princess sumaya univ. computer engineering dept. chapter 6:

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Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6: Chapter 6:

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Page 1: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya Univ.Computer Engineering Dept.

Chapter 6:Chapter 6:

Page 2: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.

22 / 12 / 12

I/O ConnectionI/O Connection

MainMemory

Interrupts

Memory I/O InterconnectMemory I/O Interconnect

CacheCache

ProcessorProcessor

I/OI/OControllerController

I/OI/OControllerController

I/OI/OControllerController

Disk DiskNetworkNetworkI/OI/O

DevicesDevices

Page 3: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.

33 / 12 / 12

Magnetic DiskMagnetic Disk

Nonvolatile

Tracks & Sectors

Recorded Information

● Sector Number, Gap, Data, ECC, Gap, Next Sector Num.

Rotational Latency

● 5400 RPM (½ rotation / 5400) = 5.6 ms

Transfer Time

● Sector: ≈ 100 MB/s

● Cache: ≈ 375 MB/s = 3 Gbps SATA-2

Page 4: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.

44 / 12 / 12

Disk InterfaceDisk Interface

Advanced Technology Attachment

● SATA (Serial)

Small Computer Systems Interface

● SCSI (Parallel)

● SAS (Serial Attached SCSI)

Page 5: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.

55 / 12 / 12

Flash StorageFlash Storage

Semiconductor

● Non Volatile (EEPROM)

● Faster, Smaller and Lower Power

● Higher Cost

● Block R/W

● Wearout (10,000 ~ 100,000 Writes per Cell)

● Wear Leveling (Remap Blocks)

Solid State Disk (SSD)

Hybrid Hard Disk

Page 6: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.

66 / 12 / 12

BussesBusses

Processor-Memory Bus

● Short, High Speed and Matched Width

I/O Bus

● Can be Lengthy and Connect Many Types

● Often Have a Wide Range Bandwidth

Page 7: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.

77 / 12 / 12

I/O TransactionI/O Transaction

Two Parts● Sending Memory Address

● Sending or Receiving Data

Synchronous● All Devices on the Bus Run on the Same Clock Rate

● Clock Skew Limits Length

Asynchronous● External: Firewire, USB, etc.

● Internal: PCI Express, SATA, etc.

Handshaking

Page 8: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.

88 / 12 / 12

Parallelism & I/OParallelism & I/O

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)

● RAID 0 Striping

BLK 0

BLK 2

BLK 4

BLK 6

BLK 1

BLK 3

BLK 5

BLK 7

Page 9: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.

99 / 12 / 12

Parallelism & I/OParallelism & I/O

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)

● RAID 0 Striping

● RAID 1 MirroringBLK 0

BLK 1

BLK 2

BLK 3

BLK 0

BLK 1

BLK 2

BLK 3

Page 10: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.

1010 / 12 / 12

Parallelism & I/OParallelism & I/O

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)

● RAID 0 Striping

● RAID 1 Mirroring

● RAID 2 Error Detection & Correction Code

Bit 0

Bit 2

Bit 4

Bit 6

Bit 1

Bit 3

Bit 5

Bit 7

Parity

Parity

Parity

Parity

Page 11: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.

1111 / 12 / 12

Parallelism & I/OParallelism & I/O

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)

● RAID 0 Striping

● RAID 1 Mirroring

● RAID 2 Error Detection & Correction Code

● RAID 3 Bit-Interleaved Parity

Byte 0

Byte 2

Byte 4

Byte 6

Byte 1

Byte 3

Byte 5

Byte 7

Parity

Parity

Parity

Parity

Page 12: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.

1212 / 12 / 12

Parallelism & I/OParallelism & I/O

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)

● RAID 0 Striping

● RAID 1 Mirroring

● RAID 2 Error Detection & Correction Code

● RAID 3 Bit-Interleaved Parity

● RAID 4 Block-Interleaved Parity

BLK 0

BLK 2

BLK 4

BLK 6

BLK 1

BLK 3

BLK 5

BLK 7

Parity

Parity

Parity

Parity

Page 13: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.

1313 / 12 / 12

Parallelism & I/OParallelism & I/O

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)

● RAID 0 Striping

● RAID 1 Mirroring

● RAID 2 Error Detection & Correction Code

● RAID 3 Bit-Interleaved Parity

● RAID 4 Block-Interleaved Parity

● RAID 5 Distributed Block- Interleaved Parity

BLK 0

BLK 2

Parity

BLK 6

BLK 1

Parity

BLK 4

BLK 7

Parity

BLK 3

BLK 5

Parity

Page 14: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. Chapter 6:

Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.Princess Sumaya University 22540 – Computer Arch. & Org (2) Computer Engineering Dept.

Chapter 6Chapter 6