conditioning a type of learning: learning – relatively permanent change in an organism’s...

ConditioningA type of learning:

• Learning – relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to an experience

Classical Conditioning

Where associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral

(learned) stimulus.

The Experiment

CC Vocab

Stimulus- something that elicits a response

Response- reaction to a stimulus

Unconditioned Stimulus- stimulus that naturally elicits a response

Unconditioned Response- automatic, natural response to a stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus- a previously neutral stimulus that is now

associated with a natural response

Conditioned Response- a learned response to a stimulus

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZfMIHwSkU&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Emotional Conditioning

Example: Loud noise automatically elicits the response of a fast heart-rate.

Little Albert, the white rat,

and a loud noise.

Little Albert– BANG!!

James B. Watson Behavioralist Approach

EC Vocab

Stimulus Generalization: Process of a response spreading from one stimuli to another which resembles the first

Extinction: Gradual loss of association between stimuli and response

Spontaneous Recovery: Sudden, unexplained reappearance of an extinguished response

Kiss – Onion Breath

In Focus – Page 194

Draw a diagram of your own experience with classical conditioning. (with a partner)

Could you reverse the conditioning in any of our examples?

The Law of Effect - Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Conditioning that results from individual’s actions and the consequences they

cause.

Operant Conditioning

Voluntary Response Reinforcment

Repeat Voluntary Response

Stay after practice to work on shooting: Score winning Goal: Continue putting extra time into shooting

Explain the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning

To distinguish between the two:

Ask yourself: Is the organism learning associations between events that it doesn’t control, (classical), or is it learning associations between its behavior and resulting events, (operant)?

Reinforcements

Primary Reinforcement: Something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as a reward (food or water, love etc.)

Secondary Reinforcement: Anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer (money)– All secondary reinforcers are related to some

primary one

Reinforcements – strengthen a response

Positive Reinforcement: A reinforcement that strengthens a response by following it with the addition of something positive.

Negative Reinforcement: A reinforcement that strengthens a response by following it with the removal of something unpleasant

Positive/ Negative Reinforcement

Skinner Box

Punishment

Punishment and Negative Reinforcement are DIFFERENT.

Punishment is the process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences.

Reinforcement increases a behavior, punishment decreases it

Shaping– a way of adding behaviors that don’t already exist

Successively reward behavior that

gets closer and closer to the desired

result

Chaining– reinforcing the connection between parts of a sequence

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement– reinforcement given each time a behavior occurs

Schedules of Reinforcement—different methods of reinforcing

Partial Reinforcement Schedule—reinforcement not given each time a behavior occurs

– Variable Ratio Schedule– Fixed Ratio Schedule– Variable Interval– Fixed Interval

Variable Ratio Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a specific but variable number of times.

Fixed Ratio Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a fixed number of times.

For every 5 times the rabbit pulls the lever, it gets reinforcement

Variable Interval Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed following a variable amount of time.

Fixed Interval Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performedfollowing a fixed amount of time.

Classical v. Operant

Group competition

Groups of 4 – come up with 3 examples of the partial reinforcement schedules

Present to class as a skit Try to identify which schedule is being

performed Most creative and accurate group gets extra

credit on the next test!

Social Learning

Albert Bandura – We imitate those around us

Social Learning

Learning from the behaviors of others – “Monkey see, monkey do.” Thanks to

Mirror Neurons

Observational Learninghttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/divided/etc/view.html

A form of social learning where an organism observes and imitates the behavior of others.

The Scapegoats

Who caused the…

Versailles Treaty? Great Depression? World-wide Humiliation?

Versailles Treaty

The Signing

The split of Germany

The Great Depression

Anti-Semitic Propoganda

Poem German children learned to recite by heart in school

A devil goes through the land,It's the Jew, well-known to us

as a murderer of peoples,a race defiler, a child's horror in all lands!

Corrupting our youthstands him in good stead.

He wants all peoples dead.

Stay away from every Jew,and happiness will come to you!

Social Conditioning

And we turn a Blind Eye – Could this happen again?

Krystall Nacht

The Nuremburg Laws

Genocide

Prejudice spun out of control…

So why didn’t anyone speak up?

Milgram Experiment on Obedience

Cognitive Psychology & Learning

Cognitive Approach: The study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge.

– They focus on how complex knowledge is obtained, processed and organized

Cognitive Approach Vocab

Latent Learning: Learning that is not obvious but takes place under the surface

Expectancies: Beliefs about our abilities to perform an action and get the desired reward

Reinforcement Value: The preference of one type of reinforcement over another (Beyonce tickets vs. Adele, you will work harder for the one you like)

Cognitive Map: A mental image of where one is located in space

Strategies: Methods for solving problems

Latent Learning

Expectancies

Reinforcement Value

Which one do you want more?

Which types of rewards are most

reinforcing for students?

Would privileges be better in

encouraging studying than praise?

Cognitive Map

Strategies

Review

Classical Learning: Learning by Association Operant Conditioning: Learning through

Reinforcements Social Learning: Learning by observing and imitating Cognitive Learning: Learning through mental

processes

I am terrified of rodents!! Use each one of these ways to explain why I might be.