“PARENTING STYLE AND FREQUENCY OF ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL INTAKE: A DESCRIPTIVE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ON

THE BS NURSING STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE”

A Research Presented to the Faculty of College of Nursing University

of La Salette

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementfor the Degree Bachelor of Science

in Nursing

Submitted by:

Caluya, Charlene Mae A.Caras, Timothy John M.

Flandez, Julie Joy I.

March 2014

UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTECOLLEGE OF NURSINGSantiago City, Philippines

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing this thesis entitled “PARENTING STYLE AND FREQUENCY OF ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL INTAKE: A DESCRIPTIVE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE BS NURSING STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE”, by CHARLENE MAE A. CALUYA, TIMOTHY JOHN M. CARAS, and JULIE JOY I. FLANDEZ who are hereby recommended for oral examination.

____________ JESPER D. BAYAUA, RN, RM, MAN, MSPH Date Adviser

Approved by the tribunal Proposal Defense with the grade of ________________ on October _______, 2013.

Bella G. Fontanilla RN, MSNChairman

Peter Paul Cagatao PhDMember

Ma. Theresa Santos RN, MSNMember

Ralliegh F. Vizcarra RMT, MBM, MSPHMember

Romeo Rey Opido RN, MSN, MAN Member

Lilia Antonio MAEDMember

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing.

_______________ BELLA G. FONTANILLA, RN, MSNDate Dean, College of Nursing

ii

ABSTRACT

Studies have shown that parenting style has a significant impact on adolescent’s

decision to partake in alcoholic drinking. However, more studies are needed to determine

its extent in the Philippines. The purpose of this study was to determine whether

parenting styles affect the frequency of alcoholic intake of the respondents. A total of 54

university students aged 16-19 volunteered as respondents of the study. Weighted mean,

Pearson R, and a two-tailed t-test were used as statistical tool to treat the data gathered.

The results showed that there is a low negative correlation between emotional warmth

and adolescent drinking, and a very low negative correlation between overprotection and

adolescent drinking. Health care workers should target adolescents who are at risk to

provide immediate intervention and counseling to decrease the likelihood of the

adolescent to choose alcohol as an outlet of stress.

iii

ABSTRACT

TITLE: PARENTING STYLE AND FREQUENCY OF ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL INTAKE: A DESCRIPTIVE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE BS NURSING STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE

RESEARCHERS: Caluya, Charlene Mae A.Caras, Timothy John M.Flandez, Julie Joy I.

SCHOOL: University of La Salette

DEGREE: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Introduction

There is little statistical data on the extent of the effects of alcoholism or alcohol

abuse in the Philippines. According to Valbuena (2006), there are many undocumented

cases of alcoholic persons who collapsed in the streets because of drunkenness. In

addition, there are reported low admissions in rehabilitation or treatment programs. As a

result, one will interpret this that most Filipinos do not consider alcoholism a medical

problem.

In the Philippines, alcoholic companies thrive in the industry. San Miguel

Corporation, for example, is consistently in the top 10 of the biggest corporations in the

Philippines. These companies spend millions of pesos a year on advertising as evidenced

by the commercial ads and billboards. The San Miguel Beermen is a basketball team that

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is sponsored by the San Miguel Corporation and is a prime example of how alcohol is

advertised in the sports arena.

Alcohol drinking is portrayed with positive images and focus on Filipino values-

thirst quenching, bonding, friendship, camaraderie, unity, youthfulness, fun and

excitement. Most of the advertising on television targets young males with the prime

message of happiness in the form of drinking with friends. October is designated at

“Octoberfest”, in which it is the beer month. Many concerts are held around the country

and free beer is served at the events. Young males and females attend these events and are

the target audience.

In a contemporary Filipino society, alcohol drinking is a way of coping, escaping

and medicating oneself. It is used as a stress-reliever after a long day. As a result,

addiction or dependence is the end result of habitual alcohol use. Liver cirrhosis and liver

cancer are one of the top leading causes of death recorded in the country. There is a

reported increase of 70% from 2002 to 2006 in drunk driving with attendant casualties in

major throughfares of Metro Manila (Department of Transportation and Communications,

2008).

Statement of the Problem

The present study aimed to determine the parenting style and frequency of

adolescent alcohol intake of nursing students of the University of La Salette. Specifically,

it sought to answer:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following:

a. Age

b. Gender

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c. Number of Siblings?

2. How frequent do the respondents take alcohol?

3. How is the parenting style of the respondents in terms of the following:

a. Overprotection

b. Emotional Warmth

c. Rejection?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the parenting style and the frequency of

alcohol intake of the respondents?

Research Methodology

A descriptive research provides description and elaboration on the nature of a

certain phenomenon. The researchers used a standardized 24-item questionnaire, which

was set forth by Visser et. al. (2012). The questionnaire includes the scales of the

parenting styles (overprotection, rejection, emotional warmth) and also includes the

frequency at which the adolescent drinks alcohol (expressed as per month).

This study used total enumeration for sampling purposes due to the fact that the

total population of the College or Nursing is less than 100 students. The locale of this

study was Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines. The rationale is that this allows for greater

convenience to the researchers.

The research used a survey, more specifically a modified EMBU-C questionnaire,

adapted from Visser (2012). The EMBU-C is a valid tool to analyze the adolescent’s

perception of parenting styles of their parents in terms of both the father and mother

seperately. Arrindell et al. (1983) factorially derived dimensions of rejection, emotional

warmth, overprotection, and favoring subject, in which 64 out of the 81 of the items were

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distributed across the four scales. However, Aluja (2006) concluded that a 24-item

version improves the construct validity and presents similar reliability coefficient. With

the help of a Dr. Gloria L. Galot, the questions were translated to Tagalog for easier

comprehension of the questionnaire.

The sample was collected from the College of Nursing. For data collection, a

formal permission was obtained from the Dean of the College or Nursing. Total time

required may take as much as 30 minutes to complete, so a classroom setting will be most

appropriate. The researchers explained and described the research to all people who will

participate in the research. Confidentiality of the participant’s personal information, test

responses and results was treated with utmost care. Also, cooperation was asked from the

participants. The questionnaires were distributed to the entire class of respondents in a

group setting. They were requested to complete the form. After they are finished, they

returned the completed questionnaires back to the researchers. Only those living with

their real parents since their birth will be asked to complete the questionnaires.

In order to analyze the data of the research, raw scores obtained from the

questionnaires was used. To determine the overall parenting style of the respondents, a

weighted mean was used to compute the scores obtained from the questionnaire. A 4-

point Likert scale was used. To test for the significance of the relationship between the

parenting style and frequency of alcohol intake, a Pearson correlational test and two-

tailed t-test was used. In order to analyze the data, the respondents were first grouped

according to the frequency at which they consume alcohol.

Conclusion

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1. Half of the respondents are aged 19. About 75% of the respondents are female. Half

of the respondents have 1-2 siblings.

2. About 75% of the respondents drink alcohol once a month while the other 25% are

dispersed among 2 times a month, 3 times a month, 5 times a month, and 6 times a

month.

3. The respondents perceived that overprotection and emotional warmth are often used

and rejection was never used as a parenting style.

4. In terms of overprotection, there is a very low negative correlation between

overprotection and the frequency of alcohol intake with respect to both the father and

mother. In terms of rejection, there is not significant relationship with alcohol intake.

Lastly, in terms of emotional warmth, there is low negative correlation between

emotional warmth and the frequency of alcohol intake.

Recommendation

Parents must become aware of the effects of their parenting style on their

children. Parents must provide stern limits on their adolescent’s alcohol habits to help

control their frequency of alcoholic intake. Also, parents must show unconditional love,

be supportive and affectionate towards their adolescent as this may decrease the

likelihood of the adolescent’s reluctance to partake in alcohol drinking.

The schools must pay special attention to students who have parents that provide

a low overprotection environment or a low emotional warmth environment to provide

them with counseling services and an environment with high emotional warmth.

Adolescent should begin to ponder and reflect on their main reason for deciding

to partake in alcohol drinking.

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Healthcare workers must pay close attention to those adolescents who have

parents who are low in emotional warmth.

To help further the interest in this subject matter, more extensive research must be

done.

ix

UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTECOLLEGE OF NURSINGSantiago City, Philippines

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing this thesis entitled “PARENTING STYLE AND FREQUENCY OF ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL INTAKE: A DESCRIPTIVE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE BS NURSING STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE”, by CHARLENE MAE A. CALUYA, TIMOTHY JOHN M. CARAS, and JULIE JOY I. FLANDEZ who are hereby recommended for oral examination.

____________ JESPER D. BAYAUA, RN, RM, MAN, MSPH Date Adviser

Approved by the tribunal Proposal Defense with the grade of ________________ on October _______, 2013.

Bella G. Fontanilla RN, MSNChairman

Peter Paul Cagatao PhDMember

Ma. Theresa Santos RN, MSNMember

Ralliegh F. Vizcarra RMT, MBM, MSPHMember

Romeo Rey Opido RN, MANMember

Lilia Antonio MAEDMember

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing.

_______________ BELLA G. FONTANILLA, RN, MSNDate Dean, College of Nursing

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the researchers, would like to express our deep appreciation to the people

who aided us towards the completion of this research.

To Bella G. Fontanilla, RN, MSN, Dean of College of Nursing, who gave us

permission to conduct the research.

To Jesper Bayaua, RN, RM, MAN, MSPH, and Romeo Ray Opido, RN, MSN,

MAN, our research advisers, for their guidance, support, and patience towards the

completion of the research.

To our family and friends, who gave us the idea of conducting this research so

that we could make a worthwhile impact.

Most of all, to our Almighty God, who without Him, we would not have the

knowledge, understanding, wisdom, and strength to complete this research.

We give our heartfelt and deep appreciation to all of you.

THE RESEARCHERS

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DEDICATION

We dedicate this research to our family, friends, and to all those who wish to

pursue and gain more knowledge and understanding.

C M C

T J C

J J F

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………… i

APPROVAL PAGE…………………………………………………………………... ii

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………............. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………........ x

DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………...... xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………….. xii

LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………… xiv

LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………….. xv

Chapter

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction………………………………………………………..... 1

Conceptual/Theoretical Framework………………………………... 2

Statement of Problem……………………………….......................... 5

Hypothesis………………………………........................................... 5

Scope and Delimitation of the Study……………………………….. 6

Significance of Study……………………………….......................... 6

Definition of Terms………………………………............................. 7

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Related Literature……………………………….................. 9

Local………………………………...……………………………… 9

Foreign Related Studies………………………………...................... 10

Local………………………………................................................... 10

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3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design……………………………….................................. 13

Respondents of the Study……………………………….................... 13

Ethical Considerations………………………………........................ 13

Research Instrument………………………………............................ 14

Data Gathering Procedure………………………………................... 14

Statistical Treatment of Data………………………………............... 15

4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA………………………………...……………………………... 16

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings……………………………….......................... 23

Conclusion……………………………….......................................... 24

Recommendation………………………………................................ 24

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………...………………………………...... 26

APPENDICES

A Letter of Permission………………………………............................ 28

B Questionnaire (Tagalog) ……………………………......................... 29

C Questionnaire (English) ……………………………………………. 33

D Pearson R and Weighted Mean Scales…………………………........ 37

CURRICULUM VITAE………………………………............................................... 40

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Number

Page

1 Distribution of Respondents According to Age……………………... 16

2 Distribution of Respondents According to Gender………………….. 16

3 Distribution of Respondents According to Number of Siblings…….. 17

4 Distribution of Respondents According to Frequency of Alcoholic

Intake per Month…………………………………………………….. 17

5 Mean Distribution of Respondents as to Overprotection as Parenting

Style………………………………………………………………… 18

6 Mean Distribution of Respondents as to Rejection as Parenting Style 19

7 Mean Distribution of Respondents as to Emotional Warmth as

Parenting Style………………………………………………………. 20

8 Pearson R and T-Tests of Parenting Styles at α=0.05 level of

significance………………………………………………………….. 21

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LIST OF FIGURE

Figure Page

1 Paradigm of the Study…………………….......................................... 4

xvi