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Hard X-ray surveys with the INTEGRAL observatory
Alexander Lutovinov IKI, Moscow, Russia
R.Krivonos, S. Tsygankov, , I. Mereminskiy, S. Sazonov, M. Revnivtsev, E. Churazov, R. Sunyaev
Observatories Across the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Spectrometer SPI
(15keV-8MeV) (E/dE~500)
INTEGRAL observatory Launched 17 Oct 2002 (PROTON)
orbit - 72 h
perigee ~ 9000 km
apogee ~ 153000 km
Gamma-telescope IBIS
(20keV-10MeV ,~12´, 30⁰ FOV)
Coded mask optics for high energy instruments
IBIS tungsten mask
Coded mask principle ISGRI shadowgrammes
for single pointings
Crab
3C273
INTEGRAL hard X-ray surveys
Bassani et al. 2006; Bazzano et al., 2006; Beckmann et al. 2006; Bird et al, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2016; Krivonos et al., 2005, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2015; Tsygankov et al., 2015; Mereminskiy et al., 2016; Molkov et al., 2004; Lebrun et al., 2004; Revnivtsev et al., 2004,2006;
INTEGRAL Galactic plane surveys
• Systematic study of the source populations
• Search for new phenomena (types of sources)
• Snapshot of the Galaxy can be done only by wide-field telescopes
• The Milky Way is a unique galaxy where we can detect X-ray objects with the lowest possible luminosities.
The observed luminosity:
Chandra: ~10^37 erg/s (galaxies)
INTEGRAL: ~10^34 erg/s (Milky Way)
INTEGRAL/IBIS
All-sky survey (Krivonos et. al., 2010, current state)
~830 detections (42% IGRs):
~50% Galactic (45% IGRs)
~40% ExtraGal.
~10% Unident.
SWIFT/BAT 70 m
all-sky survey (Baumgartnet et al., 2013)
~1200 detections:
~21% Galactic
~60% ExtraGal.
~ 19% Unident.
INTEGRAL/IBIS
exposure map
SWIFT/BAT
sensitivity map:
9 years Galactic plane survey with INTEGRAL
Krivonos et al. (2012)
2002 – 2012, total exposure 132 Msec, peak sensitivity in 17-60 keV 2.9x10-12 erg/s/cm2 (0.2 mCrab)
Total – 402 sources on the average map, galactic – 252 (108 LMXBs, 76 HMXBs, 36 CVs), Extragalactic – 115 (112 AGNs, 3 GCs)
Identification completeness – 92%
INTEGRAL 9-year Galactic plane survey |b|<17.5, 17-60 keV
• 402 sources > 4.7 sigma (526 sources in 2017 Preliminary!!!!!) • Galactic sources: 253 (completeness 92%), Extragalactic sources: 115, Not ID: 34
• The survey is based on the 9-year maps, i.e. it is optimized for persistent sources
• Hard X-ray selected persistent sources give guaranteed detection with NuSTAR (2 orders of magnitude difference in sensitivity)
Kri
von
os+
20
12
Galactic plane
HMXBs in the Galaxy
Crux Carina
Sgr+
Sc
Cyg
Population of HMXBs in the Milky Way (SFR)
N≈5x10-2 SFR/SFRΘ
INTEGRAL sensitivity:
1035 erg/s 2x1035 erg/s
Lutovinov et al. (2013)
Population of HMXBs in the Milky Way (LF, number)
Used in Chandra Norma Arm Deep Survey (Fornasini+ 2014)
> 2x1035 erg/s completeness 13 kpc > 2x1034 erg/s completeness 4.1 kpc
Lutovinov et al. (2013)
Chandra deep field in Norma Spiral Arm
1415 sources
Fornasini et al., (2014)
Krivonos et al. 2012
LMXBs in galaxies
LF normalization
traces the stellar
mass
Gilfanov 2004
Revnivtsev et al. 2008
Galactic survey of 44Ti sources
Tsygankov et al., (2016)
Grebenev et al.
(2012)
Boggs et al., (2015)
SN 1987A
Galactic survey of 44Ti sources
Tsygankov et al., (2016)
Galactic survey of 44Ti sources
We improved COMPTEL sensitivity limit by a factor of ~5
Galactic survey of 44Ti sources Tsygankov et al., (2016)
The catalog of SNRs by Green et al., (2014)
Discovery of the gamma-emission of 56Co decay
from the type Ia supernova
Extragalactic deep fields
Coma
LMC
M 81
Mereminskiy et al., (2016)
4σ peak sens. 0.18 mCrab
(2.6e-12 erg/s/cm2)
10% 0.25 mCrab
90% 0.87 mCrab
147 detected sources
37 – new ones in hard X-rays
NuSTAR-INTEGRAL AGN
LogN-LogS connection
S , erg s cm
N(
S),
de
g
This work
Harrison et al., 2015
Ajello et al., 2012
Krivonos et al., 2010
INTEGRAL/Swift/NuSTAR Synergy
NuSTAR 7 deg2 serendipitous survey (Lansbury et al., in prep.)
NuSTAR legacy survey of the unidentified sources from the INTEGRAL Galactic plane survey (Krivonos et al., 2012)
Swift
INTEGRAL
NuSTAR
Targets Visibility constrains
INTEGRAL high-energy information
Natalucci et al., (2013)
1E1740.7-2942
Ursini et al., (2015)
NGC 5548
17-60 keV
AGN: 116, LMXB: 108, HMXB: 82, CV: 35 (|b|<17 deg)
Move to the higher energies….
100-150 keV
AGN: 28, LMXB: 38, HMXB: 10, CV: 0 (|b|<17 deg)
Sky in 100-150 keV
0.01 0.1 1.0
10-year sky 100-150 keV
28 38
10 12
AGN LMXB HMXB PSR
S/N>5σ
1. S/N > 5σ: 88 sources in total 2. 4σ < S/N100-150 keV < 5σ && S/N17-60 keV > 12σ: 15 sources
100% completeness
Transients
We searched for transients on revolution by revolution basis, with different time windows.
4σ < S/N100-150 keV < 5σ && S/N17-60 keV > 12σ 29 transients absent on average sky were added to the catalog
Hardness distribution
BHC in
HMXBs:
Cyg X-1,
Cyg X-3,
SS433
150-300 keV sources (25, S/N>5σ)
100-150 keV
• Factor of ~2 increase of objects with respect to Bazzano et al., 2006
• 100 -150 keV sky is dominated by galactic sources (60 out of 88) including 38 LMXBs, 10 HMXBs and 12 PSRs
• 29 hard X-ray transient events have been found
• 100-150 keV survey is totally dominated by BHCs
Bazzano+ 2006 Krivonos+ 2015
100-150 keV 49 101
150-300 keV 14 25
What is about the future?
31 March Deadline for the submission of proposals for INTEGRAL AO-15
СРГ
35
eROSITA
ART-XC
SRG
Spectrum Roentgen Gamma
March 2018 PROTON
L2 point
36
More than 100 000 clusters of
galaxies Study of large scale
structure
More than 3 million AGNs
studies of joint evolution of
black holes and galaxies over
cosmic time
Few millions of X-ray active
stars studies of effects of
stellar dynamo and formation of
coronae
More than 100 000 cataclysmic
variables
Scientific goal: new sensitive all sky survey
(~10-14 erg/sec/sq.sm)
Not just a catalog, but statistical sample… – completeness is as important as number of sources
The only way to take snapshot of the Milky Way…
Providing new information (targets) for other missions…
Population studies for Galactic and extragalactic X-ray emitters…
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