Presented by

Abeer Alamri

Adolescent-Parent

Disagreements

Phinney et al. Research Overview

Connecting the Study Findings with the self-

Determination (STD) Theory

Activity (1)

Parenting Styles

Culture and Social Pictures From Arab World

Activity (2)

Further Questions

Autonomy and relatedness in adolescent-parent

disagreements: Ethnic and developmental factors

By

Phinney, J. S., Kim-Jo, T., Osorio, S., & Vilhjalmsdottir, P. (2005)

Research Overview

Phinney et al. (2005)

Purpose Hypotheses Methodology

participants

Survey-tool

Analyses

Results

15)

Emerging Adulthood (19-22)

60 from each group

The Six Hypothetical Vignettes

Chores

Concert

Family dinner

Major

Dating

Moving out

Early Adolescents

Increasing Years

Late

European Americans

Findings’ Comparison of the Four Ethnic Groups

European Americans

Mexican Americans

Korean Americans

Armenian Americans

Connecting the Study Findings with the Self-

Determination (STD) Theory

“Innate psychological

needs for competence,

autonomy, and

relatedness must be

considered.”

(Deci & Ryan, 2000)

Relatedness refers to the desire to feel connected

to others to love and care, and to be loved and

cared for.

Autonomy refers to volition -the organismic

desire to self- organize experience and behavior

and to have activity be concordant with one's

integrated sense of self.

“When people's goal-directed behavior is

autonomous rather than controlled, the correlates and

consequences are more positive in terms of the

quality of their behavior as well as their health and

well-being” (Deci & Ryan, (2000) p.243)

“According to SDT, these three needs can be satisfied

while engaging in a wide variety of behaviors that may

differ among individuals and be differentially manifest

in different cultures, but in any case their satisfaction

is essential for the healthy development and wellbeing

of all individuals regardless of culture.”

Activity (1)

In the coming slide, there are two quotes retrieved from the

STD theory from Deci & Ryan (2000).

With the person who sits next to you:

1) Discuses these statements,

2) compare your ideas about the statements with Phinney et

al. article,

3) share with us

“The concept of autonomy is far less prevalent in empirical

psychology than are the ideas of competence and

relatedness. And indeed, when it is discussed it is often

incorrectly equated with the ideas of internal locus of

control, independence, or individualism. For us, however,

autonomy concerns the experience of integration and

freedom, and it is an essential aspect of healthy human

functioning”

“The three basic psychological needs in STD are

universal which could be applied from culture to

culture”

Parenting Styles

Diana Blumberg Baumrind

(born August 23, 1927) is a

clinical and developmental

psychologist known for her

research on parenting styles

and for her critique of the use

of deception in psychological

research.

Parenting styles were based on two aspects:

Parental responsiveness, which refers to the degree the

parent responds to the child's needs.

Parental demandingness which is the extent to which the

parent expects more mature and responsible behavior from a

child.

Parenting Styles

Indulgent parents (also referred to as “permissive” or

“nondirective”) “are more responsive than they are

demanding. They are nontraditional and lenient, do not

require mature behavior, allow considerable self

regulation, and avoid confrontation” (Baumrind, 1991,

p.62).

Authoritarian parents are highly demanding and directive,

but not responsive. “They are obedience- and status-

oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without

explanation” (Baumrind, 1991, p. 62).

These parents provide well-ordered and structured

environments with clearly stated rules.

Parenting Styles

Authoritative parents are both demanding and

responsive. “They monitor and impart clear

standards for their children’s conduct. They are

assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their

disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than

punitive. They want their children to be assertive as

well as socially responsible, and self regulated as

well as cooperative”

Parenting Styles

Uninvolved parents are low in both responsiveness and

demandingness. In extreme cases, this parenting style

might encompass both rejecting–neglecting and

neglectful parents, although most parents of this type fall

within the normal range.

Parenting Styles

Cross-cultural study conducted in Eight Arab countries:

Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt, Algeria, Jordan, Lebanon, the

Palestinian occupied territories, and Israel

A sample of 3,022 rural and urban Arab adolescents in the

11th grade of school (16-17 years old).

Culture and Social Pictures From Arab world

Contrary to the positive attitude toward individuation in the West, the

collective and authoritarian (tight or uncertainty-avoidant) culture does

not appreciate autonomy but rather considers it a threat to the harmony

of the collective.

The family (extended and nuclear) is more important than the

individual. Children grow up with values of loyalty to and respect for

their families. The socialization of children relies very much on

punishment to enforce values, norms, and behavioral manners

Arab individuals possess a collective identity. The self is not

completely individuated, but rather the person continues to be

enmeshed in the collective family identity. Self-concept is very

much a reflection of family approval, and self-esteem is very much a

reflection of the familial affiliation.

Many Arabs developed negative attitudes toward Western

culture as part of their resistance and their need to preserve

their own identity and culture.

However, Arab families are influenced by two cultural

frames of reference: the Arab Muslim authoritarian-

collective culture and the Western liberal individualistic

culture.

Results show that all parenting styles differed across

Arab societies.

Cluster analysis revealed three combined parenting

patterns: inconsistent (permissive and authoritarian),

controlling (authoritarian and authoritative), and flexible

(authoritative and permissive).

Parenting styles were varied across Arab countries (societies)

In traditional countries such as Yemen and Saudi Arabia, tending to

be more authoritarian than parenting styles in modern countries such

as Lebanon and Jordan.

The parenting styles applied to girls tend to be more authoritative

and less authoritarian than those applied to boys.

Parenting in rural areas tends to be more authoritarian.

First born children experience less authoritarian and more

permissive parenting styles

The socioeconomic level of the family has a positive correlation with

permissive and authoritative parenting styles and a negative

correlation with the authoritarian style.

Take away points

Activity (2)

What other aspects in addition to culture / ethnic may

cause the youth conflicts?

From Youth & Conflict, UN

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/ch14.pdf

Further questions regarding this topic

Whether the same ethnic youths would have the

same reactions and reasons if they financially self

sufficient?

How would we rate the sense of acquiescence,

negotiation and self-assertion for the adolescents

when they live in their original countries?

Thank you

Questions?