africa in antiquity the arts of ancient nubia and sudan v 2

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ndredand fifty

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sconcernedmainly

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e i p ig ,L ive r poo l , Lo nd on ,

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V . Z abkar,Wa l th a m, Ma ssachu s e tt s

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ge,L ondon,Iwas

ls h e dob ec t s f r om

o n a tMeroe .A .F.S h o r e mos t

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guewillbeunfamiliar

-groupand C-group

rchaeologistGeorge

edthefirstlarge-scale

erNubiaandusedthe

dX -grouptodescribe

hatregionandtoindicate

ccupationof the

oaperiodlate

ecentinvestigationshave

istedandthattheburials

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o 2200B.C.,theperiod

I , a nd rema ined the r e unt i l t he

C.R eisnerdesignated

u b ia nso f theNewK i ng domas

ver,isnolongerused.

oftransitionbetweenthe

o m ofKushand the

d(fourthto si thcentury

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rstusedbythe E gyptians

0 0 B .C . )whooccu p iedL o wer

ignatedasmallarea

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romD ynasty

o d esc r ibe theen ti r e t e r r it o r y

e F ourthCataract

g y p ti an s .The" K in gd om

p ar a t epol i t i c al en t i t y, wh i c h

withitscenterat

n g s con ue redE gy p t and

V (716-556B .C . ) . F ro m

hesiteoftheroyal

ebelBarkal,andthe

NapatanPeriodof

s p e r i odwas fo l lo we dby t he

o m ofKush ,wh ich

yalcemeterytoMeroe

lthe endoftheK ushite

mulatedalistof

or theNapatanand

mtheknowndatesfor

s n er e s t ab li sheda l i st o f ge ne ra t i o ns

onthecomparative

ord.Ine cavatingthe

u , N ur i ,Gebe lBa rka l ,Mero e ) ,

bdesign,methods,

gnedeachpyramid

positionhecalled

mericallyfromK ashta,

E g y p t and the sub se uen t

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V ,down to the f a l l o f M ero e .

hedateforthe fallof

duponthevictoryinscription

z a na .The royalb u r i a l s t ha t

atedGenerationsAthrough

rlyonethousandyears,

thabsolutecertainty.

contemporaryofPtolemy

o d orusS i cu lu sB ib l io th eca H i s to ri c a

ationoccurredshortly

u sh in23B .C .

h i s pe r iodhasp roved

n thehalfcentury

r refinementshavebeen

a c ad am(1949 ) ,Ar ke l l ( 19 55b

6 2a 1973 ), andWen ig (1 967 19 73b)

rtaincases modified

si ty-eightgenerationsof

winglisthasaddedeight

esentstateofour

emains.Akinidad(Gen.

isuncertainthat

hankstothework

e a re he reab le toa dd th en am e

oftherulersofK ush.

arebasedupon

y.F orNubiaandthe

veralradiocarbondates

l intheNapatan

ately,itispossiblein

y ofNubiaandthe

velywellestablished

ofperiodsand rulers

of E gyptianhistory.

seduponthedatesgiven

w i th t hee cep t io no f

i s b asedupon thed a t es p r op osed

D a te sg iven fo r t he M id d l e

ear664 B.C.onward

pontheobservationof

edinancienttimes.O ld

beaccurate towithin

theprehistoricperiods

y.

andthe northern

hr e e e r a s: t hep re - u sh i te ,

a),andtheChristian.

u s h i te e r a ,Nords t r5m s

A-group,Bietak s

aturefortheC-group,

n t heKermacu l t ur e h a ve

ptedtoestablisha

duponthecemeteryat

however,thathisdivisions

.tofirstcenturya.d.),

ya.d.),andPeriodC

eprecisely,fourth

i m a te .

shingreliable

orrelation has

historyofthe Ballana

E gypt.

canbeverified

ources (principally

l)whichmention

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-45)tothefallof the

u n i n1504 .

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n e A ge (Pa l eo l i t h ic ) ,

shioningofstonetools

ncedeveloped

thegreatcontinentof

stknowncultures

anufactureofclayvessels

dmadedurable

h e Midd l eS tone A ge

kwith clay,theymadea

raldevelopment.

ars ago,earlyAfricans

otsin whichtostore

ryaccompanieda

aylife.They

nts,andtheyfound

r e s s themselve s

eginning,theydecorated

or impressedinto

eusedthevariations

siveculturesofthepast,

ntsandcemeteries

placeinhistoryon

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ceramicsprovide

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o t heChr is t i anEr a ,

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greatlength.This

verloadedwith

dupto themiddleofthe

ponderanceofpots,

ion:potterywasforlong

ressionpossessedbyearly

d,evidentlybywomen,

umB.C.onward,turnedon

s1973,181ff.,194),

scholar withimportant

e n ti a l o rder i ng

decorationhasgiven

tiesof peoplesofthepast

tisticself-e pression.

TCU TUR E S

ginnortheastern

n thecentralS udanin

iaB.C.(Arkell1977)andto

etosouthernUpper

owerNubia.The

sttothevicinityof

r e g ion , andwes t t ono r the rn

angaarea,andthe

72,11,80).Whileit hasbeen

otterymakingwas

enttimesandplaces,

ormmakeit seemlikelythat

oint,fromwhichit was

oblem,however,demands

heasternAfrica

s ol i t h i co rEa r l yK h a r t ou m

forthelargestsiteat whichit

onethathasbeen

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yisgenerally

rmshasincreased,

rly cultures.

TUR E

illenniumB.C.,there

lturethat stillbelonged

gnificantlyhigherlevelof

scoveredandnamed

R e i sner.

anytraditions

particularlyitspottery,

resofneighboring

dtocoveralargearea from

s w an , t o theSeco nd

settlementsand

e cavated,yieldinga

s arelativelyclear

tsdevelopment,sincethe

erichly suppliedwith

dintheafterlife.

nseveralphases,of

y, Cl a s s ic , andTe rmi na l â € ” hav en ow

72,28-32).Thecultural

.,atappro imatelythe

rmt heNa ada I I I c u lt u r e

edstate.

architecturein

eA-group,whose

alhutsconsistingof

rstrong reedscovered

ccasionallyflooredwith

tampedearth.Caves

habitationaswellasfor

viveof amoreadvanced

mats andbasketsof

mfla fibers.Theycured

domesticpurposesand

,or penissheathwasthe

hercaphas beenfound,

edofoneortwo feathers

ecamemoreabundantand

times,consistingmainly

sor ofbeadsmadeof

ometimesbracelets,

onedfromostrichshell

boneor stone.Amulets

on.F ingerrings,

dthereis noevidence

t theA-group

ces.E x cavatorshave

usedforthegrinding of

orm,usuallyrhomboid,

tofthemare madeof

mes t one impor t ed f r om E g yp t .

wningaesthetic

akers.

grouppeoplefound

tery,andit wasatthistime

on Nubiansoii.S uch

tamushead,Cat.3,and

essel,Cat.4,bothfound

grouppeoplemustbe

tisticachievementthan

techni uesforthe

sinearliertimes,were

tothesoft claybythe

h e a ido f s imp le t oo l s s u c has

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akka,whichwasapparently

3 ) .3

hedfromolder

superiorityinthe

utalsobyits

round.F orthefirsttime

arin burialssmall

dand unfired.S imilar

one,ivory,orbone,

iderableartisticmerit,had

t t he A-g roups t a tue t t e s s ee mt o

turein theroundon

modernscholarsas

ntury,4buttheywere

n d in av i anJ o in t Ex ped i ti on

httolighttwosmallfigures in

awomanandagirl

up t u r es su rpass inq ua l i tyan y

thattheartistic

ppeoplebereappraised.

eatedwomen

s,asinmanyearly

utdetailsaveforbeaked,

rentirely lacking

e g s a re j o ined toge t he r and

sedlinesometimes

reastsareusuallynot

t t oc k sa r ee agg e ra t e d.

so occursinE gypt,

,405)thatit originated

egheimcorrespondto

hatmoredevelopedin

breastsareclearlyshown,

them.Intheother

a veryyounggirlsincethe

s weremodeled

o.S imilarfigures

duringthefirst Archaeological

redpaint, whichperhaps

customaryforthe

heimsculpturesarenot

man(Cat.1),however,

tmayindicatefatty

asdiscussedthe

nfigurines,but hewas

a l f aDeghe i mscu l p t ur e s

ver,interestedprimarilyin

ianfiguresandsimilar

r e e ce , and theN ea r E a s t ,

dappearedinabundance

iththediscoveryofthe

owever,thetheorythatthe

teorartisticallyimperfect

urescertainlyreproduce

theessential

m

tainthe precise

econte tinwhichthey

luetotheir meaning.The

turesthathavesurvivedall

omthoseofwomenand

shownthatthefigurines

s,as hassometimesbeen

ysuggestedthatthey

nuede istenceofthe

od e rbe rgh1973 , 22 8 ) .S uch a n

ble,althoughmostsuch

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ure,advancingslowly

withdrawal,broughtthe

ingof cattleskulls

dtheinclusionoffans

uencesbegantheprocess

yofthe C-group,which

t i a ns r econ ue red N ub ia i n

sculturaldevelopment

orma fairlye actideaof

itionalperiodsleading

oanotherarenecessarily

ntanddatingofC-group

of Bietak(1968),who

followingphases:

h e F i r s t I n t ermedia t e

B.C.).Therearefew

ound orovalpits,over

cularorovalstone-walled

ndiameterand

telaeare usually

lyshowroughlyincised

gswereplacedoutside

erstructure.

eriodtobeginning

00and1900B.C.).Thegraves

ureas inphaseI/ a,but

enostelae.

y n a s tyXI I to th e

od(between1900and

ohavesuperstructures

tangulaandarelined

t s V o l . I ,F i g .3 0 ) .

tothe northonthe

udedecorated

for thefirsttime.

stedwithphaseII/ buntilthe

od,andshowsthe

veculture.

y X I I I t oea r l yD y na sty

550B.C.).Thiswasthe golden

esurmountedbylarge,

ithchapelsatthe

e(V ol.I,F ig.31).Grave

dsometimesbrick

lsinsimplestonechests.

placefunerary

llsappearamongthe

lptures,a signofthe

ermaculture.

y nastyX V I I I

uryB.C.).PhaseIIIis

11/b. Therearesignsof

msaree traordinarily

yinginfluences.Afterthe

i a , phase I I Ig r adu a l lym e rg es

uppeople

yatvariousstagesof their

denceforC-groupartistic

potteryand,inlater

ptures.

ypesis smallerthan

mberofpolishedred-ware

nteriors(Cat.42) are

A-groupbutoftenless

ionledH eidenreich(in

assumptionthat thestyle

pbut createdanewbythe

redwares,usually

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somedepict sheep(Cat.19)

).

blishedthatall

ases11 aand11/b,the

heirsignificanceis the

ptures.Theanimalswere

ocksorherds intendedto

k inthefuturelife.

mayhavebeendolls, aswere

sincesomeofthem

nlikelythattheyservedas

t . 1 2 F ig .8 ) , f oun d i n

Askut,inaroomthat was

ight onthesignificance

urineof apregnant

mayrepresentafertility

medonthebasis ofa

womenportrayed

rgoddesses.

resareastonishingly

r e s si ve .F igu r i ne so fc at t l e

strikinge amplesofthe

ngessentialforms.Aswith

sibletodeterminewhether

,stylisticdevelopment,

dividualcraftsmen.

varietyofsub ect

eA-group.W iththe

ae d womanshown in F i g . 9 ,

similar E gyptian

esproducedby the

ts.

TUR E

i n 1 913 toe c av at e th e

rthe villageofK erma,

hey belongedtoa

mthosepreviouslyknown

gly,hedesignateditthe

ittoday,althoughwenow

eK ermaregionbut

bia,reachingfrom the

theIslandofArgo inthe

urecametoUpper

m B .C. ( de l1 9 55 1 9 67

n,however,remains

aculturesharescertain

htheA-groupand the

f theseNubianpeoples

l hori onwhichspread

an.S everalyearsago,the

rmaculturewasfirstmade

tigationwhenB.Gratien

rmacultureinastill

n1974)andsummari ed

withtheK ermagraves

975,45ff.).H erstudy

evelopmentproceeded

slybeenassumed.

beenregardedasearly

heK ermaperiod

lyK erma),which

he endoftheO ld

inthearea betweenAniba

a i n UpperNub ia . InLow e r

atesatransitionalperiod

roup.InUpper Nubia,

eformsalinkbetweenthe

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( o f t ene r roneous l yca l l ed qua r t i t e

1 962 ,168 ) , andsomewer e en c lo se d i n

larframes.

uiredforusein

atthefootofhis bed.

mentwaslongagoscattered

emainstogive anideaof

e c t smadeo fp r ecio us

ally beencarriedoffby

assurvivedto disclose

oratelydressedthan

gorshort kiltsofbeaded

beadedpatterns,and

ments(Cats.53-57)

rvants.

ntativesofthe

herdsweresometimes

en1975,49).R ams,

number,wereburied

ofthe rams hornswere

i c al p ro t ec to r s ( a sRe i s ne r

,orivoryand ofteninlaid

patterns.Thistypeof

nata muchlaterdateina

ontainerofthe

hshowsthepersistence

manycenturies.

ntsoftheK erma

o m t he rema inso fa f e w

hevillageofK ermaand

erarychapelsin the

alledWesternor L ower

n e r sK I ) i s a l a rgean d i mp re s s i ve

brick,itsmassive

nearlytwenty

iftybytwenty-si

cavatedthisimposingedifice,

fortifiedadministrative

w ev e r, bel i eves i t t oh a vebeen

r m a s im i la r l y, t he

isconsideredtohave

tain.

asadecidedly

containedlivingrooms

groundfloor.Thatthe

rabletimeisindicatedby

tangularroomsonthe

),andtworubbish pits

ggestalong habitation.

ofhundredsof clay

modelboats,stonedice,

gsealimpressions.

r whichmillionsof

ed,andtheevidenceoflong

istenceofastableand

nthatenduredformany

upportedby the

fthepalace.Thehouses

icials,wererepeatedly

stoftheK ermapeople

milartothoseofthe

ewhousesin the

oneon amoreorless

or even,inrare

nerallyspeaking,

softheK ermapeople

s . I t i s t he s i e ,

gravethat clearlyreflect

ratien1975,50).

epresentedat

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A f ewsma l lob ec t s sh ow

iclessuchasbracelets,

p pe r andb ron e a r t i c l es a r e

e s , twee e r s , n e ed l e s ,

rmadaggersareknownto

mistakablyNubianform,

ycarriedoffby graverobbers,

ewelrywroughtinprecious

oldand carnelian

ectedfind,showingthat

e d i n theonce r i chand

ptureintheround

cardsfoundin great

thefortifiedpalace( I)

hepublicationofthese

idingonlycursory

nsofa fewofthe

d.Mostofthesesmall

yrepresenthuman

nesof dogs,bulls,and

-paintedboatssuggest

people.

unfiredclay,

e d q ua r t we r e c r ea t ed a t

mandinggreatskill.S mall

d beenmade inEg y p t a s e a r l ya s

usepochhasyielded

m a p roduct s i n s i e a nd

t u na t e thatmos to f t h e

avesurvivedonlyin

rovidesomeinsightinto

illofthe manycraftsmen

rma.

b ec t s suchas

craftsmenengagedinmore

instance,anentire

lue-gla edstone,

i n TumulusK I I I . F ro m

d , ap p ro ima tel yh a l f l i fe

e ( C a t. 44 ) , and f ra gm en t s o f

light intheK erma

animalfigurines

beastsdestinedfor the

fe.W hileinsomecases,

wouldseempossible,

sandhippopotami,itis

ftheanimalfiguresfound

w or s h ip in the r eg ion â € ” e v en

s,andcattlethatwere

e l s KI I andK X I . I f t h i s

st haveen oyeda

ramswereburied with

heidentificationof

chhaddevelopedin

I I I , o r ig ina ted in N ub ia, w he r e

c h a cu l twou lde p l a in the

witha sheep shead

2 9 ). S incebo th theK er ma

dtothesame

, on ecane pec t t o f i nd s om e

epts.

perNubian

ncedby E gyptwas

cproductionwas

haseofthe K ermaculture.

ormanddecoration,the

oerepresentthe summitof

m

m

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y - n c



m

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e d Gebe lSha a dud

am plesoccu r inK ha r to um

h 1 9 15 ,65 f. E ggeb re ch t1 975 ,

urveyofNubia(1907-11)

ere classifiedaslate

ticorwerecategoricallyassigned

K oshtamna( irth1912,185).

6),185(Graves87:147,87:152).

nevesselshavea smoke-

ststhattheywereusedas

10,277).Nordstrom

mayhavebeenlampsor

ofcolor ontheinterior.

heoutersurface(R eisner

arK horD ehmit,

Grave292,K aranog

al - Mac lve r1910 ,p l . 102 ) .

P r e hi s t o ri cTimes

m

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nturyB.C.,chiefs

eled theirpeopletothe

hefoundations

in g domofKus h ( s e eV o l . I ,

thereevolvedthefirst

hebordersofE gypt.

a t i one e r t edag rea t a nd

thesouth,theartof K ush,

gs,retainedacharacter

” t heMer oi t i cP e r io d ,

” i t a ch i eveda t r u ly

roadfromthefirst

fullbloomofindependence.

A Nd F U N R A R Y A R CH I T C TU R E

pitalat Napata

E l K ur ru .Th e o l d e st g r a v es

hR eisner,who

natedbytheletters

als(Gen.A) werevery

toapiti nwhichthe

ngeastwithheadto

allysomewhattoone

markedbyaflattened

bbles.S imilar

oftheK ermaculture,

r(see p.30).

nB(Turn.K u.6

a d d i ti ons .Ku .6w a s

iltcultchapel

und,whichwas

oe-shapedstonewall

mi l a r s t r uc tu r e , bu t i t i s l e s s

edatedto GenerationC.

etumuluswithachapel

ritserectionthe mound

walland setwithina

rectangularinshape.

providedwitha

huscloselyresembles

lGenerationsD

, 23 ) d id" pu re m a s tab a fo rms

gularrectangular

allationsaresobadly

fromthem.

odiesofthe

hiscustom,whichwas

un ti l t hepe r iodo fS heb i t o

characteristicof

pearancespeaksstrongly

i v i l i a t i on. In u .1 9 a nd

essionsthat indicatewhere

fourpostholes

ecemetery.TombK u.3,

e e n (king s s i s t e r andk ing s

nsalabaster-linedholesor

owvanishedbeds

f u l b ron ebed l e gso rn a men t ed

91 F ig .19 )w er e fou nd

irtombsandmanner

lowedtypesthat were

S udan.Thisisevident

i th t h emfo r the i ru seand

ppedthroughthe

K ur rua r eb ico n i ca l go ld

ngthe K ermaculture

y E gyp t i anob ec t s f ound

ig n i f ic an t andwerep ro ba b l y

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u m ul us ( u .6 )o f an e a rl y

rru,about840-820B.C.

n t h e formofa s ua t t ing go ose

heNapatanPeriod,

y r amid ( u .17 )o fK in gP iy e a t

747-716b.C.

s so r, e pandedh i s bu r ia l

u . 1 5 ) in to twoca r efu l l y

hichwereadornedwith

en f r omEgyp t i ans o urc e s . I n

owever,theroyalwives

ingtothecustom of

)introducedmany

n.H ewasburiednotat

ee h e causedasma l l py ram id to

.1).Thisstructure

utthekinglater hadit

indo steppedpyramid.

obablyappearedonthe

Nubiaduringthe New

eoftombconstructionfor

theMeroiticPeriodinthe

merousother

his twopredecessors,it

chamberandalarge

avaultedceiling.The

edsi pillarshewn

ong wallswerenichesthat

ties.

6)returnedfor

h e b ui l t apy ramid ( u . 16 )o f

s , con ta in inga s ma l l

amber.Thepaintings

epresentingtheroyal

a r e inane ce l l en t s t a t e o f

a r e Egyp t i an in s ty l ea nd

p t i anso rbyK u s h i te s

wasburiedat

theroyalcemeteryfor

years,untiltheend ofthe

o m b , l ikeTaha r o s , wa sa

designof thedivided

ditionbegunbyPiye and

e cep tTaha r o . F .H in t e ,

tedout thatkings

,wereinafewinstances

i r q ueens .There i sn o t h ing to

ae r Napat an ru l er s â € ”

13),Nasakhma(468-463

431B.C.,Gen.20),

G e n. 2 2 )â € ” ha d

anthoseoftheir

nkamanisken(643-623

mbbuiltfor himself,

f ol l o wedbya l l l a t e rKu s h i t e

however,inthe

whichcontainedonlythe

nthecasesof sovereign

s i eo f the royalp y r a mi ds

m

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culararchitectureof

merouspalaceswere

ofMeroe,theyalldate

bearingthenamesof

dationswerefewand

trace ofthepalacesof

reswereofsandstone,

tegration.Theywere,

onethatcould bereused

n d b yS .D on adon i a f ew

ddate fromtheNapatan

ncerningthepalace

H E R O U ND

ushitekingsafter

i n s p ir a t i on .The yhad

ohsandusedE gyptianas

heirtitularywasthe same

robes,crowns,andmuchof

o n t hoseo fEgyp t i a n r u l er s

hemselvesrepresentedin

verfromtheir E gyptian

gsaresurelytraceableto

by appearing,soto

s e t ha t t hese fo r e ign e r s

g y p t.

sneverdeniedtheir

roiticnamesand

d inwhichtheyhadbeen

forburiai.W iththe

p,theymingledinsignia

.Chiefamongtheseis

sovereignty.R ussmann

ablyincorrectly,toan

antimesit hadbecomea

sekingship.Asandstone

hartoum1851)depictsthe

y e wi th suchac a pas w e l l a s

w e r Egyp t .

Nubiancapwasoften

rofstreamershungfrom

t im esEgyp t i an i edb y

therthan asingleone,

le,Cat.71 isamongthefew

esitcertainthat every

aeus mustbeidentifiedas

i t he r t oDynas ty XX V o r to

wouraeiare less

f U ppe randL ow erE gy p t

ve r K ushandEg yp t ,

n g .

dressis the

rthreesuch pendants,showing

undiskbetween

oundthenecksof

andotherornaments

),whichhadalready

D y nas tyXV I I I .

iththeage-oldveneration

1973),whichisalsoto be

e.S mallwonderthatthe

mlonglinesofpastoralists,

asitalso symboli ed

eearlierE gyptianrulers,the

mbands,bracelets,and

udan,andtheyhad

icallyportrayed

. 2 4 ) .

avestylistic

absenceof inscriptions,

m

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thebeautifullyworkedsphin

reatTempleofAmun

Theother,lessfine,was

rsthenameofAspelta

ut e r 1961 ) .

d e t oaun i ue s t a tu e

h e a dand inl a ide yes ,wh ich

ple(B700)at GebelBarkal

entsofothersculptures

butthispracticeseemsto

nPeriod.

u s h i te s cu lp tu r ecan be f i rm ly

. O n ly thec o lo s sal s t a t u eso f

o f a q ueen f romGeb e lBar ka l

stylisticdevelopment

atanPeriod.Allthese

gyptiantradition,but

iconographicelements

s si on in royalK ush i t e

n a st yX X V .O n l ym ino r

utionmarkthedevelopment

PTUR E

h e r ound i s t r uea ls oo f

heformalprinciples of

h i te ru l e r s and the i r su b e c t s .

onfragmentsofastela

E 41013 ) r ep r es e n t in gK ash t a

i e f so fP iyear emo re

und-toppedvictorystela

t GebelBarkal(Cairo

n t em p lewal l s t he r e.A t t he t o po f

reoftheking, nowerased,

isterson eachsideof

uishedE gyptiankinglets

onefigureleadsa

nthin,elongated,

239)thoughtthatthisscene

ushitecontributionthat

gartofE gypt.

TempleofAmun

d,showsimilarfeatures.

ngandhisentourage

credbark,groveling

dinghorses.Incontrast to

malsaremuchlargerthan

eyare renderedinthe

aggeratedlylong,thinlegs.

andtheir roundheads

s,sooftenseeninK ushite

he horsesintherelief

theyhadbeen designed

hischaracteristic,

liefs,reappearslater in

p. 59).Thesceneofthe

hand,goesbackto

ofitselementsreflectTheban

ePeriod.15

oevidentin

en,whofre uently

ng K ushiterobethat

b firstobservedonthe

abiri( hartoum1901).

allylong,cylindrical

Gen.E )andthewifeof

r e l i e fsp l aceadde d

rmsand legs,whichare

ingthatofAssyrianreliefs.

n i s eviden tonEg y p t i an

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ndividualscenes,withno

m.

tan,presumably

a. 6Thatthereare certain

S unTemplereliefsand

edoesnotpreclude this

chotomyhasalreadybeen

nd.O nestylistictendency

GebelBarkalremained

unTemple.Asecond

emergedinE gyptunder

o a n dwascon t i nued und er

amplesofthistraditionare

cavatedbyGarstang

hichcancertainlybe

rtlypreservednamesto

tothestylistic

. 3 7 ) .The rewereman y th e mes

eartistsinterpretedthemin

s t y XX V , tw o gr oups

irst groupconsistsofthe

ntemples.Thesecond

herearof thefunerary

presentationsonthe

lydifferaccording to

laefollowthepattern

presentscenesthatare

es,fromtheleft and

fAmun,whois

h a r am sheadan d i n the

ekingisaccompaniedinone

herbyhis mother.This

anwetamani(CairoJ E

A n laman i (Copenh agenN C G

E 48864 V o l . I ,F i g . 5 4 ) , an d

onofthetwotemple

48865-6)departscompletely

yat Nurican

roups.To thefirstand

mentalgranitestelaof

hich thekingisrepresented

foretheenthronedO siris

) . UnderAspe l ta (G en .1 0)

in whichtheking

ndsraised inworshipof

d e backwa l lo f t heS u n Tem plea t

yearlysi thcenturyB.C.

m

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Isis andAnubis.This

onthestelaeofK ing

C ., G en .16 )andK in g

e n . 17 ) .A l l t hese s t e l ae a r e

t(1.35meters).

uiltaverysmall

ndinglysmallstela only

.Thisstelashowsa

escribedabove,omitting

ngthedeceasedruler

laeofK ingBaskakeren

nBatahaliyefromNu.44

hi(340-335B.C.,Gen.26)

drelief.Itis onlyinthe

hewifeofNastasen(Cat.73),

l i ef € ” mo rep re c i s el y, t o

yofE lK urruyielded

oughthemostvaluablehad

enoughremainsto give

theNapatanaristocracy.

al s , over lookedby p l und e re rs ,

b r o n e tha t r an kam on g t he

heentire NileV alleyand

ftheK ushiteartisansand

bored.

t h in go ld sheet s (Ca t . 96 )

yagoldenH athorhead

t i s . ) comef romthe s e bu ri a l s .The re i s

edsphin seatedona

( C at . 94 F ron t is . ) , a

rfectionin Meroitictimes.

t ( C a t. 95 ) shows t he

nâ € ” ap r i v i le g e usua l l y

n e o b e c t of a m a i n g s i e

e f o rmofa s ua t t ing goo se

i s a pu relyE gyp ti an mo ti f a p p l ie d

n er a rybed .S eve r alb ro n e

u ee ample ( Bo s t on

a palmtrunkencircled

h e b ur i a lo fK ingS ha ba o

aprecedent,for two

utfromalaterperiod

Cat.115)dates fromthe

8-519B.C.,Gen.14)and

sen(Gen.27)inthe late

i n gd o m of K u s h:

NapatanPeriod

m

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v e re dana l t arb loc kb ea r in gh is

).

the sameking,inthe

ua r t i t ehead in M un ic h

s om ewha t ideal i ed a ndh e nce

e.

L o n do n 1 77 0 O x f o rd

roundrepresentingadivine

ned:thebeautifulalabaster

565)andthegranitesphin

D R 7972 ).

t c i te a sma l lb ron e s ph in

u v r eE .3916 :R ussm a nn

8-69,101ff.)hasattributedthe

81)to Tanwetamani,itis still

resentsthat ruleroris

pedportraitofaking

maybefoundin thefamous

theH ighPriestAmenhotep

m e ss e s IX ( mi th 1965 a ,

Gebel Barkalrelief,

ndricalnecksthatare

e.

ssumedthatthereliefs ofthe

rst centuryA.d.andwere

ewimpossibleon

i n gd o m of K u s h:

NapatanPeriod

m

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canceis reflectedinthe

mNapatato Meroeat

tthereoccurredatthis

V ol.I,pp.94-95).W hateverthe

emeterycoincidedwith

velopmentsthatmarked

od oftheK ingdomof

atanPeriod,theMeroitic

sgrowingindependenceof

influencebecamemore

criptgradually

phsastheofficialwritten

ultedin aprofound

eguninthe southern

roducedthroughout

biainthenorthto the

a c t i n the sou th , f ro mt he th i rd

a.d. i7Meroiticob ects

ar S ennar,hundredsof

montheBlueNile.Until it

ofS ennarbelongedto

ossibleto tellifthese

ame herebytrade.18

uchearlierinthe

knowne ampledates

centuryB.C.and

e G r eatE nc lo su rea t

unfinishedcolumnbasein

on ( ig .38 ) .I 9

awwarates- ufra,

bout225B.C.,istheearliest

withcertainty,onthe

restillwrittenin

hasnecessarily

carcityof ob ectsdating

coverssi hundred

lesweregenerallybuilt

hatsuccumbs relatively

Moreover,buildingswere

tosupplymaterialfor

erNubiahasbeenthoroughly

t he a r ea southo f theS e c ond

rictedtothetemplesat

pataandMeroe,thecity

wwarates- ufra.

tedscientifically.

n s t hat fo l l owed the

bia(1907-11)thata

ural developmentofthe

ed(fora historyofearly

.Theart ofthisarea,

ed.Remarkablethough

estinartwas probably,at

aggeratedpredilectionfor

rculture andartof

ebecamepossibleonly

toobserveNubiaandthe

e n t i ti e s t hathadde vel op e d

ransformationof

reasedinterest in

fthisarthas been

cations,thoughitis still

nowledge,Meroitic

ingfeatures.Itsprimary

ticunity.S ofar,fivestyles

havecoe istedtosome

oneanotheror may

m

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menthavesymmetrical,

ningthreetofiverooms

c ue t (1971 ,1 2 1 ff . ) , t he

fullyconstructedof

m a te ly s i t yc e n t ime t er s i n

her,separatedbyafew

aysprovidedaccessto

ationsweresometimesof

omswereplasteredand

e off i rm ly tampedea r th t h e

bricksappro imately

rrel-shapedhouses

h e NewK ingdom a nd

veryrecently.Thedoor

oodorstone.

yhighonthe wallsofthe

edlight andair.S ome,

muchlargerwindows.37

uartersatAsh-

h es o fva r i ed fo rm ( a c ue t

servedas repositoriesfor

however,wereshallowand

eredevotednodoubttoother

e s t ha t t he se l a t t e r may have

ult.Tracesofredbands

rtsofinteriorwallsand

ationofwoodenframes.

nboththenorth and

ersofflatstones.S uch

oiticPeriod,wereless

uctures.H ousesfoundin

highofficialsandpriests,

sedescribedabove.

ofcomfortnot previously

eroyal residence.

Meroiticironsmiths,

i s e cava ti ons , ha ve no ty et

dlyyieldmuchnew

-knownlivingconditions

yGarstangat

a d BanNa a ( Ve rcou t t e r

ldingsintheMeroe

lyofhewnsandstone

edthesmallblocksused

ncealmostnorelief

ticpalaces,wemust

esebuildingswere

ahadunusuallythick

cturewas appro imately

o ut s i t y -oneme te rs l ong .

lar,roomswerefound

omanynarrowpassages.

danentrance,butthe main

oanentrancehall

umnswithcapitalsinthe

ose foundinE gypt.

idedwithfourgroupsof

adscrownedwithsundisks.

ofivory,wood,andpottery,

bablyservedas

rsmusthavebeensituated

case,aswellas fragments

mittheassumptionthat

rieshigh.Althoughwe

ylooked,itmusthave

nedhall,whichperhaps

hatthinrelief slabs

nedthe wallsofthishall

m

m

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m

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@

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reatE nclosureatMusawwarat

i t y l a st ed f romtheN ap at a nPe r iod un t il

m

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m

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worshippingthegodApedemak,

ApedemakTempleatNa a,

rya.d.

y,andproportionsfor

din thesetwotemples

ylisticdevelopmentof

t N a abyQ uee n

.Gen.41),isthe only

tionsdatabletoa

edemaktemples,butits

ofpreservationand

s,44areoflittlehelpin

nt.

efsofS tyleGroupIIall

atakamaniandarefound

at e d to theEgyp t i an g ods

d B a nNa a , a ndA ma ra . In

E g yp t ian - l ike , wee mph a s i e

nceuponE gyptian

isticsarealsoclearly

t h e r end i t i onofob e s e f ema l e

hebarkpedestalfrom

N a a (Be r li n /D D R 7 261 )

mpleofthiswell-rounded

).Goddessesportrayedhere

ctedwithslender

rethereliefsfoundrecently

3 9 ) .Theya re r el a t ed toG ro up

h e f ea tu r especu l ia r t o

midchapelsand

found.AtW adBan

la c e were l i nedwith th in

goldleaf (Cat.123).The

undbyGarstangat

mtheNapatanPeriod.

sohavecontainedreliefs.

oewere,however,usually

softhebestof themwere

132),45whichshows

nakedyouthwithayoke

d ofwhichasmall

ortionsofthisfigure

gnof Natakamani.46

butabletothe

hatthewallsofthe Great

- u f r aand theb r i c kwa l l s o f

wthatthesewallswere

telaefromL owerNubia

numberofpainted

erenot decoratedwith

E g yp t t hey p rov id edn o

midchapels,

tteredreliefshavebeen

vedon royalstelae

nerarystelae ofmembers

)andof private

eenfoundonlyinL ower

n,thereareoffering

i n gd o m of R u s h :

MeroiticPeriod

m

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dsomearecertainlyto

.Certaingraffitidepict

ogschasinghares,and

wever,thesedrawings

donkeys,lions,cattle,

eyaredocumentsofa

rasttotheofficialart

s ub ec t .

incised

rkaror(firstcenturya.d.,

f of G ebe lQe i l i i n t he Bu tana ,

belongingtoofficialart.

haloandnimbus,two

rediconographyof

entationofthekingshows

atareunknowninother

ance,however,isthe

nemies,whoarepicturedas

sswithwhichthefigures

nnerinwhichthe

unparalleledinthe

ueisreminiscent

n awalloftheGreat

- u f r a ( i g . 59 ). I t i s a ve r y

ning,showingamanand

e nakedfemaleis

rhead inprofile.The

perhapstoindicate

manwithanerectpenis

sofhis loosenedbelthang

back.Themanembraces

hisheadtoucheshers,

hewomanholdsthe

stretchedarms,whichis

ofigures.This incised

ocumentof officialart,

ofitsdetails,thescene

yof itscreator.

sthattheartistsfreely

mentstocreateavivid

n.

H E R O U Nd

ntheroundsurvives

mthe NapatanPeriod,

creasedartistic

umberofpreserved

Theycanbedividedinto two

tsof humanfigures,such

s.Thesecondcomprises

employedforhuman

resaremostfre uent,

r a wi ngo fKingS h or karo r

h th e he lpo fagod,

d.20-30.

ngof amananda woman.

rates- ufra,MeroiticPeriod,

MeroiticPeriod

m

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@

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weseeanunderlying

thekingtrampleshis

fca-statues,from

owerNubia.55Theseare

dhumanfigures,often

6Thefea-statuesnever

remadeforcivil

aswellasfor highpriests

oitic upperclassin

a n t g roups t a tue s sh owam an

men.Thefea-statue

elplacedto theeastofthe

omborin anicheabove

hetombshavenotbeen

atethefca-statues

vebeenattributedtothe

butitis possiblethatthey

rt,similar inposture,

llyinthe positionofthe

hownwithforearms

o s i ti onapparen t ly r e s e rved fo r

1)areshownwithboth arms

figuresarealso

herarmpositionsas

arthattheyhadany

ptfortheviceroys,somearm

emalefigureswhileothers

servableonlyin

mple.O nlyviceroyswear

. 1 53 i s an impres s ivee am p l e.

wnwithorsometimes

aynotrepresenta

hichischieflywornbythe

dcollar andsometimes

ntlywearahairband

encarrya fly-whisk.

rryshort orlongstaffsand,

uit.

hgreatcare andcan

fart (Cats.151,153).

rudeandawkward

an importantstylistic

selytheseworks.In them,

oiticimpulsetoward

stractioninthereduction

E g y p t i ane ce p t

rR omanelementsbeseen.

yleandcontentfromall

ngalocali edstylegroup

ssiveevidenceofthe

utlinethe

tatues.Thedistinctions

hablul(Cats.157,159),

4,155),andthosefrom

ssarilyreflectdifferent

varyingskillofi ndividual

weenprovincial

r ea s ( a r a sandA n i ba )

inctions.S omeofthe

haped,andal arge

allcases,however,the

.Theenlargementoftheeyes

ntofstylistic unitytobe

swith pointedfaceshave

thtubelikelids.S uchheads

m

m

@

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y - n c



m

m

@

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y - n c



owerNubiauntilthesecond

decoratedMeroitic

bablyconnectedwithits

edata muchearlier

asproposedthatceramic

nturyB.C.Thatthesefine

laterbecamemore

n e p l a inedpa r ad o .

allydecoratedwith

enisticinfluencesborrowed

etechni ueofdecorating

ddesignshadrootsin

angementofthemotifs

r es , f o r e amp le ,we r e

ie esorcoveredthebody

ghthistechni uewas

mo r e f r e uen t i n the s ou th . Th i s

leardifferencesbetween

onsshowthat fine

edinthe south.The

boththe cityandroyal

yawhitishor lightgray

owerNubiaareusuallyred

omthenorthmore

eornamentaldecoration

the south.Thevessels

ymoredelicateandmore

becausethecapitalhad

mprobablethatthe

wasimportedfrom

distances great,butthe

s i s ha a rdous , w h ic hwo u l d

icsfromL ower

n d r i sky.

developmentof

rthestudiesofGriffith

mshavesolvedthe

unabletosayingeneral

erand whichlater.

pressedinceramic

sselshaveidentical

arerepeated,theyvaryin

romK aranogand

telypaintedbythe same

ventykilometersapart.

hattherewerecentersof

N u b ia .Ves se l s such as

horae,bowls,andthelike

d thendistributed.

ndertakenbytheartistsor

msmost likelythatthe

butthepossibilitythatthe

ecannot becompletely

uldhavebeenlimited,

ayandkilns.

inting stylesoften

schools ofpainting.In

patterns,andin many

referred.Thepossibility

hesamesuggestsa

ceramicdecoration.

olsis distinguished

tifsdelineatedwith

ecu t ed l i ne s .Be c a use o f

chthesemotifsaredrawn,

lshouldbecalledthe

i s d ec o ra ti onappea r s on lyon

eacademicschoolwas

urvivingpaintedvessels

eattributabletothis school

m

m

@

M

m




y - n c



m

m

@

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m




y - n c



a r a nog712 )and now in

8 2 , andCa t . 224 V o l . I ,F i g . 9 6 ) .

e cu t iono f thev ine

lsoknownfromthree

pringing antelopes.

s.222,223) theoriginof

7 8 ) i sno tknown.Th e re c anben o

y thisartist,although

Cats.221 and222

potsalsohave

and,ofbirdswhosetail

telyindicated.The

F aras(Grave2091

T h e an te lopedoes no t app e a ro n

ht a r t i st sd idno t l i mi t t h e mse l v es

t .

erioninattribution

t echni uean d s t yl e mu s t

ofsuch individuality

elofachievementreached

Nubia.

hemselvestospecial

ed,ovoidpotfromF aras,

daboundprisoner.The

onofeyeandear witha

thispotandthe

Cat.237,werepaintedby

u e ands tyl eo f the" P r i son e r

beimitated.

omF arasand

b o t hves sel s ,men s ta nd in

ks.Thispainter,too,varied

d threemeninfrontof a

the sceneintopartsand

ferentlotusplant.67

s agreatstep

chronology.Tombsthat

meartist mustbeof

ible,therefore,thata

edout.

d p o t te ryhavecome t o

ingdom.Thosepots

catethattheree istedin

n.

Meroe,Cat.220,

couple,reflectsthe

ndcanbe placedwithin

T h egobl e t ,Cat . 2 50 ,w ith

beaker,Cat.249,with

eprobablyproductsof

oundinpyramids

lhouse.V esselsofthis

or havebeenfoundonly

pyramidatMeroe,

a in t e d f lor a l s t a rs a nd th e

paintedwithhalfmoons

perhapsthemostbeautiful

amics.S tylistically,Cat.252

lofL owerNubia,butits

itis morelikelyaproduct

at.251onlyoneparallel

bia:agraduatedbeaker

PhiladelphiaE 8457).

ofthepotterycentersof

hatwaresfromthe royal

owerNubia.

ppropriated

eud at-eyes,ankh-signs,

ureswithspreadwings,

m

m

@

M

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y - n c



ofNubiaandthe northern

unchanged.Thishigh-

commonthanthe

nofMeroiticceramic

re.Thepotsincludedin

eitsrichvariety.Meroitic

cedin theNileV alley.

characterofMeroitic

ctshavebeendiscussedin

ummation,Meroiticart

ile retainingthe

art,Meroiticart

y B.C.increasinglydeparted

ependentfeatures,

entsthathadeither

rwere borrowedand

fMeroiticartinclude

ternalinfluences,a

imitationtoa fewgenres,

unofficialart, and,finally,

orthand thesouth.The

Meroiticartisans

nofficialart,inwhich

pressed.

ththe E ygptian

is creativelyeclectic.It

whereelementsof

etand wereintegratedinto

y fe a t u re so fMeroi t i c a r t â € ”

” a r eAf r ic an inch a rac t e r,

rallyacceptedsenseof

nottooverburdenthe

oc e p t "Af r i c an , w e have

hasi ingthisaspect.W e

" Af r i can an d

th e f ac t t hatE gyp t i s l o ca t e d i n

piedbothculturallyand

weenAfricaand Asia.)

freethemselves

nart e pressingthe

neoftheirimportant

n

PyramidsBeg.N.24,N.25,

emeteryofMeroe.In

roiticstyle wereprobably

heprolongede istenceof

iatedwiththe political

vesthatnearS ennarwasalarge

6, 2 34 ) th inks tha t t h e M ero i t ic

ersouth.

n(Cat.72)andthetomb stelaof

whichdatefromthelatefourth

landarestill inthestyleof

AmunTemplesatAmaraand

r om the I s i sTempl e o f Wa d

7 261 V o i . I , f i g. 7 4 ) . I t i s un c le a r

ingNatakamani,madeof

9.47.709)shouldbeplaced

onlyasinglefragmentof

namehasbeenfound.

asefromtheGreatE nclosure

Tem pleo fKingA me kh ama n i,

r a( i g . 45 V o i . I , i g . 6 9) .

esculptures(Cat.137),

5),statues ofgodsfromthe

dinburghandCopenhagen

m

m

@

M

m




y - n c



nAmanitore( ig.46).

mthe ApedemakTempleof

upstatue,Cat.135,andthe

a t ue t t eo fQueen N a w idem ak

yfirstcenturya.d. fromthe

i g s . 43,46 ,53 ,54) , t he r e l ie f

s py ramidchap el ( i g . 5 2 ) , the

ig.64),andthecolumn-statues

n ( ig .65 ) .

akTemplereliefsfrom

. 4 5 )and fromthe g ro ups t a tue .

k Templea tNa a ( ig .4 6 ) and

itenmemide( ig.52)support

hestatuette,Cat.137,was

C.( hinnie1953,95),and

aninscriptiononits base

awidemak.

n d h ut onab ron eb owl f rom

efofa villagescenefromthe

Garstang1911,pl.X X I,6)

hutsin Meroitictimes.The

nimageofa god(Cat.131)

elling.

mayreflectsocial conditions.

wlivingq uarterswere

eac uisitionofanewwife,

ntforherselfandher

ticeof polygamy.

havebeengiventomarried

dwiththeirown living

parents.

o imatelytwokilometers

w a s e cavat edb yaDu tch

e ns i n1962-63 .

sfound atF aras(Micha/owski

I b ) , wh ichwasca rved in the f o r mo f

Thoth.Asimilargrill,

sin theformofa nakedman

ers(Plumley1970a,

lyofMeroiticorigin,hewas

pantheonduringtheearlypart

u l t d idno t e t en dn or t ho f

i g 1 974 ).

esatMeroe(1909-14)

andIsis.P.L .S hinniehas

dbuildingsthere.

aM u sawwarat e s - u f r a , Na a ,

a n d Basa , t onamebu ta f ew s i te s .

,thisrulewasnot followedin

Q ueenS hanakdakheteduring

e1959 ,p ls .V-V I I I ) ,whe r e

visioninwhichthegods

of thetempleandthe

he CentralTempleinthe

r at e s - u f r aa r e pr ob ably th e

hestaror planetwithwhich

bedatedtothefirst century

nbearingthe nameofK ing

393a).

ntialschemesofpyramidreliefs

yramidsandled togreater

gyofthe period(Wenig

lpaintingsfrompalacesat

m

m

@

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m




y - n c



t h e f r agmen to fa s ta tu e o f

n o t e49 ) a l i o n f r o mBa s a

ameofK ingAmanikhabale

i be d wi th thenameo fK in g

h a rt o um 2 4 39 3 a) a n d a fr a gm e nt o f a

m b ea ring thenam e of Ki ng

frontofTemple300at

longtothefourth orthird

mpaniedbylionson aleash.

n c l o su rea tMus a wwar a t

hat werefoundbroken

thesewereintheformof

othefourthor third

ainsoftwosimilar figures

1 9 6 0a,376-81 ) , f orwh ich n o

airofstatuesarethe

onthebasisof their

b se uen t t oKin g

110.36 CopenhagenNCG

edthatthesefiguresbelongedin

1973a) itnowappearsmore

r.

e R oyalBaths,whichare

ofa nakedboyplayinga

oricalMedicalMuseumE G.

s i tyCo l l ege [ A 40 0 ,0 36 : D i on

)S t i l l s t and ing i n t hep a r t i al l y r e s to r e d

n apleatedrobeplayinga

pist(Garstang1913b,pl.V I)

aringaheadband( ig.67).

faso-calledarmored

),whichisa R omantype

seatedmanholdingapapyrus

osopherstatues.Themost

atueofacouplewho are

eirupper torsosraised,

werhalfof bothfiguresis

i.H eadsofseveralstatues

useums thefinestrepresents

CG 1336 F i g .6 2 ) .Trace s

onceadeep black.

d b yRanda l l -Ma c lv er € ”

thefactthatthese

gyptianrepresentationsof

gyptianformwastakenoverin

es so u tho f theS econ dCa ta r ac t

doubtfulthatit hadthesame

t.Infact,similarstatueswere

c t t he deceased .O n l y E m e ry

cerningtheinterpretation

softhe ba.Thisnew

foundonlyinthenorthern

h , i sp robab ly tobee p l a ine das

rulingMeroites.

consandbirds withahuman

manfeet.Thesethreetypes

avatorsofsuchstatuesfound

a n da l l -Mac lver € ” Woo l l e y19 09 ,

€ ” R an d al l -Mac lv e r1910 ,

d al l -Mac lve r1910 ,10 - 1 l . p i. l 1 4 l ef t

S impson1964 ,18 E m e ry

fher pyramidchapelatMeroe,

2 244 .

madeascompleteworksand

topofthecult chapelof

niscentof anE gyptian

m

m

@

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y - n c



m

m

@

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y - n c



domabout

glivedonfor awhile

he oldpoliticalorderalso

ryforafew decades

ytheendof thefourth

urred,especiallyin

wthesechangesaffectedother

eresultof achange

eroitesgraduallylost

adae,groupsprobablyof

ensettled inthe

e r o rD ioc l e t i an i n a .d .2 9 7. 70

upsofBlemmyesfrom

edtemporarilyinseveral

egroupshadtheirownartistic

heendof Meroiticart.

anewethnic group

unker(1925,85)longago

eandtheBallana

eculturalcontinuum,a

dams1965a 1965b

a Torok1974).

mainuncertain.

dfromthethirdtothe

8 , 26 ) , bu t s t ud i e sby Bis s ing

-4 1 ; 1941 ) a nd To ro k ( 1974 ,36 1 ff . )

ate fourthcenturyand

o u ld bemoreaccu r a t e.O n t h e

minorart ob ectsfrom

u s tu l and thos e o f Eg yp t ,

singassignedtheBallana

ury,re ectingtheviewof

a s t ed to the s i t hcen tury.

ofj ewelryfoundin

14atQ ustulandinthe late

,concludedthattheob ects

efourthcentury.Afew

ubiaalsosupportthe

hefourthand

ubiaanditslack

resultedin greater

dm s 1964b 1965a Tr i gge r

ofGreece,R ome,and

t C o pt i c a r t o fEg yp t , a l l

rninfluence.Itis not

neartlefttracesin Nubia,for

y an t i neE mpi r e si nce

icinfluencewasstillstrong,

K irwan(1963,72f.),have

Ballanaculturewasan

newincludingindigenous

esfromthenorth.This

Ballanaartdifficult.

hatthebestof minorart

nd i nL owerNub iawere

a n t i um,wh ichw as

ganthe taskoftracingthe

theseriesofarticlescited

ectsfoundinther oyal

H ewaschieflyconcerned

weenselectedob ects

h e ar t o fA le an d r ia . H i s

beenadoptedhere.

findsareimpressive,

ewelry,ceramics,andother

ur v i v ingob ec t s co mef ro m

dQ ustul,butfineworks

mai,southoftheS econd

m

m

@

M

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y - n c



h e f our s ide so f th e s to neca pi t a l

srIbrim(Cat.283).

ydifferentfromthatof

hatBallanaartists

pression.

j ewe lry,b ron ewo rk,

h a t t he sk i l l and inv en ti ve nes so fB a l lan a

ongtheimportantfinds

naandQ ustularethe

nd q ueenswhowere

meto light,allofthem

Theseandmanyheavy

swellas silverplatesand

versmithsofBallanawere

s k nown inan t i u i t y.

roiticcrowns.

coratedinboldreliefwith

ads,H orushawks(Cat.267),

dingkingsbearingofferings.

verare sometimes

67). S omecrownsare

-preciousstones.O ver

s crowns(B80,B95,and

h e a do fAmun , fu l ly i n t he

theredcrestofthe

rown,flankedbyuraei.

formthatoriginatedin

edbythe Meroites.Inone

tsona crescentonashaft

nt onashaftbecamean

s oftheChristian

chfrescoes(Cat.293).

skilloftheBallana

ngj ewelsencabochon

939a 1941),whoproves

n t heB lackS ea r e g i onand

andria,fromwhenceit

ansimpliesthatthe

Ale andriaoranyother

t h e t echn i ue mayh ave

n t t h a t t heob e c t s i nw h ich

acture.Thesheer

naâ € ” rings,bracelets,

etrappingsâ € ” bespeaks

erNubia,anindustry

rybutsilvervesselsforthe

studyupontwo

m b ( B47)anda f in ge r r i n g f rom

H e c onc ludes ,on th eb a si so f

ramidW .130atMeroe,

ontinuedto be

fourthcentury.W eknow

lyimpossiblebecause

arlierthantheburials

P er i o d .Torok s s t ud y

iticbraceletswiththeir

ameworkshopas

to mbs .Hence , t he recou ld

eparatingtheBallana

iticPeriod.

edso manycopper,

a s t heBa l l anaPe r io d.H un dr ed s

i n t he royal t omb s a t

othersitesin L owerNubia

r ka , G em a i, a mo n g th e m â € ” h a ve

withoute ception,

racticalpurpose.They

Cat.281),bottles,

m

m

@

M

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y - n c



m

m

@

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echieflyhemispherical

go b l e ts ( i g . 82 ).T hey be ar

tweenlinesorsimple

e d b i rds , s im i la r t o th o se tha t

heordinaryblack

isphericalbowl

Meroiticceramicsis

n g e s, wavy l ine s , s ty l i e d f i s h,

etoearliersources.

ell-definedcharacterof

parablehascome to

ofthe Nobadaewho

iocletianina.d.297.

dearliercontactwith

ural independence.

eddiscoveriesasthis

nsofL owerNubiain

daeweretwodifferentethnic

cument(stillunpublished)

f t he E gyp tEx p l o r at i o nSoc i e ty

art butdocumentswritten

k,andO ldNubian,which

epopulationcouldreadand

umerousbron eutensils,

thepeopleoftheregion.

haveonly preliminary

i o n a tQas r l b r i m( P lumle y

0 a 1975 )andm us t a w ai t fu l l

ctureof thiscenterof

o f t he Ba l l anaCu l tu r e

m

m

@

M

m




y - n c



m

m

@

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m




y - n c



arkedthecloseof the

nhistory,whichhad begun

establishmentofthe

r d p hasedawned in th e l a t e

.with theintroductionof

of theF irstCataract

preadwithconsiderable

e s i t hcen tury t he r e

ythreekingdomsinwhich

eligion:Nobatia,

nedhencefortha

f Islaminthefourteenth

vealsacompletebreak

he rupture,however,

nan ethnological

edNubia andtheseearly

theirdescendantsstill

beseenin theportrayals

292,293)onthe walls

ybroughttoNubia

phy,whichreplacedtheold

nspiredinpart by

istianS yriaandPalestine.

a l at e r ac u i r eda

nevercompletelylost

ehaveincludedhere

ichshowthatNubiain

mean important

h a t "Nub iana r t i n th e

emebut notinessence,

tationalmaterialthough

iples. ThusinNubiathe

v o lv e sa r ever sa l o f t h e c oncep ts

ubia,for itwasprecisely

herthan themesand

nstitutedtheessenceof

sactuallya Nubian

Christianartofother

gentopinions.Plumley

ristianart ofNubiahasa

wskiholdsthat even

ianfrescoesshow

wntothe artofother

e a d er sh ip ,Po l i sh

nd u c t ede t ens iv e e cav at i on s

w hi c hhasa longhi s t o r y as a

ionsyieldedmuch

ntingsandchurch

. Grossmann1971,330ff.).

hitecturehad reached

u ry ( ig .83 ) ,much ea r li e r

nowallpaintings

a thewallsoftheearliest

seventhcentury,were

ie escarvedinhigh

89,comesfromsucha

e dr a l . I t s sub e c t , t h e dov e , i s

ansymbols.Alongwith

gonthe walls,andwere

Micha/owski1974,33).

ed thereisnoevidence

mportantadministrative

ainedfrescoes.W orksin

theneedsofthecult.

m

m

@

M

m




y - n c



arasfrescoesislargely

ightanddarkvioletand

tingsof theearliest

earlyeighthtothe middle

style,characteri edby

ea c hed i tspeak in th e l at e

BishopK yros(ca.866),

ndcontinuedintotheearly

alfof thetenthcentury,

ominant.Tothis style

os(Cat.292) andthe

hsinthefieryfurnace(now

n o f Bi shopJ ohan nes to th e

with itanewstylei n

sused.Aworkin this

tof BishopMarianos

, F i g .93 ) ,who di e da tQ a s r I b r im

wnskin,this dignitarywas

itsz enithinthe

Ca t . 2 93 F ig .8 4 ) . I t i s

araswasdestroyed

bincursioninto Nubia

htahalt tothe

a.S uchworksthat

arsigns ofdecline,which

epoliticaldeclineofthe

istianfrescoesinNubia

entury,longafterthe

dturnedto Islam.

biadidnotdevelopout

ryintoitsorigins seemstobe

325ff.)believesthatitstems

he CopticartofE gypt,

peciallyAntiochand

n t i ne a r t o fConst a n t in op le . I t

C h r is t i an i a t i on o f th e

kingdomsproceeded.

ngtothemostrecent

970,303ff.),hasnoted

violetstyle,whichwas

gypt,appearonlyinthe

stingthatsomestylistic

ha/owski(1966,11-12)

workofatleastthree

olet style.

kihavetracedthewhite

e white-stylepaintings

wskihasdiscernedthehands

fferentgenerations.

definedonthebasisof

e le m entâ € ” a " t e nd en c y t owar d

l so b e cons ide r ed ( Mi ch a /o wski

ye pressedintheportrait

oleisnotbasedon

thathavebeenidentified

tCathedralatF aras,

nturya.d.

m

m

@

M

m




y - n c



ksinthevioletstyle,for

which thewhitestylewas

ki(1974,39)believesthe

dentphase,but

b e came thedom in an t co lo r

9).Afrescocontaining

out a.d.975,isa

h e r e the r ea l i smt h a t

he whitestylehasagain

raoffersavariegated

dentupone ternal

velopedindependent

, awoodenob ectused

nPeriodprovides

bian ceramictradition

erechangesinshape,

ceramicsofthe Christian

past(seeV ol.I,pp.131-33).

decoratedwithtwo entwined

BallanaPeriodwere

mics.Themotifofagiraffe

ChristianE ra(Cat.295)

icceramicpainting.The

stianNubiahasbeen

45ff. 1970,111ff. and

orkoffersscholarsamost

hedevelopmentof

eriod.

ongbeenknownbut

seriousscholarsof early

scoveriesmadeduring

Nubianmonuments.

kdonein the1960s

hristianNubiahas been

olinthecomparative

ousand-year-long

materialandmakesrich

es.

o f C hr i s t i anNub i a

m

m

@

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y - n c



m

m

@

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m




y - n c



a n i neAn ima land U raeu s

2).

eS ammlungAgyptischer

alstandsona flat

ofit.Twothintubes

hebase.

bent.

W idth0.5cm.

etery,PyramidBeg.

ction,thenBerlin1659.Given

c h eMuseenz u B e r l i n i n

sa mef ind .

o. 8 6 , f i g . 10 L D V , 4 2 ,

Ward1905 ,153 S cha f er 19 10 , 15 3 ,

9 66 ,no.72 ( i l lu s . ) M un ich

ch1976,246,no.148.

r w i r es (B .V. Bo thmer )w er e

elowthebase, butit

wsuchornamentsfromthe

hetowereworn(Berlinformer

er1657and1660arewithout

ionsaresomewhatreminiscent

arkal(seep.56).S chafer

d othershavecalledita

deityAnubis,but the

nimalappearsinMeroitic

j a ckal r ep re sen t a ti o nso n t he

ve r s os ty li ed € ” so no

ilablefromother

page91.

2).

l d b andwi th fused -gl a s s i n lay s .

eS ammlungAgyptischer

erbeadisbandedby

twistedgoldwireand

ttachedtotheband, inboth

singoldwirewithglass inlay.

g l a s s inl aysb lue ,g r een ,

dinplaces.

W idth3.1cm.Thickness

1 . 0 cm.

etery,PyramidBeg.

ection,thenBerlin1651.Given

c h eMuseenz u B e r l i n i n

sa mef ind .

o. 2 , f i g . 4 L D V ,4 2 ,n o.

ch a fer1910 ,164 -65, no .27 2(b ) , f i gs .

2,143,no.122,pl.81top

ueenAmanishakheto s

hestoneis roughly

ece inBerlin(formerly

m

m

@

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y - n c



m

m

@

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m




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en.63).

tts),MuseumofF ineArts

ostspherical body

r v in gupward toaw i d e o i l h ol e .

dlidwitha rosette

nter.Thelampwassuspended

nacapitalanda hook

heringhandlewas shielded

afflameguard.The

calrodtoa baseintheform

mbleminreliefisaffi ed

andontheback

tioninMeroiticc ursive.

fcorrosion.

moderntimes.

m.H eightoflamp18.7cm.

7 c m.

etery,PyramidBeg.N.29

o . S 21 -3-160 ).

68(fig.109),170,pls.

D ; D u n h a m 19 5 8, 1 32 , fi g . 10 3 D u n h a m 19 6 5,

n o . 30 S h in n ie1 96 7 ,1 28 ,

36.

his lampfromK ing

PyramidBeg.W .122from

n24.966),thesecondby

Garstang1914b,pl.V ,2

ofthelamp,especiallythe

nfluenceoflate anti uity,

riptionindicate that

d c onse uen t lyo the r s im i l a ro b e c t s

Me roe .Theemble mf re u en t ly

orythereofseveralcenturies.

as i e s t ha t i t c anno tbea

s mark .H i s s u gg e st i on

royalworkshopis

972,35ff.),whohasalsogiven

ms,thinkstheyareowner s

course,theywould

ock,piecesthat werepassed

therindividuals.This is

sinterpretationispreferable.

m

m

@

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y - n c



m

m

@

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m




y - n c



r m ofaD ove

leanMuseum1935.488.

ormofadove withalong

theright.Thewingsare

ageisincised,individual

d.Thetailterminatesina

rneathitservesfor

khasahinged triangular

tachedtothebackof the

chainsbeing gathered

chasinglechain leadsto

eakbrokenoffandrepaired

m. L eng th15 .7 c m. Wi d t h 6 . 5

c m .

A,onmoundaboveTomb

c a v a ti onno .A /12 / 1 ).

9 4 , p l .XX I ,3 Z ip p e rt19 36 -

K i r wa n 1 93 8 ,1 6 8 K i r wa n 1 93 9 ,7 , 31 , p l.

7 8 B i s s ing19 41 ,11 ( f i g . 3) , 12

A r k e ll 1950a ,38 ,3 9p l. 1 , f i g . 1 Ar ke ll

atedthatlampsofavianform

velopedin ChristianE gypt

a.d.andspreadfromthere,

R omans(Grimm1969,

eis alampfoundin

peyerMuseum(Bissing

Vo l bach (1921 ,p l . 8 , 42 c i t e db y

dbedatedto thethirdor

cavatorofAltrip,dateditto

tury(Bissing1941,12,no.

oi.579) thatitcouldbe dated

edategivenhereforthe

mblancetotheAltrip lamp.

r s i t hcen tury.

n d a tQus tu l (C a ir o J E 71131

eikhAbade(Antinoopolis)in

sen515:Wessel1963,29,pl. I

selampsallhavedouble

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97)suggestedthefifthtosi th

e.

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twopolesin theformof

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mountedonitstail.The

iddleand edgedwithtworows

h e wea rsa th i ck f i l le t .The

spacedincisedvertical.

esharplypointed.Thebody

undtheyouth sneckisa

ines,from whichhangsa

signmissing corrosion

ludingmodernbase)48.0cm.

dthacrosshands15.4cm.

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11) , p l . 98C B i s s ing [ 1 93 9 -

l. 3 7 B.

ype werefoundinthe

B80).Inthese twoe amples,

-signsaremountedonthe

e c r o s s theyou th we a r s in thep re s e nt

uence.Itis notcertain,

Christians,andthey

videncethatthe rulersof

y,forthebarbariccustomof

entswasstillpracticedhere.

detail (1939a,cols.577-78

).He believesthemtobepagan

noverbyan E gyptian

refersheretothereports of

nute,regardingthepillagingof

theinvadingNobadae

l.578).S tylistically,according

sare non- gyptianand

archaismbasedona" good

ol.509).Bissingreferstohuman

overedin E truriaand

rlierindatethanthe Ballana

1941,15,n.35).Youths

dically,onlyinthe

t C at hed ra l : i b id.1 6 ) .

veoriginatedonlyi na

istantsouthernNubia,and

ieceas animportfromone

pt:Ptolemais,Antinoopolis,or

A . Eff enbe rge r i s i np a r ti a l

ds,hethinksthelampsmay be

rhalfofthe fourthcentury),

blymanufacturedina

oughhedoesnotbelievethey

i t hcen tury (v e rb a l

wever,istoolate,since

urthor fifthcentury.

ces inE gyptianor

thinksthelampbearers are

ommunicationtoB. V .

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inent.H ehasadrooping

ronthechin.H ewearsalong

armentdecoratedwithared

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dand yellowandadorned

f h i s r i gh thand reacho u t t o touc h i t .

n de f i nger.O n e ach s id e of

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red,darkbrown,light

black.

gt s i de co lo rs ab rad ed i n

mWi d th1 .16m.He i gh to f

i g h to fb i shop s f i g u r e 1. 87 m.

edral,E piscopalH all,west

ichalowski1962,

974,180-84,no.33(with

ls oftheGreatCathedralof

rescoes,theyare infactsecco

ppliedto dry,notwet,

opofF aras(theancient

e s e rvedasb i shopo f t he

999 attheageof ninety-three

onthesouthernslopeof

ralreasons.It marksthe

redstyle,whichreachedits

etenthcentury(see pp.110-11).

stookoverthe dioceseof

t i ng mus thavebeen e ecu t ed

tsafi edpointforthe dating

nedAfricanisclearnot

m h i s r ema ins (Dz i e r y k r ay -

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e ar E a s te r n S t u d ie s

rpoolAnnalsofArchaeologyand

gy p t is cheSprach e und AI t e rt u mskund e

AnIntroductoryClassification

K ush10 (1962 ) ,

P o t te ryKi lnE x c a va ti on s . K u s h

AnIntroductoryClassificationof

964),pp.126-73.

o s t -Pha raon i cN ub i a in L ig h t o f

0 ( 1 964 ), pp .10 2 -20 .

P o s t- Pharaon icNub ia in L ig h t o f

5 1 ( 1965 ), pp .160- 78 .

S udanAn ti u i t i es S e r v i ce

6 3 - 1964 . K ush 13

A r c h i te c tu ra lE vo lut i on o f th e

J ARC 4

h e Vin t ageo fN ub ia . K ush 14

e t t l emen tPat t e r ns i n

ctofaNubian

r i es . I n :Ch ang ,

ology,pp.174-207.

h e Evo lu t i ono fCh r i s t ia n

r, E . , ed . ,K un s t

licherZ eit,

1970.

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K ush15 (19 67 -

a c r edandS ec u l arPo l i t ie s i n

h a eo logy6 (1974 ) ,

M e r oi t i cNor thandS ou th,A

I n :Meroi t i c a :

chenGeschichteund

,119-75.

a:CorridortoAfrica.

, a n dNords t rBm, H . -A . " Th e

lS urveyontheW estBankof

1 9 62 . K us h 11

rdonMemorialCollege,

h o r tGu ide to th e

F. A dd i son .2ded .

e be lMoya .Th e We l l c ome

a n, 1 - 2 .London , 1 94 9.

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gyptians.AncientPeoples

.

en c e so fPyramid Te t sw i th

O t h e rE gyp t ian

versity,

i n A nc ien tOr i e n t a l

50.

t ai . " E x cav a ti on s by the

i o n in theSudan ,

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erolticadeNag

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d a n .AS udanes e

e s Creat edbya

e t h eMemor i alo f

ed L ondonNews

m . A nAccounto f t he

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s e G ove rnmen t

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ountofthe

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3 6

5 4

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alistische

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e s ts c hr i ft f o r F . B a ll o d , p p .

n s tg e schi ch t l iche

ekropolenim

In:Miscellanea

blicatinel 1

elPont.Museo

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e r s ea s .

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m Museumvon

t undTa felnz u

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t undTa felnz u

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k l yn Museum

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c a va ti onsa tKa s r

e r v i cedes

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de sAn t i u i t e s de

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ondon.1907.

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" Z u rK la s s if i ka ti o nde r

Musawwarates

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