2011 pacific regional mdgs tracking report
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2011 PACIFIC REGIONAL MDGS TRACKING REPORT 1
2011
Pacic Regional
MDGs Tracking Report
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Table o Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations ii
Executive Summary iv
Part 1 Purpose o the Report 1
Background and Objectives 1
Part 2 Guidelines and Overview 4
Assessment and Data Guidelines 4
A Brie Summary o Progress 7
Part 3 Perormance on the Eight Goals 12
Goal 1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger 12
Goal 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education 16
Goal 3 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women 18
Goal 4 Reduce Child Mortality 21
Goal 5 Improve Maternal Health 24
Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS and Other Diseases 27
HIV/AIDS 28
Malaria 31
TB 33
Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability 34
Goal 8 Develop a Global Partnership or Development 38
Part 4 A Closer Look at the Health-Related MDGs 45
Child and Maternal Health 45
HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis 48
Non-communicable Diseases 50
Health Financing 54
Key Challenges 56
Annex 1 58
Statistical Notes 58Country Tables 59
Reerences 73
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
ADB Asian Development Bank
AIDS Acquired Immune Deciency Syndrome
CKI Cook Islands
CMI College o the Marshall Islands
COFA Compact o Free Association
DAC Development Assistance Committee
DFAT Department o Foreign Aairs and Trade
DHSA Department o Health and Social Aairs
DOE Department o Education
EPPSO Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Oce
EU European Union
FIC Forum Island Country
FPI Family Planning International
FSM Federated States o Micronesia
FY Financial Year
GAO Government Accountability Oce
HIES Household Income and Expenditure Survey
HIV Human Immunodeciency Virus
HPV Human Papillomavirus
ICT Inormation and Communication Technologies
ILO International Labour Organisation
IMF International Monetary Fund
ITA International Trade Administration
ITU International Telecommunication Union
JEMCO Joint Economic and Management Committee
LDC Least Developed Country
MDG Millennium Development GoalMECC Ministry o Environment and Climate Change
MESC Ministry o Education, Sports and Culture
MEWAC Ministry o Education, Women Aairs and Culture
MFEM Ministry o Finance and Economic Management
MHMS Ministry o Health and Medical Services
MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
MISGLB Marshall Islands Scholarship, Grant and Loan Board
MOE Ministry o Education
MOFNP Ministry o Finance and National Planning
MOH Ministry o Health
NHIS National Health Inormation System
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NSO National Statistics Oce
NTA National Telecommunications Authority
NZ New Zealand
NZAID New Zealand Agency or International Development
OECD Organisation or Economic Co-operation and Development
PALARIS Palau Automated Land and Resources Inormation System
PIFS Pacic Islands Forum Secretariat
PIRMCCM Pacic Islands Regional Multi-Country Coordinating Mechanism
PNCC Palau National Communication Corporation
PNG Papua New Guinea
RMI Republic o the Marshall Islands
SBOCStatistics, Budget and Economic Management, Overseas Development Assistance, and
Compact Management
SGS Second Generation Surveillance
SIS Smaller Island States
SOPAC Pacic Islands Applied Geoscience Commission
SPC Secretariat o the Pacic Community
SPREP Secretariat o the Pacic Regional Environment Programme
TNPF Tuvalu National Provident FundUNAIDS Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNGASS United Nations General Assembly Special Session
UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund
UNSD United Nations Statistics Division
US United States
USP University o the South Pacic
WHO World Health Organisation
WIBDI Women in Business Development Incorporated
WPP World Population Prospects
WTO World Trade Organisation
Acronyms and Abbreviations Cont
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Executive Summary
The Pacic Plan guides the regions eorts towards achiev-ing the MDGs, while the Compact on Strengthening Devel-
opment Coordination is a tool or implementing the priori-
ties o the Pacic Plan. One o the key deliverables o the
Compact is to track the progress o FICs towards achieving
the MDGs, which is the main purpose o this Report.
The MDGs assessment in this Report is not strictly made
against the global targets, as the assessments are supple-
mented by proxy data and qualitative inormation. Recent
national MDG Reports ormed the main source o the data-
set used to assess progress. However, there were many di-
culties in compiling comprehensive, quality and up-to-date
MDGs data, indicating the weaknesses o statistical capaci-
ties in the region, which requires attention.
While the MDGs assessments contained herein are debat-
able, what is unambiguous is that more concerted eort is
needed in the region to accelerate and sustain progress to-
wards achieving the MDGs by 2015.
PNGs population o around 6.7 million people means that
overall progress or the region is inextricably tied to PNGs
progress. Consequently, as PNG is o track on all the MDGs,
the region is also o track on all the goals. However, exclud-
ing PNG, the region is on track towards reducing child mor-
tality, with mixed progress on all the other goals. Polynesias
progress is comparatively better than any other sub-region,
with Micronesia not on track or any goal.
With the exception o Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa and Palau,
all countries are o track on at least one goal. PNG, Kiribati,
Solomon Islands and Nauru are not on track or any o the
goals, while Cook Islands, Niue and Palau are on track or six
o the goals.
Majority o countries are o track on poverty, ollowed by
environmental sustainability, then gender. On the other
hand, most countries were on track to reduce child mortal-
ity, ollowed by achieving universal education and improv-
ing maternal health.
The regions progress on reducing poverty is constrained by
generally low economic growth, lack o job opportunities
and rising prices. Even though good progress is made to-
wards achieving universal primary education, the quality o
education remains a concern. Similarly, while there is very
low gender disparity in education, progress on empowering
women is much slower.
On the health-related goals, the relatively low measles im-
munisation coverage needs to be addressed to sustain pro-
gress on reducing child mortality, while more concerted e-
ort is needed in ensuring universal access to reproductive
health to improve maternal health. Interventions or mater-
nal and child health are well known in the region and needsto be scaled up.
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is
instrumental in assisting countries combat the major dis-
eases. Continued support rom the Global Fund is needed
to sustain and accelerate progress towards combating HIV/
AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.
Although non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are not in-
cluded under MDG 6, majority o countries, in recognition
o its importance, have included combating NCDs as an ad-
ditional target. O the ten countries that included NCDs,
FSM, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu are o track on combatingNCDs.
On environmental sustainability, achieving energy security
remains a key priority in the region, as most countries are
highly dependent on imported ossil uels. In other areas,
access to sae drinking water and basic sanitation is a major
concern in Micronesia.
The successul achievement o the rst seven goals is criti-
cal on the support o development partners. To this end,
overseas development assistance (ODA) has doubled, with
two-thirds o ODA directed to the social inrastructure and
services sector, which includes education, health and watersupply and sanitation. However, there is room or improve-
ment or major developed trading partners to provide bet-
ter access to their markets or countries in the region.
Climate change is a critical emerging issue, with the poten-
tial to derail progress on all the goals. The adverse impact o
climate change is already being elt by some countries, such
as FSM, Kiribati and Tuvalu. Key approaches to address-
ing climate change include mainstreaming climate change
measures into national plans, improving access to climate
change unds and strengthening development coordina-
tion.
This Report makes ve broad conclusions, which serves to
reinorce the undertakings made in the Port Vila Declara-
tion. Firstly, there is a general lack o comprehensive qual-
ity data to accurately assess MDGs progress, so more eort
is needed to strengthen statistical capacities. Secondly, as
intervention strategies are generally well known in the re-
spective sectors, these need to be built upon, sustained or
scaled up. Thirdly, development partner support through
unding, technical assistance and capacity building is criti-
cal, hence, requiring better development coordination and
harmonisation. Fourthly, governments, development part-
ners, civil society organisations and the private sector needto work together. Finally, strong political leadership and
resolve towards achieving the MDGs is the catalyst towards
progress.
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PART 1
Purpose o the Report
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Forum Leaders armed their support or the Millennium Declarationin September 2000 and later set out their Vision or the Pacic in the
Auckland Declaration o April 2004, which laid the oundation or the
Pacic Plan. Endorsed in October 2005, the Pacic Plan is designed to
strengthen Pacic regional integration and cooperation based on our
pillars economic growth, sustainable development, good governance
and security. The Pacic Plan is the oundation or the regions eorts
towards the achievement o the MDGs.
In 2009, in response to concerns that the region was o-track to achieve
the MDGs despite high levels o development assistance, Forum Lead-
ers agreed to the Cairns Compact on Strengthening Development Co-
ordination in the Pacic. The key objective o the Compact will be toimprove the coordination and use o available development resources
with the aim o achieving real progress against the MDGs. The Compact
is a tool or implementing the priorities o the Pacic Plan. Forum Lead-
ers commitment to the achievement o the MDGs was urther strength-
ened in 2010 in the Port Vila Declaration on Accelerating Progress on the
Achievement o the MDGs (see Box 1).
One o the main deliverables under the Compact on Strengthening De-
velopment Coordination is to provide an annual Pacic Regional MDGs
Tracking Report. This Report is the second Pacic Regional MDGs Track-
ing Report.
The principal purpose o the Report is to assess the progress made by
FICs towards achieving the MDGs by 2015. As latest data are not availa-
ble on a timely basis and considering that policy interventions take time
to be reected in the data, the MDGs assessment is unlikely to change
markedly on an annual basis. For this reason, thematic ocus areas are
chosen to elaborate on pertinent issues.
At the February 2011 Forum Compact on Strengthening Development
Coordination in the Pacic Regional Workshop, Health was chosen as
the main thematic ocus or this years Report. The emphasis on Health
was chosen due to its centrality in the achievement o all the MDGs and
because the 2010 Pacic Regional MDGs Tracking Report indicated that a
cluster o countries were o track on the health-related MDGs. A wealth
o inormation is contained in the 2010 Regional MDGs Report and much
o it remains valid, particularly with regards to the challenges, emerging
issues and measures needed to accelerate progress. Consequently, only
a ew key areas in this regard are briey highlighted in this Report.
A major component in the preparation o this Report was to validate and
update the MDGs dataset. This proved to be a tremendous exercise, giv-
en that data or the MDG indicators were not easily accessible and there
were quality concerns with available data. For some indicators, data was
not available at all. Thereore, as was the case or this Report, a key objec-
tive or subsequent Reports will be to improve on the dataset rom which
assessments are made.
The Pacic Plan is the oundationor the regions eorts towards
achieving the MDGs.
The Compact on Strengthening
Development Coordination is
a tool or implementing the
priorities o the Pacic Plan.
One o the key deliverables o the
Compact is to track the progress
o FICs towards achieving the
MDGs.
Continuous improvement othe MDGs dataset is a major
objective.
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Box 1. Port Vila Declaration on Accelerating Progress on the Achievement o the MDGs (Extract)
Hereby rearm our intention to achieve improved standards o living and human wellbeing as measured by the
Millennium Development Goals and commit to:
ContinuetolocalisetheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsintonationalandregionalplans,programsandpriori-
tise budgets with particular ocus on those that have the greatest consequences or Pacic Island Peoples;
AdvocateforthespecialneedsofSmallIslandDevelopingStatestoensurethedevelopmentandpursuitof
appropriate and sustainable policies and program responses, including through the use o international plat-
orms such as the BPoA and MSI that articulate an agreed special case or SIDS;
CoordinateeortstosupporttheachievementoftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals,drawingontheprinci-
ples o the Paris Declaration on Aid Eectiveness, the Accra Agenda or Action and the Pacic Principles on Aid
Eectiveness, as actioned through the Cairns Compact on Strengthening Development Coordination in the
Pacic, itsel endorsed by Forum Leaders at their annual meeting in 2009;
Consistent with these commitments we call on our Development Partners to:
Workwithustoimmediatelyidentifyanddevelopmajornewactivitiesandprogramstoexpeditetheachieve-
ment o the Millennium Development Goals;
DeliveronpledgestoscaleupaidandtochannelashareoftheseincreasedresourcestoPacicIslandCoun-
tries towards accelerated Millennium Development Goal eorts;
Honourcommitmentsundervariousandrelevantinternationalandregionalarrangements,suchasParisDec-
laration on Aid Eectiveness and Accra Agenda or Action, and Pacic Principles on Aid Eectiveness, and ac-
tively engage with regional eorts such as the Cairns Compact on Strengthening Development Coordination
in the Pacic, which aim to improve the eectiveness o development eorts through greater transparency and
better governance o national and development partner resources;
Strengthen theirsupport toPacicIsland Countries towards achieving sustainabledevelopment bymain-
streaming the MSI and BPoA into programmatic work plans o development partners, including the regional
banks, Bretton Woods Institutions and the UN system, including through development o vulnerability and
resilience indices; and
Supportthestrengtheningofnationalsystemsindatacollectionincludingdisaggregateddata,analysisand
dissemination.
We strongly urge non-governmental organisations, civil society, the private sector and other stakeholders at the
local, national, regional and international levels to join us in redoubling eorts towards achieving this objective.
We, the Leaders o the Pacic Islands Forum, commit ourselves and our governments to implementing this Decla-
ration with the intention o accelerating progress to achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the interesto all Pacic Peoples allowing them to enjoy peaceul, prosperous, secure and ullling lives.
Source: PIFS (2010)
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Furthermore, as the MDGs span a wide range o areas, it is out o
the scope o this Report and technical capacity o PIFS to provide
very detailed in-depth analysis and policy recommendations on
each o the issues or each o the goals. However, such analysis
are undertaken and reported by respective technical agencies,
such as the UN agencies, SPC (including SOPAC), SPREP, WHO,
ADB, World Bank, IMF and other independent research bodies.
Thereore, to this end, the purpose o the Report is to highlight
the key developments undertaken under each Goal at the region-
al and national level and, where applicable, report the major nd-
ings o recent research.
Finally, one o the other major purposes o the Regional MDGs Re-
port is or raising public awareness and social mobilisation. With
the 2015 deadline drawing closer, the annual Report serves as a
tool or renewed regional and national political commitment, as
well as advocating or wider participation by all stakeholders to-
wards accelerating progress towards achieving the MDGs.
The Report is outlined as ollows: Part 2 discusses the assessment
guidelines and MDGs data construction; Part 3 provides the MDGs
assessment on each o the goals based on the latter guidelines
and Part 4 elaborates urther on the major issues related to the
health-related MDGs, including NCDs. Detailed country data are
provided in Annex 1.
It is out o the scope o this Report
to provide detailed in-depth analysis
and policy recommendations on each
goal; Instead, key developments are
highlighted.
The Report is important or raising
public awareness and social
mobilisation.
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PART 2
Guidelines and Overview
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ASSESSMENT AND DATA GUIDELINES
The MDGs are intended as global targets and not every country is ex-
pected to achieve the specic Targets. It is in this overall context that
the MDGs assessment is made or each o the countries. For some FICs,
given their baselines, it would be unrealistic to expect the achievement
o the Targets. In addition, or all countries, there is a lack o comprehen-
sive data on all the MDG indicators, and where data is available, there
are concerns about the quality o the data. Given these shortcomings,
proxy data, as well as qualitative inormation, supplement the MDGs as-
sessment. Qualitative inormation includes level o government com-
mitment, donor support, as well as good initiatives in place towards
achieving the MDGs.
In the preparation o this Report, the dataset or the 2010 Pacic Region-
al MDGs Tracking Report was reviewed, rened and updated. Since the
release o the 2010 Regional MDGs Report, several countries nalised
their second national MDG Report (PNG, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu,
Solomon Islands), while FSM completed their rst national MDG Report.
These Reports ormed the main source o the MDGs dataset used to as-
sess progress (see Appendix 1).
For countries that had not released a recent national MDG Report, up-
dates were sourced primarily rom national sources. Global sources or
MDGs data, particularly the UN Statistics Divisions MDGs Indicators Da-
tabase, was used when national data was not available. The MDGs data-
set was cross-checked and veried against the metadata or the MDG
indicators to ensure consistency and comparability across time or each
country.
Given that global data sources usually transormed national data to en-
sure comparability across countries, it would not be comparable against
nationally-sourced data. To this end, as much as possible, the same
source (either national or global) or which the most up-to-date data
was available was used to update the indicator or each country. For
cases where national and global sources both reported data or the lat-
est year, national sources were preerred. However, in doing so, the data
presented in this Report is not strictly comparable across countries.
Signicant corrections and updates were made to the dataset used inthe 2010 Regional MDGs Report. However, there is likely to be remaining
quality issues in the current dataset, which will be continuously improved
upon in subsequent Reports. The diculties in compiling up-to-date
quality MDGs data or the FICs highlight the weaknesses o statistical ca-
pacities in the region. For the purposes o accurately tracking countries
MDGs progress, but more importantly, or the ormulation o appropri-
ate development policies, it is imperative that more concerted regional
and national eort is made to strengthen the collection, reporting and
maintenance o statistics.
The MDGs assessments also account or countries own appraisals, partic-
ularly or those that have recently completed their national MDG reports.In most cases, countries use proxy data and qualitative inormation to
assess their progress against the MDGs. These actors are accounted or
in the overall assessment. However, there are occasions when the recent
The MDGs assessment in thisReport is not strictly made
against the global targets; Proxy
data and qualitative inormation
supplement the assessments.
Recent national MDG Reports
ormed the main source o the
dataset used to assess progress.
Although comparable across time
or each country, data presented
in this Report is not strictly
comparable across countries.
Diculties in compiling MDGs
data indicate the weaknesses o
statistical capacities in the region;
More eort needed to strengthen
statistical systems.
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national assessment is dierent rom that contained in this Report. This
could be because o dierences in data and/or accounting or recent in-
country inormation rom relevant technical agencies.
Thereore, as the MDGs assessments are not solely based on quantitative
indicators, it is open to interpretation. Although a balanced approachwas taken to make the nal assessment, there may be cases where the
assessment is considered to be either too optimistic or too pessimistic.
Regardless, it is clear that across all countries, eorts to accelerate pro-
gress towards achieving the MDGs need to be scaled up. For FICs that
have made good progress, sustaining these outcomes is a challenge in
itsel. Support rom development partners is crucial in this regard.
Based on the Assessment Guidelines (See Box 2), the ollowing MDGs
progress classication is used:
On track (good progress)O track (insucient progress)
Mixed (uneven and/or inconsistent progress)
Insucient inormation
An on track assessment does not necessarily indicate that the country
will achieve the quantitative target by 2015. Instead, it means that good
progress was made towards achieving the MDGs:
(i) Latest data is either below the global target or recording modest to
signicant increments in the right direction.
(ii) Proxy data and qualitative inormation (strong government com-
mitment and/or development partner support, good initiatives in
place) indicate good progress.
An o track assessment indicates insucient progress towards achiev-
ing the MDGs. In other words:
(i) Data is trending in the wrong direction or recording marginal in-crements in the right direction.
The MDGs assessment is not
based solely on quantitative
indicators; countries own
appraisals, proxy data and
qualitative inormation also used.
While the assessments are
debatable, what it is clear is thatconcerted eort is needed to
accelerate and sustain progress.
On track indicates good progress
towards achieving the MDGs,
not necessarily the quantitative
targets.
Box 2. MDGs Assessment Guidelines
In orming the nal MDGs assessment or each country the ollowing are taken into account:
1. How does the baseline and latest data compare with the MDG Target, developing country averages and theglobal target or developing countries?
2. Is it realistic to expect that the country will achieve the quantitative target?
3. Is the data trending in the right direction?
4. Are there any issues with the quality o the data?
5. What are the trends in proxy data or qualitative inormation rom national and technical sources indicating?
6. What are the countries own assessment on this target? Does the basis or the countries own assessment still
hold?
For cases where recent data has regressed, comparisons are made to the baseline data, as well as considering the Assessment Guidelines, beore fnalising a countrys assessment.
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O track may indicate weak
government commitment and
lack o initiatives in place.
Mixed progress indicates uneven
and/or inconsistent progress;
Equal attention needed or mixed
and o track progress.
Regional and sub-regional
assessments are qualitative,
based on each countrys progress
and weighted by population.
Samoa and Tongas results
inuence Polynesias assessment;
FSM and Kiribati or Micronesia
and Fiji or Melanesia (excluding
PNG).
(ii) Proxy data and qualitative inormation (weak government com-
mitment and/or development partner support, lack o initiatives in
place) indicate insucient progress.
In the 2010 Regional MDGs Report, yellow signied slightly o-track.
The change in this Report to use mixed progress was to adequately cap-ture a countrys progress, where there are dierent Targets under each
goal. The overall assessment o each Goal is based on the perormance
o each o the Targets. I a countrys progress on one o the Targets was
on track but was o track on the other, the overall assessment would
be mixed. For instance, a countrys progress on MDG 3 (promote gen-
der equality and empower women) would be assessed as mixed i the
country was on track with the gender parity target but o track with
the empowerment indicators. Similarly, the assessment on each Target
would be based on the perormance o each o the quantitative indica-
tors, as well as other inormation, in line with the Assessment Guidelines.
A mixed assessment indicates:
(i) Uneven progress: good progress on some indicators but insu-
cient progress in others.
(ii) Inconsistent progress: initially, insucient/slow progress but good
progress more recently; initially, good progress but insucient/
slow progress more recently .
Thereore, equal attention or accelerating progress towards the MDGs
should be placed on areas with mixed progress, as well as those register-
ing o track.
MDGs assessments are also made by sub-region (Polynesia, Micronesia,
Melanesia), as well as or the entire region. Given the population size oPNG, an assessment or Melanesia and the entire region is provided with
and without the inclusion o PNG. These assessments are qualitative
and are based on the progress o each o the countries, weighted by the
population size (as most o the MDG indicators are based on population).
Thereore, as PNG is by ar the most populous country in the region, the
regions, as well as Melanesias progress, is inevitably tied to that o PNGs.
For the Polynesian sub-grouping, as Samoa and Tonga have the largest
populations, their assessments inuence the overall assessment or Poly-
nesia. Thereore, i the two countries are both on track on a particular
goal, Polynesia will also be assessed as on track, irrespective o the per-
ormance o the assessments in Cook Islands, Niue and Tuvalu. Similarly,or Micronesia, FSM and Kiribatis assessment strongly inuences the
overall assessment o the sub-region. For Melanesia (excluding PNG),
Fijis assessment has a strong inuence on the results.
On MDG 8 (global partnership or development), this Report recognises
that the premise o goal 8 was that developing countries would ocus
on achieving the rst seven goals, while the developed countries would
support these eorts through increased aid ows, airer market access,
debt relie, as well as ensuring access to aordable essential drugs and
ICT. Thereore, countries are not assessed on progress towards the over-
all goal, but assessments are made or ensuring debt sustainability and
access to aordable essential drugs and ICT. However, trends in aid owsand market access are discussed.
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A BRIEF SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
PNGs population o around 6.7 million people means that overall pro-
gress or the region towards the MDGs is determined by the progress
in PNG (Table 2). Consequently, as PNG is o track on all the goals, as a
whole, the region is also o track on all the MDGs. By the same exten-
sion, Melanesia is also o track on all the goals. However, excluding PNG,
the region is on track towards reducing child mortality, with mixed pro-
gress recorded or all the other goals. The encouraging result on MDG
4 is led by the low levels o child and inant mortality in Fiji, the second
most populous country, as well as in Vanuatu, the ourth most populous
FIC.
Polynesias progress is comparatively better than the other sub-regions,
as it is on track to achieve our o the goals achieving universal pri-
mary education, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health
and ensuring environmental sustainability. In contrast, Micronesia is not
on track or any goal, o track on the poverty goal, with mixed progress
noted on the other MDGs.
At the country level, with the exception o Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa and
Palau, all FICs are o track on at least one goal. PNG, Kiribati, Solomon Is-
lands and Nauru are not on track or any o the goals, while Cook Islands,
Niue and Palau are on track or six o the goals. Majority o countries
are o track on poverty, ollowed by environmental sustainability, then
gender. On the other hand, most FICs recorded on track or reducing
child mortality, ollowed by achieving universal education and improv-
ing maternal health.
As a result o PNGs progress,
the region is o track on all the
goals. Excluding PNG, the region
is on track towards reducing child
mortality, with mixed progress on
all the other goals.
Polynesias progress is
comparatively better than any
other sub-region, with Micronesia
not on track or any goal.
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Table 2 Progress Towards the MDGs
MDG 1
Eliminate
Extreme Povertyand Hunger
MDG 2
Achieve
UniversalPrimary
Education
MDG 3
Promote Gender
Equality and
EmpowerWomen
MDG 4
Reduce ChildMortality
MDG 5
ImproveMaternal Health
MDG 6
Combat HIV/
AIDS and OtherDiseases
MDG 7
Ensure
EnvironmentalSustainability
Melanesia O track O track O track O track O track O track O track
Melanesia (excl PNG) Mixed Mixed O track On track Mixed Mixed Mixed
Fiji O track On track Mixed On track On track Mixed On track
PNG O track O track O track O track O track O track O track
Solomon Is Mixed Mixed O track O track O track Mixed O track
Vanuatu Mixed Mixed O track On track Mixed On track O track
Micronesia O track Mixed Mixed Mixed Mixed Mixed Mixed
FSM O track Mixed Mixed Mixed O track Mixed On track
Kiribati O track Mixed Mixed Mixed Mixed Mixed O track
Marshall Is O track Mixed Mixed On track On track O track Mixed
Nauru Insucient ino O track Mixed O track Mixed Mixed O track
Palau Mixed On track On track On track On track On track On track
Polynesia Mixed On track Mixed On track On track Mixed On track
Cook Is On track On track On track On track On track On track Mixed
Niue On track On track On track On track On track On track Mixed
Samoa Mixed On track Mixed On track Mixed Mixed On track
Tonga Mixed On track O track On track On track On track On track
Tuvalu O track On track Mixed On track On track Mixed Mixed
FICs O track O track O track O track O track O track O track
FICs (excl PNG) Mixed Mixed Mixed On track Mixed Mixed Mixed
Note: The arrows denote improvement () or regression () rom the assessment in the 2010 Pacic Regional MDGs Tracking Report. Given the dierences in the dataset and
assessment guidelines used in the two Reports, this is provided or indicative purposes only as the assessments are not strictly comparable.
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The regions progress on MDG1 is constrained by generally low eco-
nomic growth, lack o job opportunities and rising prices. Even though
good progress is made in majority o FICs towards MDG 2, the quality o
education remains a concern. In addition, although gains were made
towards gender parity in education, progress on empowering women is
much slower.
On the health-related goals, the relatively low measles immunisation
coverage needs to be addressed to sustain progress on reducing child
mortality, while more concerted eort is needed in ensuring universal
access to reproductive health to improve maternal health. Interventions
or maternal and child health are well known in the region and needs to
be scaled up. For MDG 6, regional and national intervention strategies
are in place to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB but are highly depend-
ent on the support and unding rom donors. Although NCDs is not in-
cluded under MDG 6, majority o FICs, in recognition o its importance,
have included combating NCDs as an additional target. O the ten coun-
tries that included NCDs, our countries are o track on combating NCDs.
With regards to environmental sustainability, achieving energy security
remains a key priority in the region, as most FICs are highly dependent
on imported ossil uels. In other areas, access to sae drinking water and
basic sanitation is a major concern in Micronesia. On goal 8, while aid
ows have increased to the region, better access to developed country
markets are needed to bolster FIC exports. Overall, the region is not ac-
ing any major debt problems.
In assessing the regional progress towards the MDGs, ve main conclu-
sions can be drawn:
(i) There is a general lack o comprehensive quality data to assess pro-
gress, so more eort is needed to strengthen statistical capacities.
(ii) As intervention strategies are generally well known in the respec-
tive sectors, these need to be built upon, sustained or scaled up.
(iii) Development partner support through unding, technical assis-
tance and capacity building is critical, hence, requiring better de-
velopment coordination and harmonisation.
(iv) Governments, development partners, CSOs and the private sector
need to work together.
(v) Strong political leadership and resolve towards achieving the
MDGs is the catalyst towards progress.
Countries that are making good progress towards the MDGs either have
most o these elements in place or are working towards achieving them.
These conclusions are not new but serve to reinorce the ndings o the
2010 Regional MDGs Report, as well as the undertakings made in the
Port Vila Declaration.
Finally, a critical emerging issue that has implications on the achieve-
ment o all the MDGs is climate change (see Box 3). ADB (2010) noted
that climate change has the potential to prevent Pacic countries rom
attaining the MDGs, as well as posing threats to peace, prosperity and
security. The adverse impact o climate change is already being elt insome countries.
Five Conclusions
Improve statistics.
Build, sustain and scale
up activities. Strengthen
development coordination.
Stakeholders to work together.
Political leadership and resolve.
Climate change a critical
emerging issue; potential to derail
MDGs progress.
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Box 3. The Impact o Climate Change on the MDGs
MDG 1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and
Hunger
Agricultural production and ood security, access to clean and
abundant water resources and gainul employment that un-
derpin the solution to extreme poverty and hunger are vulner-
able to climate change.
MDG 2
Achieve Universal Primary Edu-
cation
Climate change stresses pose additional burdens on agricul-
tural production and other subsistence activities like water
collection, which may burden amilies enough to remove chil-
dren rom school. Livelihood activities must become more re-
silient to uture climate or education goals to be met. Climate
change also threatens to destroy inrastructure (e.g. schools)
and increase the displacement and migration o amilies thus
disrupting and limiting education opportunities.
MDG 3Promote Gender Equality and
Empower Women
Women, the majority o the worlds poor, are the most vulner-
able to climate change. Their traditional roles as the primary us-
ers and managers o natural resources, primary caregivers, and
unpaid labourers mean they are involved in and dependant on
resources that are put most at risk by climate change. Further,
women lack rights and access to resources and inormation vi-
tal to overcoming the challenges posed by climate change.
MDG 4
MDG 5
MDG 6
Reduce Child Mortality
Improve Maternal Health
Combat HIV/AIDS and Other
Diseases
Climate change will worsen health primarily through: increasedvulnerability to poor health due to reduced ood security and
water security; water-borne diseases associated with reduced
water quality due to oods and drought; more avourable con-
ditions or the spread o vector-borne and air-borne diseases;
and the direct link between temperatures and heat stress.
MDG 7Ensure Environmental Sustain-
ability
Climate change threatens environmental sustainability be-
cause it will cause undamental alterations in ecosystem rela-
tionships, change the quality and quantity o available natural
resources, & reduce ecosystem productivity. The poor depend
on these resources or their day-to-day survival and livelihoods
in many parts o the developing world.
MDG 8Global Partnerships or Devel-
opment
Climate change threatens to exacerbate current challenges to
the achievement o the MDGs. Funding or development and
adaptation must be greatly increased to meet the needs o the
poor.
Source: UNDP (2011)
Adaptation measures aim to reduce the consequences o climate change, while mitigation measures aims to reduce the rate at which climate occurs (ADB, 2010).
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With the highest point at about 4.5m, Tuvalu is considered to be one
o the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change and is
reportedly experiencing ooding rom high tides more requently each
year (Bateman, 2011). Consequently, many Tuvaluans are migrating
rom the island. For Tuvalu, climate change has emerged as a major s-
cal, social, and existential challenge (IMF, 2011c). In Kiribati, as a result
o climate change, coastline erosion recurrently disrupts transportation
lielines. According to the IMF (2011a), as a result o the vulnerabilities
to climate change, coupled with other challenges Kiribati is acing, the
ull achievement o the MDGs is likely out o reach. FSM declared a na-
tionwide state o emergency in 2008, as ooding related to high tides
disrupted crops and groundwater sources, resulting in a shortage o
ood and water supplies (Fletcher & Richmond, 2010). In 2010, in an in-
ternational landmark case, FSM challenged the Czech Republics plans to
expand a coal red power station (Oatman, 2011). Although the Czech
Government eventually endorsed its plan, it recognised FSM as an a-
ected state, and the case could pave the way or other countries to con-test the eects o potential energy projects around the world.
At their meeting in August 2010, Forum Leaders re-emphasised the im-
portance o climate change as it remained the greatest threat to the
livelihoods, security and well-being o the peoples o the Pacic (PIFS,
2010). Addressing climate change requires a multi-level collaborative
approach. I not addressed urgently, the impact o climate change has
the potential to signicantly derail progress towards the MDGs.
The Pacic Islands Framework or Action on Climate Change (PIFACC)
was endorsed in 2005 and set the platorm or addressing the impact o
climate change. Following a comprehensive mid-term review, a revised
Framework is expected to be presented to the 22nd SPREP Meeting o
Ocials scheduled or September 2011.
Addressing the limited national capacities to address the impact o
climate change, mainstreaming climate change into national develop-
ment plans, improving access to climate change unds and strengthen-
ing coordination on climate change response activities are key ocus
areas (CROP, 2011). Climate change nancing is critical or designing
and implementing adaptation and mitigation coping measures. The UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provides a range
o nancial mechanisms, including the Global Environment Fund (GEF),
Kyoto Protocol Adaptation Fund, the LDC Fund and the Special Climate
Change Fund . However, countries still nd it dicult to access and man-
age unds. Options or accessing and using climate change nancing
are currently being examined, and it is widely recognised that eective
development coordination and harmonisation is crucial in this area.
Adverse impact o climate changealready being elt by some
countries.
Mainstreaming climate change
measures into national plans,
better access to climate change
unds and improved coordinationare some key issues.
More recently, in December 2010, the UN Climate Talks concluded with a set o decisions known as the Cancun Agreements, which included the establishment o a Green Climate Fund ( WRI, 2011)
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PART 3
Perormance on the Eight Goals
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GOAL 1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
As noted in the 2010 Report, extreme poverty, dened as the proportion
o the population living below US$1.25 a day, is largely considered irrele-
vant in the Pacic context due to the generally high dependence on sub-
sistence living and entrenched traditional social saety nets (subsistence
afuence). Instead, poverty is viewed rom the perspective o hardship
and lack o opportunity, in other words, poverty o opportunity. This
is measured by the percentage o people living below the basic needs
poverty line (BNPL).
The vast majority o the regions poor, around 2 million people, live in
PNG, the most populous FIC. The remaining FICs account or roughly 0.6
million o the poor. Inevitably, FICs progress on MDG1 is thus inuenced
by PNGs progress. Consequently, as PNG is o track to meet MDG1, FICs
are also considered o track (Table 2).
Nevertheless, PNG reported a slight reduction in the proportion o peo-
ple living below the BNPL, rom 30 percent in 1996 to an estimated 28
percent in 2009 (Table 3), making PNG on track to achieve its national
target o 27 percent by 2015.
Excluding PNG, the results or FICs progress on MDG1 is mixed, with
most countries o track on halving the number o people living below
the BNPL and achieving ull employment (Table 4). On a positive note,
the region (excluding PNG) is on track to halve the proportion o people
suering rom hunger, with a generally low level o ood poverty in most
countries (Table 5).
The incidence o basic needs poverty, excluding PNG, is still the highest
in Melanesia, given the population sizes and poverty rates in Fiji, Solo-
mon Islands and Vanuatu. Fiji is o track to meet MDG 1, while Solomon
Islands and Vanuatu have reported mixed results. However, Vanuatu
is on track to meet Target 1.a., with a relatively low level (15.9%) o the
population living below the BNPL.
Poverty o opportunity ratherthan extreme poverty is relevant
in the Pacic context.
Approximately 2 million people
are living in poverty in PNG,
about three-quarters o the poor
in the region.
Most countries o track on
halving the number o people
living below the BNPL and
achieving ull employment;
however, low level o ood
poverty in the region (excluding
PNG).
In recognition that it could not achieve the MDG target o halving the proportion o people living below the BNPL by 2015, PNG set a more realistic national target in 2003-04.
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Table 2 Progress towards MDG 1
MDG 1
ELIMINATE EXTREME
POVERTY & HUNGER
TARGET 1.A.
Halve, between
1990 and 2015, the
proportion o the
population living below
the basic needs poverty
line
TARGET 1.B.
Achieve ull and
productive employment
and decent work or all,
including women and
young people
TARGET 1.C.
Halve, between
1990 and 2015, the
proportion o people
who suer rom hunger
Melanesia O track O track O track O track
Melanesia (excl PNG) Mixed Mixed O track On track
Fiji O track O track O track On track
PNG O track O track O track O track
Solomon Is Mixed Mixed O track On track
Vanuatu Mixed On track O track O track
Micronesia O track O track O track Insucient ino
FSM O track O track O track Insucient ino
Kiribati O track O track O track Insucient ino
Marshall Is O track O track O track O track
Nauru Insucient ino Insucient ino Insucient ino Insucient ino
Palau Mixed Mixed Mixed On track
Polynesia Mixed O track Mixed On track
Cook Is On track On track On track On track
Niue On track On track Insucient ino On track
Samoa Mixed O track Mixed On track
Tonga Mixed O track Mixed On track
Tuvalu O track O track O track On track
FICs O track O track O track O track
FICs (excl PNG) Mixed O track O track On track
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Micronesian countries are o track to achieve MDG 1, particularly on tar-
gets on poverty and employment levels. There is insucient inorma-
tion or most Micronesian countries to make an assessment on hunger.
Although there is hardly any data available or Nauru on the MDG 1 in-
dicators, it is likely that Nauru is o track given the economic hardships
the country is acing.
The results or Polynesian countries are mixed but more avourable than
the other sub-regions. The lowest incidence o poverty (approximately
190 people) is in Niue, the least populous country. Niue and the Cook
Islands are the only FICs on track to achieve MDG 1.
The regions progress on MDG1 is constrained by generally low economic
growth, lack o job opportunities and rising prices. In the last ve years,
FICs (excluding PNG) experienced either declining or marginal to nega-
tive growth rates, recording an average growth o 0.8 percent (Figure 1).
In addition, the growth rate o per capita GDP was negative or the same
period, indicating a decline in household incomes.
A contributing actor to the adverse economic growth outcomes was the
negative impact o the global nancial crisis and the preceding interna-
tional ood and uel crises. Various natural disasters also curbed growth
or aected countries, particularly Samoa (tsunami) and Fiji (cyclones).
Niue and the Cook Islands are the
only countries on track to achieve
MDG 1.
Table 3
TARGET 1.A.
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion o the population living below the basic needs poverty line
Basic needs poverty (%) Poverty gap ratio (%) Poorest quintile in national consumption (%)
Earliest Latest Earliest Latest Earliest Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji 35 (2002) 31 (2008) 8 (2002) 9 (2008)
PNG 30 (1990e) 28 (2009e) 9 (1990e) 9 (2009e) 5 (1990e) 5 (2009e)
Solomon Is 23 (2006) ... 8 (2006) 7 (2006)
Vanuatu 16 (2006) 6 (2006) 7 (2006)
MICRONESIA
FSM 28 (1998) 31 (2005) 10 (1998) 9 (2005) 9 (2005)
Kiribati 22 (2006) 7 (2006) 6 (1996) 8 (2006)
Marshall Is 2 (1999) 3 (2002e)
Nauru 12 (2006)
Palau 25 (2006) 7 (2006) 10 (2006)
POLYNESIA
Cook Is 28 (2006)
Niue 13 (2002) 0 (2002) 7 (2002)
Samoa 23 (2002) 27 (2008) 7 (2002) 8 (2008) 5 (2002) 4 (2008)
Tonga 16 (2001) 23 (2009) 8 (2001) 8 (2004) 9 (2001) 10 (2009)
Tuvalu 23 (1994) 20 (2010) 8 (1994) 6 (2010) 7 (1994) 8 (2010)
MDG 1
ELIMINATE EXTREME POVERTY & HUNGER
Figure 1 FICs - Real GDP Growth Rate1
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
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TARGET 1.B.
Achieve ull and productive employment and decent work or all, including women and young people
Growth rate o GDP per person employed (%) Employment-to-population ratio (%)Employed living below $1 (PPP)
per day (%)
Own-account and unpaid amily
workers (%)
Earliest Latest Earliest Latest Earliest Latest Earliest Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji 56 (1996) 50 (2007) 39 (2005)
PNG
Solomon Is 23 (1999)
Vanuatu 1 (1995-99) 3 (2005-08) 77 (1999) 71 (2006) 4 (2006)
MICRONESIA
FSM 0 (2009) 44 (1994) 59 (2000)
Kiribati
Marshall Is 29 (1997) 35 (2008) 27 (1999)
Nauru 84 (2002)
Palau POLYNESIA
Cook Is -1 (2008) 63 (2008)
Niue 86 (2006) 13 (2006)
Samoa 3 (1999) 5 (2009) 25 (2001) 30 (2009)
Tonga 6 (2004) 5 (2008) 53 (1990) 56 (2006) 57 (1996)
Tuvalu 3 (1998) 0 (2007) 27 (1991) 34 (2004) 8 (1991) 19 (2004)
TARGET 1.C.Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion o people who suer rom hunger
Underweight children under age 5 (%) Food poverty (%)
Earliest Latest Earliest Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji 7 (1993) 7 (2008) 7 (2002) 8 (2008)
PNG 23 (2009e)
Solomon Is 12 (2007) 9 (2006)
Vanuatu 11 (1996) 12 (2007) 10 (1990-92) 7 (2004-06)
MICRONESIA
FSM 13 (1989) 15 (2005) 11 (1998) 13 (2005)
Kiribati 5 (2006)
Marshall Is 19 (1991) 13 (2007)
Nauru 5 (2007)
Palau 0 (2006)
POLYNESIA
Cook Is 2 (2006)
Niue 0 (2002) 0 (2002)
Samoa 7 (1990) 2 (1999) 11 (2002) 5 (2008)
Tonga 2 (1986) 2 (1999) 2 (2001) 2 (2009)
Tuvalu 2 (2007) 6 (1994) 4 (2004)
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 or sources. Data not available.
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Although there is sparse data on employment or FICs, it is likely that
with subdued economic growth perormances, employment generation
is increasingly dicult. Data available or Fiji, FSM and RMI indicate that
unemployment rates have increased. The unemployment rate in the RMI
is currently estimated at 30.9 percent . However, the seasonal worker
programs provided by Australia and NZ, and more recently, the US , are
providing crucial avenues or employment and income, as well as remit-
tance transers.
At the same time, countries across the region are experiencing rising in-
ation, ollowing high global ood and uel prices (Figure 2). Several FICs
posted double digit ination at the peak o the crises in 2008, with Solo-
mon Islands ination soaring to 17.3 percent during that year.
Although most FIC economies are expected to recover in the years
ahead, employment conditions are unlikely to improve markedly to nar-
row the gap in demand or jobs. Furthermore, the risk o high ination
is anticipated to persist given the projected increase in global ood anduel prices. As a result, the poverty situation is unlikely to improve sig-
nicantly.
Pacic island countries recognise the importance o raising economic
growth to improve living standards. At the macroeconomic level, gen-
erally, governments are ocused on public nancial reorms, structural
reorms and promoting private sector led growth. Most countries also
have varying social protection initiatives to address poverty. Samoa,
with the assistance o development partners, is currently conducting
studies to ormulate specic pro-poor policies.
In addition, regional initiatives have been developed to combat rising
ood and uel prices. A Framework or Food Security in the Pacic 2011-
2015 was developed in the 2010 Pacic Food Summit with the aim that
the region be sel-sucient in ood supply. Similarly, Pacic Energy Min-
isters endorsed the Framework or Action on Energy Security in the Pa-
cic in April 2011.
Across the Pacic, civil society organisations, particularly NGOs (see Box
4) and religious groups, play an important role in the ght against pov-
erty. Given the limited resources o governments, these organisations
ll an important gap in reaching poor, vulnerable and marginalised com-
munities, oten working with women to alleviate poverty.
Tackling poverty made hard by
low economic growth, lack o job
opportunities and rising prices.
Given stretched government
resources, CSOs play a vital role in
lling the gap in the ght against
poverty.
Source: ADB.
The Australian Pacifc Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme is limited to Kiribati, Tonga, Vanuatu, and PNG. The NZ Recognised Seasonal Employment program is open to FSM, Kiribati, Nauru, Tuvalu,
Palau, PNG, RMI, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The US added Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, PNG, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu to designated countries eligible or non-immigrant
visa programs.
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Box 4. NGOs Focused on Community-led Approach to Poverty Alleviation Examples rom Fiji and Samoa
FIJI The Foundation or Rural and Integrated Enterprises & Development or FRIEND, a non-government organisation,
was set up in 2001 with the main objective o working with the rural and marginalised communities to alleviate
poverty through social and economic empowerment. FRIENDs programs are based on a participatory process, en-couraging communities to take ownership o their own development to escape rom the poverty cycle and improve
their living standards.
One o their well known programs, Developing Enterprises or Sustainable Income (DESI), ocuses on providing indi-
viduals and communities with the opportunity to earn income using available resources and their existing skills to
beat poverty. Through DESI, FRIEND provides assistance with the production, packaging, sales and marketing o the
products under their Friends Fiji Style brand. FRIENDs other three programs target the youth, health and govern-
ance at a community-level. In 2007, UN Habitat recognised FRIENDs work by listing it as a Good Practice in its Best
Practices Database in Improving the Living Environment in the area o poverty reduction, social services and urban
governance.
SAMOA One o the rst non-government organisations o its kind, Women in Business Development Incorporated
(WIBDI) was set up in 1991 to initially promote and advance the economic and business status o urban women.
WIBDI has since evolved to uncovering income-generating opportunities or rural amilies. Given the strong amily
culture in Samoa, WIBDI ocuses its programs on individual amilies instead o whole village communities or indi-
viduals alone.
Committed to poverty alleviation and sustainable development, WIBDI assists individual amilies use local products,
traditional knowledge, technology and trade to generate income. WIBDI provides skills training (handicrat, print-
ing etc), ne mat weaving programs, as well as assistance with organic certication o arms, air trade labelling and
establishing niche export markets or products. For example, WIBDI assisted rural Samoan coee growers to success-
ully sell and package their organic product to a coee house in NZ.
Sources: FRIEND (2011), WIBDI (2011)
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GOAL 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education
The progress o FICs (excluding PNG) towards achieving universal pri-
mary education is mixed (Table 6). Although the net primary school en-
rolment is high, averaging around 94 percent, the proportion o pupils
that start grade 1 who reach the last grade, averaging around 79 percent
(Table 7), is still low to ensure that children will be able to complete a
ull course o primary school by 2015 . On a positive note, youth literacy
rates, except or PNG, are quite high at an average o 94 percent.
All Polynesian countries are on track to achieve MDG 2, recording rela-
tively high primary enrolment (97%) and retention rates (86%), as well as
high youth literacy levels (99%). Progress or the other two sub-regions
(excluding PNG) is mixed, with only Fiji and Palau on track to achieve uni-
versal primary education. O particular mention, in the post-crisis years,
the net enrolment rate in Solomon Islands increased signicantly to 97
percent in 2010 (see Box 5).
PNG is o track to achieve the global education target, as a result o slow
progress in its educational reorms. Progress is hampered by in-school
actors (lack o educational inrastructure, absenteeism, inability to meet
school ees), out-o-school actors (lack o parental and community
support, high unemployment, institutional constraints), as well as geo-
graphic issues and the adverse impact o the HIV/AIDS epidemic (PNG,
2010).
Even though the region is making good progress towards MDG 2, the
quality o education remains a concern. In March 2009, Pacic Forum Ed-ucation Ministers endorsed the Pacic Education Development Frame-
work (PEDF), which is expected to address the key challenges in the edu-
cation sector. The PEDF encompasses the education-related MDGs, as
well as the Education For All (EFA) targets and includes all sectors o edu-
cation with the exception o higher education. The Framework includes
technical and vocational education and training.
According to the PEDF, teacher quality is a critical concern or most coun-
tries, with high levels o teacher absenteeism in some countries. In addi-
tion, many students nish school with inadequate basic literacy, numer-
acy and lie skills based on tests administered in a number o countries
in primary schools. These tests also indicate the under-perormance oboys, which is another challenge in most countries.
In addition, most countries are nding it dicult to address the poor
state o the physical learning environment o schools including inade-
quate learning materials, libraries, ICT tools and the lack o maintenance
o school inrastructure. This challenge is linked to the issue o sustain-
able nancing o education systems and the structure o public expendi-
ture on education, given that in most countries, salaries represent over
90 percent o recurrent government budgets.
Although the region (excludingPNG) is on track to achieve
universal primary education, the
quality o education remains a
concern.
Table 6 Progress towards
MDG 2
TARGET 2.A.
Ensure that, by
2015, childreneverywhere, boys
and girls alike,
will be able to
complete a ull
course o primary
schooling
Melanesia O track
Melanesia (excl PNG) Mixed
Fiji On track
PNG O track
Solomon Is Mixed
Vanuatu Mixed
Micronesia Mixed
FSM Mixed
Kiribati Mixed
Marshall Is Mixed
Nauru O track
Palau On track
Polynesia On track
Cook Is On track
Niue On track
Samoa On track
Tonga On track
Tuvalu On track
FICs O track
FICs (excl PNG) Mixed
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TARGET 2.A. Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a ullcourse o primary schooling
Net enrolment ratio in primary
education (%)
Proportion o pupils starting grade
1 who reach last grade o primary (%)Literacy rate o 15-24 year-olds (%)
Earliest Latest Earliest Latest Earliest Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji 92 (1990) 96 (2008) 91 (1995) 97 (2008) 98 (1986) 100 (2008)
PNG 53 (2007) 62 (1990e) 59 (2009e) 61 (1990e) 63 (2009e)
Solomon Is 39 (1986) 97 (2010) 67 (2004) 62 (1991) 83 (2007)
Vanuatu 88 (1989) 86 (2008) 69 (1999) 72 (2008) 32 (1990) 92 (2009)
MICRONESIA
FSM 96 (2009) 96 (1994) 95 (2000)
Kiribati 99 (1999) 100 (2002) 98 (1990) 79 (2004) 92 (2000) 96 (2005)
Marshall Is 87 (1988) 83 (2007) 42 (2002) 84 (2008) 95 (2007)
Nauru 75 (1992) 88 (2007) 25 (2001) 99 (2002) 96 (2007)
Palau 82 (1990) 85 (2005) 93 (2005) 99 (2000) 100 (2005)
POLYNESIA
Cook Is 92 (2001) 99 (2009) 100 (1986) 83 (2009) 99 (2001) 99 (2009e)
Niue 100 (1991) 100 (2006) 100 (1991) 100 (2006) 95 (1992) 100 (2006)
Samoa 93 (1991) 96 (2009) 83 (2004) 83 (2010) 99 (1991) 100 (2009)
Tonga 92 (1990) 93 (2008) 84 (1996) 90 (2007) 99 (1990) 99 (2006)
Tuvalu 100 (1991) 98 (2007) 81 (1991) 91 (2007) 99 (1991) 99 (2007)
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 or sources. Data not available.
Box 5. Solomon
Islands Post-
Crisis Progress in
Education
Solomon Islands
made remarkable
progress in recuper-
ating lost ground in
education ollow-
ing civil unrest that
spanned between
1998 and 2003. Thenet primary enrol-
ment rate rose rom
56 percent in 1999 to
97 percent in 2010.
During the crisis years, most schools on Guadalcanal were
seriously disrupted; some were burnt down or vandalised,
others closed as teachers and students ed violence and
those that remained open, struggled to accommodate the
large displaced student population.
The 2003 Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon
Islands (RAMSI), which restored law and order and stabi-
lised government nances to resume basic public service
delivery, was the catalyst in rebuilding the education sec-
Solomon Islands:
NER in Primary Education
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
%
1999
56
2010
97
tor. The RAMSI intervention had three important eects
on education: (i) Restoration o security allowed schools
to reopen; (ii) Injection o SI$118m in RAMSI budget
support stabilised government nances, providing vi-
tal unds or education, including payment o overdue
teacher salaries; (iii) Security and economic stabilisation
led to donor re-engagement, which saw the inux o
large aid inows, largely directed to health and educa-
tion. NZAID and the EU are key donors towards primary
and secondary education, respectively.
In addition, the Solomon Islands government has con-
sistently prioritised education during the post-conict
period. In 2009, the Solomon Islands government
ullled its promise to deliver eeree education up
to orm three. Under the program, over 600 primary
schools and 200 secondary schools receive grants in lieu
o ees. The scheme is unded primarily by NZAID, with
additional contributions rom Taiwan/Republic o China
and the Solomon Islands government.
The importance o peace and stability, strong govern-
ment commitment and coordinated donor support are
key components in advancing primary education in the
Solomon Islands.
Source: Whalan (2010)
Table 7
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GOAL 3 Promote Gender Equality
and Empower WomenExcluding PNG, FICs progress towards promoting gender equality and
empowering women is mixed (Table 8). All Melanesian countries, ex-
cept Fiji, are o track to achieve MDG 3, while mixed progress was noted
or the Micronesian and Polynesian countries. Gains are being made
on achieving gender parity in education while progress on empower-
ing women, as measured by the share o women in the non-agricultural
sector and seats held by women in national parliament, is much slower.
Progress in Melanesian countries is comparatively slower than that ob-
served in the Micronesian and Polynesian countries. A likely reason is
the strong patriarchal cultures inherent in Melanesian countries, which
discriminate against women, compared with the other sub-regions.
Collectively, with the exclusion o PNG, the region has achieved genderparity in education, with an average gender parity index o 98 or pri-
mary and tertiary education, and 101 or secondary education (Table 9).
PNG is unlikely to achieve gender parity in education. In addition, there
are a ew countries that are below the developing country average o 96
or gender parity in primary (Tonga, Nauru and Vanuatu) and secondary
(Niue, Solomon Islands) education. Solomon Islands and Vanuatu are
also below the developing country average o 97 or gender parity in
tertiary education.
Most education ministries have implemented gender equality measures,
with gender oces now included in the curriculum writing teams o
Solomon Islands and Samoa (SPC, 2010d). The PEDF, discussed earlier, isalso ocused on addressing gender disparities in primary and secondary
education, particularly or Melanesian countries.
On womens empowerment, generally, in FICs, men outnumber wom-
en in paid employment outside the agricultural sector, approximately
twice as more men than women. The public sector is usually the largest
employer, with most women occupying lower level positions although
there are a growing number o women in some countries holding mid-
to senior-level public service positions (SPC, 2010d). Cook Islands and
Niue are the only countries where women account or more than 50 per-
cent o employment in the non-agricultural sector.
With generally subdued economic growth perormances, overall lack o
job opportunities in most FICs hinder womens participation in paid em-
ployment. Although economies in the region are recovering rom the
global nancial crisis, a general shortage o jobs is expected to persist.
This situation is likely to continue to constrain womens share o employ-
ment in the non-agricultural sector.
Across majority o countries, governments have done little to raise the
economic participation o women, with CSOs and the private sector
leading most o the work (SPC, 2010d). At the regional level, there has
been little analysis on gender and the economy or support or womens
economic rights through the Forum Economic Ministers Meetings (SPC,
2010d).
FICs (excluding PNG) haveachieved gender parity in
education, while progress on
empowering women is much
slower.
Table 8 Progress towards MDG 3
MDG 3
PROMOTE GENDER
EQUALITY AND
EMPOWER WOMEN
TARGET 3.A.
Eliminate gender
disparity in primary and
secondary education,
preerably by 2005, and
in all levels o education
no later than 2015
Melanesia O track
Mel anesia (excl PNG) O track
Fiji Mixed
PNG O track
Solomon Is O track
Vanuatu O track
Micronesia Mixed
FSM Mixed
Kiribati Mixed
Marshall Is Mixed
Nauru Mixed
Palau On track
Polynesia Mixed
Cook Is On track
Niue On track
Samoa Mixed
Tonga O track
Tuvalu Mixed
FICs O track
FICs (excl PNG) Mixed
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Representation o women in parliament is well below the developing country
average o 18 percent. Collectively, women in FICs occupy only 7 o 141, or 5
percent, seats in parliament. Solomon Islands, FSM, Nauru and Tuvalu have no
women in parliament.
According to SPC (2010c), although there are no legal restrictions preventingwomen rom contesting elections, there are signicant customary barriers and
entrenched discrimination. The majority vote system common to the region
also has an adverse impact on womens success, with women aring better in
proportional representation systems. Lack o nancial support was also report-
ed as a major challenge.
Globally, quotas and political party measures are key interventions in raising
womens participation in parliament. For instance, the 2000 French Parity Law
was applied to the French territories, eectively raising the share o women
in parliament to 53 and 43 percent in French Polynesia and New Caledonia,
respectively (see Box 6). These outcomes are much higher than the 23 percent
average o developed regions .
At the regional level, to address low levels o women in decision making in
Smaller Island States (SIS), PIFS, with donor support, is convening mock parlia-
ments or women in Kiribati and RMI in 2011. These sessions provide a practical
orum to expose participants to the realities o policy-making and parliamen-
tary engagement. At the national level, governments are examining temporary
special measures to raise womens participation in parliament.
Only 5 percent o seats are held
by women in parliament in the
region.
TARGET 3.A. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preerably by 2005, and in all levels o
education no later than 2015
Gender parity index in
primary education
Gender parity index in
secondary education
Gender parity index in
tertiary education
Women in the non-
agricultural sector (%)
Seats held by women in
parliament (%)
Earliest Latest Earliest Latest Earliest Latest Earliest Latest Earliest Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji 94 (1990) 99 (2008) 105 (1990) 107 (2008) 72 (1990) 120 (2005) 30 (1990) 30 (2005) 0 (1990) n/a
PNG 85 (1991) 84 (2006) 62 (1991) 55 (1999) 20 (1990) 32 (2000) 0 (1990) 1 (2011)
Solomon Is 80 (1986) 100 (2010) 57 (1986) 84 (2010) 30 (1995) 30 (2000) 31 (1999) 0 (1990) 0 (2011)
Vanuatu 93 (2000) 91 (2009) 95 (2000) 102 (2009) 40 (1995) 85 (2008) 38 (2004) 39 (2008) 4 (1990) 4 (2011)
MICRONESIA
FSM 92 (1994) 96 (2009) 98 (1994) 102 (2009) 70 (1994) 107 (2000) 15 (1994) 14 (2000) 0 (1997) 0 (2010)
Kiribati 101 (1999) 104 (2008) 119 (1999) 111 (2008) 120 (1995) 100 (2000) 37 (2000) 39 (2005) 0 (1990) 7 (2010)
Marshall Is 98 (1999) 99 (2009) 107 (1999) 105 (2009) 90 (1996) 103 (2008) 33 (1988) 36 (1999) 3 (1990) 3 (2011)
Nauru 103 (1992) 90 (2008) 75 (1992) 110 (2008) 60 (1995) 250 (2000) 42 (2002) 6 (1990) 0 (2011)
Palau 93 (1999) 103 (2007) 107 (1999) 98 (2007) 235 (2000) 204 (2002) 40 (1990) 40 (2000) 0 (1990) 7 (2011)
POLYNESIA
Cook Is 98 (1991) 96 (2009) 112 (1990) 102 (2009) 86 (1990) 100 (2001) 46 (2001) 55 (2006) 6 (1991) 4 (2011)
Niue 270 (1991) 110 (2006) 90 (1991) 80 (2006) 190 (1995) 200 (2002) 43 (1991) 76 (2006) 10 (1990) 15 (2011)Samoa 98 (1990) 97 (2009) 106 (1990) 113 (2009) 166 (1990) 156 (2009) 31 (1990) 40 (2009) 4 (1990) 4 (2011)
Tonga 87 (1997) 88 (2008) 97 (1995) 97 (2009) 67 (1995) 99 (2005) 34 (1986) 39 (2006) 3 (2005) 3 (2009)
Tuvalu 105 (1991) 96 (2009) 105 (1991) 112 (2009) 42 (1991) 172 (2009) 36 (1991) 36 (2007) 6 (1990) 0 (2011)
MDG 3
PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMENTable 9
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Box 6. Application o the French Parity Law in French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis & Futuna
The Parity Law was passed in France in 2000 and extended to all French overseas departments, territories and coun-
tries. This law required all political parties to maintain gender equality on their lists o electoral candidates. In other
words, all parties had to have 50 percent o each sex on their lists, alternating the names o male and emale can-didates. The Parity Law was applied to French Polynesia in 2001, Wallis and Futuna in 2002, and New Caledonia in
2004.
In French Polynesia, although the adoption o the parity law was not supported by political groups, it was immedi-
ately promulgated and applied rom 2001. As a result, womens representation in the Assembly rose rom 12 in the
2001 elections, to 48 percent in the 2004 elections. Currently, womens share in the French Polynesian parliament is
53 percent.
In New Caledonia, some indigenous Kanak men opposed the application o parity, insisting that there were only a
ew qualied women candidates, and that the law undermined Kanak custom. The opposition to the application o
the Parity Law mobilised women rom various backgrounds in support o the law, resulting in the rejection o an
amendment to postpone the application o parity. Consequently, womens representation in Congress rose rom 17
to 46 percent in the 2004 elections. Currently, womens share in the New Caledonian parliament is 43 percent.
In Wallis and Futuna, twenty representatives are elected by universal surage using a list-based system o propor-
tional representation. In 2002, although parity was observed in drawing up the lists, none o the women were
elected. The high number o lists, the low number o lists led by women, as well as the cost and travel inherent in an
election campaign hindered the eective application o the law. Currently, womens share in the Wallis and Futuna
parliament is 20 percent.
The application o the Parity Law to the Pacic French territories is a good example o legislated measures to raise
the participation o women in parliament. However, as the experience o Wallis and Futuna demonstrates, it does
not guarantee the election o women into parliament.
Sources: Bargel et al (2010), SPC (2010c)
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GOAL 4 Reduce Child Mortality
FICs (excluding PNG) are on track to reduce child mortality (Table 10),with the average under-ve mortality (U5M) rate at 28 (Table 11), which
is below the global developing region target o 33 . The average inant
mortality (IM) rate is also low at 20. However, the average measles im-
munisation coverage is only 71 percent, which is an area o concern.
Melanesia (excluding PNG) and Polynesia are on track to reduce child
mortality, reporting average U5M rates o 26 and 19, respectively, with
average IM rates o 20 and 11, respectively. Mixed progress is noted or
the countries o Micronesia, with a comparatively higher average U5M
and IM rates o 51 and 30, respectively.
According to the UN (2011b), countries with high U5M are those with 40
or more deaths per 1,000 live births. In the region, Kiribati (72), PNG (70),
RMI (46) and Nauru (44) have high U5M. Even so, only PNG and Nauru
are o track to achieve MDG 4. PNG has a relatively high rate o U5M and
IM (53) and low measles immunisation coverage (62) in the region. Al-
though Naurus measles immunisation coverage is quite high at 99 per-
cent, the U5M and IM rates have increased rom the early 1990s to 2009.
RMI is on track to achieve MDG 4 as the U5M rate ell by 51 percent rom
1988 to 46 in 2009. For Kiribati, although the U5M rate rose slightly rom
69 to 72, the IM rate ell to 46, while the measles immunisation rate in-
creased to 82. In addition, Kiribati is undertaking several child survival
strategies, such as the Integrated Management o Childhood Illness (see
Box 7), and coupled with improved sta capacity, as well as the roll-out
o water and sanitation projects, there is cautious optimism that Kiribati
will achieve MDG 4 with continued donor support (WHO, 2010b). Con-
sequently, overall, Kiribatis progress is mixed.
Compared to the 80 percent developing region average or measles im-
munisation coverage, collectively, only Micronesia is above with 85 per-
cent. Both Melanesia (excluding PNG) and Polynesia have comparatively
lower average measles immunisation coverage o 69. Samoa, Palau, Fiji,
Solomon Islands and Tuvalu recorded a decline in coverage.
Samoas measles immunisation coverage plummeted to 52 percent in
2009, with coverage in urban areas much lower than that in rural areas.According to Samoa (2010), public delivery o immunisation services are
concentrated in the rural areas, and while the same services are avail-
able through the private sector, uptake in urban areas is low. Samoa has
introduced incentivised perormance, oering incentives to community
health workers and advocates to encourage and support amilies to have
their children ully immunised (WHO & SPC, 2011).
The ailure to achieve and/or sustain high measles immunisation cover-
age may lead to measles outbreaks and increased susceptibility to pneu-
monia and diarrhoea, all o which are leading causes o child morbid-
ity and mortality (WHO, 2010a). Thereore, to sustain the gains made
in reducing child mortality across the region, it is important to raise theimmunisation coverage to at least 90 percent. WHOs Expanded Pro-
gramme on Immunisation (EPI) is targeting district-specic planning
in Pacic island countries, using the Reaching Every District strategy
aimed at improving routine immunisation.
The region (excluding PNG) is ontrack to reduce child mortality,
with average U5M rates below the
developing region target.
Comparatively lower measles
immunisation coverage ormost FICs is an area o concern,
particularly in Melanesia and
Polynesia.
Table 10 Progress towards
MDG 4
MDG 4REDUCE CHILD
MORTALITY
TARGET 4.A.
Reduce by two-thirds,
between 1990 and
2015, the under-ve
mortality rate
Melanesia O track
Melanesia (excl PNG) On track
Fiji On track
PNG O track
Solomon Is O track
Vanuatu On track
Micronesia Mixed
FSM Mixed
Kiribati Mixed
Marshall Is On track
Nauru O track
Palau On track
Polynesia On track
Cook Is On track
Niue On track
Samoa On track
Tonga On track
Tuvalu On track
FICs O track
FICs (excl PNG) On track
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Box 7. Integrated Management o Childhood Illness (IMCI) in the Pacic
WHO and UNICEF jointly ormulated the IMCI strategy in the mid-1990s to provide a more integrated approach or
addressing the main causes o childhood morbidity and mortality, and or improving child welare. It includes ele-
ments o prevention, as well as curative care, combining the management o childhood illness with aspects o nutri-
tion, immunisation, disease prevention and health promotion.
The IMCI strategy consists o three components:
1. Upgrading the case management and counseling skills o health care providers.
2. Strengthening the health system or eective management o childhood illness; and
3. Improving amily and community practices related to child health and nutrition.
With the support o WHO/UNICEF, Fiji, FSM, PNG, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu have adopted the IMCI strategy.
Amongst other actors, the IMCI has proven to be an important strategy in reducing child mortality. In the Solo-
mon islands, a reduction in child mortality due to neonatal causes is attributed to the improved status o maternal/
sae motherhood programs and services, supported by much improved paediatric care and the ocus on the IMCI
approach. In Vanuatu, where acute respiratory inections (ARI) and diarrhoeal diseases contribute signicantly to
the child morbidity burden, the introduction o the IMCI strategy and the support or integrated health services is
expected to reduce the burden on the health system caused by advanced cases o ARI and diarrhoeal disease.
Sources: WHO (2003, 2010a)
MDG 4
REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
TARGET 4.A.
Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-ve mortality rate
Under 5 mortality (per 1,000 live
births)Inant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
Measles immunisation o 1 year
old (%)
Earliest Latest Earliest Latest Earliest Latest
MELANESIA
Fiji 28 (1990) 23 (2009) 17 (1990) 15 (2009) 86 (1991) 72 (2009)
PNG 100 ( 1986-1996) 70 (2009e) 77 (1986-1996) 53 (2009e) 45 (1990e) 62 (2009e)
Solomon Is 38 (1990) 36 (2009) 31 (1990) 30 (2009) 70 (1990) 60 (2009)
Vanuatu 40 (1990) 16 (2009) 33 (1990) 14 (2009) 66 (1990) 80 (2009)
MICRONESIA
FSM 58 (1990) 39 (2009) 20 (1999) 13 (2009) 79 (1999) 91 (2009)
Kiribati 69 (2005) 72 (2009) 65 (1990) 46 (2009) 75 (1990) 82 (2009)
Marshall Is 93 (1988) 46 (2009) 63 (1988) 34 (2009) 70 (1998) 78 (2009)
Nauru 10 (1991) 44 (2009) 19 (1995) 36 (2009) 99 (1997) 99 (2009)
Palau 37 (1990) 26 (2009) 25 (1990) 22 (2009) 98 (1990) 75 (2009)
POLYNESIA
Cook Is 26 (1996-2002) 18 (2006) 16 (1991-97) 14 (2006) 83 (2001) 97 (2008)
Niue 0 (1991) 0 (2006) 29 (1997-2001) 8 (2001-06) 99 (1990) 99 (2009)
Samoa 42 (1991) 15 (2009) 33 (1991) 9 (2009) 89 (1991) 52 (2009)
Tonga 27 (1990) 26 (2008) 12 (1991) 16 (2008) 94 (1994) 100 (2007)
Tuvalu 69 (1991) 25 (2009) 57 (1992) 15 (2009) 94 (1995) 90 (2008)
Note: See detailed country tables in Annex 1 or sources.
Table 11
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GOAL 5 Improve Maternal Health
The region (excluding PNG) recorded mixed progress towards reducingthe maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and achieving universal access to re-
productive health (Table 12). Overall, Polynesian countries are on track
to achieve MDG 5, with mixed progress recorded or Melanesia (exclud-
ing PNG) and Micronesia.
The assessment on Target 5.A. is complicated by the measurement o
maternal mortality due to the lack o a standardised denition or ma-
ternal death
top related