dr. sumaya ahmed zaki-eldeen institute of environmental studies

Dr. Sumaya Ahmed Zaki-EldeenDr. Sumaya Ahmed Zaki-Eldeen

Institute of Environmental StudiesInstitute of Environmental Studies

Khartoum UniversityKhartoum University zakields@yahoo.comzakields@yahoo.com

Second AIACC African and Indian Ocean Second AIACC African and Indian Ocean Island Regional WorkshopIsland Regional Workshop Dakar 24-27 March 2004 Dakar 24-27 March 2004

Sudan AIACC-Sudan AIACC-AF14AF14: : How communities of Western How communities of Western Sudan have coped with and adapted to present Sudan have coped with and adapted to present

climateclimate hazards hazards

The CBRR Project• Villages in the drought-prone Bara Province,

Western Sudan• Approach: Community-Based Rangeland

Rehabilitation • Two main development objectives:

– Create locally sustainable NRM system to rehabilitate overexploited lands for the purpose of carbon sequestration

– Reduce the risk of production failure by increasing the number of livelihood alternatives… leading to greater local stability

• Key Actors: Villages within Gireigikh rural council, pilot project staff, UNDP/GEF

Major intervention OF CBRRP:

A group of villages undertook a package of SL measures. These included:

• Institution Building

• Training

• Community Development: Water development, Rural energy management, Introduction of revolving credit, Drought contingency planning

• Rangeland Rehabilitation: Replanting, Stabilization of sand dunes, Creation of windbreaks, Livestock restocking and management

Methods for assessing adaptive capacity,

adaptation options and uncertainties • Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and its

concept of the five capitals has been used

• These capitals were assessed based on three main dimensions productivity, equity and sustainability. Risk dimension was also considered

Cont.

• A number of indicators have been identified with the community for three dimensions for the five capitals

• An assessment sheet was used to compare the situation before and after the intervention of the CBRRP

• Word picture

Results: Productivity:Natural capital:

0

20

40

60

80

100

rehabilitatedland

carryingcapacity

forageproduction

Indicators

Sit

uati

on o

f ea

ch in

dica

tor

(%

)

Before After

Financial Capital

0

20

40

60

80

100

amount ofcredit grantedto individuals

incomesources

incomestability

incomesufficiency

Indicators

Sit

ua

tio

n o

f ea

ch in

dic

ato

r

(%)

Before After

Human Capital

0

20

40

60

80

100

no. oftrainedCAHW

capacityof vet.

services

state ofeducation

state ofhealth

state oftraining

state ofextension

Indicators

Sit

uat

ion

of

each

In

dic

ator

(%

)

Before After

Physical Capital

0

20

40

60

80

100

no. ofestablishedgrain mills

no. ofestablishedgrain stores

no. of waterpumps

Indicators

Sit

uati

on o

f ea

ch in

dica

tor

(%)

Before After

Social Capital

0

20

40

60

80

100

effects of WIGon availability of

veg. Fruits &agri. goods

effect ofcommittees

area of WIG

Indicators

Situ

atio

n of

eac

h in

dica

tor

(%)

Before After

Sustainability:Natural Capital

0

20

40

60

80

100

transition fromagri. land tograzing land

application ofsustainable

grazing system

quality ofanimal

production

range landquality

Indicators

Situ

atio

n of

eac

h y

indi

cato

r (%

)

Before After

Financial Capital

0

20

40

60

80

100

availabilityof

information

suitability oflocal

institutions

effectivenessof credit

repayment

support ofcredit

systems

support ofgovernment

policy

Indicators

Sit

uat

ion

of

each

ind

icat

or (

%)

Before After

Human Capital

0

20

40

60

80

100

rate ofutilization of

improvedcharcoalstoves

% of farmerswho

completelyabandoned

cropproduction

rate ofadoption of

building mudwalled houses

availability ofdrugs (human,

animals)

Indicators

Situ

atio

n of

eac

h in

dica

tor

(%)

Before After

Physical Capital

0

20

40

60

80

100

effectivemanagement

system applied towater wells

no. of peopletrained on

maintenance forwater pumps

availability ofspar parts

Indicators

Sit

uati

on o

f ea

ch in

dica

tor

(%) BeforeAfter

Social Capital

0

20

40

60

80

100

use of mudwalled public

building

governmentsupport to

localinstitutions

relationbetween

committees &local

governmentinstitutions

capacity ofcommittees to

perform itstask

Indicators

Sit

uat

ion

of

each

ind

icat

or (

%)

BeforeAfter

Equity• Chances of marginalized groups (women, poor,

kawahla tribe) increased significantly particularly with regard to:

• access to grazing land

• access to credit

• access to social services

• access to training

• participation in decision-making.

Overall change in the resilience of the five capitals

Before After Change %Change Natural 36 76 40 75 Physical 30 66 36 65 Financial 22 72 50 71 Human 24 72 48 71 Social 32 74 42 73

Total 29 72 43 8

70

Are strategies for coping/adapting to present climate hazards transferable to adapting to

future climate change?

Factors that are most responsible for uncertainties (risk) about adaptive capacity and the effectiveness of

adaptation options:

• Government policies

• lack of finance

• Migration of trained people

• Immigration (settlement of other tribes)

• Conflict over resources

Thank You