dr. pavlos konstantinidis (forest research institute of thessaloniki) “use of new technologies i

Use of new technologies in forest fire protection plans and fuel mapping in the Forest Research Institute of Thessaloniki”

Workshop«Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries»

LIFE10 ENV/GR/617 ArcFUEL

Pavlos Konstantinidis

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THESSALONIKI

Wednesday, 18 December 2013

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

The mission of the Forest Research Institute is to contribute through research to the understanding, restoration, and sustainable management of terrestrial ecosystems such as forests and rangelands and to maintain and enhance plant and wildlife resources for the benefit of people and the nature.

NATO Science for Stability Program

FOREST

RESEARCH

INSTITUTE

WILDFIRES

LABORATORY

ΝΑΤΟ

EFESTUS

ATHOS

SEIH-SOU

HYMITTOS

SCIENCE FOR STABILITY

SITHON

EFAISTOS Project - Improvement and validation of behaviour models of forest fires (Environment and climate Programm, DG XII)

FUEL TREATMENT

COMPONENT Control

Shrub Removal S R & Thinning

S

S-S & Thinning

(unit)

PRE POS

T

PRE POS

T

PRE POST

SHRUBS1

(t/ha)

5.0

2.8a 0.6b 5.7c 1.8d 7.7e 0.2f

SMALL

WOODY2

(t/ha)

1.6 4.2a 6.9a 1.3b 5.1c 1.9d 5.4e

LITTER3

(t/ha) 3.5 2.5a 7.8b 2.5c 7.5d 2.5e 6.8f

DEPTH4

(cm) 121.5 105.3

a

8.8b 100.5c 19.2d 115.6

e

8.3f

EFAISTOS Project - Improvement and validation of behaviour models of forest fires (Environment and climate Programm, DG XII)

STATIC 22. HALEPENSIS BY: KDK LOADS, MTON/HA S/V RATIOS, 1/CM OTHER ------------------ ----------------- ---------------------------- 1 HR 4.10 1 HR 100. DEPTH, CM 106.64 10 HR 1.10 LIVE HERB 0. HEAT CONTENT, J/G 20000. 100 HR 0.30 LIVE WOODY 70. EXT MOISTURE, % 30. LIVE HERB 0.00 SIGMA 83. PACKING RATIO 0.00242 LIVE WOODY 7.70 PR/OPR 0.44 ENVIRONMENTAL FIRE BEHAVIOR RESULTS DATA ---------------------------------------------- -------------------- FIRE MIDFLAME WIND, KM/H 1 HR FM 8. VARIABLE 0. 10. 20. 10 HR FM 9. ----------------- --- --- --- 100 HR FM 10. ROS (M/MIN) 6. 51. 155. LIVE HERB FM 70. FL (METERS) 2. 5. 9. LIVE WOODY FM 70. IR (KWATTS/SQMT) 1273. 1273. 1273. H/A (KJ/SQMT) 11641. 11641. 11641. SLOPE, % 30. FLI (KWATTS/MT) 1240. 9926. 30136.

ATHOS: Spatial analysis of the impact of fire - human - environment vegetation of Athos and Sithonia Peninsula. «Δ» 95 Iv/16

VARIABLEB SE Wald Score Sig.

HUMAN IMPACT

Distance to Roads 0.011 0.918

Density of Livestock -0.010 0.005 4.328 0.037

CLIMATE

Summer Mean Air Temperature 1.037

0.308

Summer Mean Relative Humidity 1.054 0.305

Annual Precipitation 0.9050.341

GEOMORPHOLOGY

Elevation -0.494 0.238 4.328 0.037

Slope 0.111 0.042 6.875 0.009

Aspect 5.5820.694

Geology1.193

0.551

LAND USE

Vegetation Cover--

--12.444

0.006

Table III Standard errors (SE), Wald statistics (Wald) and significance levels (Sig.) for coefficients (B) of variables included in the logistic regression equation; significance levels are calculated using the score statistics (Score) for variables not in the equation

"Installing Monitoring System on Advances in the suburban forest of Thessaloniki"

N. oleader planted

N. oleader planted

Natural P.halepensisNatural P.halepensisN

atural P.halepensis

Natural P

.halepensis

Quercus cocciferaQuercus cocciferaΒ ο ρ ρ ά ς

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

12\94 3\9

5

6\95

9\95

12/95 3\9

6

6\96

9/96

12/96

Α ν α τ ο λ ή

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

12\94 3\9

5

6\95

9\95

12/95 3\9

6

6\96

9/96

12/96

Δ ύ σ η

0

2 0

4 0

6 08 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

12\94 3\9

5

6\95

9\95

12/95 3\9

6

6\96

9/96

12/96

Ν ό τ ο ς

0

2 04 0

6 08 0

1 0 0

1 2 01 4 0

1 6 0

12\94 3\9

5

6\95

9\95

12/95 3\9

6

6\96

9/96

12/96

Pistacia lentiscusPistacia lentiscusΒ ο ρ ρ ά ς

02 04 06 08 0

1 0 01 2 01 4 01 6 0

12\94 3\9

5

6\95

9\95

12/9 5

3\96

6\96

9/96

12/9 6

Α ν α τ ο λ ή

02 04 06 08 0

1 0 01 2 01 4 01 6 0

12\94 3\9

5

6\95

9\95

12/9 5

3\96

6\96

9/96

12/9 6

Ν ό τ ο ς

02 04 06 08 0

1 0 01 2 01 4 01 6 0

12\94 3\9

5

6\95

9\95

12/9 5

3\96

6\96

9/96

12/9 6

Δ ύ σ η

02 04 06 08 0

1 0 01 2 01 4 01 6 0

12\94 3\9

5

6\95

9\95

12/9 5

3\96

6\96

9/96

12/9 6

4

Pinus nigra

Cedrus atlantica

Cedrus libani Quercus pubescensQ.coccifera

Q.ilexAr. unedoQ.pedunculataC.deodara

Prunus dulcis

Q.aegilops

P.halepensis

Thuja plicata

Ab.cephalonica

P.brutia Thuja plicataP.ponderosa

Eucalyptus sp.

Eucalyptus sp.

Pinus sp.

C.sempervirensLigustrum vulgare

C.arizonica

P.nigra

Cupressus sp.

C.deodara

C.deodaraΠρανές: Δασική νησίδα

Description of the SITHON system

ΣτόχοιΣτόχοι::• Εικοσιτετράωρη παρακολούθηση ολόκληρης της έκτασης της δασικής αυτής περιοχής .Εικοσιτετράωρη παρακολούθηση ολόκληρης της έκτασης της δασικής αυτής περιοχής .• Διακριτική εποπτεία του συνόλου της δασικής έκτασης εξασφαλίζοντας αδιάλειπτη και απρόσκοπτη Διακριτική εποπτεία του συνόλου της δασικής έκτασης εξασφαλίζοντας αδιάλειπτη και απρόσκοπτη

παρακολούθηση.παρακολούθηση.• Αμεσότατο εντοπισμό, πιθανής εστίας φωτιάς, για άμεση ενημέρωση της δύναμης πυρόσβεσης. Αμεσότατο εντοπισμό, πιθανής εστίας φωτιάς, για άμεση ενημέρωση της δύναμης πυρόσβεσης. • Ακριβής προσδιορισμός της πιθανής εστίας φωτιάς, με μείωση του χρόνου πρώτης προσβολής.Ακριβής προσδιορισμός της πιθανής εστίας φωτιάς, με μείωση του χρόνου πρώτης προσβολής.

Ημερομηνία έναρξης Ημερομηνία έναρξης 1-7-20031-7-2003 Ημερομηνία Ημερομηνία ολοκλήρωσηςολοκλήρωσης

31-12-200631-12-2006

Περιγραφή παραδοτέων Περιγραφή παραδοτέων

1. 1.

2.2.

3. 3.

Εφαρμογή Επίγειων Μεθόδων ΤηλεανίχνευσηςΕφαρμογή Επίγειων Μεθόδων Τηλεανίχνευσης

Δίκτυο επίγειας τηλεανίχνευσης στη Σιθωνία, η οποία θα Δίκτυο επίγειας τηλεανίχνευσης στη Σιθωνία, η οποία θα παραμείνει και μετά το τέλος του προγράμματος σε επιχειρησιακή παραμείνει και μετά το τέλος του προγράμματος σε επιχειρησιακή δράση από τους τοπικούς φορείς πυροπροστασίας.δράση από τους τοπικούς φορείς πυροπροστασίας.

Διαδικασία εκπαίδευσης σε θέματα ασύρματων δικτύων και Διαδικασία εκπαίδευσης σε θέματα ασύρματων δικτύων και χρήσης νέων τεχνολογιών από το προσωπικό που είναι χρήσης νέων τεχνολογιών από το προσωπικό που είναι επιφορτισμένο με την ανίχνευση των δασικών πυρκαγιών.επιφορτισμένο με την ανίχνευση των δασικών πυρκαγιών.

Γνώση της αξιοπιστίας, της οικονομικότητας και της Γνώση της αξιοπιστίας, της οικονομικότητας και της αποτελεσματικότητας της επίγειας τηλεανίχνευσης με τη χρήση αποτελεσματικότητας της επίγειας τηλεανίχνευσης με τη χρήση οπτικών εικονοληπτών. οπτικών εικονοληπτών.

ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, Τ-ΝΕΤ, ΟΛΥΜΠΙΟΣ, Τ-ΝΕΤ, ΟΛΥΜΠΙΟΣ, Ο-TECH, ΤΟΟ-TECH, ΤΟΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, Τ-ΝΕΤ, Τ-ΝΕΤ,

ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΠΑ,ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΠΑ,ΑΠΘΑΠΘ

ΠαραδόθηκεΠαραδόθηκε

ΠαραδόθηκεΠαραδόθηκε

Παραδόθηκε Παραδόθηκε εν μέρειεν μέρει

The wireless connections were implemented using only Protocol Wi-Fi - 801.11a in the frequency range 5,1 - 5,8 GHz.

Rotation: 350 degrees horizontally and 100 degrees on the vertical axis.Position accuracy: 5 / 100 degree. Memorisation accuracy: 1/1,000degree. Movement: automatic and manual.

Air temperature, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity andbarometric pressure. TCP/IP data transfer protocol. RJ45 port.

Point to Point / Backbone Bridge

External O.D.U. Wireless Bridge: Bi-directional amplifier transceivers(both transmission and reception) with low power emission (limit of 100miliwatt).

One-crystal silicon solar panels, dry type batteries, automation loadcontrol and energy efficiency with remote management, converter /inverter DC 24 V - AC 220 V. Autonomy of 72 h.

Type Franklin, with a full equipment load transmission lightning andearthing grid.

Metal construction, standard size 19 in. in size at least 16 U, with a glassdoor, thermostat and fans.

Self-supporting monitoring (camera) tower

We improved the detection time and combined it with: We improved the detection time and combined it with:

the reduction of the time of first intervention to increase its efficacity.the reduction of the time of first intervention to increase its efficacity.

The reduction of the intervention time :The reduction of the intervention time :

to obtain reliable information directly from the Coordinating Center of firefighting, which moved in to obtain reliable information directly from the Coordinating Center of firefighting, which moved in real time to fighting ground and air forces.real time to fighting ground and air forces.

The solutions provided by SITHONThe solutions provided by SITHON..

Use of modern technology in order to create a complete system that:Use of modern technology in order to create a complete system that:

reduce the time of localizationreduce the time of localization

evaluate the exact fire localization,evaluate the exact fire localization,

improve the time of first intervention,improve the time of first intervention,

taking prompt and accurate decisions by the coordinator.taking prompt and accurate decisions by the coordinator.

Such information contribute to:Such information contribute to:1.1.determining the fastest way to be adopted by the fighting ground units determining the fastest way to be adopted by the fighting ground units 2.2.Determining priority actions that protect sensitive areas (fuel reservoirs, camps, Determining priority actions that protect sensitive areas (fuel reservoirs, camps, archeological sites, etc.)archeological sites, etc.)3.3.determining the fuel type (phrygana, shrublands or forests, fuel quantity, degree of determining the fuel type (phrygana, shrublands or forests, fuel quantity, degree of canopy cover, density)canopy cover, density)4.4.Identification of dangerous locations for the fighting forces, identification of the Identification of dangerous locations for the fighting forces, identification of the nearest artificial and natural water reservoirs, etc.nearest artificial and natural water reservoirs, etc.

Application Areas of SITHON

fuel mapping

Each forest is a factory producing combustible biomass.

Which will eventually burned by natural or anthropogenic causes

inventory method extensive sampling

Fueltypes

Fueltypes

Στόχοι Στόχοι Μελέτη της ποιοτικής και ποσοτικής κατανομής της βλάστησης, της καύσιμης ύλης και της αξιολόγησης Μελέτη της ποιοτικής και ποσοτικής κατανομής της βλάστησης, της καύσιμης ύλης και της αξιολόγησης του κινδύνου πυρκαγιάς με τις επί μέρους δράσεις:του κινδύνου πυρκαγιάς με τις επί μέρους δράσεις:Χαρτογράφηση και αξιολόγηση των δασών και δασικών εκτάσεων σχετικά με τον κίνδυνο πυρκαγιάςΧαρτογράφηση και αξιολόγηση των δασών και δασικών εκτάσεων σχετικά με τον κίνδυνο πυρκαγιάςΕκτίμηση και χαρτογράφηση της καύσιμης ύληςΕκτίμηση και χαρτογράφηση της καύσιμης ύληςΑξιολόγηση του κινδύνου πυρκαγιάς των οικοσυστημάτων της περιοχής έρευναςΑξιολόγηση του κινδύνου πυρκαγιάς των οικοσυστημάτων της περιοχής έρευνας

Επιστημονικός Υπεύθυνος εργασίας :Επιστημονικός Υπεύθυνος εργασίας :Ενότητα Ενότητα εργασίας Aρ.:εργασίας Aρ.:

22

Είδος έρευναςΕίδος έρευνας Βασική έρευναΒασική έρευνα Φορείς εκτέλεσηςΦορείς εκτέλεσης ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ / Εργαστήριο Οικολογίας, ΤΟΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ / Εργαστήριο Οικολογίας, ΤΟ

Τίτλος ενότητας Τίτλος ενότητας εργασίαςεργασίας

Ημερομηνία έναρξηςΗμερομηνία έναρξης 1/7/20031/7/2003 Ημερομηνία ολοκλήρωσηςΗμερομηνία ολοκλήρωσης 30/6/200530/6/2005

Περιγραφή παραδοτέων Περιγραφή παραδοτέων

11. .

22..

33. .

Δρ. Γεώργιος ΤσιουρλήςΔρ. Γεώργιος Τσιουρλής

Χάρτες φυτοκοινωνιών (τύπος οικοτόπων, φυτοκάλυψη, ηλικία και άλλα Χάρτες φυτοκοινωνιών (τύπος οικοτόπων, φυτοκάλυψη, ηλικία και άλλα δομικά στοιχεία) και αναφορά αξιολόγησης των φυτοκοινωνιών σχετικά με δομικά στοιχεία) και αναφορά αξιολόγησης των φυτοκοινωνιών σχετικά με τον κίνδυνο πυρκαγιάς τον κίνδυνο πυρκαγιάς

Χάρτης καύσιμης ύλης και αναφορά αποτελεσμάτων και συμπερασμάτων Χάρτης καύσιμης ύλης και αναφορά αποτελεσμάτων και συμπερασμάτων της έρευνας της βιομάζας και νεκρομάζαςτης έρευνας της βιομάζας και νεκρομάζας

Χάρτης και αναφορά αξιολόγησης του κινδύνου πυρκαγιάς της περιοχής Χάρτης και αναφορά αξιολόγησης του κινδύνου πυρκαγιάς της περιοχής έρευνας.έρευνας.

ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΤΟΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΤΟ

ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΤΟΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΤΟ

ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΤΟΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΤΟ

ΠαραδόθηκεΠαραδόθηκε

ΠαραδόθηκεΠαραδόθηκε

ΠαραδόθηκεΠαραδόθηκε

Χαρτογράφηση της καύσιμης ύλης και αξιολόγηση του κινδύνου πυρκαγιάς.Χαρτογράφηση της καύσιμης ύλης και αξιολόγηση του κινδύνου πυρκαγιάς.

Species: ΟΙΚΟΤΟΠΟΣ / ΧΡΗΣΗ ΓΗΣ

CODE

Pinus halepensis 1 Pinus nigra 2 Αείφυλλα σκληρόφυλλα 3 Φρύγανα 4 Ποολίβαδα 5 Φυλλοβόλα 6 Καλλιέργειες δένδρων 7 Αμπέλια 8 Αροτριαίες καλλιέργειες 9 Αστικές περιοχές 10 Αντιπυρικές 11 Άγονα 12 Παραρεμάτια 13 Λοιπές εγκαταστάσεις 14 P. nigra – P. halepensis 21

Class % Εδαφοκάλυψης

1 0 – 10 % 2 11 – 25 % 3 26 – 40 % 4 41 – 55 % 5 56 - 70 % 6 71 – 100 %

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)

A "type fuel" is defined as a typical combination of characteristic elements of fuel as the type, size, shape, quantity and continuity, having certain behavior of fire under specific conditions of ignition (Anderson 1982, Merrill and Alexander 1987).

A "fuel model" is called a mathematical representation of fuel with all the variables that characterize the fuel material and are essential for the estimation of the main characteristics of fire behavior such as spread rate and thermal intensity of the front (Deeming 1975).

Thirteen standards fuel models (NFFL - National Forest Fire Laboratory, BEHAVE, Albini 1976, Burgan and Rothermel 1984) have been developed for the estimation of the fire behavior in local conditions. Each model is a small database that determines the potential fire behavior (Anderson 1982).

More recently, in an attempt to address some of the limitations posed by the thirteen standards fuel models 40 other standards models were created (Scott and Burgan 2005). The new models were developed in order to increase the prediction accuracy of the intensity of surface fire, risk assessment and crown fire behavior.

Species: ΟΙΚΟΤΟΠΟΣ / ΧΡΗΣΗ ΓΗΣ CODE

Pinus halepensis forests 1

Pinus nigra forests 2

Evergreen sclerophylous shrubs 3

Gariggues -Phrygana 4

Grassland 5

Deciduous forests 6

Crops trees 7

Vines 8

Arable crops 9

Urban areas 10

Burnt areas 11

Barren lands 12

Riparian forests 13

Other facilities 14

Mixed forests (P. nigra – P. halepensis) 21

Class % Land cover

1 0 – 10 %

2 11 – 25 %

3 26 – 40 %

4 41 – 55 %

5 56 - 70 %

6 71 – 100 %

Sensor Web Fire Shield

Symbol Vegetation type / Land use Coverage

PH 1 Pine forests 10 - 40%

PH 2 Pine forests 41-70%

PH 3 Pine forests 71-100%

SHR 1 Mediterranean shrublands 10 - 40%

SHR 2 Mediterranean shrublands 41-70%

SHR 3 Mediterranean shrublands 71-100%

GAR 1 Phrygana and garrigue 10 - 40%

GAR 2 Phrygana and garrigue 41-70%

GAR 3 Phrygana and garrigue 71-100%

REF Reforestations

BURNT Burnt areas

OLEO Olive groves

CUL Cultivations

Infr Infrastructures

BAR Bare soil

Parameter Degree

Degree of ignition of species

Pine forests 3

Mediterranean shrublands 2

Phrygana – garrigues 1

Slope

< 15% 1

16-30% 2

> 31% 3

Aspect

S 3

SW, SE 2

E, W 1

N, NE, NW -

Elevation

0 – 600 m 3

> 600 m 1

Risk zones of human activity

from the urban environment, mountain plants, leisure

500 m

from highways 100 m

from roads in the forest 50 m

Natural and anthropogenic factors

Orientation

Inclination

Geology

annual rainfall

Burnt area and vegetation

Maximum temperature of the summer months

Mean temperature of the summer months

Rainfall of summer period

Mean annual humidity

Mean annual humidity of summer

Vegetation and grazing

3D map of the area and historic of fires

• Dead leaves

• Logging residues

• Grasses

• Shrubs – phryganic species

• Dead trees in forest

Subsurface fuel: It includes all the material below the surface of soil, as deep humus, roots and decomposed trunks and branches.

Surface fuel: It includes alive or dead material on the surface of the ground or near it (up to two meters), as humus, litter, grasses – herbaceous vegetation, shrubs, young trees, dead trunks in decomposition, twigs and branches on the ground and stumps

Aerial fuel: It includes all the alive or dry material located on the crowns of trees, in the upper understory of forests, such as branches and leaves or needles of trees, dead standing trees, high shrubs and other forms of biomass found in the canopy.

Light fuel

Heavy fuel

The time lag (TL) is an expression of the rate at which a given fuel reaches the equilibrium moisture content. The lag interval is defined as the time required that the dead fuel to lose about 63% of the difference between the initial moisture content and the moisture content at equilibrium at constant humidity and air temperature.The duration of these periods is the main characteristic of fuel. The time lag is usually expressed in hours (hr).

The average time of the time lag varies depending on the size and other characteristics of the fuel. The National Fire-Danger Rating System of the USA has categorized the reaction of moisture content in classes of time lag of: 1 -, 10 -, 100 - and 1000-hr. For the facility of the scientific community the time lag (TL) has been corresponding with the diameter of the fuel as follows:

• 1-hr = 0,00 – 0,63 cm • 10-hr = 0,64 – 2,50 cm• 100-hr = 2,51 – 7,62 cm • 1000-hr = 7,62 – 22,8 cm

Fuel compactionThe compactness of the substrate of fuel is determined by the packing ratio. The packing ratio is defined as the percentage of volume of the fuel consisting of fuel, while the remaining percentage is the air that is in the gaps between the parts of fuel..Horizontal and vertical distribution - continuity The structure of the various types of vegetation influences the amount of heat energy that is available for combustion. Both vertical and horizontal distribution of fuel strongly influences fire behavior.Grassland vegetation and shrubs have vertically while material on ground such as dead trunks or branches, horizontally distribution.

Size and shapeThe ratio surface-area-to volume of fuel (SA/V) also plays an important role in the flammability of fuel. Fuels with a high ratio SA/V, as litter of pine needles, foliage and alive twigs of shrubs, ignite more easily than those who have little fuel ratio fraction SA/V, as trunks at the ground.

Fuel categoryTwigs 0-0,5 cm (needles / leaves - live and dead twigs)

Dead branches (0-7,5 cm) / dead shrubsLitterDead branches on soilFuel 1-Η timelagTwigs 0,6-2,5 cm - Fuel 10-Η timelagBranches 2,6-7,5 cm - Fuel 100-Η timelag)Total fuel

: Fuel categories

Estimation and mapping of fuel in a study area

Ecosystem - Species Location. Reference - Project

Pine forests

Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis)

Srawberry tree (Arbutus unedo)

Heather (Erica manipuliflora)

Sithonia and Athos Peninsula. Project SITHON. Project ATHOS

Garrigues

Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera)

Lagadas County. Projects GeoRange and DeSurvey.

Mediterranean shrublands

Wild olive (Olea europaea var. sylvestris)

Phoenician juniper (Juniperus phoenicea)

Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera)

Mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus)

Naxos, Crete. Tsiourlis 1990, 1992. Projects “Maquis and phrygana”, DeMon, “Desertification in Crete” and Modem.

Phrygana

Thorny burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum)

Thyme (Thymus capitatus)

Broom (Genista acanthoclada)

Rock roses (Cistus spp.)

Heather (Erica manipuliflora)

Greek spiny spurge (Euphorbia acanthothamnos)

Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera)

Mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus)

Wlid olive (Olea europaea var. sylvestris)

Jerusalem sages (Phlomis spp.)

Spiny broom (Calycotome villosa)

Naxos, Crete. Tsiourlis 1985, 1986, 1990, 1998; Roeder et al., 2001; Τσιουρλής και Κασαπίδης, 1998; Tsiourlis and Kasapidis, 1999. Projects “Maquis and phrygana”, “Desertification in Crete”, DeMon and Modem.

Equations presenting the estimation of fuel load of the ecosystems of Hymettus Mt.

PINE FORESTS

Fuel 1-Η timelag y = 0,1247 x1,444 R2 = 0,5236

Fuel 10-Η timelag y = 0,0257 x1,5371 R2 = 0,4355

Fuel 100-Η timelag y = 0,0002 x2,4956 R2 = 0,463

Total fuel y = 0,1108 x1,5636 R2 = 0,5214

MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBLANDS

Fuel 1-Η timelag y = 7,2929 e0,0218x R2 = 0,7323

Fuel10-Η timelag y = 2,1382 e0,0221x R2 = 0,771

Fuel 100-Η timelag y = 0,1525 x + 1,3177 R2 = 0,1796

Total fuel y = 12,407 e0,0208x R2 = 0,6176     

PHRYGANA – GARRIGUES

Fuel 1-Η timelag y = 0,0143 x1,642 R2 = 0,9322

Fuel 10-Η timelag y = 0,0073 x1,6324 R2 = 0,9333

Total fuel y = 0,0216 x1,6388 R2 = 0,9326

X = coverage (%)Y = fuel (t/ha)

Figure: The estimation of fuel loads (1 H timelag)

Figure 11: The estimation of fuel loads (10 H timelag

Figure: The estimation of fuel loads (100 H timelag)

Figure: The estimation of fuel loads (1000 H timelag)

FUEL LOADS OF IMITTOS Mt. PINE FORESTS      Category / Coverage (t/ha) 11-40%

Μean 25%41-70%

Μean 55%71-100%

Μean 85%Fuel 1-Η timelag 13,0 40,6 76,2Fuel 10-Η timelag 3,6 12,2 23,7Fuel 100-Η timelag) 0,6 4,4 13,1Total fuel 17,3 57,2 113,0 MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBLANDS      Category / Coverage (t/ha) 11-40%

Μean 25%41-70%

Μean 55%71-100%

Μean 85%Fuel 1-Η timelag 12,6 24,2 46,5Fuel 10-Η timelag 3,7 7,2 14,0Fuel 100-Η timelag 5,1 9,7 14,3Total fuel 21,4 41,1 74,8 PHRYGANA – GARRIGUES    Category / Coverage (t/ha) 11-40%

Μean 25%41-70%

Μean 55%71-100%

Μean 85%Fuel 1-Η timelag 2,8 10,3 21,1Fuel 10-Η timelag 1,4 5,1 10,3Total fuel 4,2 15,4 31,4

Fuel load per category of time lag of the coverage categories (and mean point of each class) used in vegetation mapping

Fuel risk scale (1 to 10) / coverage (t/ha)

11-40% Μean 25%

41-70% Μean 55%

71-100% Μean 85%

PINE FORESTS

1 to 3

2

4 to 7

6

8 to 10

9

MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBLANDS

1 to 3

2

3 to 5

4

6 to 8

7

PHRYGANA – GARRIGUES

0 - 1

1

1 - 2

2

2 to 4

3

Fuel risk scale (1-10) according to the soil cover (t/ha) of ecosystems of Imittos Mt.

Symbol Vegetation type / Land use Fuel ModelPH Pine forests 10SHR Mediterranean shrublands 4GAR Phrygana - garrigues 6REF Reforestations 6BURNT Burnt 6OLEO Olives groves 8CUL Cultivations 1Infr Infrastructures -BAR Bare soil -

the classification of vegetation / land use of the mapping and their correspondence with the main fuel models used in the project.

Correspondence of vegetation types / land use of mapping with the basic fuel models of BEHAVE