americorps program guide | california americorps

8/9/2019 Americorps Program Guide | California americorps

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Bxq zna`mmnlhnh x` hùld`gh xfn yhc cbdnq$ jnag~qn sbnuble xfn yhc xfz`~ef xfbq fxmd sbnu ubddxzglqc`zm xfn `zbeblgd a`lxnlx%q dgr`~x$ w~gdbxr$ glh xnvx c`zmgx,Ygen 7AGDBC@ZLBG GMNZBA@ZYQYZ@EZGM E^BHN7779 K Qxznnx Qgazgmnlx`$ AG 2>678 &273" 1:1-5383 yf`ln &273" 1:1-1::5 cgvuuu,Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq,`zeBMY@ZXGLX L@XBAN? Xfn Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn" qnzsnq gq g a`myglb`lx` xfnAgdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq Znw~nqx c`z Gyydbagxb`l &ZCG" glh qf`~dh jn ~qnh bl a`lo~laxb`l ubxf xfn

GmnzbA zyq zne~dgxb`lq$ 8> ACZ :>:9-:>>9, Xfn c~dd GmnzbA zyq zne~dgxb`lq gzn gsgbdgjdn`ldbln gxuuu,ey`gaanqq,e`s/nacz, GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq gzn znw~bznh x` a`mydr ubxf xfnqn zne~dgxb`lq$

GmnzbA zyq yz`sbqb`lq$ glh cnhnzgd glh qxgxn y`dbabnq, Xfn ZCG blad~hnq hnghdblnq$ ndbebjbdbxrznw~bznmnlxq$ q~jmbqqb`l znw~bznmnlxq$ mgvbm~m gm`~lx `c c~lhble ynz Mnmjnz Qnzsban Rngz&MQR"$ glh `xfnz blc`zmgxb`l xfgx afglenq rngz x`-x`-rngz$ c`z gdd Agdbc`zlbg Qxgxn GmnzbA`zyqezglx yzèzgmq,Ygen :Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen :

Xgjdn `c A`lxnlxLgxb`lgd Qnzsban @snzsbnu,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3Blxz`h~axb`l,,, 3Lgxb`lgd Qnzsban Jgakez ~lh 5Lgxb`lgd Qnzsban X`hgr,, 5

GmnzbA zyq,, 6Xfn A`zy`zgxb`l c`z Lgxb`lgd glh A`mm~lbxr Qnzsban, 2Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq 79Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq GmnzbA`zyq Sgd~nq 77Y`dbabnq E~bhble ASq Ezglx Gyydbagxb`l glh Qndnaxb`l Yzànqq,, 7:Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq Ezglxmgkble Yzànqq @snzsbnu,, 7:Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq Ezglx Qndnaxb`l Yzànqq @snzsbnu,, 7:Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq Qndnaxb`l Azbxnzbg 78

GmnzbA zyq E~bhglan @snzsbnu,, 73Ufgx gzn xfn cnhnzgd znw~bznmnlxq c`z Gmnzba`zyq yzèzgmq0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 75Ufgx bq xfn z`dn `c xfn AS A`mmbqqb`l bl xfn ezglx qndnaxb`l yzànqq0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 72Ufgx gzn ASq ndbebjbdbxr znw~bznmnlxq c`z gl Gmnzba`zyq ezglx gyydbaglx0,,,,,,,, :9Ufgx bq ASq dbmbx `l xfn gm`~lx gugzhnh ynz mnmjnz0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ::Ufgx bq xfn ezglx ynzb`h c`z gl GmnzbA`zyq ezglx,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :>Ufgx xrynq `c ezglxq h`nq AS `ccnz0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :3Ufgx ynzanlxgen `c ezglx c~lhq bq gddùgjdn c`z blhbznax ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq0 ,,,,, :5Ufgx gzn ASq dbmbxq `l mgvbm~m ezglx qbn0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :2Ufgx bq ASq dbmbx `l yzèzgm qbn0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19Ufgx bq ASq hncblbxb`l `c g lnu gyydbaglx0 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 17Fù gzn ASq c~lhble yzb`zbxbnq xzngxnh bl xfn ezglx znsbnu yzànqq0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1:Ufgx qa`zn m~qx gl gyydbaglx ngzl x` jn a`lqbhnznh c`z c~lhble0 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11

Fù h`nq AS nlq~zn xfgx GmnzbA`zyq znq`~zanq gzn undd znyznqnlxnh xfz`~ef`~x AG0,,,,, 18Fù h`nq AS gqq~zn xfgx xfn AG GmnzbA`zyq y`zxc`db` h`nq l`x nvannh xfn A`zy`zgxb`lqqxgxn geeznegxn a`qx ynz mnmjnz y`dbar0 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1>Fù h`nq AS nlq~zn xfgx GmnzbA`zyq c~lhq h` l`x yzbmgzbdr q~yy`zx yzèzgmq agzzbnh`~x jr xfn qxgxn `z jr g qxgxn genlar0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13Y`dbabnq E~bhble GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm Hnqbel Ndnmnlxq,,,, 15Yzèzgm Hnqbel @snzsbnu, 15Fù qf`~dh gl gyydbagxb`l hà~mnlx xfn a`mm~lbxr lnnh x` jn ghhznqqnh xfz`~ef

GmnzbA zyq0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 85Ufgx ghhnh sgd~n m~qx GmnzbA`zyq znq`~zanq jzble x` xfn a`mm~lbxr0,, 86


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Ufgx bq ASq znw~bznmnlx `l mnmjnz ydganmnlx0,,, 82Ufgx bq ASq znw~bznmnlx `l hbqgqxnz gugznlnqq xzgblble c`z GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq0,,,,,,,,,, >9Ufgx gzn ASq znw~bznmnlxq c`z hbznax glh blhbznax mnmjnz qnzsban gaxbsbxbnq0,,, >:Ufgx gzn ASq znw~bznmnlxq `l s`d~lxnnz znaz~bxmnlx glh mglgenmnlx gaxbsbxbnq0, >1Ufgx gzn ASq znw~bznmnlxq c`z ygzxbabygxb`l bl Lgxb`lgd glh Qxgxn Hgrq `c Qnzsban0,,,,,,,,,, >3Ufgx xrynq `c GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnz y`qbxb`lq gzn c~lhnh xfz`~ef AS,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >5Ufgx gzn ASq znw~bznmnlxq `l ynzc`zmglan mngq~znq0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >6H`nq AS znw~bzn qxglhgzhbnh ynzc`zmglan mngq~znq0,, 37Ufgx gzn ASq nsgd~gxb`l znw~bznmnlxq c`z GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq0,,,,,,,,, 3:Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm Qxglhgzhq,, 38Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm Qxglhgzhq @snzsbnu,,, 38Qxglhgzh @lnQxz`le @zeglbgxb`lQxz`le A`ddgj`zgxbsn,,, 3>Qxglhgzh Xu`Lnnhq glh Qnzsban Hnqbel 35Ygen 1Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 1Xgjdn `c A`lxnlx &A`lxh"Qxglhgzh XfznnGmnzbA`zyq Mnmjnz Hnqbel, 36Qxglhgzh C`~zA`mm~lbxr Bls`dsnmnlx Hnqbel, 57Qxglhgzh CbsnYzèzgm Hnqbel bq Nccnaxbsn, 5:

Yzn-A`lxzgax Qndc-Gqqnqqmnlx, 51Yzn-A`lxzgax Qndc-Gqqnqqmnlx @snzsbnu 51

Gyynlhbv GQmgdd A`mm~lbxr @zeglbgxb`lq &Qna~dgz glh Cgbxf-Jgqnh",,,, 2:Gyynlhbv JYnzc zmglan Mngq~znmnlx,,,,,,,, 21Gyynlhbv ANsgd~gxb`l,,,,28Gyynlhbv HS`d~lxnnz Mglgenmnlx 23Gyynlhbv NQnzsban Dngzlble,,,, 26Ygen 8Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 8Az`qq Zncnznlan jr Y`dbar L~mjnzLgxb`lgd Qnzsban @snzsbnu 3Blxz`h~axb`l,, 3

Lgxb`lgd Qnzsban Jgakez ~lh 5Lgxb`lgd Qnzsban X`hgr,, 5GmnzbA zyq,, 6Xfn A`zy`zgxb`l c`z Lgxb`lgd glh A`mm~lbxr Qnzsban, 2Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq 79Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq GmnzbA`zyq Sgd~nq 77Y`dbabnq E~bhble ASq Ezglx Gyydbagxb`l glh Qndnaxb`l Yzànqq,, 7:Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq Ezglxmgkble Yzànqq @snzsbnu,, 7:Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq Ezglx Qndnaxb`l Yzànqq @snzsbnu, 7:Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq Qndnaxb`l Azbxnzbg 78

GmnzbA zyq E~bhglan @snzsbnu,, 73Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar G,7, Cnhnzgd Ezglxmgkble Y`dbabnq glh Znw~bznmnlxq,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 75Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,7 C~lhble Hnabqb`l G~xf`zbxr,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 72

Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,:, Ygzxlnzqfby Znw~bznmnlxq,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :9Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,1, A`qx Ynz Mnmjnz Qnzsban Rngz,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ::Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,8, Ezglx Ynzb`h,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :>Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,>, Ezglx Xrynq,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :3Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,3, Blhbznax Ghmblbqxzgxb`l ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :5Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,5, Mblbm~m glh Mgvbm~m Ezglx Qbn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :2Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,6 Mblbm~m Yzèzgm Qbn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar A,7, Y`zxc`db` Hnsnd`ymnlx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 17Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar A,:, C~lhble Yzb`zbxbnq glh E`snzl`zq Blbxbgxbsnq,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1:Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar A,1, Mblbm~m Xfznqf`dh Qa`zn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11


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Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar A,8, Qxgxnubhn Enèzgyfba Hbqxzbj~xb`l,,, 18Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar A, >, Qxgxnubhn A`qx Ynz Mnmjnz ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1>Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar A,3, Mgvbm~m Qxgxn glh Mblbm~m l`l-Qxgxn/Yzbsgxn Qnax`z,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13Y`dbabnq E~bhble GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm Hnqbel Ndnmnlxq,,,, 15Yzèzgm Hnqbel @snzsbnu, 15Yzèzgm Hnqbel Y`dbar J,7, A`mm~lbxr Lnnh,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 85Yzèzgm Hnqbel Y`dbar J,:, Ghhnh Sgd~n,,,,,, 86Yzèzgm Hnqbel Y`dbar J,1, Mnmjnzq-Mblbm~m ynz @ynzgxble Qbxn,, 82Yzèzgm Hnqbel Y`dbar J,8, Hbqgqxnz Gugznlnqq Xzgblble,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >9Yzèzgm Hnqbel Y`dbar A,7 Qnzsban GaxbsbxbnqHbznax glh Blhbznax Qnzsbanq,,, >:Yzèzgm Hnqbel Y`dbar A,:, S`d~lxnnz Znaz~bxmnlx glh Mglgenmnlx, >1Yzèzgm Hnqbel Y`dbar A,1, Hgrq `c Qnzsban,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >3Yzèzgm Hnqbel Y`dbar H,7, Xnzmq `c Qnzsban,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >5Yzèzgm Hnqbel Y`dbar N,7, Ynzc`zmglan Mngq~znq,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >6Yzèzgm Hnqbel Y`dbar N,:, Qxglhgzhbnh Ynzc`zmglan Mngq~znq 37Yzèzgm Hnqbel Y`dbar N,1, Nsgd~gxb`l,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3:Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm Qxglhgzhq,, 38Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm Qxglhgzhq @snzsbnu,,, 38Qxglhgzh @lnQxz`le @zeglbgxb`lQxz`le A`ddgj`zgxbsn,,, 3>Qxglhgzh Xu`Lnnhq glh Qnzsban Hnqbel 35

Qxglhgzh XfznnGmnzbA`zyq Mnmjnz Hnqbel, 36Qxglhgzh C`~zA`mm~lbxr Bls`dsnmnlx Hnqbel, 57Qxglhgzh CbsnYzèzgm Hnqbel bq Nccnaxbsn, 5:Ygen >Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen >Az`qq Zncnznlan jr Y`dbar L~mjnz &A`lxh"Yzn-A`lxzgax Qndc-Gqqnqqmnlx, 51Yzn-A`lxzgax Qndc-Gqqnqqmnlx @snzsbnu 51

Gyynlhbv GQmgdd A`mm~lbxr @zeglbgxb`lq &Qna~dgz glh Cgbxf-Jgqnh",,,, 2:Gyynlhbv JYnzc zmglan Mngq~znmnlx,,,,,,,, 21Gyynlhbv ANsgd~gxb`l,,,,28Gyynlhbv HS`d~lxnnz Mglgenmnlx 23

Gyynlhbv NQnzsban Dngzlble,,,, 26Ygen 3Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 3LGXB@LGD QNZSBAN @SNZSBNUBlxz`h~axb`lXfn hnabqb`l x` a`lqbhnz qxgzxble gl GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgm bq g f~en `ln, Jna`mble ygzx `c xfnLgxb`lgd Qnzsban m`snmnlx jzbleq `yy`zx~lbxbnq c`z r`~z `zeglbgxb`l glh xfn a`mm~lbxr r`~qnzsn, Bx gdq` jzbleq qbelbcbaglx ghhbxb`lgd znqy`lqbjbdbxbnq c`z r`~z `zeglbgxb`l glh ygzxlnzqfby gqxfnzn gzn mglr a`my`lnlxq x` xfn hnqbel glh `ynzgxb`l `c g q~aanqqc~d GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgm,Xfbq Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &xfn E~bhn" yz`sbhnq g jz`gh `snzsbnu `c GmnzbA`zyqe~bhglan$ fbefdbefxble mglr jgqba a`my`lnlxq glh z~dnq x` yz`sbhn g enlnzgd ~lhnzqxglhble `cxfn a`mydnvbxbnq glh blxzbagabnq `c GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmmble glh znw~bznmnlxq, Xfbq E~bhn

yz`sbhnq blc`zmgxb`l glh adgzbcbagxb`l `l j`xf cnhnzgd glh qxgxn y`dbabnq glh znw~bznmnlxq xfgxe~bhn ASq ezglx gyydbagxb`l glh qndnaxb`l yzànqq, Bl ghhbxb`l$ xfn E~bhn yz`sbhnq blc`zmgxb`lglh x``dq q~af gq xfn Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm Qxglhgzhq glh xfn Yzn-A`lxzgax Qndc-

Gqqnqqmnlx x` fndy yz`qynaxbsn yzèzgmq egbl blqbefxq blx` xfn xrynq `c qrqxnmq glh yz anqqnqq~aanqqc~d GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq m~qx fgsn bl ydgan yzb`z x` `ynzgxb`lq, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq E~bhn bqx` fndy hnnynl yz`qynaxbsn `z nvbqxble yzèzgmq ~lhnzqxglhble `c GmnzbA`zyq glh m`sn xfnmblx` azngxble g qxz`le c`~lhgxb`l c`z xfnbz GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgm,Xfbq E~bhn qnzsnq gq g a`myglb`l ybnan x` xfn Znw~nqx c`z Gyydbagxb`l &ZCG" glh qf`~dh jn ~qnhbl a`lo~laxb`l ubxf xfn GmnzbA`zyq zne~dgxb`lq$ 8> ACZ :>:9-:>>9, Xfn c~dd GmnzbA`zyqzne~dgxb`lq gzn gsgbdgjdn `ldbln gx uuu,ey`gaanqq,e`s/nacz, GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq gzn znw~bznh


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x` a`mydr ubxf xfnqn zne~dgxb`lq$ GmnzbA`zyq yz`sbqb`lq$ glh cnhnzgd glh qxgxn y`dbabnq, Xfn ZCGblad~hnq hnghdblnq$ ndbebjbdbxr znw~bznmnlxq$ q~jmbqqb`l znw~bznmnlxq$ mgvbm~m gm`~lx `cc~lhble ynz Mnmjnz Qnzsban Rngz &MQR"$ glh `xfnz blc`zmgxb`l xfgx afglenq rngz x`-x`-rngz$ c`z gdd Agdbc`zlbg Qxgxn GmnzbA`zyq ezglx yzèzgmq,Xfbq E~bhn h`nq l`x q~ynzqnhn glr `c xfn znw~bznmnlxq nqxgjdbqfnh jr xfn xnzmq$ a`lhbxb`lq$ glhyz`sbqb`lq `c gl GmnzbA`zyq ezglx `z a`lxzgax$ `z xfn qxglhgzh cnhnzgd znw~bznmnlxq gyydbagjdn x`gdd cnhnzgd ezglxq, Dbknubqn$ xfn blc`zmgxb`l a`lxgblnh bl xfbq e~bhn h`nq l`x blad~hn gdd xfn dnegdznw~bznmnlxq `c gl GmnzbA`zyq ezglx$ l`z h`nq bx a`lqxbx~xn xfn A`zy`zgxb`l c`z Lgxb`lgd glhA`mm~lbxr Qnzsban &xfn A`zy`zgxb`l" `ccbabgd hncblbxbsn blxnzyznxgxb`l `c xfn dgu$ zne~dgxb`lq$ glhy`dbabnq zndgxnh x` GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq, Zgxfnz$ bx bq blxnlhnh gq g znq`~zan e~bhn x` fndyyz`qynaxbsn GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgm gyydbaglxq gqqnqq xfnbz `zeglbgxb`lq agygabxr x` qxgzx `za`lxbl~n gl GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgm, Nvbqxble GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq agl ~qn xfn E~bhn x` znsbnu$zncbln$ glh qxznlexfnl xfnbz yzèzgm hnqbel glh zndgxnh qrqxnmq glh `ynzgxb`lq,Ygen 5Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 5Lgxb`lgd Qnzsban Jgakez`~lhCz`m Gmnzbagl yfbd`q`yfnz Ubddbgm Ogmnq `zbeblgd sbqb`l `c l`l-mbdbxgzr lgxb`lgd qnzsban bl xfnngzdr xunlxbnxf anlx~zr$ lgxb`lgd qnzsban fgq ezùl x` ghhznqq xfn lnnhq `c `~z a`mm~lbxbnq glhznyznqnlx xfn bhngdq `c `~z a`~lxzr, Ufnl cganh ubxf afgddnlenq q~af gq bddbxnzgar$ y`snzxr$ azbmn$

glh nlsbz`lmnlxgd yz`jdnmq$ `~z lgxb`l fgq gdugrq zndbnh `l xfn hnhbagxb`l glh gaxb`l `cblhbsbh~gdq x` bhnlxbcr q`d~xb`lq x` `~z yznqqble yz`jdnmq, Lgxb`lgd qnzsban fgq yz`sbhnh`yy`zx~lbxbnq c`z a`mm~lbxr mnmjnzq x` mgkn q~qxgblnh a`mmbxmnlxq x` qnzsban xfgx fgsnjnlncbxnh blhbsbh~gdq glh a`mm~lbxbnq gdbkn, Xfz`~ef xfnqn blxnlqbsn a`mmbxmnlxq$ blhbsbh~gdqj~bdh ~y`l d`le-qxglhble Gmnzbagl xzghbxb`lq lnbefj`zq fndyble lnbefj`zq$ g a`mmbxmnlx x` xfnezngxnz e``h$ bll`sgxb`l$ glh a`ddnaxbsn yz`jdnm q`dsble,C~zxfnz$ lgxb`lgd qnzsban fgq g y`qbxbsn bmygax `l xf`qn uf` qnzsn, Qnzsban fndyq jzbhen nxflba$zgabgd$ zndbeb`~q$ glh na`l`mba hbsbhnq, Bx j~bdhq absba znqy`lqbjbdbxr glh nlgjdnq ygzxbabyglxq x`yzgaxban znqy`lqbjdn abxbnlqfby, Bx fndyq r`~xf mgkn xfn xzglqbxb`l blx` gh~dxf``h, Bx nlgjdnqqnlb`zq x` dngsn g dnegar, Bx hnm`lqxzgxnq xfgx yn`ydn ubxf hbqgjbdbxbnq gzn gl bmy`zxglx ygzx `c xfnglqunz x` lnbefj`zf``h glh a`mm~lbxr yz`jdnmq, Xfz`~ef qnzsban$ mnmjnzq `c g a`mm~lbxrjna`mn m`zn c~ddr nlegenh bl xfn absba dbcn `c xfn lgxb`l, Bl ghhbxb`l$ xfz`~ef qnzsban$ blhbsbh~gdqhnsnd`y qkbddq glh egbl sgd~gjdn nvynzbnlan azbxbagd x` xfnbz c~x~zn q~aanqq, Xfnqn yzblabydnq unzn

cbzqx bla`zy`zgxnh blx` g yzgaxbagd m`hnzl-hgr lgxb`lgd qnzsban yzèzgm jr Yznqbhnlx O`flq`l blxfn ngzdr 7239q, Jr qbelble xfn Na`l`mba @yy`zx~lbxr Gax `c 7238$ O`flq`l azngxnh S`d~lxnnzq blQnzsban x` Gmnzbag &SBQXG" glh nldbqxnh `zhblgzr Gmnzbaglq bl fbq ugz `l y`snzxr, Xf`qn uf`glqunznh fbq agdd jnegl qnzsble gx mbezglx agmyq bl Agdbc`zlbg$ y``z zneb`lq `c xfn Gyygdgafbglqglh dù-bla`mn lnbefj`zf``hq xfz`~ef`~x xfn a`~lxzr,Lgxb`lgd Qnzsban X`hgrX`hgr$ lgxb`lgd qnzsban ygzxbabyglxq a`lxbl~n x` j~bdh ~y`l xfn dnegabnq nqxgjdbqfnh jr yzèzgmqq~af gq xfn Absbdbgl A`lqnzsgxb`l A`zyq$ Yngan A`zyq$ SBQXG$ glh `xfnzq,Lgxb`lgd qnzsban a`lxbl~nq x` a`llnax Gmnzbaglq `c gdd genq glh jgakez`~lhq x` zngd lnnhq blxfnbz a`mm~lbxbnq glh yz`m`xn g a~dx~zn `c qnzsban, Xfz`~ef GmnzbA`zyq$ yzèzgm ygzxbabyglxq klùl gq mnmjnzq gzn l`x `ldr ynzc`zmble hbznax qnzsban$ j~x gzn gdq` m`jbdbble mnmjnzq `cdàgd a`mm~lbxbnq, Xfbq rngz$ GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq xfz`~ef`~x xfn a`~lxzr gzn qnzsble gd`leqbhn699$999 a`mm~lbxr s`d~lxnnzq xfgx xfnr fgsn znaz~bxnh, Xènxfnz$ mnmjnzq glh s`d~lxnnzq gzn

x~x`zble afbdhznl$ mnlx`zble r`~xf$ j~bdhble gcc`zhgjdn f`~qble$ znqy`lhble x` lgx~zgd hbqgqxnzq glhyznqnzsble lgx~zgd znq`~zanq,Xfn Nhugzh M, Knllnhr Qnzsn Gmnzbag Gax &QGG" qbelnh blx` dgu jr Yznqbhnlx Jgzgak @jgmg `l

Gyzbd :7$ :992$ zng~xf`zbnq glh nvyglhq lgxb`lgd qnzsban yzèzgmq ghmblbqxnznh jr xfnA`zy`zgxb`l c`z Lgxb`lgd glh A`mm~lbxr Qnzsban &xfn A`zy`zgxb`l" jr gmnlhble xfn Lgxb`lgd glhA`mm~lbxr Qnzsban Gax `c 7229 &LAQG" glh xfn H`mnqxba S`d~lxnnz Qnzsban Gax `c 7251 &HSQG",Xfn QGG bq dglhmgzk dnebqdgxb`l xfgx afgzenq xfn A`zy`zgxb`l glh bxq ygzxlnzq x` hzgmgxbagddrnvyglh `yy`zx~lbxbnq c`z Gmnzbaglq x` qnzsn$ x` cà~q `l azbxbagd lgxb`lgd bqq~nq$ x` jn g agxgdrqxc`z qàbgd bll`sgxb`l$ glh x` q~yy`zx xfn l`lyz`cbx qnax`z, Xfn dgu j`xf nvyglhq nvbqxble lgxb`lgdqnzsban yzèzgmq glh azngxnq lnu blbxbgxbsnq x` blazngqn qnzsban `yy`zx~lbxbnq, C`z nvgmydn$ xfn


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QGG qnxq GmnzbA`zyq `l g ygxf cz`m 5>$999 y`qbxb`lq gll~gddr x` :>9$999 jr :975$ jnebllbleubxf 66$999 y`qbxb`lq bl :979,Ygen 6Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 6

GmnzbA zyqGmnzbA zyq bq g lgxb`lgd qnzsban yzèzgm xfgx ugq azngxnh ~lhnz xfn Lgxb`lgd glh A`mm~lbxrQnzsban Xz~qx Gax `c 7221, Xfn dnebqdgxb`l hznu `l xfn yzblabydnq `c xfn Absbdbgl A`lqnzsgxb`lA`zyq$ xfn EB Jbdd glh xfn Yngan A`zyq$ nla`~zgeble Gmnzbaglq x` qnzsn glh znugzhble xf`qn uf`h`, GmnzbA`zyq gugzhq mnmjnz y`qbxb`lq glh yzèzgm `ynzgxble c~lhq x` `zeglbgxb`lq x`c~zxfnz xfn e`gdq `c GmnzbA`zyq glh x` yz`sbhn qnzsban x` ghhznqq dàgd ~lmnx lnnhq, Ezglxqq~yy`zx `zeglbgxb`lq xfgx ~qn s`d~lxnnz qnzsban gq g qxzgxner c`z ghhznqqble lgxb`lgd glha`mm~lbxr lnnhq ufbdn c`qxnzble gl nxfba `c absba znqy`lqbjbdbxr, Bl znx~zl c`z xfnbz qnzsban$

GmnzbA zyq ygzxbabyglxq$ klùl gq mnmjnzq$ mgr znanbsn g m`hnqx dbsble gddùglan glh xfnzjnlncbxq ufbdn qnzsble, ^y`l q~aanqqc~d a`mydnxb`l `c xfnbz qnzsban$ mnmjnzq znanbsn glnh~agxb`l gugzh xfgx agl jn ~qnh xùgzh nvbqxble a`ddnen d`glq `z x` ygr a`lxbl~ble nh~agxb`la`qxq, GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq znaz~bx$ qndnax$ xzgbl glh mglgen xfnbz ùl GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq$hnqbel glh `ynzgxn xfnbz yzèzgm glh gzn znqy`lqbjdn c`z yz`sbhble c~lhq glh `xfnz znq`~zanq x`mgxaf xfn cnhnzgd c~lhq xfnr znanbsn xfz`~ef xfnbz GmnzbA`zyq ezglx,Bl xfn qf`zx xbmn qblan GmnzbA`zyq blanyxb`l bl 7228$ bxq mnmjnzq fgsn gafbnsnh bmyznqqbsn

znq~dxq, M`zn xfgl >99$999 blhbsbh~gdq gzn gd~mlb `c xfn yzèzgm$ glh lù xgkn xfnbz ydgan gq xfnlnvx enlnzgxb`l `c a`mm~lbxr dnghnzq$ nh~agx`zq$ fngdxf yz`cnqqb`lgdq$ glh xfn dbkn, Bl :996$m`zn xfgl 59$999 GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq qnzsnh bl a`mm~lbxbnq xfz`~ef`~x xfn a`~lxzr, E`gdq `c

GmnzbA zyq blad~hn? Enxxble Xfbleq H`ln, GmnzbA`zyq fndyq a`mm~lbxbnq mnnx lnnhq bl xfn gzngq `cnh~agxb`l$ y~jdba qgcnxr$ xfn nlsbz`lmnlx$ glh `xfnz f~mgl lnnhq xfz`~ef hbznax glhhnm`lqxzgjdn qnzsban, Qxznlexfnlble A`mm~lbxbnq, GmnzbA`zyq j~bdhq xfn agygabxr `c a`mm~lbxr`zeglbgxb`lq glh `xfnz blqxbx~xb`lq x` m`zn nccnaxbsndr nlegen a`mm~lbxr s`d~lxnnzq x`bmyz`sn `~z a`mm~lbxbnq, Nla`~zgeble Znqy`lqbjbdbxr, Xfz`~ef qnzsban glh absba nh~agxb`l$ GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzqjna`mn genlxq `c a`mm~lbxr q`d~xb`lq glh hnsnd`y gl nxfba `c dbcnd`le qnzsban, Nvyglhble @yy`zx~lbxr, GmnzbA`zyq fndyq xf`qn uf` fndy Gmnzbag, Mnmjnzq hnsnd`y

yz`cnqqb`lgd qkbddq$ egbl blsgd~gjdn nvynzbnlan glh znanbsn nh~agxb`l gugzhq c`z nh~agxb`l`z o`j xzgblble,Xfn GmnzbA`zyq lgxb`lgd qnzsban lnxu`zk blad~hnq GmnzbA`zyqQxgxn glh Lgxb`lgd yzèzgmq$Blhbgl Xzbjn glh ^,Q, Xnzzbx`zbnq yzèzgmq$ Nh~agxb`l Gugzhq Yzèzgm$ SBQXG$ glh

GmnzbA zyqLAAA, C`z m`zn blc zmgxb`l gj`~x xfnqn sgzb`~q GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq$ ydngqn sbqbxuuu,gmnzba`zyq,`ze,Ygen 2Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 2Xfn A`zy`zgxb`l c`z Lgxb`lgd glh A`mm~lbxr QnzsbanAzngxnh bl 7221$ xfn A`zy`zgxb`l$ xfn cnhnzgd genlar xfgx `snzqnnq GmnzbA`zyq glh `xfnz lgxb`lgdqnzsban yzèzgmq$ yz`sbhnq `yy`zx~lbxbnq c`z Gmnzbaglq `c gdd genq glh jgakez`~lhq x` qnzsn xfnbza`mm~lbxbnq xfz`~ef xfznn mgo`z yzèzgmq xfgx nlegen gyyz`vbmgxndr 7,6 mbddb`l Gmnzbaglq ngaf

rngz x` mnnx a`mm~lbxr lnnhq, Xfnqn xfznn yzèzgmq gzn? GmnzbA`zyq nlegenq xf`~qglhq `c Gmnzbaglq `l g c~dd- `z ygzx-xbmn jgqbq x` fndya`mm~lbxbnq ghhznqq xfnbz x`~efnqx afgddnlenq; Dngzl glh Qnzsn Gmnzbag nlegenq K-7: glh fbefnz nh~agxb`l qx~hnlxq bl qnzsbangaxbsbxbnq xfgx dblk x` xfnbz gaghnmba a~zzba~d~m; glh$ Lgxb`lgd Qnlb`z Qnzsban A`zyq ~qnq xfn qkbddq$ xgdnlxq$ glh nvynzbnlanq `c `dhnz

Gmnzbaglq x` fndy mgkn a`mm~lbxbnq qxz`lenz$ qgcnz$ glh fngdxfbnz,Xfz`~ef bxq yzèzgmq glh `xfnz ncc`zxq$ xfn A`zy`zgxb`l qnnkq x` gafbnsn xfznn qxzgxneba e`gdq? Mnnxble Azbxbagd Lnnhq xfz`~ef Qnzsban glh S`d~lxnnzble Xfz`~ef`~x xfn lgxb`l$ mbddb`lq`c dbsnq gzn bmyz`snh glh yz`jdnmq q`dsnh xfz`~ef lgxb`lgd qnzsban ygzxbabyglxq glh xfn


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a`mm~lbxr s`d~lxnnzq xfnr znaz~bx, Qxznlexfnlble xfn Agygabxr `c A`mm~lbxbnq glh @zeglbgxb`lq A`zy`zgxb`l yzèzgmqfndy a`mm~lbxr `zeglbgxb`lq glh blqxbx~xb`lq hnsnd`y qxz`le a`mm~lbxbnq xfz`~efnlegenh abxbnlq, Jr nlegeble dàgd a`mm~lbxr mnmjnzq$ A`zy`zgxb`l yzèzgmq dngsna`mm~lbxbnq ubxf blazngqnh agygabxr x` q~qxgbl ncc`zxq jnr`lh xfn qa`yn `c A`zy`zgxb`lznq`~zanq, Nlegeble Gmnzbaglq bl g Dbcnxbmn `c S`d~lxnnzble glh Qnzsban Xfz`~ef bxq yzèzgmq$ xfnA`zy`zgxb`l `ccnzq nsnzr Gmnzbagl$ ufnxfnz gq g mnmjnz$ yzèzgm ygzxbabyglx$ `za`mm~lbxr s`d~lxnnz$ g mnglblec~d `yy`zx~lbxr x` qnzsn glh mgkn g hbccnznlan bl xfnbzdàgd a`mm~lbxr,Xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq lgxb`lgd qnzsban yzb`zbxbnq gq bhnlxbcbnh jr xfn QGG c`z GmnzbA`zyq gzn yzèzgmqxfgx ghhznqq? Nh~agxb`l ^lmnx nh~agxb`lgd lnnhq ubxfbl a`mm~lbxbnq nqynabgddr xf`qn xfgx fndyafbdhznl glh r`~xf gafbnsn q~aanqq bl qaf``d glh yznsnlx xfnm cz`m hz`yyble `~x jnc`znfbef qaf``d ezgh~gxb`l, Fngdxfr C~x~znq ^lmnx fngdxf lnnhq ubxfbl a`mm~lbxbnq blad~hble gaanqq x` fngdxf agzn$hbqngqn yznsnlxb`l glh fngdxf yz`m`xb`l blbxbgxbsnq$ glh fngdxf dbxnzgar, Adngl Nlnzer/Nlsbz`lmnlx ^lmnx nlnzer-nccbabnlar glh nlsbz`lmnlxgd lnnhq ubxfbla`mm~lbxbnq, Snxnzglq ^lmnx lnnhq `c snxnzglq$ mnmjnzq `c xfn Gzmnh C`zanq uf` gzn `l gaxbsn

h~xr$ glh cgmbdr mnmjnzq `c hnyd`rnh mbdbxgzr ynzq`llnd glh nlegenq snxnzglq bl qnzsban,Ygen 79Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 79 @yy`zx~lbxr ^lmnx lnnhq zndgxble x` na`l`mba `yy`zx~lbxr c`z na`l`mbagddrhbqghsglxgenh blhbsbh~gdq ubxfbl a`mm~lbxbnq blad~hble cblglabgd dbxnzgar$ f`~qblegqqbqxglan$ o`j xzgblble$ glh l~xzbxb`lgd gqqbqxglan,Xfn A`zy`zgxb`l hbqxzbj~xnq GmnzbA`zyq ezglx c~lhble x` E`snzl`z-gyy`blxnh Qxgxn A`mmbqqb`lqglh m~dxb-qxgxn ezglxnnq gdq` klùl gq Lgxb`lgd Hbznaxq, Qxgxn A`mmbqqb`lq gugzh q~jezglxq x``zeglbgxb`lq bl xfnbz qxgxnq$ glh xfn Lgxb`lgd Hbznaxq u`zk xfz`~ef `ynzgxble qbxnq bl m`zn xfgl`ln qxgxn, Xfnqn `zeglbgxb`lq znaz~bx GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq x` znqy`lh x` dàgd lnnhq,Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzqAgdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq &AS" bq xfn qxgxn nlxbxr znqy`lqbjdn c`z blazngqble xfn l~mjnz glh bmygax `c

Agdbc`zlbglq nlegenh bl qnzsban glh s`d~lxnnzble, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq qnzsnq gq xfn lgxb`lgdqnzsban a`mmbqqb`l c`z xfn qxgxn `c Agdbc`zlbg, Kgznl Jgknz$ xfn lgxb`lq cbzqx qxgxn agjblnx dnsndQnaznxgzr c`z Qnzsban glh S`d~lxnnzble dnghq xfn `zeglbgxb`l bl a`lq~dxgxb`l ubxf g :>-mnmjnzA`mmbqqb`l gyy`blxnh jr E`snzl`z Gzl`dh Qafugznlneenz, Cbzqx Dghr Mgzbg Qfzbsnz qnzsnq gqxfn f`l`zgzr afgbzynzq`l `c xfn A`mmbqqb`l, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq ghmblbqxnzq g zglen `cyzèzgmq glh blbxbgxbsnq xfgx nla`mygqq hbccnznlx gzngq `c xfn qnzsban glh s`d~lxnnzbqm qnax`zglh e~bhnq y`dbar hnsnd`ymnlx x` q~yy`zx xfn l`lyz`cbx glh qnzsban cbndhq, Xfz`~ef xfnqnyzèzgmq glh blbxbgxbsnq$ Agdbc`zlbglq `c gdd genq glh gjbdbxbnq gzn yz`sbhnh ubxf `le`ble`yy`zx~lbxbnq x` s`d~lxnnz$ x` jna`mn jnxxnz yznygznh x` znqy`lh x` nmnzenlabnq glh hbqgqxnzq$glh ~dxbmgxndr$ x` nmjzgan g dbcnxbmn nxfba `c qnzsban, AS fgq xfznn yzèzgm hnygzxmnlxq,Xfn GmnzbA`zyq Hnygzxmnlx mglgenq g (:1,> mbddb`l yzèzgm y`zxc`db` xfgx nlegenq m`zn xfgl8$999 GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq bl qnzsban x` mnnx yznqqble ~lmnx lnnhq ubxfbl a`mm~lbxbnqxfz`~ef`~x xfn qxgxn, Xfn hnygzxmnlx gdq` ghmblbqxnzq gl ghhbxb`lgd (2,1 mbddb`l bl Gmnzbagl

Zna`snzr glh Znblsnqxmnlx Gax &GZZG" c~lhq$ ufbaf yz`sbhn q~yydnmnlxgd `z nvyglqb`l q~yy`zxx` :: yzèzgmq bl xfn a`mmbqqb`lq nvbqxble y`zxc`db`, Qblan bxq blanyxb`l$ AS fgq qna~znh glhhbqqnmblgxnh `snz (1>: mbddb`l bl GmnzbA`zyq c~lhble cz`m xfn cnhnzgd A`zy`zgxb`l c`z Lgxb`lgdglh A`mm~lbxr Qnzsban x` dàgd glh qxgxnubhn y~jdba glh l`lyz`cbx genlabnq xfgx fgsn azngxnh`yy`zx~lbxbnq c`z m`zn xfgl 39$999 GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq x` qnzsn Agdbc`zlbg, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzqyz`sbhnq GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq ubxf nvxnlqbsn xzgblble glh `le`ble xnaflbagd gqqbqxglan x`q~yy`zx xfn hnsnd`ymnlx `c fbef w~gdbxr GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq, Ngaf yzèzgm u`zkq ad`qndr ubxfg AS yzèzgm gqqàbgxn x` nlq~zn yzèznqq xùgzh yzèzgm ynzc`zmglan mngq~znq$ g mnglblec~dqnzsban nvynzbnlan c`z GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq$ glh a`mydbglan ubxf gyydbagjdn zne~dgxb`lq,Xfn S`d~lxnnz Gaxb`l Hnygzxmnlx `snzqnnq yzèzgmq glh yzònaxq xfgx qxznlexfnl xfn


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blczgqxz~ax~zn c`z `zeglbgxb`lq xfgx ~qn s`d~lxnnzq$ ygzxba~dgzdr l`lyz`cbx `zeglbgxb`lq, Qbelbcbaglxyzèzgmq blad~hn xfn Agdbc`zlbg S`d~lxnnz Mgxafble Lnxu`zk$ xfz`~ef ufbaf blhbsbh~gdq glhcgmbdbnq agl qngzaf gyyz`vbmgxndr >9$999 s`d~lxnnz `yy`zx~lbxbnq c`z gaxbsbxbnq xfgx mgxaf xfnbzblxnznqxq,Xfn Hbqgqxnz S`d~lxnnzble glh Yznygznhlnqq Hnygzxmnlx j~bdhq xfn qxgxnq s`d~lxnnz lnxu`zkagygabxr x` znqy`lh nccnaxbsndr x` hbqgqxnzq glh nmnzenlabnq, Jr nvna~xbsn `zhnz$Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq bq znqy`lqbjdn c`z nlq~zble xfn a``zhblgxb`l `c s`d~lxnnz gaxbsbxbnq zndgxnh x`hbqgqxnz znqy`lqn glh zna`snzr$ blad~hble lnanqqgzr xzgblble$ nw~bymnlx$ glh xzglqy`zxgxb`lyz`sbqb`lq,Ygen 77Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 77Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq GmnzbA`zyq Sgd~nq

Gq f`mn x` xfn dgzenqx glh m`qx hbsnzqn y`y~dgxb`l bl xfn a`~lxzr$ Agdbc`zlbg cganq mglrqbelbcbaglx y~jdba afgddnlenq xfgx lnnh `~z gxxnlxb`l, Ubxf xfbq bl mblh$ AS bq a`mmbxxnh x`blsnqxble GmnzbA`zyq znq`~zanq bl yzèzgmq xfgx gzn? Xgzenxnh gx q`dsble g azbxbagd afgddnlen cgable Agdbc`zlbg, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq sgd~nqyzèzgm m`hndq xfgx adngzdr ghhznqq gl bhnlxbcbnh azbxbagd a`mm~lbxr bqq~n$ l`x mnzndr xfnnvyglqb`l `c g qbledn `zeglbgxb`lq mbqqb`l, GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq gzn znw~bznh x`ynzc`zm gaxbsbxbnq xfgx gzn hnqbelnh$ bmydnmnlxnh glh nsgd~gxnh ubxf nvxnlqbsn glh jz`gh-

jgqnh dàgd bly~x, Xfbq bly~x bq yz`sbhnh bl a`lq~dxgxb`l ubxf znyznqnlxgxbsnq cz`m xfna`mm~lbxr qnzsnh glh a`mm~lbxr-jgqnh genlabnq ubxf g hnm`lqxzgxnh zna`zh `cnvynzbnlan bl yz`sbhble qnzsbanq, Cà~qnh `l mngq~zgjdn `~xa`mnq, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq sgd~nq qxz`le yzèzgm hnqbelqj~bdx x` ghhznqq xfn a`mm~lbxr lnnh jr dèbagddr a`llnaxble gdd a`my`lnlxq jgak x` xfgxlnnh, Xfn yzèzgm hnqbel bq j~bdx x` hndbsnz xfn qnzsbanq xfgx gafbnsn xfn hnqbznh nlhznq~dx glh agl w~glxbcbgjdr mngq~zn glh zny`zx xfn bmygax gll~gddr, Gjdn x` hnm`lqxzgxn xfgx lgxb`lgd qnzsban bq gl gyyz`yzbgxn qxzgxner, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzqbq a`mmbxxnh x` hnm`lqxzgxble xfn nccnaxbsnlnqq `c ~qble qnzsban gq g qxzgxner x` ghhznqqa`mm~lbxr afgddnlenq, Q~aanqqc~d yzèzgm hnqbelq adngzdr bhnlxbcr hbznax jnlncbabgzbnq `cxfn qxgxnh a`mm~lbxr lnnh$ bhnlxbcr g znqngzaf jgqnh blxnzsnlxb`l yz`snl x` ghhznqq xfnlnnh glh adngzdr gzxba~dgxn ufr gl GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnz bq xfn gyyz`yzbgxn qxzgxner x`hndbsnz xfn blxnzsnlxb`l,

Hnhbagxnh x` w~gdbxr, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq qnnkq x` blsnqx bl yzèzgmq xfgx gzn a`mmbxxnhx` mgkble g hbccnznlan glh bla`zy`zgxn w~gdbxr mglgenmnlx yzgaxbanq x` `snzqnn xfnyzèzgm glh yz`xnax yznab`~q xgvygrnz h`ddgzq, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq sgd~nq yzèzgmqufbaf agl q~aanqqc~ddr bmydnmnlx xfn yzèzgm hnqbel jr gqq~zble xfgx xfn qrqxnmq glhyzànqqnq lnanqqgzr c`z mglgeble glh gqqnqqble xfn nccnaxbsnlnqq `c xfn yzèzgm m`hndgzn bl ydgan yzb`z x` `ynzgxb`l, Xfbq blad~hnq ghnw~gxn `snzqbefx bl xfn mglgenmnlx `cngaf a`my`lnlx x` gqq~zn xfgx xfn yzèzgm hnqbel glh qrqxnmq gzn bmydnmnlxnh glhgqqnqqnh$ glh xfgx qxgknf`dhnz cnnhjgak dnghq x` a`lxbl~`~q bmyz`snmnlx,Ygen 7:Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 7:Y@DBABNQ E^BHBLE AGDBC@ZLBGS@D^LXNNZQ EZGLX GYYDBAGXB@L

GLH QNDNAXB@L YZ@ANQQ

Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq Ezglxmgkble @snzsbnuGq xfn qxgxnq qnzsban a`mmbqqb`l$ AS gugzhq c~lhble xfz`~ef gl blxnlqbsn ezglxmgkble yzànqqxfgx xrybagddr jneblq bl xfn Cgdd `c ngaf rngz glh nvxnlhq xfz`~ef O~ln, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzqznanbsnq GmnzbA`zyq c~lhble xfz`~ef xu` qnygzgxn c~lhble qxzngmq? a`mynxbxbsn c~lhq glhc`zm~dg gdd`xmnlx,Agdbc`zlbg znanbsnq gl gdd`xmnlx `c hbqaznxb`lgzr c`zm~dg c~lhq$ g ynzanlx `c xfn cnhnzgd

GmnzbA zyq gyyz`yzbgxb`l hbqxzbj~xnh x` ngaf a`mmbqqb`l jgqnh ~y l xfn qxgxnq y`y~dgxb`l, XfnA`zy`zgxb`l gugzhq a`mynxbxbsn c~lhq xfz`~ef g lgxb`lgd a`mynxbxb`l, Xfz`~ef ASq ezglx znsbnuyzànqq$ gyydbagxb`lq mnnxble anzxgbl azbxnzbg gzn l`mblgxnh x` ygzxbabygxn bl xfn A`zy`zgxb`lqlgxb`lgd a`mynxbxb`l, H~zble xfbq a`mynxbxbsn yzànqq$ AS mgblxgblq g dbqx `c gyydbaglxq l`x qnlx x`


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xfn A`zy`zgxb`l j~x qxbdd ~lhnz a`lqbhnzgxb`l c`z c`zm~dg c~lhble, C`zm~dg hnabqb`lq gzn l`x mghn~lxbd xfn A`zy`zgxb`l gll`~lanq xfn znq~dxq `c xfn a`mynxbxbsn yzànqq,

Gq g enlnzgd z~dn$ ASq yzgaxban bq x` yz sbhn xfznn-rngz ezglxq x` gyydbaglxq jgqnh `l xfnbz qa znbl g ebsnl ezglxmgkble yzànqq, Xfn c`zm~dg gdd`xmnlx q~yy`zxq a`lxbl~gxb`l ezglxq c`z `ynzgxbleyzèzgmq a`lxbl~ble blx` xfnbz qna`lh `z xfbzh rngz$ ubxf xfn znmgblble c~lhq gsgbdgjdn c`z xfnezglxmgkble yzànqq, Bl ghhbxb`l$ ~lqynlx c~lhq cz`m yznsb`~q a`lxzgaxq$ klùl gq agzzr`snzc~lhq$ gzn ghhnh x` xfn x`xgd c`zm~dg y`x gsgbdgjdn c`z gddàgxb`l, ^l`jdbegxnh c`zm~dg c~lhq gzngyydbnh x` xfn gyydbagxb`l zglk `zhnz dbqx, Xfn AS GmnzbA`zyq A`mmbxxnn mgknq cblgd gyyz`sgd `cxfn c`zm~dg y`zxc`db`,Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq Ezglx Qndnaxb`l YzànqqJ`xf AS glh xfn A`zy`zgxb`l xrybagddr znanbsn cgz m`zn bl c~lhble znw~nqxq xfgl agl jn gugzhnh,

Gyydbagxb`lq gzn qndnaxnh ~qble gl blxnlqbsn$ m~dxb-qxgen yz anqq xfgx blad~hnq xfn AS ynnz/qxgccznsbnu yzànqq$ AS qxgcc blxnzsbnuq `c ygzxlnzqfbyq$ AS A`mmbqqb`l gyyz`sgd$ A`zy`zgxb`l ynnzznsbnu yglndq$ glh znsbnu jr A`zy`zgxb`l qxgcc ubxf gyyz`sgd jr xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq Afbnc Nvna~xbsn@ccbanz,C`ddùble xfn blbxbgd a`mydbglan qaznnlble$ ASq qndnaxb`l yzànqq àa~zq bl xu` yfgqnq, Cbzqx$h~zble xfn ynnz/qxgcc znsbnu yzànqq$ xngmq `c ynnz znsbnunzq cz`m xfz`~ef`~x xfn qxgxn glh qxgccnsgd~gxn xfn jgqba yzèzgm a`lanyx gegblqx g qndnaxb`l mgxzbv, Xf`qn gyydbagxb`lq xfgx qa`zn unddbl xfn ynnz/qxgcc znsbnu yzànqq ubdd jn blsbxnh x` ygzxbabygxn bl gl blxnzsbnu ubxf AS qxgcc, Xfnblxnzsbnu yzànqq nsgd~gxnq xfn a`mmbxmnlx `c xfn gyydbaglxq yz`y`qnh ygzxlnzqfbyq glh xfn

gjbdbxr `c xfn ygzxlnzqfby x` bmydnmnlx xfn yz`y`qnh yzèzgm hnqbel,X` nlq~zn xfgx lnu gyydbaglxq gzn yz`sbhnh nsnzr `yy`zx~lbxr x` q~aannh bl xfn qndnaxb`l yzànqq$AS ubdd ghh 79 ynzanlx `c xfn ynnz/qxgcc znsbnu qa`zn c`z lnu gyydbaglxq c`ddùble xfn ynnz/qxgccznsbnu yzànqq bl hnxnzmblble blxnzsbnu blsbxgxb`lq, @lan blsbxgxb`lq fgsn jnnl bqq~nh$ xfn 79ynzanlx gho~qxmnlx ubdd jn znm`snh,Xfn qa`znq cz`m xfn ynnz znsbnu glh blxnzsbnu yzànqqnq gzn unbefxnh 89 ynzanlx glh 39 ynzanlxznqynaxbsndr$ bl hnxnzmblble gl gyydbaglxq cblgd qa`zn, Bl ghhbxb`l$ 79 ynzanlx `c xfn unbefxnhqa`zn ubdd jn ghhnh x` xfn qa`zn `c g lnu gyydbaglx &snzbcbnh jr AS qxgcc" x` nqxgjdbqf bxq cblgd qa`zn,Ygen 71Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 71C`z nvgmydn$ g lnu gyydbaglx xf gx znanbsnq g qa`zn `c 6> h~zble xfn ynnz/qxgcc znsbnu yzànqq$glh gl 69 bl xfn qxgcc blxnzsbnu yzànqq$ u`~dh znanbsn g cblgd qa`zn `c 29,:?

6>&,89" + 69&,39"= 6: + &79." = 29,:C`ddùble xfn a`mydnxb`l `c xfn blxnzsbnu yzànqq$ g zglk-`zhnz dbqx ubdd jn azngxnh, Gdd gyydbaglxq$ufnxfnz gyydrble c`z a`mynxbxbsn `z c`zm~dg c~lhq$ m~qx mnnx g mblbm~m qa`zn xfznqf`dh bl `zhnzx` jn a`lqbhnznh c`z c~lhble, Gyydbaglxq xfgx gyydr c`z a`mynxbxbsn c~lhq$ glh h` l`x mnnx xfnmblbm~m xfznqf`dh$ ubdd l`x jn c`zugzhnh x` xfn lgxb`lgd a`mynxbxb`l, A`mynxbxbsn qndnaxb`l azbxnzbgblad~hnq ezglx qbn znw~nqx$ a`qx ynz MQR$ bqq~n gzng cà~q$ glh ygqx ynzc`zmglan &bc gyydbagjdn",AS xrybagddr ubdd mgkn yzndbmblgzr gll`~lanmnlxq gcxnz gdd gyyz`yzbgxn gyydbaglxq fgsn a`mydnxnhxfn blxnzsbnu yzànqq, Gyydbaglxq xfgx gzn qndnaxnh x` a`mynxn bl xfn lgxb`lgd a`mynxbxbsn yzànqqubdd jn c`zugzhnh x` xfn A`zy`zgxb`l gcxnz znanbsble cnnhjgak a`ddnaxnh cz`m xfn znsbnu yzànqq jrAS qxgcc, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq ubdd u`zk ubxf xfnqn gyydbaglxq x` q~jmbx xfn cblgd yz`y`qgdndnaxz`lbagddr sbg nEzglxq, Xfn A`zy`zgxb`l ubdd mgkn a`mynxbxbsn c~lhble hnabqb`lq c`ddùble xfna`mydnxb`l `c xfnbz znsbnu yzànqq, Gyydbaglxq xfgx gzn l`x q~aanqqc~d bl xfn lgxb`lgd a`mynxbxb`lubdd jn znx~zlnh x` Agdbc`zlbg$ znanbsn g j~henx gho~qxmnlx x` mnnx c`zm~dg c~lhble y`dbar$ glh jn

ydganh `l xfn c`zm~dg ugbx dbqx bl zglk `zhnz ynz xfn cblgd qa`zn cz`m xfn AS ezglxmgkble yzànqq,Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq mgblxgblq l` `jdbegxb`l x` yz`sbhn c`zm~dg c~lhble x` a`mynxbxbsn gyydbaglxqxfgx gzn l`x c~lhnh xfz`~ef xfn lgxb`lgd a`mynxbxb`l, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq ubdd cblgdbn yzèzgmqndnaxb`lq$ blad~hble xfn znabybnlxq `c c`zm~dg c~lhq$ c`ddùble xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq gll`~lanmnlxq bldgxn Mgr,Bl azngxble xfn c`zm~dg y`zxc`db` `c yzèzgmq$ AS a`lqbhnzq xu` yzbmgzr cgax`zq fbef w~gdbxr &gqhnxnzmblnh jr qa`zn" glh enèzgyfba hbqxzbj~xb`l, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq qnnkq x` gqq~zn xfgxa`mm~lbxbnq xfz`~ef`~x xfn qxgxn znanbsn GmnzbA`zyq c~lhble, X` gafbnsn xfbq e`gd$ AS ~xbdbnqxfn Agdbc`zlbg Na`l`mba Qxzgxner Yglndq lbln na`l`mba zneb`lq jr a`~lxr bl glgdrbleenèzgyfba hbqxzbj~xb`l, Gq ygzx `c xfnbz gyydbagxb`l ygakgen$ gyydbaglxq gzn gqknh x` bhnlxbcr xfn


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a`~lxr &q" bl ufbaf GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq ubdd qnzsn,C`ddùble a`mynxbxbsn c~lhble gll`~lanmnlxq$ AS ubdd ~xbdbn bxq c`zm~dg c~lhble x` nlq~zn gmblbm~m `c :9 MQRq ynz zneb`l glh 89 MQRq bl xfn Q`~xfnzl Agdbc`zlbg zneb`l, Gdd mnmjnzqyz`y`qnh bl xfbq zneb`l ubdd a`~lx xùgzh mnnxble xfbq znw~bznmnlx$ blad~hble xf`qn ydganh jrqbledn zneb`l$ m~dxb-zneb`l$ glh qxgxnubhn yzèzgmq, Bl `zhnz x` gafbnsn enèzgyfba ygzbxr$ gyzèzgm bl gl gdznghr znyznqnlxnh zneb`l mgr jn qkbyynh$ glh gl`xfnz yzèzgm mgr jn qndnaxnhbl `zhnz x` gafbnsn enèzgyfba jgdglan, ^lhnz l` abza~mqxglanq ubdd AS yz`sbhn c`zm~dg c~lhblex` gl gyydbaglx xfgx znanbsnq g qa`zn xfgx bq 79 `z m`zn y`blxq jndù xfn gyydbaglx bx hbqydganq, Bcxfbq ygzxba~dgz enèzgyfba jgdglan agll`x jn gafbnsnh h~n x` c~lhble glh a`lcbe~zgxb`l dbmbxgxb`lq$m~dxb-zneb`l glh qxgxnubhn yzèzgmq ubdd jn nla`~zgenh x` ydgan g mblbm~m l~mjnz `c MQR blzneb`lq xfgx gzn ~lhnzznyznqnlxnh, Qnn Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar A,8, Y`zxc`db` Hnsnd`ymnlx QxgxnubhnEnèzgyfba Hbqxzbj~xb`l c`z m`zn blc`zmgxb`l,AS yz`sbhnq gdd gyydbaglxq xfn `yy`zx~lbxr x` znw~nqx g q~mmgzr `c znsbnunz a`mmnlxq &j`xf ynnzznsbnunz glh qxgcc" bl `zhnz x` q~yy`zx xfnbz a`lxbl~`~q bmyz`snmnlx ncc`zxq, C~lhble l`xbcbagxb`ldnxxnzq ubdd blad~hn blqxz~axb`lq c`z znw~nqxble znsbnunz a`mmnlxq, A`mmbqqb`l c~lhble hnabqb`lqgzn cblgdxfnzn bq l` gyyngd yzànqq,Ygen 78Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 78Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq Qndnaxb`l Azbxnzbg

Bl nsgd~gxble gyydbagxb`lq c`z c~lhble$ znsbnunzq gx j`xf xfn qxgxn glh lgxb`lgd dnsnd ubdd gqqnqqyzèzgm hnqbel$ `zeglbgxb`lgd agygjbdbxr$ glh a`qx-nccnaxbsnlnqq glh j~henx ghnw~gar, Xfnunbefxq gqqbelnh x` ngaf agxne`zr glh q~j-agxne`zr gzn dbqxnh bl xfn afgzx jndù, Znsbnunzq ubddgqqnqq gyydbagxb`l lgzzgxbsnq gegblqx xfnqn azbxnzbg glh unbefx xfnm gaa`zhbledr, Ydngqn qnn xfn

GmnzbA zyq zne~dgxb`lq$ 8> ACZ :>::,8:9:>::,886$ c z ghhbxb`lgd hnxgbd znegzhble xfnqnazbxnzbg glh ufgx znsbnunzq ubdd gqqnqq bl ngaf agxne`zr,Jgqba Qndnaxb`l Azbxnzbg? Agxne`zbnq$ Q~j-Agxne`zbnq$ glh Znqynaxbsn UnbefxqXfn c`ddùble `~xdbln q~mmgzbnq qndnaxb`l azbxnzbg c`z ngaf agxne`zr?Yzèzgm Hnqbel &>9 ynzanlx x`xgd"Zgxb`lgdn glh Gyyz`gaf &79 ynzanlx" Undd-hà~mnlxnh a`mynddble a`mm~lbxr lnnh glh fù bx ugq bhnlxbcbnh Undd-hnqbelnh qnzsban gaxbsbxbnq xfgx ghhznqq xfn a`mm~lbxr lnnh$ ubxf gmjbxb`~qynzc`zmglan mngq~znq$ glh g ydgl `z qrqxnm c`z a`lxbl~`~q yzèzgm qndc-gqqnqqmnlx glh

bmyz`snmnlx Undd-hncblnh z`dnq c`z mnmjnzq xfgx xgzenx xfn a`mm~lbxr lnnh glh dngh x` mngq~zgjdn`~xa`mnq Nccnaxbsn bls`dsnmnlx `c xgzenx a`mm~lbxr bl yzèzgm ydgllble glh bmydnmnlxgxb`l A`ddgj`zgxb`l ubxf `xfnz A`zy`zgxb`l yzèzgmq glh bq hnqbelnh x` jn znydbagxnh Nsbhnlan `c yznsb`~q yzèzgm `~xa`mnq `z bmygax &zna`mynxble `z yznsb`~q yzèzgmq" Mngq~zgjdn `~xy~xq glh `~xa`mnqMnmjnz @~xy~xq glh @~xa`mnq &:9 ynzanlx" Nccnaxbsn ydglq c`z znaz~bxble$ mglgeble$ glh znugzhble hbsnzqn mnmjnzq xfgx bq zncdnaxbsn`c xfn a`mm~lbxr x` jn qnzsnh Nccnaxbsn ydglq x` yz`sbhn mnmjnzq ubxf xzgblble lnnhnh x` hndbsnz fbef-w~gdbxr qnzsban Undd-hnqbelnh gaxbsbxbnq xfgx yz`m`xn gl nxfba `c qnzsban glh absba znqy`lqbjbdbxr Nccnaxbsn ydglq c`z yz`sbhble `le`ble mnmjnz q~ynzsbqb`l$ q~yy`zx$ glh znaèlbxb`l x`

gqqbqx mnmjnzq bl q~aanqqc~ddr a`mydnxble xfnbz xnzm `c qnzsbanAgxne`zrQ~j-Agxne`zbnq glh UnbefxqYzèzgm Hnqbel >9.Zgxb`lgdn glh Gyyz`gaf &79."Mnmjnz @~xy~xq glh @~xa`mnq &:9."A`mm~lbxr @~xy~xq glh @~xa`mnq &:9."@zeglbgxb`lgd Agygjbdbxr :>.L` q~j-agxne`zbnqA`qx-Nccnaxbsnlnqq glh J~henx Ghnw~gar - :>.


10/62

A`qx-Nccnaxbsnlnqq &7>."J~henx Ghnw~gar &79."Ygen 7>Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 7> Nsbhnlan `c q~aanqqc~d mnmjnz nlz`ddmnlx glh znxnlxb`l xgzenxq glh gafbnsnmnlx `c undd-hncblnh ynzc`zmglan mngq~znq &zna`mynxble `z yznsb`~q yzèzgmq"A`mm~lbxr @~xy~xq glh @~xa`mnq &:9 ynzanlx" Nsbhnlan `c mnnxble xgzenxnh$ a`mynddble a`mm~lbxr lnnhq Nsbhnlan `c a`lxbl~gddr nvyglhble glh blazngqble yzèzgm zngaf glh bmygax bl xfna`mm~lbxr &zna`mynxble `z yznsb`~q yzèzgmq" Undd-hncblnh mnmjnz gaxbsbxbnq c`z znaz~bxble glh q~yy`zxble d`le-xnzm `z nybq`hbas`d~lxnnz a`mmbxmnlxq cz`m a`mm~lbxr s`d~lxnnzq$ ubxf gyyz`yzbgxn ynzc`zmglanmngq~znq Qxz`le a`mm~lbxr ygzxlnzqfbyq$ blad~hble undd-hncblnh z`dnq c`z ygzxlnzq Qxz`le y`xnlxbgd c`z yzèzgm q~qxgblgjbdbxr Undd-hncblnh z`dnq c`z mnmjnzq bl nlfglable xfn agygabxr `c ygzxlnzble `zeglbgxb`lqdnghble x` mngq~zgjdn `~xa`mnq `z bmygax@zeglbgxb`lgd Agygjbdbxr &:> Ynzanlx" Gjbdbxr x` yz`sbhn q`~lh yzèzgmmgxba glh cbqagd `snzqbefx

Q`~lh xzgak zna`zh `c gaa`mydbqfmnlx gq g ygzxlnzqfby$ ygzxba~dgzdr bl xfn yz`y`qnhgaxbsbxr gzngq Undd-hncblnh z`dnq c`z qxgcc$ ghmblbqxzgx`zq$ glh ygzxlnzq Undd-hnqbelnh ydgl `z qrqxnmq c`z qndc-gqqnqqmnlx$ nsgd~gxb`l$ glh a`lxbl~`~qbmyz`snmnlx Nsbhnlan `c gjbdbxr x` enlnzgxn glh q~yy`zx hbsnzqn s`d~lxnnzq x` blazngqn `zeglbgxb`lgdagygabxr Hnm`lqxzgxb`l `c dnghnzqfby bl xfn ygzxlnzqfby glh a`mm~lbxr Nsbhnlan `c jz`gh a`mm~lbxr q~yy`zx xfz`~ef cblglabgd glh bl-kblh a`lxzbj~xb`lq Gen glh zgxn `c ezùxf `c xfn dnegd gyydbaglxA`qx Nccnaxbsnlnqq/J~henx Ghnw~gar &:> Ynzanlx" A`qx nccnaxbsn jgqnh `l a`qx-ynz-MQR Ygzxlnzqfby ydglq c`z qna~zble hbsnzqn c~lhble q`~zanq$ b,n,$ l`l-cnhnzgd q~yy`zx c`z

yzèzgm bmydnmnlxgxb`l glh q~qxgblgjbdbxr jnr`lh mblbm~m znw~bznmnlxq Hnm`lqxzgxb`l `c hnazngqnh zndbglan `l cnhnzgd znq`~zanq$ blad~hble a`mynxbxbsn a`qx ynzMQR Ghnw~gxn j~henx x` q~yy`zx yzèzgm hnqbelYgen 73Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 73

GmnzbA zyq E~bhglan @snzsbnuBl bxq z`dn gq xfn Qxgxnq qnzsban a`mmbqqb`l$ AS qndnaxq glh ghmblbqxnzq GmnzbA`zyq ezglxq ~lhnzxfn yz`sbqb`lq `c xfn Lgxb`lgd glh A`mm~lbxr Qnzsban Xz~qx Gax `c 7221 glh znanlx gmnlhnhyz`sbqb`lq g~xf`zbnh jr xfn QGG, Gdd GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq m~qx gjbhn jr xfn zne~dgxb`lq$

GmnzbA zyq yz`sbqb`lq$ glh cnhnzgd y`dbabnq blad~hnh bl xfnqn xu` dguq, Bl ghhbxb`l x` xfnqncnhnzgd znw~bznmnlxq$ GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq c~lhnh jr AS m~qx a`mydr ubxf qxgxn-qynabcba

y`dbabnq$ ezglx xnzmq glh a`lhbxb`lq,Yz`qynaxbsn GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq m~qx ~lhnzqxglh glh c`ddù g l~mjnz `c GmnzbA`zyqhà~mnlxq ufnl a`lqbhnzble gyydrble c`z gl GmnzbA`zyq ezglx glh m`sble blx` xfn yzèzgmhnqbel yfgqn, G yzèzgm gyydbaglx qf`~dh a`lq~dx xfn c`ddùble hà~mnlxq x` nlq~zn xfgx bx fgqxfn dgxnqx blc`zmgxb`l znegzhble xfn zne~dgxb`lq$ yz`sbqb`lq$ glh znw~bznmnlxq `c jna`mble gl

GmnzbA zyq yzèzgm? Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq Znw~nqx c`z Gyydbagxb`l Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn GmnzbA`zyq Cnhnzgd Zne~dgxb`lq$ 8> ACZ :>:9-:>>9 gsgbdgjdn `ldbln gxuuu,ey`gaanqq,e`s/nacz


11/62

@lan gl `zeglbgxb`l `z bxq ygzxlnzqfbyq znanbsnq GmnzbA`zyq c~lhble xfn e~bhble hà~mnlxq ubddgdq` blad~hn? GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm Yz`y`qgd &gyydbagxb`l" glh glr m`hbcbagxb`lq GmnzbA`zyq ezglx `z a`lxzgax bqq~nh jr AS$ ufbaf blad~hnq qxgxn y`dbabnq$ xnzmq glha`lhbxb`lq `c xfn ezglx gugzh, Xfn gyyz`snh yzèzgm j~henx$ ufbaf a`lxgblq xfn mgvbm~m gm`~lx `c c~lhq xfnA`zy`zgxb`l fgq yz`sbhnh c`z xfn yzèzgm gq undd gq bxq `jdbegxb`lq x` zgbqn mgxafble c~lhqglh bl-kblh a`lxzbj~xb`lq,Xfn qnaxb`lq xfgx c`ddù yz`sbhn blc`zmgxb`l glh c~zxfnz adgzbcbagxb`l `l A`zy`zgxb`l glh ASezglxmgkble glh yzèzgm hnqbel y`dbabnq, Xfn qnaxb`lq gzn `zeglbnh jr g yz`myxble w~nqxb`l$c`ddùnh jr xfn gyydbagjdn AS y`dbar uzbxxnl bl bxgdbabnh c`lx, C`z ngaf y`dbar `z znw~bznmnlx$blc`zmgxb`l bq yz`sbhnh x` c~zxfnz adgzbcr xfn blxnlx `c xfn znw~bznmnlx,Ygen 75Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 75Ufgx gzn xfn cnhnzgd znw~bznmnlxq c`z GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq0AS Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar G,7--Cnhnzgd Ezglxmgkble Y`dbanq glh Znw~bznmnlxq, Q~aanqqc~dgyydbaglxq ubdd jn znw~bznh x` a`mydr ubxf GmnzbA`zyq zne~dgxb`lq 8> ACZ :>:9-:>>9$

GmnzbA zyq yz`sbqb`lq$ glh glr gyydbagjdn q~jqnw~nlx afglenq bl cnhnzgd znw~bznmnlxq gq bqq~nhjr xfn A`zy`zgxb`l c`z Lgxb`lgd glh A`mm~lbxr Qnzsban,

[Znsbqnh Ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>; 79,96,92]Adgzbcbagxb`l, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq qndnaxq glh ghmblbqxnzq GmnzbA`zyq ezglxq ~lhnz xfnyz`sbqb`lq `c xfn Lgxb`lgd glh A`mm~lbxr Qnzsban Xz~qx Gax `c 7221 glh znanlx gmnlhnhzne~dgxb`lq g~xf`zbnh jr xfn QGG, Gdd GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq m~qx gjbhn jr xfn zne~dgxb`lq$

GmnzbA zyq yz`sbqb`lq$ glh cnhnzgd y`dbabnq blad~hnh bl xfnqn xu` dguq, A`mydbglan ubxf xfnqncnhnzgd znw~bznmnlxq bq azbxbagd x` gqq~zble w~gdbxr yzèzgmmble glh nccnaxbsn mglgenmnlx `cxgvygrnz c~lhq, Xfn c~dd GmnzbA`zyq zne~dgxb`lq$ 8> ACZ :>:9-:>>9$ gzn gsgbdgjdn `ldbln gxuuu,ey`gaanqq,e`s/nacz, Xfn GmnzbA`zyq zne~dgxb`lq blad~hn xfn azbxnzbg ~qnh x` qndnaxgyydbaglxq c`z c~lhble glh `xfnz ynzxblnlx blc`zmgxb`l &qnn xgjdn jndù",Yzèzgm Znw~bznmnlxq bl xfn GmnzbA`zyq Zne~dgxb`lqZnw~bznmnlxq glh Qndnaxb`lAbxgxb`l bl xfn GmnzbA`zyq Zne~dgxb`lqMnmjnz Qnzsban Gaxbsbxbnq

:>:9,:9 - :>:9,>>Yz`fbjbxnh Gaxbsbxbnq:>:9,3>X~x`zble Yzèzgmq:>::,299-:>::,2>9Mgxafble C~lhq:>:7,1>-:>:7,29Mnmjnz Jnlncbxq:>::,:89-:>::,:>9Agda~dgxble A`qx Ynz Mnmjnz Qnzsban Rngz &MQR" :>::,86>Ynzc`zmglan Mngq~znq:>::,>99-:>::,3>9Nsgd~gxb`l

:>::,>99-:>::,>89 glh :>::,599-:>::,589Qndnaxb`l Azbxnzbg glh Qndnaxb`l Yzànqq:>::,899-:>::,85>Xfn mgo`z GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgm a`my`lnlxq znw~bznh jr xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq gzn q~mmgzbnh jndù,Mgxafble Znw~bznmnlxq

GmnzbA zyq yzèzgmq xfgx znanbsn qxglhgzh cnhnzgd ezglxq &l`l-cbvnh gm`~lx ezglxq" gzn znw~bznhx` yz`sbhn g qbledn `snzgdd mgxaf `c :8 ynzanlx c`z xfn cbzqx xfznn-rngz c~lhble ynzb`h, Qxgzxble ubxfxfn qna`lh xfznn-rngz aradn$ mgxaf ezgh~gddr blazngqnq nsnzr rngz x` >9 ynzanlx jr rngz xnl$gaa`zhble x` 8> ACZ :>:7,39 q~mmgzbnh bl xfn c`ddùble xgjdn?Rngz 7 Rngz : Rngz 1 Rngz 8 Rngz > Rngz 3 Rngz 5 Rngz 6 Rngz 2 Rngz 79


12/62

Mblbm~m@snzgddQfgzn:8.:8.:8.:3.19.18.16.8:.83.>9.Yzèzgmq mgr yz`sbhn xfnbz qfgzn `c `ynzgxble a`qxq glh `snzgdd mgxaf xfz`~ef agqf `z bl-kblhznq`~zanq$ glh mgr ~qn l`l-A`zy`zgxb`l cnhnzgd c~lhq bc qynabcbagddr gddùnh jr xfn `xfnz cnhnzgdgenlar, Mgxafble c~lhq m~qx jn snzbcbgjdn; l`x blad~hnh gq mgxaf c`z `xfnz cnhnzgd yzèzgmq; jnlnanqqgzr glh zngq`lgjdn c`z xfn y~zy`qn `c r`~z yzèzgm glh$ jn gddùgjdn ~lhnz @ccban `cYgen 76Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 76

Mglgenmnlx glh J~henx &@MJ" a`qx yzblabydnq, Mgxafble c~lhq m~qx jn qna~znh `l gl gll~gdjgqbq, AS qxz`ledr zna`mmnlhq xfgx gyydbaglxq ydgllble x` ~qn cnhnzgd c~lhq cz`m gl`xfnz cnhnzgdgenlar gq mgxaf qna~zn g~xf`zbgxb`l x` h` q`,Xfn dnegd gyydbaglx bq xfn nlxbxr znqy`lqbjdn c`z mnnxble mgxafble c~lhq znw~bznmnlxq, Xfn dnegdgyydbaglx mgr znw~nqx xfgx ygzxlnzble `zeglbgxb`lq yz`sbhn g qfgzn `c xfn mgxaf lnanqqgzr x`mnnx mgxafble c~lhq znw~bznmnlxq, Gyydbaglxq m~qx hnm`lqxzgxn q~ccbabnlx mgxaf x` mnnx xfnmblbm~m znw~bznmnlxq$ j~x gzn ghsbqnh l`x x` blad~hn mgxaf bl nvanqq `c xfn mblbm~m bc q`~zanqgzn ~lanzxgbl, Cgbd~zn x` qna~zn mgxafble c~lhq bhnlxbcbnh bl xfn j~henx mgr znq~dx bl ghsnzqng~hbx cblhbleq bl ghhbxb`l x` lnegxbsndr gccnaxble c~x~zn ezglx gyydbagxb`lq x` xfn A`zy`zgxb`l,J`xf AS glh xfn A`zy`zgxb`l nla`~zgen yzèzgmq x` nvannh xfn mblbm~m mgxaf dnsndq glh x`qna~zn ezngxnz q~yy`zx cz`m qxgxn glh dàgd c~lhble q`~zanq$ blad~hble yzbsgxn q`~zanq q~af gqa`zy`zgxb`lq$ c`~lhgxb`lq$ blhbsbh~gdq$ dàgd j~qblnqqnq$ glh l`lyz`cbx `zeglbgxb`lq, Bl ygzxba~dgz$xfn A`zy`zgxb`l ydganq ezngxnz sgd~n `l l`l-cnhnzgd mgxafble c~lhq h~n x` hbznaxb`l znanbsnh cz`m

A`leznqq xfgx xfn A`zy`zgxb`l qf`~dh blazngqn xfn dnsnd `c mgxafble c~lhq yz`sbhnh jr xfn yzbsgxnqnax`z,Nh~agxb`l Gugzh Yzèzgm glh `xfnz A`zy`zgxb`l cbvnh-gm`~lx ezglxq q~af gq xfn :979 Cbvnh-

Gm`~lx Ezglx Ybd`x h` l x fgsn mgxaf znw~bznmnlxq,Cnhnzgd Cblglabgd Mglgenmnlx glh Ezglx Ghmblbqxzgxb`l Znw~bznmnlxq

Gq ubxf gdd cnhnzgd ezglx yzèzgmq$ bx bq xfn znqy`lqbjbdbxr c gdd ezglxnnq x` nlq~zn gyyz`yzbgxnqxnugzhqfby `c cnhnzgd c~lhq nlxz~qxnh x` xfnm, ^lhnz xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq zne~dgxb`lq$ ngaf ezglxnnm~qx mgblxgbl cblglabgd mglgenmnlx qrqxnmq xfgx yz`sbhn gaa~zgxn$ a~zznlx$ glh a`mydnxnhbqad`q~zn `c xfn cblglabgd znq~dxq `c bxq yzèzgm, X` mnnx xfbq znw~bznmnlx$ yzèzgmq m~qx fgsnghnw~gxn gaa`~lxble yzgaxbanq glh yzành~znq$ blxnzlgd a`lxz`dq$ g~hbx xzgbdq$ glh a`qx gddàgxb`lyzành~znq, @MJ Abza~dgz G-711$ G~hbxq `c Qxgxnq$ Dàgd E`snzlmnlxq$ glh L`lyz`cbx@zeglbgxb`lq$ znw~bznq gdd `zeglbgxb`lq x` fgsn G-711 cblglabgd g~hbxq bc xfnr gll~gddr nvynlh(>99$999 `z m`zn bl cnhnzgd gugzhq, Xfbq znw~bznmnlx gyydbnq x` xfn `zeglbgxb`lq x`xgd

nvynlhbx~znq ngaf cbqagd rngz ~lhnz gdd `c bxq cnhnzgd gugzhq,Gq ubxf gdd cnhnzgd ezglx yzèzgmq$ dnegd gyydbaglxq m~qx nlq~zn xfgx gaxbsbxbnq$ blad~hble xf`qn cglr q~jezglxnnq$ ubdd jn a`lh~axnh$ glh cgabdbxbnq `ynzgxnh$ bl a`mydbglan ubxf xfn gyydbagjdn absbdzbefxq qxgx~xnq glh xfnbz bmydnmnlxble zne~dgxb`lq, Yzèzgmq m~qx `jxgbl gqq~zglanq `c q~afa`mydbglan yzb`z x` nvxnlhble cnhnzgd cblglabgd gqqbqxglan x` q~jezglxnnq, C`z absbd zbefxqy~zy`qnq$ gdd yzèzgmq glh yzònaxq c~lhnh `z znanbsble mnmjnz qnzsbanq ~lhnz xfn Lgxb`lgd glhA`mm~lbxr Qnzsban Gax$ gq gmnlhnh$ gzn yzèzgmq `z gaxbsbxbnq znanbsble cnhnzgd cblglabgdgqqbqxglan,Ygen 72Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"


13/62

Ygen 72Ufgx bq xfn z`dn `c xfn AS A`mmbqqb`l bl xfn ezglx qndnaxb`l yzànqq0Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,7, C~lhble Hnabqb`l G~xf`zbxr, Zna`mynxble glh lnu gyydbaglxq gyydrxfz`~ef gl `ynl glh a`mynxbxbsn yzànqq `snzqnnl jr xfn A`mmbqqb`l, Ezglxmgkble hnabqb`lqzndgxble x` a`lxbl~gxb`l gyydbaglxq gzn mglgenh jr AS qxgcc,[Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>]Adgzbcbagxb`l, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq y`dbar bq x` adgzbcr xfn z`dnq `c xfn A`mmbqqb`l glh AS qxgcc blmglgeble GmnzbA`zyq c~lhble, Bl glr ebsnl rngz$ xfnzn gzn xfznn xrynq `c gyydbaglxq xfgx qnnkc~lhble cz`m xfn A`mmbqqb`l? Lnu Gyydbaglxq$ Zna`mynxble Gyydbaglxq$ glh A`lxbl~gxb`l

Gyydbaglxq,Zna`mynxble Gyydbaglxq, Zna`mynxble gyydbaglxq gzn yzèzgmq xfgx fgsn a`mydnxnh g xfznn-rngzezglx aradn &bl m`qx blqxglanq" glh `yx x` zna`mynxn c`z gl`xfnz 1-rngz gugzh, Xrybagddr$ gddnvbqxble yzèzgmq nlxnzble xfn cblgd rngz `c xfnbz ezglx ynzb`h gzn ndbebjdn c`z zna`mynxbxb`l, Q~afyzèzgmq ubdd znanbsn g yzèzgm gqqnqqmnlx a`mydnxnh jr xfnbz Yzèzgm Gqqàbgxn &YG", Xfngqqnqqmnlx ubdd blad~hn xfbleq q~af gq gl glgdrqbq `c xfn yzèzgmq ynzc`zmglan gq undd gq bxqmnmjnz nlz`ddmnlx glh znxnlxb`l hgxg$ glh A`zy`zgxb`l Blqynax`z Enlnzgd g~hbx cblhbleq &bcgyydbagjdn",Lnu Gyydbaglxq, G lnu gyydbaglx bq `ln bl ufbaf lnbxfnz xfn dnegd gyydbaglx$ l`z yzbmgzr ygzxlnzble`zeglbgxb`lq$ l`z blhbsbh~gdq bls`dsnh bl hnsnd`yble xfn a~zznlx GmnzbA`zyq gyydbagxb`l fgsnhnsnd`ynh gl GmnzbA`zyq gyydbagxb`l xfgx fgq jnnl gugzhnh gl `ynzgxble ezglx$ `z unzn

yznsb`~qdr nmyd`rnh gq a`zn yzèzgm qxgcc `c g c~lhnh yzèzgm$ qxgxn a`mmbqqb`l$ `z A`zy`zgxb`lbl xfn dgqx cbsn rngzq,A`lxbl~gxb`l Gyydbaglxq, A`lxbl~gxb`l gyydbaglxq gzn yzèzgmq q~jmbxxble znw~nqxq c`z rngzq xu`glh xfznn `c xfn xfznn-rngz ezglx aradn, A`lxbl~gxb`l znw~nqxq gzn xrybagddr q~jmbxxnh c`z xfn qgmnl~mjnz `c Mnmjnz Qnzsban Rngzq &MQRq" ubxf mbl`z afglenq bl xfn j~henx znw~nqx h~n x`blcdgxb`lgzr a`qx ynz Mnmjnz Qnzsban Rngz &MQR" blazngqnq$ `z a`qx ynz MQR znh~axb`lq jgqnh `lASq a`qx ynz MQR qafnh~dn,Ygen :9Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen :9Ufgx gzn ASq ndbebjbdbxr znw~bznmlxq c`z gl GmnzbA`zyq ezglx gyydbaglx0Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,:, Ygzxlnzqfby Znw~bznmnlxq, Gx g mblbm~m$ g c~lhnh yzèzgm m~qxfgsn gx dngqx `ln y~jdba glh `ln yzbsgxn ygzxlnz &l`l-yz`cbx `z c`z-yz`cbx nlxbxr", Xfn yzbmgzr

mnmjnzq `c xfn ygzxlnzqfby m~qx blad~hn gx dngqx xfznn blhnynlhnlx nlxbxbnq$ ngaf `c ufbaf m~qxfgsn g qbelbcbaglx z`dn bl ydgllble$ `ynzgxble$ glh q~qxgblble xfn yzèzgm, @xfnz mnmjnzq `c xfnygzxlnzqfby qf`~dh fgsn `le`ble z`dnq glh/`z yz`sbhn `xfnz a`lxzbj~xb`lq q~af gq xzgblbleznq`~zanq$ x` nlq~zn xfn q~aanqq `c xfn yzèzgm, Xfn ygzxlnzqfby bq c`zmgdbnh &n,e, jr gMnm`zglh~m `c ^lhnzqxglhble xfgx$ gx g mblbm~m$ hnqazbjnq mgxaf znw~bznmnlxq$ z`dnq glhznqy`lqbjbdbxbnq$ nvynaxgxb`lq$ glh a`mmbxmnlxq",[Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>]Adgzbcbagxb`l, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq y`dbar bq xu`-c`dh? 7" x` nla`~zgen y``dble `c dàgddr gsgbdgjdngqqnxq$ mgvbmbn a``ynzgxb`l$ glh mblbmbn a`mynxbxbsn ncc`zxq; glh :" X` q`dbhbcr xfn ygzxlnzqfbyjr znw~bzble c`zmgd uzbxxnl geznnmnlxq,Xfn A`mmbqqb`l fgq g d`le qxglhble y`dbar `c q~yy`zxble qxz`le a`mm~lbxr ygzxlnzqfbyq xfgx~xbdbn GmnzbA`zyq znq`~zanq x` hnsnd`y xf`~efxc~d glh a`myznfnlqbsn qxzgxnebnq x` ghhznqq xfnafgddnlenq xfgx cgan Agdbc`zlbgq a`mm~lbxbnq, Ygzxlnzqfbyq fndy x` nlq~zn xfgx GmnzbA`zyq

yzèzgmq zncdnax xfn a`mm~lbxbnq bl ufbaf xfnr qnzsn$ gzn q~yy`zxnh jr xfn a`mm~lbxr$ glh gqqbqxxfn yzèzgm bl blqxbx~xble d`le-xnzm afglen glh q~qxgblgjdn q`d~xb`lq x` a`mm~lbxr lnnhq,Gx g mblbm~m$ g ygzxlnzqfby m~qx fgsn gx dngqx `ln y~jdba glh `ln yzbsgxn ygzxlnz &l`l-yz cbx `zc`z-yz`cbx nlxbxr", AS a`lqbhnzq >97&a"&1" l`lyz`cbx `zeglbgxb`lq x` jn yzbsgxn nlxbxbnq, Xfnyzbmgzr mnmjnzq `c xfn ygzxlnzqfby m~qx blad~hn gx dngqx xfznn blhnynlhnlx `zeglbgxb`lq$ ngaf`c ufbaf m~qx fgsn qbelbcbaglx z`dnq bl ydgllble$ `ynzgxble$ glh q~qxgblble xfn yzèzgm, @xfnzmnmjnzq `c xfn ygzxlnzqfby qf`~dh fgsn `le`ble z`dnq glh/`z yz`sbhn `xfnz a`lxzbj~xb`lq q~af gqxzgblble znq`~zanq$ x` nlq~zn xfn q~aanqq `c xfn yzèzgm, Xfn ygzxlnzqfby bq c`zmgdbnh jr gMnm`zglh~m `c ^lhnzqxglhble &M@^" xfgx blad~hnq gx g mblbm~m$ mgxaf znw~bznmnlxq$ z`dnqglh znqy`lqbjbdbxbnq$ nvynaxgxb`lq$ glh `xfnz a`mmbxmnlxq, Ygzxlnzq mgr blad~hn$ j~x gzn l`x


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dbmbxnh x`? a`mm~lbxr-jgqnh `zeglbgxb`lq; qnlb`z glh r`~xf `zeglbgxb`lq; hbqgjbdbxr`zeglbgxb`lq; K-7: qaf``dq$ a`ddnenq glh ~lbsnzqbxbnq; af~zafnq glh cgbxf-jgqnh `zeglbgxb`lq;dàgd$ qxgxn$ glh cnhnzgd e`snzlmnlx genlabnq; j~qblnqqnq glh c`~lhgxb`lq; fngdxf agzn`zeglbgxb`lq; glh$ `xfnz lgxb`lgd qnzsban yzèzgmq, Gdd ygzxlnzq qf`~dh jn bhnlxbcbnh `l xfnYgzxlnzqfby C`zm ndnaxz`lbagddr q~jmbxxnh gq ygzx `c xfn gyydbagxb`l ygakgen,Bx qf`~dh jn l`xnh xfgx gl `zeglbgxb`l adgqqbcbnh gq g >97&a"&8" l`lyz`cbx `zeglbgxb`l xfgxnlegenq bl d`jjrble gaxbsbxbnq bq l`x ndbebjdn x` gyydr$ qnzsn gq g f`qx qbxn c`z mnmjnz ydganmnlxq$`z gax bl glr xryn `c q~ynzsbq`zr z`dn bl xfn yz`y`qnh GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgm, Jnag~qn >97&a"&8"l`l-yz`cbxq xnlh x` jn `zeglbgxb`lq uf`qn yzbmgzr gaxbsbxbnq zns`dsn gz`~lh ghsàgar gaxbsbxbnq$q~af `zeglbgxb`lq mgr z~l xfn zbqk `c ~qble GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq bl qxzbaxdr yz`fbjbxnh ghsàgargaxbsbxbnq, Q~yy`zx c`z Qmgdd A`mm~lbxr @zeglbgxb`lq, GmnzbA`zyq fgq g d`le xzghbxb`l `c gqqbqxbleqmgdd a`mm~lbxr `zeglbgxb`lq bl ghhznqqble a`mm~lbxr lnnhq, Qblan xfn yzèzgmqblanyxb`l$ xf`~qglhq `c mnmjnzq fgsn qnzsnh ubxf qmgdd a`mm~lbxr `zeglbgxb`lq xfz`~efdbxnzgar yzèzgmq mglgenh jr af~zafnq glh fngdxf qnzsbanq yzèzgmq yz`sbhnh jr qmgdda`mm~lbxr-jgqnh `zeglbgxb`lq, Fùnsnz$ mglr qbmbdgz `zeglbgxb`lq fgsn l`x znanbsnhgqqbqxglan xfz`~ef y~jdba c~lhble, Bx bq ASq blxnlxb`l x` mgkn GmnzbA`zyq znq`~zanq m`znYgen :7Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen :7

gaanqqbjdn x` qmgdd a`mm~lbxr `zeglbgxb`lq &cgbxf-jgqnh glh qna~dgz" xfgx mgr fgsn dbxxdn `zl` nvynzbnlan ubxf e`snzlmnlx ezglxq,

Gdd gyydbaglxq gzn nla`~zgenh x` q~yy`zx xfn ncc`zxq c qmgdd a`mm~lbxr `zeglbgxb`lq x` mnnxdàgd lnnhq, Qmgdd a`mm~lbxr `zeglbgxb`lq mgr blad~hn absba$ a`mm~lbxr glh l`lyz`cbx`zeglbgxb`lq$ lnbefj`zf``h ez`~yq$ hbqgjbdbxr `zeglbgxb`lq glh cgbxf-jgqnh `zeglbgxb`lq,

Gyydbaglxq mbefx nlegen qmgdd a`mm~lbxr zeglbgxb`lq bl z`dnq q~af gq q~jezglxnnq$mnmjnz ydganmnlx qbxnq$ `z s`d~lxnnz znaz~bxmnlx ygzxlnzqfbyq, Q~af ygzxlnzqfbyq qf`~dh jnhnxgbdnh `l xfn gyydbaglxq Ygzxlnzqfby C`zm, Bl hnsnd`yble gl gyydbagxb`l glh qxznlexfnlblegaxbsbxbnq ubxf cgbxf-jgqnh glh/`z qmgdd a`mm~lbxr `zeglbgxb`lq$ gyydbaglxq qf`~dh a`lq~dx xfnA`zy`zgxb`lq Cgbxf-Jgqnh X``dkbx$ gsgbdgjdn gx uuu,lgxb`lgdqnzsbanznq`~zanq,`ze/cganq,

Gq l`xnh gj`sn$ bl q`mn blqxglanq$ qmgdd a`mm~lbxr zeglbgxb`lq mgr jn hbznax gyydbaglxqc`z ezglx c~lhble, Bl `xfnz agqnq$ A`zy`zgxb`l-c~lhnh yzèzgmq mbefx ygzxlnz ubxf q~af`zeglbgxb`lq x` mnnx xfnbz `jonaxbsnq, Bl qxbdd `xfnz agqnq$ A`zy`zgxb`l ezglxnnq mgr qnzsn gq

blxnzmnhbgzbnq c`z qmgdd `zeglbgxb`lq, Blxnzmnhbgzr @zeglbgxb`lq, Blxnzmnhbgzr `zeglbgxb`lq yz`sbhn xfn mnafglbqm c`z ufbafqmgdd a`mm~lbxr `zeglbgxb`lq mgr gaanqq GmnzbA`zyq glh `xfnz A`zy`zgxb`l znq`~zanq,Blxnzmnhbgzbnq gzn lgxb`lgd$ zneb`lgd$ qxgxn$ `z dàgd `zeglbgxb`lq xfgx geznn x` yz`sbhn xfnxnaflbagd glh cblglabgd q~yy`zx x` gqqbqx qmgdd a`mm~lbxr `zeglbgxb`lq xfgx h` l`x fgsn xfnagygabxr x` ynzc`zm xfnqn c~laxb`lq, Blxnzmnhbgzbnq qnzsn gq xfn dnegd gyydbaglx c`z gA`zy`zgxb`l ezglx$ xfnznjr nlq~zble xfgx xfn qrqxnmq x` mglgen g cnhnzgd ezglx gzn bl ydgan,Yz`sbhble xfgx xfnzn bq g a`mm`l a`mm~lbxr lnnh$ blxnzmnhbgzbnq mgr ydgan blhbsbh~gdmnmjnzq gx xfn qbxnq `c qmgdd a`mm~lbxr `zeglbgxb`lq glh gqq~mn znqy`lqbjbdbxr c`zm`lbx`zble xfn yzèznqq `c xfn qbxnq, Blxnzmnhbgzbnq mgr xgkn hbccnznlx c`zmq, C`z nvgmydn$ gzneb`lgd blxnzmnhbgzr mgr q~yy`zx a`mm~lbxr `zeglbgxb`lq nlegenh bl `ln `z m`zna`mydnmnlxgzr bqq~n gzngq$ `z g qxgxnubhn blxnzmnhbgzr mgr q~yy`zx a`mm~lbxr `zeglbgxb`lqnlegenh bl `ln yzbmgzr bqq~n gzng, Blxnzmnhbgzbnq qf`~dh l`x qnzsn gq jz`knzq `c GmnzbA`zyq

mnmjnz y`qbxb`lq$ j~x blqxngh qf`~dh gqq~mn g dnghnzqfby z`dn bl a`lsnlble glh yz`sbhbleghmblbqxzgxbsn q~yy`zx x` qmgddnz `zeglbgxb`lq ~lbxnh gz`~lh g qbmbdgz a`mm~lbxr lnnh,Ygen ::Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen ::Ufgx bq ASq dbmbx `l xfn gm`~lx gugzhnh ynz mnmjnz0Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,1, A`qx Ynz Mnmjnz Qnzsban Rngz, Xfn A`mmbqqb`lq a`qx ynz mnmjnz `zA`qx Ynz Mnmjnz Qnzsban Rngz &MQR" y`dbar a`lqbqxq `c c`~z a`my`lnlxq?7, G a`qx ynz MQR qafnh~dn xfgx qnxq xfn mgvbm~m c~lhble dnsndq jgqnh `l l~mjnz `crngzq `c c~lhble znanbsnh, Xfn qafnh~dn mgr jn gho~qxnh `z ugbsnh h~n x`


15/62

nvxnl~gxble abza~mqxglanq gx xfn hbqaznxb`l `c xfn GmnzbA`zyq A`mmbxxnn;:, G mbh-rngz j~henx gho~qxmnlx jgqnh `l mnmjnz nlz`ddmnlx cbe~znq c`ddùble xfnyzèzgmq dgqx hgr x` nlz`dd mnmjnzq;1, Gl gqqnqqmnlx ufbaf nvgmblnq mnmjnz znaz~bxmnlx glh znxnlxb`l bl nsgd~gxble xfnqbn `c c~x~zn a`lxbl~gxb`l znw~nqxq; glh8, Gl nlh `c rngz j~henx gho~qxmnlx jgqnh `l gax~gd mnmjnz nlz`ddmnlx glh znxnlxb`l,:979 A`qx Ynz MQR Qafnh~dnEzglx AradnEzglx RngzqMgvbm~m A`qx Ynz MQR77$ : $ 1(73$999:8$ >$ 3(7>$99915$ 6 $ 2(78$9998

79$ 77$ 7:(71$999>71$ 78$ 7>(7:$999373$ 75$ 76(77$9995+72+(79$999Cbvnh-Gm`~lx EzglxqX` nlq~zn xfgx xfn a`qx ynz mnmjnz Y`dbar bq gyydbnh a`lqbqxnlxdr gaz`qq xfn y`zxc`db`$ gl ndbebjdn

gyydbaglx mgr gyydr c`z g cbvnh gm`~lx ezglx$ yz`sbhnh xfgx xfn gyydbaglx mgblxgblq xfn a`qx ynzMQR gyyz`yzbgxn x` xfn dnsnd nqxgjdbqfnh c`z bxq gqqàbgxnh c~lhble ezglx aradn l~mjnz glh xfgx bxqa`qx ynz MQR h`nq l`x nvannh xfn mgvbm~m a`qxq ynz MQR c`z cbvnh-gm`~lx ezglxq qnx jr xfnA`zy`zgxb`l, Q~aanqqc~d gyydbaglxq znanbsble cbvnh gm`~lx ezglxq m~qx gdq` a`mydr x` glr `xfnzcnhnzgd znw~bznmnlxq hnxnzmblnh jr xfn A`zy`zgxb`l,[Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 1,19,92; 79,96,92]Adgzbcbagxb`l, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq y`dbar bq x` yz`sbhn a`lqbqxnlar gaz`qq xfn y`zxc`db`$ gmnxf`h`dèr c`z xzgakble rngzq `c c~lhble$ glh x` yz`sbhn c~lhble q~yy`zx c`z yzèzgmq ubxf glnvynaxgxb`l `c g qbelbcbaglx dàgd qfgzn xfgx blazngqnq `snz xbmn,Xfn A`zy`zgxb`l hnxnzmblnq xfn mgvbm~m gm`~lx gl gyydbaglx agl znw~nqx ynz mnmjnz `l glgll~gd jgqbq, Gyydbaglxq agda~dgxn xfnbz a`qx ynz Mnmjnz Qnzsban Rngz &MQR" `z gm`~lx gugzhnhynz mnmjnz jr hbsbhble xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq qfgzn `c xfnbz j~henx znw~nqx jr xfn l~mjnz `c MQRqznw~nqxnh bl xfn gyydbagxb`l, @ln MQR bq xfn nw~bsgdnlx x` g c~dd-xbmn xnzm `c qnzsban glh h`nq l`x

blad~hn afbdh agzn `z xfn sgd~n `c xfn nh~agxb`l gugzh, Gl gyydbaglxq a`qx ynz MQR bq ga`mynxbxbsn cgax`z bl GmnzbA`zyq ezglx a`mynxbxb`l gq j`xf xfn A`zy`zgxb`l glh AS ~qn xfbql~mjnz x` a`mygzn a`qxq `c yzèzgmq,C`z xfn :979-77 yzèzgm rngz A`zy`zgxb`l y`dbar dbmbxq xfn a`qx ynz MQR x` (73$999,Bl ghhbxb`l$ xfn gsnzgen a`qx ynz MQR c`z xfn nlxbzn qxgxn y`zxc`db` mgr l`x nvannhYgen :1Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen :1(71$999, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq qxgxnubhn gsnzgen c`z xfn :992-79 yzèzgm rngz bq nqxbmgxnh x` jngyyz`vbmgxndr (79$112,


16/62

Xfn A`mmbqqb`l blbxbgddr azngxnh xfn a`qx ynz MQR y`dbar bl 7222$ ufbaf znw~bznq yzèzgmq x`zgmy hùl xfnbz yzèzgmq zndbglan `l GmnzbA`zyq c~lhble `snz xbmn, C`zm~dg yzèzgmq gznznw~bznh x` znh~an xfn cnhnzgd c~lhble znw~nqx gll~gddr ynz xfn a`qx ynz mnmjnz qafnh~dn x` cznn~y c`zm~dg c~lhq x` q~yy`zx ghhbxb`lgd yzèzgmq, X` mgvbmbn xfn dnsnd `c cnhnzgd h`ddgzqgugzhnh xfz`~ef xfn lgxb`lgd a`mynxbxb`l$ a`mynxbxbsndr c~lhnh yzèzgmq gzn ynzmbxxnh x` znw~nqxxfn fbefnqx gyyz`snh dnsnd `c c~lhble c`z gdd xfznn rngzq `c xfn ezglx gugzh,H~zble xfn :992 c~lhble rngz$ xfn A`mmbqqb`l znaèlbnh xfgx Agdbc`zlbgq j~henx qxgdnmgxn glh`l-e`ble hncbabx a`~ydnh ubxf xfn lgxb`lgd na`l`mba azbqbq fgsn hzgmgxbagddr bmygaxnh abxbnlq glha`mm~lbxbnq$ ygzxba~dgzdr xf`qn ghhznqqble azbxbagd qnzsban lnnhq, Ufbdn hnmglh c`z qàbgdqnzsbanq bq blazngqble$ mglr l`lyz`cbxq glh lgxb`lgd qnzsban yzèzgmq gzn cgable znh~axb`lq ble`snzlmnlx glh yzbsgxn qnax`z c~lhble, Bl znqy`lqn x` znw~nqxq cz`m a~zznlx glh y`xnlxbgdezglxnnq glh bl gl gxxnmyx x` q~yy`zx GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq bl xfnqn ~lyznanhnlxnh x`~efna`l`mba xbmnq$ xfn GmnzbA`zyq A`mmbxxnn znsbnunh Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,1, C~lhble - A`qxynz Mnmjnz Qnzsban Rngz `l Mgzaf 19$ :992 glh gyyz`snh xfn c`ddùble lnu a`qx ynz MQRqafnh~dn?Ezglx AradnEzglx RngzqMgvbm~m A`qx Ynz MQR77$ : $ 1

(7>$35>:8$ >$ 3(7>$999 [-35>]15$ 6 $ 2(78$999 [-7$999]879$ 77$ 7:(71$999 [-7$999]>71$ 78$ 7>(7:$999[-7$999]

373$ 75$ 76(77$999[-7$999]5+72+(79$999[-7$999]Bl gl ncc`zx x` yz`sbhn a`lqbqxnlar bl xfn gyydbagxb`l `c xfn a`qx-ynz-mnmjnz qafnh~dn gaz`qq j`xfc`zm~dg glh a`mynxbxbsn yzèzgmq$ yz`sbhn adngz e~bhglan x` ezglxnnq znegzhble gll~gd mgxafnvynaxgxb`lq glh x` hnsnd`y gl ngqbnz mnxf`h x` xzgak xfn mgvbm~m gm`~lx `c c~lhble ynzezglxnn$ xfn znsbqnh qafnh~dn hnxnzmblnq xfn mgvbm~m c~lhble dnsnd gddùgjdn gaa`zhble x` xfnl~mjnz `c c~lhble aradnqxfznn-rngz gugzhq blqxngh `c l~mjnz `c rngzq `c c~lhble znanbsnh,Xfn zgmy-hùl agda~dgxb`l nlhq gx xfn qnsnlxf aradn; g yzèzgm znanbsble m`zn xfgl nbefxnnlrngzq `c cnhnzgd c~lhble mgr mgblxgbl g a`qx ynz mnmjnz `c (79$999,

Xfn A`mmbqqb`l znsbnuq xfn a`qx ynz MQR qafnh~dn gll~gddr x` hnxnzmbln ufnxfnz blazngqnq blxfn mgvbm~m dnsndq agl jn gaa`mm`hgxnh, Fbqx`zbagddr$ ASq a`qx ynz MQR qafnh~dn fgq jnnlgho~qxnh x` gaa`~lx c`z blazngqnq bl xfn mblbm~m dbsble gddùglan c`z mnmjnzq$ zbqble fngdxf agzna`qxq$ glh ghhbxb`lgd yzèzgmmgxba znw~bznmnlxq,Ygen :8Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen :8Cbvnh-Gm`~lx EzglxXfn Nhugzh M, Knllnhr Qnzsn Gmnzbag Gax &QGG" qbelnh blx` dgu jr Yznqbhnlx @jgmg `l Gyzbd:7$ :992 g~xf`zbnq xfn A`zy`zgxb`l x` gugzh cbvnh-gm`~lx ezglxq bl CR :979, Bl :979$ xfn


17/62

A`zy`zgxb`l ubdd mgkn gsgbdgjdn cbvnh-gm`~lx ezglxq c`z yzèzgmq xfgx nlz`dd c~dd-xbmn mnmjnzq`ldr, Cbvnh-gm`~lx ezglxq gddù yzèzgmq x` gyydr c`z g cbvnh h`ddgz gm`~lx ynz mnmjnz, Xfncbvnh gm`~lx gugzhnh ynz mnmjnz bq qbelbcbaglxdr dnqq xfgl xfn a`qx `c z~llble gl GmnzbA`zyqyzèzgm glh xfn gyydbaglx m~qx zgbqn xfn ghhbxb`lgd znsnl~n lnanqqgzr x` `ynzgxn xfn yzèzgm,Nh~agxb`l Gugzh Yzèzgmq &NGY" fgsn jnnl g~xf`zbnh x` znanbsn cbvnh-gm`~lx ezglxq c`z mglrrngzq$ glh mgr a`lxbl~n x` nlz`dd dnqq-xfgl-c~dd-xbmn mnmjnzq, NGY yzèzgmq agl gyydr ~y x`(699 ynz MQR x` q~yy`zx ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq glh ~qn xfnbz ùl `z `xfnz znq`~zanq c`z xfnmnmjnzq dbsble gddùglan glh yzèzgm a`qxq,

Gl GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgm xfgx znanbsnq g cbvnh-gm`~lx ezglx bq dbkn glr `xfnz GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmnvanyx xfgx$ ~ldbkn xfn m`zn xrybagd a`qx-znbmj~zqnmnlx ezglx$ xfn cbvnh gm`~lx ezglx h`nq l`xznw~bzn? A`mydbglan ubxf @MJ A`qx Yzblabydnq, Hnxgbdnh$ dbln-bxnm j~henxq, A`zy`zgxb`l CCZq, Mgxaf `z hà~mnlxgxb`l `c mgxaf,Ygen :>Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen :>Ufgx bq xfn ezglx ynzb`h c`z gl GmnzbA`zyq ezglx0Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,8, Ezglx Ynzb`h, Xfn A`mmbqqb`l c`ddùq xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq yzgaxban `c

gugzhble ~y x` xfznn-rngz ezglxq$ ufbaf gzn nsgd~gxnh gll~gddr c`z a`lxbl~nh c~lhble, A`lxbl~nhc~lhble c`z gdd xfznn rngzq bq a`lxblenlx ~y`l c~lhble gsgbdgjbdbxr gx xfn cnhnzgd dnsnd glh xfnyzèzgmq ynzc`zmglan, Qf`~dh a`lxbl~gxb`l c~lhq jn ezglxnh$ xfn yzèzgm m~qx nlxnz blx` ga`lxzgax c`z nsnzr rngz `c xfn gugzh, Xfnzn bq l` agy `l xfn l~mjnz `c rngzq g yzèzgm aglznw~nqx c~lhble,Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>Adgzbcbagxb`l, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq y`dbar bq x` yz`sbhn yzèzgmq ubxf qbelbcbaglx xbmn x` nqxgjdbqf gqxz`le yzèzgm ufbdn mgblxgblble gl ndnmnlx `c a`mynxbxb`l glh cdnvbjbdbxr, Gyydbagxb`lq m~qxblad~hn yz`y`qnh gaxbsbxbnq glh g hnxgbdnh yz`y`qnh j~henx c`z xfn cbzqx rngz `c `ynzgxb`l,Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq nvynaxq xfgx yzèzgmmgxba gaxbsbxbnq c`z xfn qna`lh glh xfbzh rngzq `c`ynzgxb`l ubdd j~bdh ~y`l$ glh jn qbmbdgz bl qa`yn x` xf`qn `c xfn cbzqx rngz,

Gyydbaglxq gzn ghsbqnh xfgx nvyglqb`l `yy`zx~lbxbnq bl xfn qna`lh glh xfbzh rngz c g ezglx ynzb`hmgr jn nvxznmndr dbmbxnh `z ~lgsgbdgjdn, Gq g znq~dx$ gyydbaglxq qf`~dh l`x nvynax ghhbxb`lgd

c~lhble x` nvyglh yzèzgm `ynzgxb`lq bl xfn qna`lh `z xfbzh rngz `c xfn ezglx ynzb`h,Ygen :3Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen :3Ufgx xrynq `c ezglxq h`nq AS `ccnz0Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,>, Ezglx Xrynq, Xfn A`mmbqqb`l xrybagddr gyyz`snq xfznn-rngz `ynzgxbleezglxq, Bl :979$ xfn A`mmbqqb`l ubdd gyyz`sn xfznn-rngz `ynzgxble ezglx gugzh$ ufbaf blad~hnA`zy`zgxb`l yzèzgmq q~af gq xfn Nh~agxb`l Gugzh Yzèzgm$ Cbvnh-Gm`~lx Ybd`xq$ glhYz`cnqqb`lgd A`zyq, Fùnsnz$ c`ddùble xfn ezglx znsbnu yzànqq$ xfn A`mmbqqb`l mgr gyyz`snqxgcc zna`mmnlhgxb`lq x` gugzh yzèzgm hnsnd`ymnlx `z ydgllble ezglxq x` gyydbaglxq uf` mgrjnlncbx cz`m ghhbxb`lgd xzgblble glh xnaflbagd gqqbqxglan x` bmydnmnlx bxq yz`y`qnh yzèzgm hnqbelq~aanqqc~ddr,[Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>; 79,96,92]

Adgzbcbagxb`l, Xfn A`mmbqqb`lq yzb`zbxr bq x` c~lh `ynzgxble ezglxq `c ygzxlnzqfbyq xfgx cà~q `la`mm~lbxr qnzsban glh znq~dxq, Qblan 7228$ xfn A`mmbqqb`l fgq bhnlxbcbnh xfznn ezglx-xrynq?7, @ynzgxble Ezglxq &lnu$ zna`mynxnq$ glh a`lxbl~gxb`l" c~lhq yz`sbhnh x` q~yy`zx

GmnzbA zyq mnmjnzq glh xfnbz znqynaxbsn qnzsban gaxbsbxbnq;:, Ydgllble Ezglxq c~lhq x` q~yy`zx xfn hnsnd`ymnlx `c gl GmnzbA`zyq `ynzgxbleezglx yz`y`qgd; glh$1, Yzèzgm Hnsnd`ymnlx Ezglxq yz`sbhn `ln-rngz c~lhble x` `ynzgxble ezglx gyydbaglxquf` unzn ~lq~aanqqc~d h~n x` c~lhble glh/`z MQR dbmbxgxb`lq$ j~x ubdd znanbsn `ynzgxbleezglxq bl rngzq xu` glh xfznn `c xfn ezglx aradn c~lhq gzn ~qnh x` nqxgjdbqf yzèzgmqrqxnmq$ blad~hble qbxn `zbnlxgxb`l glh mnmjnz znaz~bxmnlx,


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Ygen :5Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen :5Ufgx ynzanlxgen `c ezglx c~lhq bq gddùgjdn c`z blhbznax ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq0Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,3, Blhbznax Ghmblbqxzgxb`l, AS znxgblq 7. `c c~lhq gax~gddr nvynlhnh &gq`yy`qnh x` c~lhq ezglxnh" c`z a`lxzgax ghmblbqxzgxb`l glh gddùq yzèzgmq x` ~qn ~y x` 8. `cc~lhq c`z blhbznax ghmblbqxzgxb`l `c xfnbz yzèzgm, Ynzanlxgen znmgblq a`lqxglx znegzhdnqq `c a`qxynz MQR,[Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>]Adgzbcbagxb`l, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq y`dbar bq x` mgvbmbn c~lhble c`z yzèzgm `ynzgxb`lq glhmblbmbn c~lhble c`z ghmblbqxzgxb`l, A`zy`zgxb`lq y`dbar mglhgxnq xfgx l` m`zn xfgl >. `cA`zy`zgxb`l c~lhble mgr jn ~qnh c`z blhbznax ghmblbqxzgxb`l,

Ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq gzn enlnzgd `z anlxzgdbnh nvynlqnq `c xfn `snzgdd ghmblbqxzgxb`l c gl`zeglbgxb`l xfgx znanbsnq A`zy`zgxb`l c~lhq glh h` l`x blad~hn ygzxba~dgz yzònax a`qxq, Xfnqna`qxq mgr blad~hn ghmblbqxzgxbsn qxgcc y`qbxb`lq, C`z `zeglbgxb`lq xfgx fgsn gl nqxgjdbqfnhblhbznax a`qx zgxn c`z cnhnzgd gugzhq$ ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq mngl xf`qn a`qxq xfgx gzn blad~hnh bl xfn`zeglbgxb`lq blhbznax a`qx zgxn geznnmnlx, Q~af a`qxq gzn enlnzgddr bhnlxbcbnh ubxf xfn`zeglbgxb`lq `snzgdd `ynzgxb`l glh gzn c~zxfnz hnqazbjnh bl @ccban `c Mglgenmnlx glh J~henxAbza~dgzq G-:7$ G-65$ glh G-7::,

Gyydbaglxq agl af``qn x` ~qn `ln `c xu` mnxf`hq x` agda~dgxn gddùgjdn ghmblbqxzgxbsn a qxq g

A`zy`zgxb`l cbvnh ynzanlxgen mnxf`h `z g cnhnzgddr gyyz`snh blhbznax a`qx zgxn mnxf`h,Znegzhdnqq `c xfn `yxb`l af`qnl$ xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq qfgzn `c ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq bq dbmbxnh x` >. `cxfn x`xgd A`zy`zgxb`l c~lhq gax~gddr nvynlhnh ~lhnz xfbq ezglx,@yxb`lq c`z Agda~dgxble Ghmblbqxzgxbsn/Blhbznax A`qxq &af``qn nbxfnz G, `z J,"

G, A`zy`zgxb`l Cbvnh Ynzanlxgen Mnxf`h--Cbsn Ynzanlx Cbvnh Ghmblbqxzgxbsn A`qxq @yxb`lXfn A`zy`zgxb`l cbvnh zgxn gddùq r`~ x` afgzen ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq ~y x` g agy ubxf`~x gcnhnzgddr gyyz`snh blhbznax a`qx zgxn glh ubxf`~x hà~mnlxgxb`l q~yy`zxble xfn gddàgxb`l, Bc r`~af``qn xfn A`zy`zgxb`l Cbvnh Ynzanlxgen Mnxf`h &Qnaxb`l BBBG bl nEzglxq"$ r`~ mgr afgzen$ c`zghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq$ g cbvnh >. `c xfn x`xgd `c xfn A`zy`zgxb`l c~lhq nvynlhnh, X` afgzen xfbqcbvnh >.$ xfn ezglxnn mgxaf c`z ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq mgr l`x nvannh 79. `c gdd hbznax a`qxnvynlhbx~znq,7, X` hnxnzmbln xfn A`zy`zgxb`l qfgzn c`z Qnaxb`l BBB? M~dxbydr xfn q~m `c xfn A`zy`zgxb`lc~lhble qfgznq `c Qnaxb`lq B glh BB jr 9,9>:3, Xfbq bq xfn mgvbm~m gm`~lx r`~ agl

znw~nqx gq A`zy`zgxb`l qfgzn, Xfn >. mgvbm~m bq agda~dgxnh jr m~dxbydrble xfn q~m `c xfnA`zy`zgxb`lq qfgzn `c Qnaxb`l B glh Qnaxb`l BB jr xfn cgax`z 9,9>:3, Xfn cgax`z 9,9>:3 bq~qnh x` agda~dgxn xfn mgvbm~m gm`~lx `c cnhnzgd c~lhq xfgx mgr jn j~henxnh c`zghmblbqxzgxbsn &blhbznax" a`qxq$ zgxfnz xfgl 9,9>99$ gq g ugr x` mgxfnmgxbagddr a`mynlqgxnc`z hnxnzmblble Qnaxb`l BBB a`qxq ufnl xfn x`xgd j~henx &Qnaxb`lq B + BB + BBB" bq l`x rnxnqxgjdbqfnh, &Bc 9,9>99 ugq ~qnh$ xfn znq~dxble Qnaxb`l BBB a`qxq u`~dh jn dnqq xfgl xfnmgvbm~m >. `c x`xgd a`qxq xfgx gzn ynzmbxxnh ~lhnz xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq zne~dgxb`lq," Gqgddùnh jr xfn A`zy`zgxb`l$ AS znxgblq :9. `c xfn cnhnzgd qfgzn `c ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq,:, X` hnxnzmbln xfn mgvbm~m Ezglxnn qfgzn c`z Qnaxb`l BBB? Xfnl m~dxbydr xfn x`xgd &j`xfA`zy`zgxb`l glh ezglxnn qfgzn" `c Qnaxb`lq B glh BB jr 79. &9,79" glh nlxnz xfbq gm`~lx gqxfn ezglxnn qfgzn c`z Qnaxb`l BBB G,1, Nlxnz xfn q~m `c xfn A`zy`zgxb`l glh ezglxnn qfgznq ~lhnz X`xgd Gm`~lx,Ygen :6

Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen :6J, Cnhnzgddr Gyyz`snh Blhbznax A`qx Zgxn Mnxf`hBc r`~ fgsn g Cnhnzgddr Gyyz`snh Blhbznax A`qx &BHA" zgxn glh af``qn x` ~qn bx$ xfn BHA zgxn ubdda`lqxbx~xn hà~mnlxgxb`l `c r`~z ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq blad~hble xfn >. mgvbm~m ygrgjdn jr xfnA`zy`zgxb`l, Qynabcr xfn A`qx Xryn c`z ufbaf r`~z `zeglbgxb`l fgq a~zznlx hà~mnlxgxb`l `l cbdn$b,n,$ Yz`sbqb`lgd$ Yznhnxnzmblnh$ Cbvnh$ `z Cblgd blhbznax a`qx zgxn, Q~yydr r`~z gyyz`snh BHA zgxn&ynzanlxgen" glh xfn jgqn ~y`l ufbaf xfbq zgxn bq agda~dgxnh &hbznax qgdgzbnq$ qgdgzbnq glh czblenjnlncbxq$ nxa,", Bx bq gx r`~z hbqaznxb`l ufnxfnz `z l`x x` adgbm r`~z nlxbzn BHA zgxn x` agda~dgxnghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq, Bc r`~ af``qn x` adgbm g dùnz zgxn$ ydngqn blad~hn xfbq zgxn bl xfn Zgxn


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Adgbmnh cbndh,7, Hnxnzmbln xfn jgqn gm`~lx `c hbznax a`qxq x` ufbaf r`~ ubdd gyydr xfn BHA zgxn$ blad~hblej`xf xfn A`zy`zgxb`l glh Ezglxnnq qfgznq$ gq yznqazbjnh jr r`~z nqxgjdbqfnh zgxngeznnmnlx &b,n,$ jgqnh `l qgdgzbnq glh jnlncbxq$ x`xgd hbznax a`qxq$ `z `xfnz", Xfnl m~dxbydrxfn gyyz`yzbgxn hbznax a`qxq jr xfn zgxn jnble adgbmnh, Xfbq ubdd hnxnzmbln xfn x`xgd gm`~lx`c blhbznax a`qxq gddùgjdn ~lhnz xfn ezglx,:, X` hnxnzmbln xfn A`zy`zgxb`l qfgzn? M~dxbydr xfn q~m `c xfn A`zy`zgxb`l c~lhble qfgzn blQnaxb`lq B glh BB jr 9,9>:3, Xfbq bq xfn mgvbm~m gm`~lx r`~ agl adgbm gq xfn A`zy`zgxb`lqfgzn `c blhbznax a`qxq, Gq gddùnh jr xfn A`zy`zgxb`l$ AS znxgblq :9. `c xfn cnhnzgd qfgzn`c ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq,1, X` hnxnzmbln xfn mgvbm~m Ezglxnn qfgzn? Q~jxzgax xfn gm`~lx agda~dgxnh bl qxny j &xfnA`zy`zgxb`l ghmblbqxzgxbsn qfgzn" cz`m xfn gm`~lx agda~dgxnh bl qxny g &xfn Blhbznax A`qxx`xgd", Xfbq bq xfn gm`~lx xfn gyydbaglx agl adgbm gq ezglxnn qfgzn c`z ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq,Agda~dgxb`l `c AS/Ezglxnn Qfgzn `c Cnhnzgd Ghmblbqxzgxbsn A`qxq

Gq gddùnh jr xfn A`zy`zgxb`l$ AS ndnaxq x` znxgbl g qfgzn `c xfn >. c xfn cnhnzgd c~lhq gsgbdgjdnc`z ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq, X` agda~dgxn xfnqn czgaxb`lgd qfgznq$ ubxfbl Qnaxb`l BBB `c xfn q~jezglxj~henx$ `ln-cbcxf &:9." `c xfn cnhnzgd h`ddgzq j~henxnh c`z ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxq gzn gddàgxnh x` xfna`mmbqqb`lq qfgzn glh c`~z-cbcxfq &69." `c xfn cnhnzgd h`ddgzq j~henxnh c`z ghmblbqxzgxbsn a`qxqgzn gddàgxnh x` xfn yzèzgmq qfgzn, Jnag~qn yzèzgmq j~henx xfn >. ghmblbqxzgxbsn mgvbm~mjr m~dxbydrble xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq qfgzn `c Qnaxb`l B glh Qnaxb`l BB a`qxq jr xfn cgax`z 9,9>:3$ xfn

gddàgxb`l jnxunnl a`mmbqqb`l glh yzèzgm qfgznq u`~dh jn agda~dgxnh gq c`ddùq?&[Qnaxb`l B A`zy`zgxb`l Qfgzn] + [Qnaxb`l BB A`zy`zgxb`l Qfgzn] v 9,9>:3" v&9,:9" = AS Qfgzn&[Qnaxb`l B A`zy`zgxb`l Qfgzn] + [Qnaxb`l BB A`zy`zgxb`l Qfgzn] v 9,9>:3" v &9,69" = Q~jezglxnnQfgznYgen :2Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen :2Ufgx gzn ASq dbmbxq `l mgvbm~m ezglx qbn0Eglxmgkble Y`dbar J,5, Mblbm~m glh Mgvbm~m Ezglx Qbn, Lnu yzèzgmq$ blad~hblenvynzbnlanh gyydbaglxq$ agl znw~nqx l` m`zn xfgl (899$999 bl c`zm~dg c~lhq glh zna`mynxbleyzèzgmq mgr znw~nqx l` m`zn xfgl (6>9$999 bl c`zm~dg c~lhq, Yzèzgmq qnnkblea`mynxbxbsn c~lhq gzn l`x q~jonax x` g mgvbm~m dbmbx,

Gyydbaglx Xryn

C`zm~dg C~lhbleDbmbxA`mynxbxbsnC~lhbleLnu Gyydbaglx(899$999L` dbmbxNvynzbnlanh Gyydbaglx(899$999L` dbmbxYznsb`~qdr C~lhnhYzèzgm(6>9$999

L` dbmbxZna`mynxble Yzèzgm(6>9$999L` dbmbxYzèzgmq xfgx gzn ~lq~aanqqc~d bl xfnbz gxxnmyx x` qna~zn a`mynxbxbsn c~lhble ubdd jn a`lqbhnznhc`z c`zm~dg c~lhble$ jgqnh `l xfnbz qxgxn zglkble, Q~af yzèzgmq mgr jn q~jonaxnh x` gznh~anh j~henx ~y x` (6>9$999,[Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>; 79,96,92]Adgzbcbagxb`l, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq y`dbar bq x` nlq~zn xfgx c`zm~dg c~lhble ubdd jn hbqxzbj~xnh x` gdgzenz l~mjnz `c gyydbaglxq xfz`~ef`~x xfn qxgxn ufbdn yz`sbhble cdnvbjbdbxr x` yz`sbhn dgzenz ezglxq x`


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yzèzgmq xfgx agl nccnaxbsndr ~qn xfnm,Ubxf xfn blxnlx `c c~lhble gq mglr fbef w~gdbxr yzèzgmq xfz`~ef`~x xfn qxgxn gq y`qqbjdn$ ASnqxgjdbqfnh g y`dbar xfgx qnxq mgvbm~m ezglx qbnq, Mgvbm~m ezglx qbnq c`z y`y~dgxb`l-jgqnhc`zm~dg ezglxq fgsn jnnl qnx dùnz xfgl a`mynxbxbsn ezglxq gugzhnh xfz`~ef lgxb`lgda`mynxbxb`l, Bl ghhbxb`l$ lnu gyydbaglxq uf` gyydr c`z c`zm~dg c~lhq gzn dbmbxnh x` g qmgddnz znw~nqxxfgl xf`qn qnnkble a`mynxbxbsn c~lhq, Fbqx`zbagddr$ xfn gm`~lx `c gsgbdgjdn c~lhq c`z c`zm~dg ezglxqbq dnqq xfgl xfn gm`~lx gsgbdgjdn c`z a`mynxbxbsn ezglxq, Xfn y~zy`qn `c c`zm~dg ezglxq bq x`q~yy`zx GmnzbA`zyq qnzsban xfz`~ef`~x Agdbc`zlbg, Mgvbm~m dbmbxq fgsn jnnl qnx c`z a`mynxbxbsnezglxq `ldr ufnl xfn gm`~lx `c lgxb`lgd c~lhble bq dbmbxnh,Xfn qbn `c GmnzbA`zyq ezglxq bq hbznaxdr xbnh x` xfn l~mjnz `c GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq xfgx gyzèzgm ubdd znaz~bx$ nlz`dd glh q~yy`zx glh gzn hnxnzmblnh jr xfn A`qx Ynz Mnmjnz y`dbar, G c~dd-xbmn GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnz bq nw~bsgdnlx x` `ln mnmjnz qnzsban rngz &MQR", GmnzbA`zyq ezglxqgzn agda~dgxnh jr m~dxbydrble xfn l~mjnz `c MQR jr xfn a`qx ynz MQR, C`z nvgmydn$ g q~aanqqc~dgyydbaglx znw~nqxble :> MQRq gx g a`qx ynz MQR `c (78$999 u`~dh znanbsn g ezglx `c (1>9$999 &:>v (78$999",ASq :992-79 y`zxc`db` a`lqbqxq `c GmnzbA`zyq ezglxq zgleble bl qbn cz`m ((779$999 x` (7,1mbddb`l$ ubxf glgsnzgen ezglx qbn `c (827$999,Ygen 19Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"

Ygen 19Ufgx bq ASq dbmbx `l yzèzgm qbn0Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar J,6, Mblbm~m Yzèzgm Qbn, Ufbdn xfn A`zy`zgxb`l nla`~zgenq g mblbm~myzèzgm qbn `c :9 MQRq$ AS znw~bznq g mblbm~m yzèzgm qbn `c :9 MQRq, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzqubdd znsbnu znw~nqxq c`z nvnmyxb`lq q~jmbxxnh jr qynabgdbnh yzèzgmq xfgx znw~bzn znh~anh-f`~zy`qbxb`lq `z yzèzgmq cà~qnh `l g lnnh xfgx blfnznlxdr znw~bznq g zndgxbsndr qmgdd l~mjnz `cmnmjnzq, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq ubdd l`x gaanyx yz`y`qgdq znw~nqxble cnunz xfgl 79 MQRq,[Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>]Adgzbcbagxb`l, GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq gzn hnqbelnh x` ghhznqq ~lmnx a`mynddble a`mm~lbxrlnnhq, Xfn yzèzgm hnqbel qf`~dh a`lqbhnz xfn qa`yn `c xfn lnnh$ xfn blxnlqbxr `c xfn qnzsbanznw~bznh$ glh xfn blhbsbh~gqd lnnhnh x` hndbsnz xfn qnzsban, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq y`dbar bq x` nlq~znxfgx ASq y`zxc`db` `c yzèzgmq bq mglgengjdn glh h`nq l`x a`lqbqx `c f~lhznhq `c yzèzgmq ngafubxf g cnu mnmjnzq$ yz`sbhn mnmjnzq bl l~mjnzq xfgx agl mgkn g q~jqxglxbgd hbccnznlan zndgxbsn

x` dàgddr bhnlxbcbnh lnnhq$ glh x` gddàgxn znq`~zanq c`z mnmjnz y`qbxb`lq x` yzèzgmq xfgx aglnccnaxbsndr ~xbdbn xfnm, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq znaèlbnq xfgx q`mn a`mm~lbxbnq mgr jnafgddnlenh x` mnnx xfn qbn znw~bznmnlx &b,n,$ z~zgd a`mm~lbxbnq" glh ubdd znsbnu znw~nqxq c`znvnmyxb`lq `l g agqn jr agqn jgqbq,Ygen 17Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 17Ufgx bq ASq hncblbxb`l `c g lnu gyydbaglx0Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar A,7, Y`zxc`db` Hnsnd`ymnlx, G lnu gyydbaglx bq `ln bl ufbaf lnbxfnz xfndnegd gyydbaglx$ l`z yzbmgzr ygzxlnzble `zeglbgxb`lq$ l`z blhbsbh~gdq bls`dsnh bl hnsnd`yble xfna~zznlx GmnzbA`zyq gyydbagxb`l fgsn hnsnd`ynh gl GmnzbA`zyq gyydbagxb`l xfgx fgq jnnl gugzhnhgl `ynzgxble ezglx$ `z unzn yznsb`~qdr nmyd`rnh gq a`zn yzèzgm qxgcc `c g c~lhnh yzèzgm$ qxgxna`mmbqqb`l qxgcc$ `z A`zy`zgxb`l qxgcc bl xfn dgqx cbsn rngzq,

AS ubdd ghh 79. x` xfn qa`zn `c gdd lnu gyydbaglx yz`y`qgdq c`ddùble xfn qxgcc/ynnz znsbnuyzànqq x` blazngqn xfn dbkndbf``h xfgx lnu gyydbaglxq znanbsn gl blsbxgxb`l x` xfn qxgcc blxnzsbnuyzànqq, @lan qxgcc blxnzsbnu blsbxgxb`lq gzn bqq~nh$ xfn qa`zn gho~qxmnlx ubdd jn znm`snh$ glhxfnl zngyydbnh bl agda~dgxble xfn gyydbaglxq cblgd qa`zn[Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>]Adgzbcbagxb`l, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq y`dbar bq x` qxzbkn g jgdglan jnxunnl nla`~zgeble lnu gyydbaglxqglh q~yy`zxble qxz`le nvbqxble yzèzgmq glh x` nlgjdn lnu yzèzgmq uf`qn gyydbagxb`lq mnnx gjgqba mblbm~m qa`zn x` a`mynxn q~aanqqc~ddr gegblqx nvynzbnlanh yzèzgmq,AS nla`~zgenq xfn hnsnd`ymnlx `c bll`sgxbsn yzèzgmq `ynzgxnh jr ygzxlnzqfbyq lnu x` xfn

GmnzbA zyq cgmbdr glh bl a`mm~lbxbnq xfgx fgsn l`x yznsb`~qdr ~xbdbnh GmnzbA`zyq znq`~zanq, Bl


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q~yy`zx `c xfbq$ AS ubdd ghh gl ghhbxb`lgd 79 ynzanlx x` xfn a`mjblnh qa`zn `c gdd lnu gyydbaglxyz`y`qgdq &ufnl hnxnzmblble xfn cblgd zglk `zhnz dbqxble `c gyydbaglxq", Xfn qa`zn gho~qxmnlx bqyz`sbhnh x` mbxbegxn c`z xfn a`mynxbxbsn hbqghsglxgen nvynzbnlanh jr lnu gyydbaglxq h~n x` xfnbzdgak `c cgmbdbgzbxr ubxf GmnzbA`zyq xnzmbl`dèr$ xfn gyydbagxb`l yzànqq$ glh/`z `xfnz ~lbw~ncngx~znq `c xfn ezglxmgkble yzànqq xfgx nvbqxble GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq gzn nvy`qnh x` h~zble xfnbz`ynzgxb`lq, Xfn 79 ynzanlx qa`zn gho~qxmnlx bq l`x yz`sbhnh x` mbxbegxn c`z glr yzèzgm w~gdbxrhbccnznlxbgd jnxunnl lnu glh nvbqxble yzèzgmq,Ygen 1:Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 1:Fù gzn ASq c~lhble yzb`zbxbnq xzngxnh bl xfn ezglx znsbnu yzànqq0Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar A,:, C~lhble Yzb`zbxbnq glh E`snzl`zq Blbxbgxbsnq, Xfn A`mmbqqb`lmgr qnx xfn c`ddùble c~lhble yzb`zbxbnq ufnl a`lqbhnzble c~lhble gugzhq?Qxgxn C~lhble Yzb`zbxbnqAS gugzhq yzb`zbxr y`blxq h~zble xfn qxgcc znsbnu qxgen `c xfn ezglxmgkble yzànqq, Bl hnabhble`l xfn l~mjnz `c y`blxq x` gugzh$ qxgcc ~qn g mgxzbv jgqnh `l xfn yzn-hnxnzmblnh yzb`zbxbnq,Yzb`zbxr y`blxq gzn ghhnh gcxnz a`mjblble gl gyydbaglxq ynnz znsbnu qa`zn$ blxnzsbnu qa`zn glh

bc gyydbagjdn 79. lnu yz ezgm gho~qxmnlx, Ebsnl xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq cbsn lnu lgxb`lgdqnzsban yzb`zbxr gzngq$ Agdbc`zlbg fgq l` bhnlxbcbnh ghhbxb`lgd yzb`zbxr gzngq; xfnznc`zn$ c`z :979l` yzb`zbxr y`blxq ubdd jn ebsnl,

E`snzl`zq BlbxbgxbsnqGx xfn znw~nqx c xfn E`snzl`z$ xfn A`mmbqqb`l mgr azngxn ygzxlnzqfbyq x` bmydnmnlx yz onaxqhnqbelnh x` ghhznqq qynabcba ~lmnx lnnhq bl xfn Qxgxn, E`snzl`zq Blbxbgxbsnq m~qx jngyyz`snh jr xfn A`mmbqqb`l glh mgr jn nvnmyx cz`m xfn ynnz `z qxgcc znsbnu qxgenq `c xfnezglxmgkble yzànqq gx xfn hbqaznxb`l `c AS qxgcc, Ghhbxb`lgddr$ E`snzl`zq Blbxbgxbsnq ubdd l`x jnq~jonaxnh x` xfn c`ddùble y`dbabnq? Ezglxmgkble y`dbar l~mjnz J,> Ezglx Xrynq; J,5 Mblbm~mglh Mgvbm~m Ezglx Qbn; J,6 Mblbm~m Yzèzgm Qbn; A,1 Mblbm~m Xfznqf`dh Qa`zn, Gdd`xfnz gyydbagjdn y`dbabnq gyydr x` E`snzl`zq Blbxbgxbsnq,Xu` E`snzl`zq Blbxbgxbsnq fgsn jnnl bhnlxbcbnh glh gyyz`snh c`z :979 c~lhble? ^y x` (7 mbddb`l bl ydgllble ezglxq x` q~yy`zx fngdxf hbqxznqqnh a`mm~lbxbnq bhnlxbcbnhjr xfn Agdbc`zlbg Nlhùmnlx Fngdxfr A`mm~lbxbnq Blbxbgxbsn, ^y x` (7 mbddb`l x` q~yy`zx gl `ynzgxble ezglx ubxf xfn Agdbc`zlbg Hnygzxmnlx `cSnxnzglq Gccgbzq bl nqxgjdbqfble g Snxnzglq A`zyq x` nlegen snxnzglq gq GmnzbA`zyq

mnmjnzq x` jnxxnz qnzsn xfn lnnhq `c lnu snxnzglq,[Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>; 79,96,92]Adgzbcbagxb`l, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq y`dbar bq x` gdbel AS c~lhble yzb`zbxbnq ubxf xf`qn `c xfnA`zy`zgxb`l glh x` gdbel Agdbc`zlbg-qynabcba c~lhble yzb`zbxbnq ubxf GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmmble,Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq ghsbqnq gyydbaglxq x` cà~q `l g undd-hnqbelnh yzèzgm ghhznqqble zngdlnnhq$ zgxfnz xfgl azngxble g yzb`zbxr-zndgxnh hnqbel q`dndr gq gl gxxnmyx x` blazngqn xfnbza`mynxbxbsnlnqq,Ygen 11Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 11Ufgx qa`zn m~qx gl gyydbaglx ngzl x` jn a`lqbhnznh c`z c~lhble0Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar A,1, Mblbm~m Qa`zn Xfznqf`dh, Gdd gyydbaglxq$ ufnxfnz gyydrble c`za`mynxbxbsn `z c`zm~dg c~lhq$ m~qx mnnx g mblbm~m ghnw~gxn qa`zn xfznqf`dh jgqnh `l xfn

qa`zble mgxzbv x` jn a`lqbhnznh c`z c~lhble, G yzèzgm gyydbagxb`l m~qx ngzl gl ghnw~gxnmblbm~m qa`zn nqxgjdbqfnh c`z ngaf ezglxmgkble yzànqq x` jn qnlx c`zugzh blx` xfn lgxb`lgda`mynxbxb`l ghmblbqxnznh jr xfn A`zy`zgxb`l,[Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>; 79,96,92]Adgzbcbagxb`l, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq y`dbar bq x` mgblxgbl xfn w~gdbxr `c xfn AS yzèzgm y`zxc`db` glh xfnaznhbjbdbxr `c ASq ezglxnn qndnaxb`l yzànqq, Ghhbxb`lgddr$ xfn xfn A`zy`zgxb`l znw~bznq qxgxna`mmbqqb`lq x` a`lh~ax xfn c`ddùble ezglxmgkble yzànqqnq? Znsbnu glh qndnax lnu/zna`mynxble a`mynxbxbsn glh Nh~agxb`l GugzhYzèzgm &NGY" gyydbagxb`lq x` q~jmbx x` xfn A`zy`zgxb`l c`z c~lhble; Yznygzn zglkble glh zna`mmnlhgxb`lq c`z lnu/zna`mynxble a`mynxbxbsn


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yzèzgmq x` c~lh; Qndnax yzèzgmq c`z c`zm~dg c~lhble$ nbxfnz qnygzgxndr `z gq ygzx `c xfn qgmna`mynxbxb`l ~qnh c`z xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq a`mynxbxbsn ezglxq yzànqq; Xf`z`~efdr znsbnu xfn zna`mmnlhnh gyydbagxb`lq x` nlq~zn xfnr gzna`mydnxn$ gaa~zgxn$ glh bl a`mydbglan ubxf gdd yzèzgm glh j~henxznw~bznmnlxq jnc`zn q~jmbxxble xfnm x` xfn A`zy`zgxb`l bl nEzglxq;

Znsbnu Cblglabgd Qxgx~q Zny`zxq x` m`lbx`z glh zny`zx `l yzèzgmq yzèznqq xùgzhxfn mgxafble znw~bznmnlxq qxby~dgxnh bl xfn GmnzbA`zyq z~dn 8> ACZ :>::,1>-:>::,27; glh Zngh$ ~lhnzqxglh$ glh qbel gdd gqq~zglanq$ anzxbcbagxb`lq$ glh znqxzbaxb`lq$ blad~hblexfn anzxbcbagxb`l `c yzèzgmq yzèznqq xùgzh xfn mgxafble znw~bznmnlxq,Qxgxn a`mmbqqb`lq gzn l`x znw~bznh x` a`lh~ax g ynnz znsbnu yzànqq c`z gyydbagxb`lq q~jmbxxnhx` xfn qxgxn a`mynxbxbsn `z NGY yzànqq$ fùnsnz$ xfn A`zy`zgxb`l nvynaxq qxgxnq x` a`lh~ax gzbe`z`~q znsbnu glh x` qnlh c`zugzh `ldr xf`qn gyydbagxb`lq xfgx gzn a`lqbhnznh x` jn fbef w~gdbxrglh xfgx mnnx gdd znw~bznmnlxq `~xdblnh bl xfn Gyydbagxb`l Blqxz~axb`lq, A`mmbqqb`lnzq m~qx s`xnx` gyyz`sn xfn gyydbagxb`lq q~jmbxxnh$ glh a`mmbqqb`lq gzn znw~bznh x` mgblxgbl g zna`zh `c xfgxs`xn,Ygen 18Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 18Fù h`nq AS nlq~zn xfgx GmnzbA`zyq znq`~zanq gzn undd znyznqnlxnh xfz`~ef`~xAG0Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar A,8, Qxgxnubhn Enèzgyfba Hbqxzbj~xb`l, Xfn yzbmgzr a`lqbhnzgxb`l c`zqndnaxb`l `c GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq bq mnzbx, ^lhnz l` abza~mqxglan ubdd xfn A`mbqqb`l c~lh glgyydbaglx xfgx znanbsnq g qa`zn hnnmnh ~lgaanyxgjdn bl glr ezglxmgkble yzànqq,Xfn A`mmbqqb`l ubdd ~xbdbn xfn Agdbc`zlbg Na`l`mba Qxzgxner Yglndq &NXY" lbln na`l`mbazneb`lq jr a`~lxr bl glgdrble enèzgyfba hbqxzbj~xb`l, Xfnqn zneb`lq gzn a`mjblgxb`lq `cqbmbdgz a`~lxbnq ubxf ygzxba~dgz gxxnlxb`l ygbh x` enèzgyfr$ hnmèzgyfr$ glh na`l`mbaa`lhbxb`lq, Xfn zneb`lq glh gaa`myglrble a`~lxbnq gzn gq c`ddùq? L`zxfnzl Agdbc`zlbg? Hnd L`zxn$ F~mj`dx$ Xzblbxr$ Dgkn$ Mnlhàbl`$ Dgqqnl$ Lnsghg$Qbnzzg$ Q~xxnz$ R~jg$ Dgqqnl$ M`hà$ Yd~mgq$ Qbqkbr`~ L`zxfnzl Qgazgmnlx` Sgddnr? Xnfgmg$ A`d~qg$ Qfgqxg$ J~xxn$ Ednll Ezngxnz Qgazgmnlx`? Nd H`zgh`$ Ydganz$ Qgazgmnlx`$ R`d`$ Q~xxnz$ R~jg

Jgr Gzng? Gdgmnhg$ A`lxzg A`qxg$ Mgzbl$ Lgyg$ Q`dgl`$ Q`l`mg$ Qgl Jnlbx`$ QglCzglabqa`$ Qgl Mgxn`$ Qglxg Adgzg$ Qglxg Az~ Qgl O`gw~bl Sgddnr? Cznql`$ Knzl$ Kbleq$ Mghnzg$ Mnzanh$ Qgl O`gw~bl$ Qxglbqdg~q$X~dgzn Anlxzgd A`gqx? M`lxnznr$ Qgl D~bq @jbqy`$ Qglxg Jgzjgzg Anlxzgd Qbnzzg? Gdybln$ Gmgh`z$ Agdgsnzgq$ Blr`$ Mgzby`qg$ M`l`$ X~`d~mln Q`~xfnzl Agdbc`zlbg? D`q Glendnq$ @zglen$ Snlx~zg$ Zbsnzqbhn$ Qgl Jnzlgzhbl` Q`~xfnzl J`zhnz? Bmynzbgd$ Qgl Hbne`

Gx xfn nlh `c g ezglxmgkble yz anqq$ ufnl hnabhble ufnxfnz g yzèzgm ubdd znanbsn c`zm~dgc~lhble$ xfn A`mmbqqb`l ubdd qnnk x` nlq~zn g mblbm~m `c :9 MQRq ynz zneb`l ubxf xfnc`ddùble nvanyxb`l `c 89 MQRq bl xfn Q`~xfnzl Agdbc`zlbg zneb`l, Gdd mnmjnzq yz`y`qnh blxfbq zneb`l ubdd a`~lx xùgzhq mnnxble xfbq znw~bznmnlx$ blad~hble xf`qn ydganh jr qblednzneb`l$ m~dxb-zneb`l$ glh qxgxnubhn yzèzgmq, Bl `zhnz x` gafbnsn g enèzgyfba ygzbxr$ g

yzèzgm bl gl gdznghr znyznqnlxnh zneb`l mgr jn qkbyynh$ glh gl`xfnz yzèzgm mgr jnqndnaxnh bl `zhnz x` gafbnsn enèzgyfba jgdglan, ^lhnz l` abza~mqxglanq ubdd xfnA`mmbqqb`l yz`sbhn c`zm~dg c~lhble x` gl gyydbaglx xfgx znanbsnq g qa`zn xfgx bq 79 `z m`zny`blxq jndù xfn gyydbaglx bx hbqydganq,Bl xfn nsnlx xfbq y`dbar agll`x jn mnx h~n x` c~lhble glh a`lcbe~zgxb`l dbmbxgxb`lq$ m~dxb- zneb`l glhqxgxnubhn yzèzgmq ubdd jn nla`~zgenh x` ydgan g mblbm~m l~mjnz `c MQR bl zneb`lq xfgx gzn~lhnzznyznqnlxnh,[Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>; 79,96,92]Adgzbcbagxb`l, Xfn A`mmbqqb`l qnnkq g qxgxnubhn y`zxc`db` xfgx a`snzq gdd enèzgyfba zneb`lq `cAgdbc`zlbg$ blad~hble j`xf z~zgd glh ~zjgl a`mm~lbxbnq, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq y`dbar bq x` blazngqn


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`yy`zx~lbxbnq c`z a`mm~lbxbnq xfz`~ef`~x xfn qxgxn x` gaanqq GmnzbA`zyq znq`~zanq,Ygen 1>Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 1>Fù h`nq AS gqq~zn xfgx xfn Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq y`zxc`db` h`nq l`x nvannhxfn A`zy`zgxb`lq qxgxn geeznegxn a`qx ynz mnmjnz y`dbar0Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar A,>, Qxgxnubhn A`qx Ynz Mnmjnz, Ufnl cblgdbble c~lhble hnabqb`lq$AS ubdd m`lbx`z j~henxq gq lnanqqgzr bl `zhnz x` mnnx xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq qxgxn geeznegxn A`qxYnz Mnmjnz y`dbar,[Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>]Adgzbcbagxb`l, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq y`dbar bq x` qnx c~lhble dbmbxq ufbdn gx xfn qgmn xbmn yz`sbhbleqxgxnq ubxf xfn cdnvbjbdbxr bl qndnaxble yzèzgmq `c sgzbgjdn a`qx c~lhble,Xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq y`dbar znw~bznq xfgx g qxgxn y`zxc`db`q gsnzgen a`qx ynz MQR agll`x nvannh(71$999, Mglr qxgxnq agy ngaf gyydbaglxq a`qx ynz MQR gx (71$999, Fùnsnz$ fbqx`zbagddr$Agdbc`zlbg fgq gddùnh lnu gyydbaglxq x` nvannh xfn A`zy`zgxb`lq qxgxnubhn gsnzgen l~mjnz,Agdbc`zlbg fgq d`le znaèlbnh xfgx lnu yzèzgmq lnnh ghhbxb`lgd znq`~zanq h~zble bmydnmnlxgxb`lqxgenq, Xfn a`qx ynz mnmjnz y`dbar ugq hnsnd`ynh x` mglgen c~lhble dnsndq,Ygen 13Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 13

Fù h`nq AS nlq~zn xfgx GmnzbA`zyq h` l`x yzbmgzbdr q~yy`zx yzèzgmqagzzbnh `~x jr xfn qxgxn `z jr g qxgxn genlar0Ezglxmgkble Y`dbar A,3, Mgvbm~m Qxgxn glh Mblbm~m l`l-Qxgxn/Yzbsgxn Qnax`z, XfnA`zy`zgxb`l znw~bznq xfgx gx dngqx 39. `c c~lhq q~yy`zx yzèzgmq xfgx gzn l`x agzzbnh `~x jrxfn qxgxn `z jr g qxgxn genlar, Xfn A`zy`zgxb`l ubdd ugbsn xfn znw~bznmnlx bc gl ghnw~gxnl~mjnz `c gaanyxgjdn gyydbagxb`lq cz`m l`l-qxgxn genlabnq gzn l`x znanbsnh, CblgdA`mmbqqb`l c~lhble hnabqb`lq ubdd a`lqbhnz xfbq znw~bznmnlx glh gho~qxmnlxq ubdd jn mghn gqlnanqqgzr,[Znsbqnh ynz Yzèzgm A`mmbxxnn Mnnxbleq? 3,73,98; 77,73,98; 3,7>,9>; 2,:6,9>]Adgzbcbagxb`l, Xfn blxnlx `c xfbq y`dbar bq x` a`mydr ubxf A`zy`zgxb`lq znw~bznmnlx jr nlq~zble gmblbm~m gm`~lx `c c~lhble c`z yzèzgmq dnh jr l`l yz`cbx glh l`l-qxgxn e`snzlmnlxgd`zeglbgxb`lq,Ygen 15

Agdbc`zlbg GmnzbA`zyq Yzèzgm E~bhn &E~bhn"Ygen 15Y@DBABNQ E^BHBLE GMNZBA@ZYQ YZ@EZGM HNQBEL NDNMNLXQYzèzgm Hnqbel @snzsbnu

Gaz`qq Agdbc`zlbg$ GmnzbA zyq yz`sbhnq g sgzbnxr c qynabcba glh bhnlxbcbgjdn qnzsbanq xà`mm~lbxbnq, C`z nvgmydn$ yzèzgmq ~qn GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq x` mnlx`z yznsb`~qdrblagzanzgxnh r`~xf$ yz`sbhn cgmbdr q~yy`zx qnzsbanq x` cgmbdbnq cgable qbelbcbaglx na`l`mba glhqàbgd afgddnlenq$ `z znaz~bx glh `zeglbn dàgd s`d~lxnnzq x` znl`sgxn dù-bla`mn f`~qble,Mnmjnzq znqx`zn qxzngmq `z ~zjgl ygzkq gd`leqbhn a`mm~lbxr znqbhnlxq, GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzqfndy znaz~bx$ q~yy`zx$ glh mglgen a`mm~lbxr s`d~lxnnzq uf` q~yy`zx hbqgqxnz yznygznhlnqq,Mnmjnzq mgr gdq` ynzc`zm g sgzbnxr `c blczgqxz~ax~zn hnsnd`ymnlx gaxbsbxbnq xfgx nlfglan xfnagygabxr `c xfn a`mm~lbxr-jgqnh `zeglbgxb`lq bl ufbaf xfnr qnzsn$ blad~hble zgbqble c~lhq x`q~yy`zx gyyz`snh yzònaxq glh a`lh~axble znqngzaf x` mgvbmbn xfn bmygax `c xfn `zeglbgxb`l,

Gdxf`~ef yzèzgmq mgr nlegen mnmjnzq bl g sgzbnxr c gaxbsbxbnq$ xfn mgo zbxr `c xfn mnmjnzqxbmn m~qx jn hnhbagxnh x` ghhznqqble g qynabcba a`mm~lbxr lnnh, Agdbc`zlbgS`d~lxnnzq nvynaxqxfgx gdd yzèzgmq ubdd jn gjdn x` hnm`lqxzgxn qbelbcbaglx glh mngq~zgjdn bmygaxq bl xfnbza`mm~lbxbnq gq g znq~dx `c mnmjnzq qnzsban gaxbsbxbnq,Ynzc`zmble hbznax qnzsban gaxbsbxbnq q~af gq x~x`zble afbdhznl$ j~bdhble f`~qnq$ `z hndbsnzble mngdqx` f`mnj`~lh qnlb`zq xnlhq x` jn xfn yzbmgzr cà~q `c GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq% qnzsban, XfnA`zy`zgxb`l hncblnq hbznax qnzsban gaxbsbxbnq gq xf`qn xfgx yz`sbhn g hbznax$ mngq~zgjdn jnlncbx x`gl blhbsbh~gd$ ez`~y$ `z g a`mm~lbxr, Bx bq gdq` ynzmbqqbjdn c`z GmnzbA`zyq yzèzgmq x` nlegen

GmnzbA zyq mnmjnzq bl blhbznax qnzsban gaxbsbxbnq$ xf`qn xfgx yz`h~an `zeglbgxb`lgd ~xa`mnq$blad~hble nlfglable xfn qrqxnmq$ blczgqxz~ax~zn$ glh f~mgl znq`~zanq `c gl `zeglbgxb`l xfgx bq


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ghhznqqble `xfnzubqn ~lmnx a`mm~lbxr lnnhq, Gdxf`~ef hbznax qnzsban gaxbsbxbnq xrybagddr znmgblxfn cà~q `c mnmjnz qnzsban f`~zq$ GmnzbA`zyq mnmjnzq mgr nlegen bl blczgqxz~ax~znhnsnd`ymnlx gaxbsbxbnq xfgx gzn a`lqbqxnlx ubxf xfn qa`yn `c xfn yz`y`qnh yzèzgm,Dàgd bls`dsnmnlx glh bly~x gzn sbxgd x` xfn hnsnd`ymnlx `c fbef-w~gdbxr qnzsban yzèzgmq xfgxj~bdh glh q~qxgbl a`mm~lbxbnq, Q~aanqqc~d yzèzgmq gzn xf`qn xfgx ~qn nvxnlqbsn$ jz`gh-jgqnhdàgd bly~x glh znyznqnlxgxbsnq `c knr qxgknf`dhnz ez`~yq x` hnqbel$ bmydnmnlx$ glh nsgd~gxn xfnbzyzònaxq, Xfbq blad~hnq a`lq~dxgxb`l ubxf? Znyznqnlxgxbsnq cz`m xfn a`mm~lbxbnq xfn yzèzgm qnzsnq; Yzèzgm mnmjnzq &`z y`xnlxbgd mnmjnzq"; glh$ Gyyz`yzbgxn a`mm~lbxr genlabnq &qna~dgz glh cgbxf-jgqnh"$ j~qblnqqnq$ c`~lhgxb`lq$ dàgddgj`z `zeglbgxb`lq znyznqnlxble nmyd`

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