mdgs in nepal

Friday, April 7, 2023 Analyze the progress of MDGs in Nepal 1

‘‘ANALYZE THE PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING MDGs IN NEPAL’’

A Term Paper Presentation to fulfill the partial requirement of BPH second semester [Public Health PBH TPP 111.3]


Prepared by:SAgun PAudel

Health AssistantStudent of BPH @ LA GRANDEE

International college, Simalchour Pokhara, Nepal

Presented with: Samjhana Gurung ‘A’ Samjhana Gurung ‘B’ Sabita Timilsina & Sarala Kumal


Introduction

The UN global conferences of the 1990s drew up a number of different key global Development goals and targets to focus equalize and harmonize the needs and status of the people all over the world.

These goals and targets were known as the International Development targets. Again in 2000, the representatives of 189 nations, including 147 heads of state and Government adopted the Millennium Declaration during the Millennium Development Summit (September 6-8, 2000) of the United Nations.


The Millennium Declaration focused on peace, security and development concerns comprising environment,

human rights and good governance. In this connection, the Declaration tried to mainstream a set of

interconnected and mutually reinforcing development goals into a global agenda.


The international development targets and the development goals were merged together and renamed as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

8. Develop a global partnership for development.


These goals had been decided and fixed earlier in many international forums and conventions. What is new about

the MDGs is setting of targets under each goal, a joint meeting of UN Secretariat, and specialized UN agencies,

the World Bank, IMF and OECD.


Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

• Target 1:

Halve between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 per day.

Indicator: • Proportion of population below $1 (1993 PPP) per day • Poverty gap ratio (incidence * depth of poverty)


Target 2: • Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people

who suffer from hunger.

Indicator:• Prevalence of underweight children under five years of

age (UNICEF-WHO)• Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary

energy consumption


Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Target 3: • Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls

alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.

Indicator:• Net enrollment ratio in primary education • Proportion of population starting grade 1 who reach grade 5• Literacy rate of 15-24 years old


Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Target 4:

• Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015.

Indicator:

• Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education

• Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old


• Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Rate

Target 5:• Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the

Under five mortality rate.

Indicator: • Under-five mortality rate (UNICEF-WHO)• Infant mortality rate (UNICEF-WHO)• Proportion of eye year children immunized against

measles.


Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health

Target 6:

• Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the

maternal mortality ratio.

Indicator:• Maternal mortality ratio (UNICEF-WHO)• Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

(UNICEF-WHO)


• Goal 6: Combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

Target 7: • Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV

/ AIDS.

Indicator: • HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15-24 years • Condom use rate of contraceptive prevalence rate • Condom use at last high- risk sex • Percentage of population aged 15-24 years with

comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV / AIDS• Contraceptive prevalence rate• Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance

of non orphans aged 10-14 years


Target 8:• Have halted by 2015 and began to reverse the

incidence of malaria and other major diseases.

Indicator:• Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria• Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using

effective malaria prevention and treatment measures• Prevalence and death rate associated with

tuberculosis• Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured

under DOTS (internationally recommended TB control strategy)


Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Target 9: • Integrate the principles of sustainable development into

country policies and programme; reverse loss of environmental resources

Indicator:• Proportion of land area covered by forest • Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to

surface area• Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP (PPP)• Carbon dioxide emission per capita and consumption of

ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons)• Proportion of population using solid fuels


Target 10: • Halve, by 2015,the proportion of people without

sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation( for more information see the entry on water supply)

Indicator:• Proportion of population with sustainable access to an

improved water source, urban and rural• Proportion of population with access to improved

sanitation, urban and rural


Target 11:• By 2020, to have achieved a significance improvement

in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers.

Indicator:• Proportion of households with access to secure tenure

(UN-HABITAT)


Target 12-18: • Develop further an open, rule –based, predictable, non-

discriminatory trading and financial system. Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDC). Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and Small Island developing States.

• Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term. In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, drugs in developing countries.

• In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications.


Indicator:• Net ODA as percentage of Development Assistance

Committee (DAC) donor’s Gross National Income • Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24

years, each sex and total • Proportion of population with access to affordable

essential drugs on a sustainable basis


Objective:

General Objectives:• To analyze the progress towards achieving MDGS in Nepal.

Specific Objectives:• To compare the various indicators in different years such as;• % of population below $1 per day (PPP value)• % of the population below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption• % of underweight children under 5• Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), Under-5 mortality rate, Maternal

mortality ratio• Proportion of births attended by skilled birth attendant• Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)• HIV prevalence among people 15–49 years old


The MDGs and Nepal

• Nepal has set up its long-term development targets in line with the MDGs. The MDG programs are linked with the programs of the ongoing 10th Plan (2002-2007).

• The achievements attained by the end of the final year of the 12th Plan (2016/17) will be assessed with the achievements of the MDGs.

• If the objectives and targets of the 12th Plan are not fulfilled, the targets of MDGs will also become futile and incomplete.

• Nepal faces problems pertaining to project design, implementation and attainment of the targeted results. At times, policy ambiguity becomes an acute barrier. Still, the implementing pitfalls and rampant corruption have been primarily responsible for the failure of the projects.


Key Strategies of Nepal

While the Nepal Government is committed to achieving the MDGs by putting the right policies in place, improving efficiency and effectiveness of the interventions that contribute to reaching the goals, and pursuing the required policy and institutional reforms, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) should serve as a medium-term roadmap to get to the longer-term goals set out by the MDGs


• All development activities must be strategically geared towards attainment of the Goals, which calls for enhanced coordination and harmonization among development actors. This, in turn, requires a comprehensive development framework which

1. prioritizes MDG based programs, and sufficient resources allocated to such programs and

2. Addresses the gender, caste, ethnicity, and spatial dimensions of poverty.


• The current MDG Needs Assessment (MDG NA) covers only agriculture, education, gender, health and rural infrastructure sector. In order to achieve all the Goals, the needs assessment needs to incorporate other remaining MDGs related sectors such as energy, forestry, slum and global partnership.

• The government has introduced MTEF since 2002/03 for linking annual budget with PRSP


• Business Plans for major sectors like education, health, drinking water, agriculture and irrigation, and rural infrastructure (road and electricity) have been prepared.

• District Periodic Plans (DPPs) are instrumental in linking MDGs to annual development programs of the districts. Currently, 52 districts have periodic plans prepared under the guideline provided by NPC.


• For localization of MDGs, there is huge area for mobilizing the local bodies including the VDCs and Municipalities. The current MDG Project has started to prepare the District MDG Progress report in some districts.

The importance of this program would be:o awareness generation to general public at the district level;o getting commitment and ownership on the MDGs by local

government bodies – particularly from the district level policy makers, planners and bureaucrats, external development partners, non-governmental sectors including the private sectors; and

o Mobilization of all these stakeholders for preparing their MDG based time bound action plan.


Findings Progress toward the Millennium Development Goals and Targets

Goals and Targets Current Status, against 2015 Target Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day. Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive Employment and decent work for all, including women and young people. Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

Item 1990 Latest 2015 % of population below $1 per day (PPP value)

33.5 24.1 (2005) 17

Poverty gap ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (%)

- 6.1 (2008) -

Item 1990 Latest 2015 Employment-to-population ratio - 81.7 (2008) - Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment

- 81.9 (2010) -

Item 1990 Latest 2015 % of the population below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption

49 22.5 (2006) 25

% of underweight children under 5 57 38.6 (2006) 29

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.

Item 1990 Latest 2015 Net enrollment rate in primary education (%)

64 93.7 (2009) 100

Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 and reaching grade 5 (%)

38 77.9 (2009) 100

Literacy rate of people 15–24 years old (%)

49.6 86.5 (2008) 100

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Target 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015.

Item 1990 Latest 2015 Ratio of girls to boys at primary level 0.56 1.0 (2009) 1.0 Ratio of girls to boys at secondary level

0.43 0.93 (2009) 1.0

Ratio of women to men at tertiary level

0.32 0.63 (2007) 1.0

Share of women in wage employment in the Non agricultural sector (%)

18.9 19.9 (2009) -

Proportion of seats held by women in Parliament (%)

3.4 32.8 (2010) -

Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Target 4.A: Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-5 mortality rate.

Item 1990 Latest 2015 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

108 41 (2010) 34

Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

162 50 (2010) 54

% of 1 year-old children immunized against measles

42 85.6 (2009) >90


Nepal’s Progress in Attaining MDGs: Nepal is among many least developed countries with

high risk of not attaining many of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). When the first MDG progress report was published in 2002, only two goals (child mortality and drinking water) were seen to be potentially achievable. The recent set of information, however, indicates that Nepal would be able to meet some more of the goals if necessary interventions could be made with adequate institutions and resources at place. The supportive environment for some other goals is also improving despite conflict intensifying in the country.


Discussion:

• Nepal improves the percentage of population below $1 per day in 2005 [24.1%] from [33.5] which is nearer to the target i.e. 17%.

• The percentage of population below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption in 1990 is 49 this is reduced in 2006 by ½ and more percentage i.e. 22.5 which is nearer to the target i.e. 25.

• Percentage of underweight children under 5 yrs was also decreased from 57%[1990] to 38.5 [2006] where target is 29%.


• In education percentage of net enrollment of primary education is 93.7 in [2009] this shows that nepal can achieve this target easily.

• Similarly the literacy rate of people among 15-25 years old is 86.5%[2008] .

• Data shows that nepal can successfully achieve the target of gender equity i.e in primary, secondary & tertiary education the ratio of boys & girls is 1[target], which is achieved in 2009.


• Similarly the proportion of seats held by women is increased by 3.4 % [1990] to 32.8 [2010].

• Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) is decrease by ½ and more: from 108 [1990] to 41[2010].

• Similarly,Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) is also decrease from 162 [1990] to 50 [2010] which is nearer to the target i.e. 54.

• % of 1 year-old children immunized against measles in 1990 is 42 which is increase by the year 2009 [85.6].


• Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) in 1990 is 850 which is reduced in year 2009 [229] from this indicator nepal was awarded.

• Contraceptive prevalence rate (%) is 24 in 1990 and 45 in 2010. this shows that just nearer to double % CPR is increased.


• Prevalence rate associated with malaria(number of cases per 1000 of the population) is 1.96 in 1990 and decrease in the year 2009 [0.16].

• Prevalence associated with tuberculosis is 460 in 1990 and decrease in year 2005 [280].


• Proportion of the population with sustainable access to improved water sources (%) is 46 in 1990 which is improved in year2010 i.e.80 where the target is just 73.

• Proportion of the population with sustainable access to improved sanitation in 1990 is only 6% whereas it is increased in the year 2010 [43] which is nearer to the target [53].


Conclusion

Nepal has made marked progress in some social indicators leading to the attainment of some MDGs by 2015. But the progress has halted in the recent years. The country faces added difficulty in achieving MDGs in the current political scenario- weak resource base, violence, conflict and weak governance.

The conflict affect towards achieving MDGs for a number of reasons including the risk of domestic resource crowd out, ineffectiveness of service delivery, prolonged absence of elected representatives at the local bodies, and setbacks in social mobilization and community participation.


MDGs are reinforcing to each other and the attainment of one goal would help the attainment of others.

MDGs can be achieved only through a strategic partnership among government, local bodies, NGOs, CBOs, and donors, strategic partnership in project formulation, execution, coordination of development activities, donor harmonization, and participatory monitoring and evaluation system are highly essential.


References

• A report on ‘‘Achieving the Health Millennium Development

Goals in Asia and the Pacific Policies and Actions within Health Systems and Beyond’’ by Asia-Pacific MDG Study Series.

• A statistical data published by ‘‘The World Bank Group’’• ‘‘Achieving Millennium Development Goals: Challenges For

Nepal’’ by Research Department, International Finance Division, Nepal Rastra Bank

• http://www.undp.org• Nepal MDGs Progress Reports 2010.• ‘‘Nepal’s progress towards Millennium Development Goals’’

by Asian Development Bank.

http://www.undp.org/

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mdgs in nepal

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