Agricultural Production Fresh Water Supply

Biodiversity Loss

Forest ProductsClimate Change

Fisheries

Linkages Among Various Ecosystem Components

Water use and agrochemical runoff

Water availability

Erosion and changes in water flow

Habitat loss and fragmentation

Reduced resilience

Temperature changes

CO2 release and sequestration

Reduced resilience

Fishing impacts

Temperature and pH changes

Hydrologic, CO2 and temperature changes

Greenhouse gas emissions Precipitation

and temperature Land transformation

Loss of crop

genetic diversity

Habitat loss

Change in transpiration and albedo

Habitat change

Santa Cruz Island, California

Prior to 2000

2000 to present

DDT

Biological magnification

Bald eagles

Consume

Carrion and fish

Allows establishment

Bald eagles

Captive breeding program

Golden Eagles (from mainland)

RemovalProgram

DDT abatement

Reintroduction programs

Santa CruzIsland fox

Golden eagles

Feral pigs and sheepConsume

Overall ecosystem decline (loss of plant diversity, landslides)

Native Vegetation

Santa Cruz Island fox

Consume

Feral pigs

Native ecosystemimprovement

Displace

Feral pigEradication program

Native mistletoes Red mistletoe Scarlet mistletoe Yellow mistletoe

Native nectar-eating birds Tui Bellybird Stitchbird

Introduced mammals Rats Stoats Ferrets Cats Possums

Exotic bees Honeybees Wasps

Native bees Hylaeus agilis Leioproctus ssp.

Introduced birds Blackbirds Finches

Native fruit-eating birds Honeyeater Waxeye

Consume

Open flowers / pollination

Dispersal

Pollination

Unable to open flowers

Ohau beech

Parasitic

Do not pollinatePredation

New Zealand Mistletoes

Harvest pollen

Water Lake Victoria, Uganda

19 Jan 1995 27 Nov 2001