august 25, 2015s. mathews1 human geography by james rubenstein chapter 2 key issue 3 why is...

April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 1

Human Geography

By James RubensteinChapter 2

Key Issue 3Why is Population Increasing

at Different Rates in Different Countries?

Demographic Transition

The five stages of change in populations through which society

progresses.

Stages of Demographic Transition

Stage 1: Low Growth Stage 2: High Growth Stage 3: Moderate Growth Stage 4: Low Growth Stage 5: Negative Growth* * not in text

World Populations and Growth Rates

Stage 1: Low Growth

Stage 1 Characteristics

Humans were hunters and gatherers

NIR was essentially zero WP was perhaps ½ million The WP increased and decreased

with the availability of food

Agricultural Revolution

A time, between 8000 B.C. and 1750 A.D.,

when human beings domesticated plants

and animals.

Effects of the Agricultural Revolution

A larger, more stable supply of food More people could survive WP increased from about 5 to 800

million War and disease still took toll Still Stage 1 until 1750 A.D. No country is at stage 1 today

Stage 2: High Growth

Industrial Revolution

A conjunction of major improvements in

industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and delivering them to

market.

Unprecedented level of wealth Increased agricultural production

fed the rapidly growing population people freed to work in factories Improved sanitation and personal

hygiene

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America, diffused to LDCs of Africa, Asia,

and Latin America.

Medical Revolution

Edward Jenner developed a smallpox vaccination in 1796

Penicillin and other vaccines and insecticides were developed to combat diseases

Effects of the Industrial and Medical Revolutions

CDR suddenly plummeted WP grew 10 times faster At first, accelerating population

growth then, growth rate slowed, but large

gap remained between births and deaths.

Stage 2 Transition Dates

Europe and North America about 1800

Africa, Asia, and Latin America about 1950

Stage 3: Moderate Growth

Begins with a sudden decline of CBR CBR is still greater than CDR The NIR is more modest than Stage 2 CDR declines due to new technology CBR changes due to social changes

Social Changes

People choose to have fewer children

Delayed reaction to decline in IMR

Economic Changes

Children living on farms shared the chores

As technology improved, people moved from the farm to the city

Children living in the cities are not economic assets to their families

Urban homes too small to accommodate large families

Europe and North America moved in the first half of the twentieth century

Asia, and Latin America in recent years

Africa still in Stage 2

Stage 4: Low Growth

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

When the CBR and CDR are near equal, the NIR

approaches zero (measured by a lack of

change in the TFR over a long period).

A country with many immigrants must decrease TFR to achieve ZPG

CBR can be slightly higher then CDR, with some females dying before they reach childbearing years.

Most of Europe reached Stage 4 since 1970s

The United States TFR went below ZPG (replacement level of 2.1) in 2000, but immigration prevents them from reaching Stage 4

Social Customs in Stage 4

More women enter work force Working parents must employ

preschool care during work hours Wider variety of birth-control Participation in entertainment and

recreational activities not suitable for children

Stage 5:Negative Growth

Negative Growth

The CBR is lower than the CDR

Negative Growth as result of fifty years of Communism in some Eastern European,

most notably; Russia Hungary Germany (Eastern)

Reasons for Negative Growth

Very strong family planning programs

Deep-seated pessimism about having children in an uncertain world

The Demographic Transition in

England England has reached Stage 4 1000 years of population

information available Boundaries unchanged Migration limited

In 1066, population was 1 million

In 1250, the population declined from 4 to 2 million

By 1750, the population had reached only 6 million

By 1800, the CBR remained high, but CDR declined

Industrial Revolution increased food supply and improved health care

By early 1900s, population increased from 6 to 30 million (NIR = 1.4%)

Between 1880 and early 1900s While CDR declined, the CBR

declined rapidly Between 1880 and 1970, the

population increased from 26 to 49 million (NIR = .07%)

Since 1970s, CBR has varied between 12 to 14 per 1000, while CDR has varied between 10 to 12 per 1000

Population has increased due to immigration from former colonies

Population is currently around 52 million

Population Pyramids

A country’s stage of demographic transition

gives a distinctive population structure which can be easily

viewed in a population pyramid.

Population Pyramids

A bar graph that displays a country’s population

by age and gender groups.

Characteristics of Population Pyramids

population shown in five-year age groups

length of the bar represents % of total population in that group

males shown on left side and women on right

Age Distribution

Structure of populations are important in understanding similarities and differences

among countries.

Dependency RatioThe number of people who

are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their

productive years.0 – 14 (too young)

15 – 64 (productive years)65+ (too old)

Dependency Ratio in Demographic

Transition 1:1 dependency in stage 2 1:3 dependency in stage 4 10:1 young to old in stage 2

1:1 young to old in stage 4

Population Under 15

In LDCs 1/3rd of population are under 15 (stage 2)

In European and North America, 1/5th of population under 15 (in/near stage 4)

The large percentage of children in stage 2 countries

strain the resources to provide needed services to

the dependent group.

Percentage of Population

Over 65 Exceed 15% in Europe Less than 5% in Sub-Sahara Africa

More than 1/4th of all government

expenditures in the U.S., Canada, Japan, and some European countries go to

Social Security, health care, and other programs

for older people.

Sex Ratio

The number of males per hundred females in the

population.

Sex Ratio Facts In general more males are born than females, but males have a higher death rate.

Societies with a high rate of immigration typically have more males than females. Why?

The shape of a community’s

population pyramid tells a lot about its

distinctive character.

What do Detroit’s and Laredo's Population

Pyramids tell us?

Detroit, Michigan82% African Americans

Laredo, Texas94% Hispanic

Detroit and Laredo have relatively broad-based pyramids, because the birth rates of the cities’

majorities are high.

What do Honolulu’s and Cedar Rapids'

Population Pyramids tell us?

Honolulu, Hawaii 66% Asian-American and/or

Native Hawaiian

Cedar Rapids, Iowa92% White

The birth rates of Honolulu and Cedar

Rapids communities are low among those Asian

Americans and European-descendent

communities respectively.

What’s happening in Naples, Florida?

42% over 65in

Naples,

Florida

Retirement Community

What’s happening in Unalaska, Alaska?

Military Base

What’s happening in Lawrence, Kansas?

College Town

View Demographic Transition as reflected

in Population Pyramids.

Examples of Demographic

Transition Cape Verde: Stage 2 (High Growth)

Chile: Stage 3 (Moderate Growth)

Denmark: Stage 4 (Low Growth)

Cape Verde: Stage 2 Between 1941 and 1942, CDR was 74/1000 due to severe famine (stage 1).

An anti-malarial campaign since 1950 tripled the population (NIR of 3%.) = stage 2

CDR dropped from 27-17 in 1950, to 10 in the 1970s.

Fluctuations in CBR Severe famine in the 1940s. Lower birth rates in the 1960s, due to few women in prime childbearing years (1940s famine).

Higher birth rates in 1950s and 1980s (larger number of women in childbearing years).

What is the long term effect of severe famine?

Lower birth rates in the 1960s, due to few women in prime childbearing years (1940s famine).

Higher birth rates in 1950s and 1980s (larger number of women in childbearing years).

Cape Verde

Chile’s Transition History

Entered 20th century in Stage 1

1930’s infusion of medical technology = stage 2.

1960’s vigorous governmental family-planning policy = stage 3.

Reversed policies in 1970s = delay in stage 4.

Denmark: Stage 4

Stage 3 in late 19th century.

ZPG in 1970s, population increase due to immigration.

% of young and elderly nearly same.

Denmark

Why will CDR increase in Denmark’s future?

Elderly will begin dying off.

Demographic Transition and

World Population Growth

Status of Current World Growth

No countries in stage 1. Few countries in stage 4. Most countries in stage 2 and 3.

Four-stages of Demographic Transition are characterized by two

breaks in the past1. Sudden drop in death rate due to technological innovations (everywhere).

2. Sudden drop in birth rate due to changing social customs (in a few countries).

august 25, 2015s. mathews1 human geography by james rubenstein chapter 2 key issue 3 why is...

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