all materials of this workshop are available for download ...•all materials of this workshop are...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction and Outline
• All materials of this workshop are available for download at:
http://www.sqrwear.com
• What is wearable electronics?
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Wearable Electronics
• Nike Mag Back to the Future Shoes
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Wearable Electronics
• iCuffLinks and iNecklace
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Wearable Electronics
• Heart-Felt T-Shirt
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Wearable Electronics
• Jawbone Up Band
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Wearable Electronics
• FitBit Tracker:
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Wearable Electronics
• Google Glass
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Introduction
• Demos
– LED Heart
– LED Tote Bag
– Halloween Costume
– Temperature Sensing
– Pulse Sensing
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Ingredients
• Basic Electronics
– LED, battery, resistor, button, parallel connection
• Microcontroller (MCU)
– Digital I/O, analog I/O, serial communication, interrupts…
• Sewing
– Conductive thread
– Sewing electronic components
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Basic Electronics – LED
• LED (Light Emitting Diode)
– Polarized:
• Long lead positive (+), short lead negative
– Forward voltage drop: 2 to 3V
• Depends on the LED color.
– So a single AA (1.5V) battery cannot light up the LED.
– Reverse bias.
+ -
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Basic Electronics – Battery
• Many different types, shapes, voltages.
– Zinc-carbon, Alkaline, Lithium…
• The type we use here is 3V Lithium Coin (button) Battery
– Positive side marked by +
+
-
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Basic Electronics – Battery
• Connect battery with LED (exercise) – Positive to positive, and negative to negative
– Typical LED has an operating current of 130mA, but can withstand higher current for a short amount of time.
– The more current, the brighter.
+
-
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Basic Electronics – Battery
• Connect battery with LED (exercise) – Try more than one LEDs at the same time.
– Should I be connecting LED to battery directly like this? • Battery’s internal resistance.
+
-
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Basic Electronics – Resistor
• Often used to limit current in a circuit
– Resistance (Ω, or ohm)
– Ohm’s law: 𝐼 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =𝑉 (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)
𝑅 (𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)
– Think about a water pipe with a certain thickness.
R
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Basic Electronics – Resistor
• Often used to limit current in a circuit
– Resistance (Ω, or ohm)
– Ohm’s law: 𝐼 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =𝑉 (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)
𝑅 (𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)
+
- R
Connect resistor with LED in series.
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Basic Electronics – Resistor
• Often used to limit current in a circuit
– Resistance (Ω, or ohm)
– Ohm’s law: 𝐼 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =𝑉 (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)
𝑅 (𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)
+
- R
3V 2V
1V 𝑰 =
𝟏𝑽
𝟒𝟕𝜴= 𝟐𝟏𝒎𝑨
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Basic Electronics – Resistor
• Often used to limit current in a circuit
– Resistance (Ω, or ohm)
– Ohm’s law: 𝐼 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =𝑉 (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)
𝑅 (𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)
– Conductive thread has a considerable amount of resistance
+
- R
3V 2V
1V 𝑰 =
𝟏𝑽
𝟒𝟕𝜴= 𝟐𝟏𝒎𝑨
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Basic Electronics – Parallel Connection
• Connecting multiple LEDs in parallel
+
-
R
All LEDs will light up at the same time. So you can arrange them in interesting spatial patterns.
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Basic Electronics – Parallel Connection
• Connecting multiple LEDs in parallel
+
-
R
However, each LED now shares a fraction (e.g. 1/4) of the total current restricted by R, thus they will look darker.
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Basic Electronics – Buttons
• Can be used to turn power on/off, or as an input component.
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Basic Electronics – Buttons
• Typically use one pair of pins, such as the left pair or right pair.
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Basic Electronics – Much More
• There are many electronics components
– Input: photoresistors, photodiodes, potentiometers, microphones, all sorts of sensors
• touch sensors, accelerometers, tilt sensors, GPS sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, range sensors, oxygen sensors, RFID…
– Output: LED matrix, LCD, synthesizers, speakers, servos, motors, solenoids, heat wires…
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Temperature Sensor
• Temperature Sensor
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Temperature Sensor
• Humidity Sensor
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Basic Electronics – Much More
• There are many electronics components
– Input: photoresistors, photodiodes, potentiometers, microphones, all sorts of sensors
• touch sensors, accelerometers, tilt sensors, GPS sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, range sensors, oxygen sensors, RFID…
– Output: LED matrix, LCD, synthesizers, speakers, servos, motors, solenoids, heat wires…
– Brain: microcontrollers!
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Microcontroller (MCU)
• What is a microcontroller (MCU)?
– Tiny computer on a single integrated circuit
– Direct control of hardware pins (digital/analog), so it can directly talk to electronic components.
– Low power consumption, widely used in electronic gadgets
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Microcontroller (MCU)
• LilyPad Arduino
– Popular microcontroller board for wearable electronic projects.
– 16MHz CPU speed, 32KB flash, 14 digital pins
– Can be programmed using a Java style language (Arduino software)
– Program is uploaded using external USB FTDI programmer
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LilyPad Arduino
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Microcontroller (MCU)
• SquareWear – A new wearable electronics controller board
designed by me.
– 12MHz CPU speed, 16KB flash, 12 digital pins
– Can be programmed using a C style language (Microchip MPLAB X)
– Program is uploaded using on-board USB programmer
– Has on-board LED, one general-purpose pushbutton, built-in coin battery.
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SquareWear
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SquareWear
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SquareWear
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SquareWear
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Microcontroller (MCU)
Digital Output pin serves as programmable ‘switch’ to control the voltage supply to the LED
• Digital Output
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Microcontroller (MCU)
Digital Input pin can be used to detect whether a button has been pressed. How?
• Digital Input
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Upload A Precompiled Demo Program
• Download SquareWear software package.
• Enter Programming Mode:
– Insert a mini USB cable, and connect the other end of the cable to your computer’s USB port.
– Power off SquareWear. Then press the push-button while sliding the switch to ‘On’. The microcontroller will now enter the programming mode. Your system should automatically detect it as a HID class USB device. You shouldn’t need to install any driver.
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Upload A Precompiled Demo Program
• Enter Programming Mode:
– Alternatively, while a program is running, press and hold the push-button for more than 5 seconds. This should trigger a software reset, and then bring the device to programming mode.
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Upload A Precompiled Demo Program
• Upload a Compiled Program:
Step 1: Locate the folder named Uploader, then run the uploader program corresponding to your operating system. After launching, the program should report Device is Found or Device Ready.
• Some additional steps are needed in Linux.
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Upload A Precompiled Demo Program
• Upload a Compiled Program:
Step 2: Now click on the open folder icon to Import a .hex file. You can use any .hex file from folder named Compiled Demos. For example, select the one in 04.BUTTON_PRESS.
Click on the next icon Erase/Program/Verify. Wait for it to finish and check if it reports success.
Then click on the last icon to Reset Device. The program has now been flashed onto the microcontroller.
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Upload A Precompiled Demo Program
• Upload a Compiled Program:
Step 3: You don’t need to close the uploader. You can keep it running, and the next time you enter the programming mode again, the uploader will automatically become ready.
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Basic Sewing Skills
• Sewing 101 (demonstration)
1. Pick up a needle (with a large needle hole)
2. Pick up a conductive thread (what is this?)
3. Threading (use beeswax or threader to help you)
4. Make a knot (we use single thread)
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Basic Sewing Skills
• Sewing 101
1. Pick up a needle (with a large needle hole)
2. Pick up a conductive thread
3. Threading (use beeswax or threader to help you)
4. Make a knot (we use single thread)
5. March the needle in small steps
6. Finishing up
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Basic Sewing Skills
• Safety:
– Be careful to protect your fingers.
– After you are done, insert the needle into a needle cushion
– Avoid crossing conductive threads. Why?
– When sewing, watch where the thread goes. At the beginning, go slowly.
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Sewing Electronics Components
• General steps:
1. Curl leads into circles (use needle nose pliers)
Make sure you can find the positive lead! (mark the positive side, or curl it differently)
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Sewing Electronics Components
• General steps:
1. Curl leads into circles (use needle nose pliers)
2. Use a tape or small amount of hot glue to fix the component onto textile
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Sewing Electronics Components
• General steps:
1. Curl leads into circles (use needle nose pliers)
2. Use a tape or small amount of hot glue to fix the component onto textile
3. Sewing with conductive thread. Use at least 3-4 stiches on each lead, make the stiches tight so that the contact is reliable.
• If necessary, use hot glue
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Sewing Electronics Components
• Example:
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Sewing Electronics Components
• Exercise: use conductive thread
– Conductive thread has a considerable amount of resistance. Keep them short.
+
-
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Sewing Electronics Components
• Sewing Other Components:
– Unpolarized, so no need to distinguish between positive and negative
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Sewing Electronics Components
• Important: watch out flying threads. They are conductive! Cut excessive threads to avoid shorting. Use glue if necessary.
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Sewing Electronics Components
• Pattern Planning:
+
-
Parallel Group 1
Parallel Group 2
MCU pin
MCU pin
MCU battery pins
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Sewing Electronics Components
• Pattern Planning:
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Putting Everything Together
• Step 1: make a design
– Decide the pattern
• How many LEDs? What colors? Number of pins to use (which determines the number of parallel groups).
– Don’t be too ambitious!
• Sewing is time consuming. Do not plan more than 12 LEDs this time.
– Ask for help if you are not sure.
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Putting Everything Together
• Step 2: sewing LEDs according to pattern
– Make sure you can still distinguish between positive and negative leads after curling.
– Use hot glue or electric tape to help fixing components.
– Watch out for where the conductive threads go. Avoid unintentional crossing of threads!
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Putting Everything Together
• Step 3: sewing SquareWear
– Connect LEDs with planned SquareWear pins.
• Step 4: program SquareWear
– Plug in mini USB cable and upload program.
– Check if all LEDs function as desired.
– If LEDs do not light up, check your connection. Use a multimeter to see if there is any shorting.
• Voila, you are done!
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Other Electronic Components
• Infrared LEDs
– Similar to standard LEDs but emit light in the IR range (about 940nm wavelength)
– You can’t see IR light, but camera sensors can!
– Where can you find infrared LEDs in your home?
+ -
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Other Electronic Components
• Infrared Photo-Transistors
Think of it as a photo-sensitive resistor
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Photo-Transistors
• Infrared Photo-Transistors
R +
-
Output
No light Photo-transistor high resistance High output value
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Photo-Transistors
• Infrared Photo-Transistors
R +
-
Output
Strong light Photo-transistor low resistance Low output value
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Pulse Sensor
• Schematic
2.2K +
-
Output
100
+
-
Output
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Pulse Sensor
• What is it?
– A sensor that can detect your heart beat.
• How does it work?
Emitted light Reflected light
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Pulse Sensor
• What is it?
– A sensor that can detect your heart beat.
• How does it work?
Emitted light Reflected light