a catalyst for positive social change
Monitoring Societal Attitudes
Media Monitoring Monitoring media coverage and depiction of
disability
Quantitative analysis: e.g. number and format of publications per day, their placement (what section, where in section), types of disability covered and sources used;
Qualitative analysis: content analysis and critical discourse analysis (e.g. language and presence of stereotypes, way sources are used, visual images used, how and why)
Monitoring Societal Attitudes
gather 1000s of disability-related media reports from the internet including:
radio and television broadcastsnewspaper, magazine and internet articles
use neural networks, content analysis and critical discourse analysis to conduct quantitative and qualitative analyses of the stories.
analyses conducted by collaborative research team from disability community, media and academia
Monitoring Societal Attitudes
Media Monitoring
Researchers& Panel of
experts (PE)
Search string Neural networks
Dendograms(association of
terms)
New search string
Media sample
Content analysis
General pictureDetect patterns Discourse analysis
refine search string
PE feedback
PE and disability community feedback
Media Monitoring Methodology Loop
Partners
Researchers from University of Buffalo, U.S.A. and Umeå University, Sweden and York University, Canada
International Panel of Experts (Canada, Costa Rica, India, Kenya, New Zealand, Sweden and U.S.A.)
Monitoring Societal Attitudes
Holistic Approach to Disability Rights Monitoring
Holistic approach examines 3 monitoring areas providing a broad picture of human rights situation of people with disabilities.
MonitorinMonitoringg
IndividuaIndividual l
ExperiencExperiences es
Monitoring
Societal Attitudes
MonitoriMonitoringng
SystemsSystems
HOLISTIC MONITORING
Results of Holistic Monitoring
Individual Country Reports Identification of gaps among individual
experiences, government promises and societal dialogue
Teams of people with disabilities ready to monitor rights on an on-going basis
International comparative data
THANK YOU to the following Funders:
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) Community-University Research Alliance (CURA)
SSHRC (International Opportunities Fund)Heritage CanadaAustralian Research Council Swedish Association of the Visually Impaired (SRF)York UniversityUniversity of BuffaloLaval University
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